NSW Education Standards Authority

2019 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION

Biology
General • Reading time – 5 minutes
Instructions • Working time – 3 hours
• Write using black pen
• Draw diagrams using pencil
• Calculators approved by NESA may be used

Total marks: Section I – 20 marks (pages 2–12)

100 • Attempt Questions 1–20
• Allow about 35 minutes for this section

Section II – 80 marks (pages 13–32)

• Attempt Questions 21–33
• Allow about 2 hours and 25 minutes for this section

2020
Section I

20 marks
Attempt Questions 1–20
Allow about 35 minutes for this section

Use the multiple-choice answer sheet for Questions 1–20.

1 Which of the following is an example of a non-infectious disease?

A. Polio caused by a virus

B. Cholera caused by a bacterium
C. Wheat rust caused by a fungus
D. Haemophilia caused by a gene mutation

2 What does the body produce in response to a vaccine?

A. Antigens
B. Antibiotics
C. Antibodies
D. Activated toxins

3 The diagram shows the impact of birds feeding on a population of beetles over time.

Time
Natural Selection, Understanding Evolution.
University of California Museum of Paleontology. 30 October 2019.
https://evolution.berkeley.edu

Which of the following accounts for the change in the beetle population?

A. Mutation
B. Gene flow
C. Genetic drift
D. Environmental pressure

–2–
4 The figure shows a part of a DNA molecule.

This material cannot be displayed,

due to copyright issues.

https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/
topic-2-molecular-biology/26-structure-of-
dna-and-rna/dna-structure.html
(Organisation of DNA – Antiparallel of
DNA Strands)

How many complete nucleotides are shown in the figure?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 4
D. 8

5 Which of the following is part of the innate immune response?

A. Antibodies
B. Phagocytes
C. Stomach acid
D. B lymphocytes

6 How does the cochlear implant assist people with severe hearing loss?

A. It amplifies sound.
B. It stimulates the ear drum.
C. It stimulates the auditory nerve.
D. It amplifies vibrations in the cochlea.

–3–
7 Two types of bacteria were isolated from a patient’s throat swab and grown in pure
culture on separate agar plates. On each plate there were FOUR different antibiotic discs,
W, X, Y and Z .

The photograph shows the plates seven days later.

Bacteria A Bacteria B
Bacterial growth

Z Z

Y X Y X

W W

Replacement image.
Original image awaiting copyright.
Which antibiotic should be used to treat the patient? http://www.bacteriainphotos.com/
disk%20diffusion%20testing.html

A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z

–4–
8 A group of four students set out to determine the animal species diversity over an area of
one hectare in each of five different habitats. Each student graphed their data as shown.

Which of the graphs produced is the most suitable to represent animal species diversity
in the different habitats?

A. B.
Number of animals 45
40
Rainforest 35

Number of species
Wet tropical 30
forest 25
20
Dry tropical
15
forest
10
Salt marsh 5
Dry plains 0

st

t
D arsh

ns
es

Sa ores
re

ai
or
fo

pl
m
lf

lf
in

ry
lt
ca

ca
Ra
pi

pi
tro

tro
et

ry
W

D
C. D.
45 45
40 40
Number of species

Number of animals

35 35
30 30
25 25
20 20
15 15
10 10
5 5
0 0
al st

lf t
t
D arsh

ns

st

sh

ns
pi ores

Sa ores

es

es
re

re
ai

ar

ai
or

or
fo

fo
pl

pl
m

m
f

lf

lf
in

in
ry

ry
lt

lt
ca

ca
Ra

Ra
c

Sa

D
i

pi

pi
p
tro

tro

tro

tro
et

ry

et

ry
W

W
D

–5–
9 Which of the following is an advantage for animals using internal fertilisation rather than
external fertilisation?

A. It prevents dehydration of gametes.

B. It involves large numbers of gametes.
C. It relies on adaptations such as mating rituals.
D. It allows gametes to combine to form unique offspring.

10 A group of islands are separated from each other by large stretches of water. Each island
has its own policy on quarantine.

A nearby country is experiencing an outbreak of an infectious disease in its cattle.

An investigation is to be designed to find which of the quarantine policies operating on

the islands is the most effective.

Which of the following would be a suitable design feature of the investigation?

A. The control is the smallest island.

B. The control is the number of infected cattle.
C. The independent variable is quarantine policy.
D. The independent variable is the number of infected cattle.

11 Which of the following is always true of a mutation that produces a dominant allele?

A. It will be lethal in a population.

B. It will be expressed in heterozygous individuals.
C. It will only be expressed in homozygous individuals.
D. It will spread more quickly through the population than a recessive allele.

–6–
12 The glucose tolerance test is used to investigate the control of glucose in the human body.
Patients consume 75 g of glucose and their blood glucose is monitored.

Type 2 diabetes is a condition where the cells of the body do not respond adequately to
insulin.

Which graph could represent the results of glucose tolerance tests in a non-diabetic
person and a person with untreated Type 2 diabetes?

Non-diabetic Type 2 diabetic

A. B.
20 20
18 18
Blood glucose (mmol L−1)

Blood glucose (mmol L−1)

16 16
14 14
12 12
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
0 30 60 90 120 0 30 60 90 120
Time after consumption Time after consumption
of glucose (minutes) of glucose (minutes)

C. D.
20 20
18 18
Blood glucose (mmol L−1)

Blood glucose (mmol L−1)

16 16
14 14
12 12
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
0 30 60 90 120 0 30 60 90 120
Time after consumption Time after consumption
of glucose (minutes) of glucose (minutes)

–7–
13 Genetic drift is a gradual change in

A. the alleles of an individual due to mutation.

B. allele frequency in a population due to chance.
C. the genes of a population due to natural selection.
D. gene frequency in a population due to natural selection.

14 The following DNA base sequence is used to code for a sequence of four amino acids.

CGC ATC ATG CTA

Which of the following correctly represents the anticodons on the transfer RNA during
synthesis of this string of amino acids?

A. GCG UAG UAC GAU

B. CGC AUC AUG CUA

C. CGC ATC ATG CTA

D. GCG TAG TAC GAT

15 A germ-line mutation is known to have occurred.

How is it possible that there has been no noticeable change in the phenotype of the
offspring?

A. The mutation occurred in a stretch of RNA.

B. The mutation occurred in a protein-coding region.
C. The mutation occurred in a stretch of non-coding DNA.
D. The mutation did not affect the DNA sequence of any gametes.

–8–
16 The diagram shows the concentration of an antibody to a particular pathogen.

Primary Secondary
2000 exposure to exposure to
Concentration of antibody
pathogen same pathogen
(mg L–1)

1000

0
Time
© Commonwealth of Australia (Geoscience Australia) 2019.
This product is released under the CC Attribution 4.0 licence.

Two students are exposed to the pathogen. Student X had previously been vaccinated
against this pathogen. Student Y had never been exposed to it.

Which row of the table shows the most likely levels of antibody in the blood of each
student a week after exposure to the pathogen on this occasion?

Concentration of antibody in the blood (mg L–1)

Student X Student Y
A. 250 1500
B. 1500 1000
C. 1000 1500
D. 1500 250

–9–
17 The pedigree shows the inheritance of a genetic disorder.

KEY
= Affected female
= Affected male
= Unaffected female
= Unaffected male

Which row of the table correctly identifies the two possible types of inheritance for this
disorder?

Autosomal Autosomal Sex-linked Sex-linked

dominant recessive dominant recessive
A.
B.
C.
D.

– 10 –
18 The diagram shows the effect of the hormone oxytocin on the uterus during the birth of
a mammal.

3. Control centre
– hypothalamus
in the brain
Foetus
2. Nerve impulses 4. Oxytocin released
carry information from posterior
to brain pituitary

Uterus
1. Uterine
contractions force 5. Oxytocin
foetus against stimulates uterine
cervix stimulating contractions
mechanical
receptors in the
cervix
Cervix

Which of the following best identifies and explains the feedback loop demonstrated in
the diagram?

Feedback loop Explanation

The production of oxytocin results in the production of more
A. Negative
oxytocin.
The production of oxytocin results in the production of more
B. Positive
oxytocin.
The production of oxytocin results in the detection of the
C. Negative
contraction by receptors in the cervix.
The production of oxytocin results in the detection of the
D. Positive
contraction by receptors in the cervix.

– 11 –
Use the following diagram to answer Questions 19–20.

The diagram shows how CRISPR/Cas9 can be used as a new tool for genetic engineering. This
technology has dramatically improved scientists’ ability to successfully modify genomes.

Cas9 Guiding RNA (gRNA)

(inactive) with target sequence

Cas9/gRNA
complex (active)
DNA containing
targeted gene
Targeted
gene
Cutting mechanism gRNA
activated

Regenerated
Cas9/gRNA

Cut DNA
Courtesy of Global Biotech Revolution

19 What type of structure must Cas9 be?

A. Enzyme
B. mRNA
C. Ribosome
D. tRNA

20 Scientists have been able to use biotechnology to ‘cut and paste’ DNA for decades.

Why would the new CRISPR/Cas9 technology have improved the scientists’ success in
cutting DNA of specific genes?

A. Cas9 is able to combine with specific DNA.

B. Cas9 has an active site that cuts target DNA.
C. gRNA has the same nucleotides as the target DNA.
D. gRNA has nucleotides complementary to the target DNA.

– 12 –
© 2019 NSW Education Standards Authority
 2019 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION

Centre Number

Biology
Student Number
Section II Answer Booklet

80 marks
Attempt Questions 21–33
Allow about 2 hours and 25 minutes for this section
Do NOT write in this area.

Instructions • Write your Centre Number and Student Number at the top of this
page.

• Answer the questions in the spaces provided. These spaces

provide guidance for the expected length of response.

• Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.

• Extra writing space is provided at the back of this booklet.

If you use this space, clearly indicate which question you are
answering.

Please turn over

– 13 –
Office Use Only – Do NOT write anything, or make any marks below this line.
5638310365
2021 15030
Question 21 (3 marks)

The diagram shows a flow chart of the reaction of a human body to an increase in 3
temperature.

Fill in the three blank steps on the flow chart.

Body temperature rises

Nerve impulses travel to blood vessels Nerve impulses travel to sweat glands

Do NOT write in this area.

Sweat produced on skin

Excess blood flow to skin

Heat loss from blood flow through skin Body temperature falls

Body temperature falls

– 14 –
Office Use Only – Do NOT write anything, or make any marks below this line.
0589310365
 Question 22 (3 marks)

Complete the table to show the differences between somatic and germ-line mutations. 3

Somatic mutation Germ-line mutation

Location

Effect on
offspring

Example
Do NOT write in this area.

Question 23 (5 marks)

Explain how educational programs can be effective in reducing the incidence of 5

non-infectious diseases. Support your answer with examples.

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

– 15 –
Office Use Only – Do NOT write anything, or make any marks below this line.
1024310360
Question 24 (5 marks)

Explain the loss of biodiversity that may result from TWO biotechnologies used in 5
agriculture.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................

Do NOT write in this area.

.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................

– 16 –
Office Use Only – Do NOT write anything, or make any marks below this line.
5486310366
 Question 25 (5 marks)

A human karyotype that shows evidence of chromosomal mutation is shown.

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 X
Do NOT write in this area.

Frequency and pattern of cytogenetic alterations in primary amenorrehea cases of Kashmir, North India
– Scientific Figure On ResearchGate, Tahir Mohi-Ud-Din Malla

(a) Identify the evidence of chromosomal mutation in the karyotype. 1

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

(b) Explain how cell division and fertilisation could lead to the production of this 4
karyotype.

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

– 17 –
Office Use Only – Do NOT write anything, or make any marks below this line.
7986310363
Question 26 (5 marks)

The map shows the percentage of adult indigenous populations able to digest lactose. 5

KEY
90–100%

0–10%

Interpolated map of the percentage

of adults that can digest lactose in
the Indigenous population of the Old
World.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/

Do NOT write in this area.

File:Lactose_tolerance_in_the_Old_
World.svg
Courtesy of Joe Roe

The ability to digest lactose is due to the presence of an enzyme (lactase) which can
metabolise the sugar (lactose) present in milk. The gene responsible for producing
lactase is usually permanently switched off at some time between the ages of 2 and
5 years. However, some people remain able to digest lactose throughout their lives.

With reference to evolution and DNA, provide possible reasons for the distribution
shown in the map.

.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................
– 18 –
Office Use Only – Do NOT write anything, or make any marks below this line.
0736310369
 Question 27 (5 marks)

Yeast is a single-celled fungus that can reproduce by budding.

(a) What type of reproduction is budding? 1

...............................................................................................................................

(b) Outline a procedure that could be used to test the effect of temperature on 4
reproduction in yeast.

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................
Do NOT write in this area.

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................

Please turn over

– 19 –
Office Use Only – Do NOT write anything, or make any marks below this line.
6277310365
Question 28 (6 marks)

Huntington’s disease is an autosomal dominant condition caused by a mutation of a

gene on chromosome 4. It causes nerve cells to break down.

Stargardt disease is an autosomal recessive condition caused by a mutation of a

different gene on chromosome 4. It causes damage to the retina.

A patient is heterozygous for both Huntington’s (Hh) and Stargardt disease (Rr). His
father’s extended family has numerous cases of both of these diseases. His mother
does not have either disease and is homozygous for both genes.

(a) Complete the tables, showing the TWO alleles the patient inherited from each 2
parent.

Alleles from father Alleles from mother

Do NOT write in this area.

(b) The diagram shows the patient’s homologous pair of chromosome 4 at various 4
stages of meiosis.

Add the relevant alleles to the diagram to model the production of possible
gamete combinations. Include a key and an example of crossing over.

Homologous KEY
pair of
chromosome 4
before crossing
over

Homologous
chromosomes
after crossing
over and
separation

Gametes

– 20 –
Office Use Only – Do NOT write anything, or make any marks below this line.
1032310369
 Question 29 (3 marks)

Describe ONE mechanism by which plants maintain internal water homeostasis. 3

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................
Do NOT write in this area.

.........................................................................................................................................

Please turn over

– 21 –
Office Use Only – Do NOT write anything, or make any marks below this line.
0136310363
Question 30 (5 marks)

Experiments were conducted to obtain data on the traits ‘seed shape’ in plants and 5
‘feather colour’ in chickens. In each case, the original parents were pure breeding
and produced the first generation (F1). The frequency data diagrams below relate to
the second generation offspring (F2), produced when the F1 generations were bred
together.
F2 generation
Graph A: Seed shape Graph B: Feather colour
80 80
70 70
Frequency %

Frequency %
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
1 2 1 2 3
Phenotype Phenotype

Do NOT write in this area.

Explain the phenotypic ratios of the F2 generation in both the plant and chicken
breeding experiments. Include Punnett squares and a key to support your answer.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
– 22 –
Office Use Only – Do NOT write anything, or make any marks below this line.
7037310360
 Question 31 (5 marks)

(a) Outline ONE adaptation of a specific pathogen that facilitates its entry into a 2
host.

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

(b) Explain how the mode of transmission of pathogens influences the spread of 3
diseases.
...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................
Do NOT write in this area.

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

Please turn over

– 23 –
Office Use Only – Do NOT write anything, or make any marks below this line.
2207310364
Question 32 (10 marks)

Use the following data to answer parts (a) and (b).

Dengue fever and malaria are examples of infectious diseases transmitted between
humans by mosquitoes. Dengue fever is caused by a virus transmitted by mosquitoes
of the genus Aedes. Malaria is caused by a single-celled organism transmitted by
mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles.

The following data provide information about the global incidence of these two
diseases over time.

Global malaria data for selected years from 1900 to 2010

Year Global population Number of Population at risk

(× 109) countries with
reported cases (× 109) (%)

1900 1.2 140 0.9 75

Do NOT write in this area.

1946 2.4 130 1.6 67
1965 3.4 103 1.9 65
1975 4.1 91 2.1 51
1992 5.4 88 2.6 48
1994 5.6 87 2.6 46
2002 6.2 88 3.0 48
2010 6.8 88 3.4 50
S I Hay, C A Guerra, A J Tatem, A M Noor and R W Snow (2004). ‘The global distribution and population at risk of
malaria: past, present and future', The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 4(6): 327–336. Reproduced with permission.

Question 32 continues on page 25

– 24 –
Office Use Only – Do NOT write anything, or make any marks below this line.
1619310360
 Question 32 (continued)

Distribution of reported cases of

dengue fever in 1950 and 2010

1950
Do NOT write in this area.

2010

KEY Reported cases of the viral disease dengue fever

Max Roser and Hannah Ritchie (2018) – Dengue fever distribution maps in 1950 and 2010.
Published online at OurWorldInData.org.
Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/malaria

(a) Based on the data provided, identify trends in the global disease burden for both 3
malaria and dengue fever.
...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

Question 32 continues on page 26

– 25 –
Office Use Only – Do NOT write anything, or make any marks below this line.
0585310361
Question 32 (continued)

(b) Analyse factors that could have contributed to the change in global distribution 7
of both dengue fever and malaria over the last 100 years. Support your answer
with reference to the data provided.

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

Do NOT write in this area.

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

Question 32 continues on page 27

– 26 –
Office Use Only – Do NOT write anything, or make any marks below this line.
6577310368
 Question 32 (continued)

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................
Do NOT write in this area.

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

End of Question 32

Please turn over

– 27 –
Office Use Only – Do NOT write anything, or make any marks below this line.
4074310368
Question 33 (20 marks)

Alzheimer’s disease causes destruction of brain tissue, dementia and eventually death.

The diagram shows the effect of Alzheimer’s disease on the brain.

Healthy brain Brain affected by

Alzheimer’s disease

Plaques

Do NOT write in this area.

Used with permission from Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, all rights reserved

(a) Amyloid beta protein is produced in the human brain throughout life. In people 3
with Alzheimer’s disease, it accumulates in excessive amounts.

Outline the main steps that brain cells use to make proteins such as amyloid
beta.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

Question 33 continues on page 29

– 28 –
Office Use Only – Do NOT write anything, or make any marks below this line.
9566310369
 Question 33 (continued)

(b) The gene with the greatest known effect on the risk of developing late-onset
Alzheimer’s disease is called APOE. It is found on chromosome 19.

The APOE gene has multiple alleles, including e2, e3 and e4.

(i) What are multiple alleles? 2

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

(ii) The table shows the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease for various 4
APOE genotypes compared to average risk in the population.
Do NOT write in this area.

APOE genotype e2/e2 e2/e3 e2/e4 e3/e3 e3/e4 e4/e4

Risk of 40% 40% 2.6 Average 3.2 14.9
developing less less times times times
Alzheimer’s likely likely more more more
disease likely likely likely
(compared to
average)
Risk of susceptibility, based on alleles. © Alzheimer.org

Analyse the data to assess the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease

associated with the e2, e3 and e4 alleles.

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

Question 33 continues on page 30

– 29 –
Office Use Only – Do NOT write anything, or make any marks below this line.
0008310361
Question 33 (continued)

(c) A large epidemiological study was conducted. It used historical data to 3

investigate the association between Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection
and dementia. Dementia is caused by a variety of brain illnesses. Alzheimer’s
disease is the most common cause of dementia.

The study used the records of 8362 patients with HSV infection and 25 086
randomly selected sex- and age-matched control patients without HSV infection.
Some of the patients with HSV had been treated with antiviral medication.

The graph below shows some results of the study.

3.00

2.50
Cumulative risk of dementia

KEY
2.00 HSV infection
without treatment

Do NOT write in this area.

1.50
HSV infection
1.00 with treatment

0.50 Without HSV

0.00
Reproduced with permission from the
Copyright Clearance Centre – RightsLink:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Springer Nature. Anti-herpetic Medications
Years of follow-up and Reduced Risk of Dementia in Patients
with Herpes Simplex Virus Infections — a
Nationwide, Population-Based Cohort
Study in Taiwan. Fig 1 (Neurotherapeutics)
Describe the trends shown in the data. Nian-Sheng Tzeng, Chi-Hsiang Chung,
Fu-Huang Lin et al. © 2018
...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

Question 33 continues on page 31

– 30 –
Office Use Only – Do NOT write anything, or make any marks below this line.
8952310367
 Question 33 (continued)

(d) Diseases are classified as infectious or non-infectious. 8

Evaluate whether Alzheimer’s disease should be classified as an infectious

disease or a non-infectious disease. In your answer, include reference to the
information and data provided throughout Question 33.

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................
Do NOT write in this area.

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

End of paper
– 31 –
Office Use Only – Do NOT write anything, or make any marks below this line.
2306310364
Section II extra writing space
If you use this space, clearly indicate which question you are answering.

Do NOT write in this area.

– 32 – © 2019 NSW Education Standards Authority

Office Use Only – Do NOT write anything, or make any marks below this line.
2770310369