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    petroliferohasan
    The document discusses oil shale, a sedimentary rock containing kerogen that can be processed to produce shale oil. It notes that oil shale deposits are widely distributed around the world, with over 600 known deposits containing almost 500 billion tonnes of shale oil resources. While oil shale processing dates back to the late 1600s in Scotland, many industrial operations in the 19th century were later closed due to the rise of crude oil. Today, considerable oil shale is mined in Estonia, Russia, China, Brazil, Australia, and Germany, with Estonia having the most developed industry. Oil shale can be processed via surface mining and retorting or in-situ underground heating to produce shale oil, electricity, and

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    Introduction

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    petroliferohasan
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    The document discusses oil shale, a sedimentary rock containing kerogen that can be processed to produce shale oil. It notes that oil shale deposits are widely distributed around the world, with over 600 known deposits containing almost 500 billion tonnes of shale oil resources. While oil shale processing dates back to the late 1600s in Scotland, many industrial operations in the 19th century were later closed due to the rise of crude oil. Today, considerable oil shale is mined in Estonia, Russia, China, Brazil, Australia, and Germany, with Estonia having the most developed industry. Oil shale can be processed via surface mining and retorting or in-situ underground heating to produce shale oil, electricity, and

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    The document discusses oil shale, a sedimentary rock containing kerogen that can be processed to produce shale oil. It notes that oil shale deposits are widely distributed around the world, with over 600 known deposits containing almost 500 billion tonnes of shale oil resources. While oil shale processing dates back to the late 1600s in Scotland, many industrial operations in the 19th century were later closed due to the rise of crude oil. Today, considerable oil shale is mined in Estonia, Russia, China, Brazil, Australia, and Germany, with Estonia having the most developed industry. Oil shale can be processed via surface mining and retorting or in-situ underground heating to produce shale oil, electricity, and

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    6 views4 pages

    Introduction

    Uploaded by

    petroliferohasan
    The document discusses oil shale, a sedimentary rock containing kerogen that can be processed to produce shale oil. It notes that oil shale deposits are widely distributed around the world, with over 600 known deposits containing almost 500 billion tonnes of shale oil resources. While oil shale processing dates back to the late 1600s in Scotland, many industrial operations in the 19th century were later closed due to the rise of crude oil. Today, considerable oil shale is mined in Estonia, Russia, China, Brazil, Australia, and Germany, with Estonia having the most developed industry. Oil shale can be processed via surface mining and retorting or in-situ underground heating to produce shale oil, electricity, and

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Introduction

    Oil shale (OS) is a sedimentary rock containing organic matter rich in


    hydrogen, known as kerogen. Oil shale’s of different deposits differ by, for
    example, genesis, composition, calorific value and oil yield. There is
    currently no comprehensive overview of oil shale resources and their
    distribution around the world. Few overarching geological studies have been
    performed, and there are difficulties with the classification of solid
    combustible resources. According to the data of the 27th International
    Geological Congress, the world oil shale resources in 1984 were
    approximately 11.5 trillion tonnes.

    Oil shale’s are widely distributed around the world – more than 600 deposits
    are known, with resources of the associated shale oil totaling almost 500
    billion tonnes, or approximately 3.2 trillion barrels. Oil shale also contains a
    material rich in mineral matter: both marine and terrestrial oil shale’s have
    been found.

    The oil shale industry started in Scotland where, in 1694, oil was produced
    by heating Shropshire oil shale. The direct combustion of oil shale to
    produce hot water, steam, and, finally, electricity has developed in
    accordance with the general trends in solid fuel combustion technology. At
    the beginning of the 19th century, industrialized countries became more
    interested in obtaining oil and gas from coal pyrolysis (the decomposition or
    transformation of the kerogen organic matter into hydrocarbons by heat).

    Oil shale pyrolysis was developed in France, where in 1832, a method for
    producing lighting oil was realized. However, the plants were later closed
    because of the rapid development of the crude oil industry. Data from 1860
    indicate that oil shale from the Volga basin in Russia was industrially mined
    and used as fuel. During the 19th century oil shale thermal processing
    factories also operated in Australia, the United States, Brazil, Germany, and
    Scotland. During the 20th century oil shale processing factories were built in
    several countries, including China and Israel. However, later most of them
    were closed. In Estonia and Germany oil shale has been used also in cement
    production both as a fuel and as a constituent of the clinkers.
    Today, considerable quantities of oil shale are mined in Estonia, Russia,
    China, Brazil, Australia, and Germany. Estonia's oil shale industry is
    currently the most developed in the world.

    Oil shale can be used for several purposes: to obtain heat by direct
    combustion (for example, in the generation of electricity); to produce shale
    oil (SO); and as a source of other valuable chemicals. For example, from 1
    tonne of Estonian oil shale it is possible to produce 850kWh of electricity or
    125kg of shale oil (39 800 kJ/kg) and 35 m³ of retort gas (46 800kJ/m³)
    (Veiderma, pers.comm.). The efficiency of new FBC (fluidised bed
    combustion) boilers is on the same level as has been reached in the best
    condensation atmospheric pressure power plants based on the combustion of
    coal – 35-36% (net).

    Oil shale can be exploited either by surface processing techniques or by in-


    situ technologies (Figure 1).

    Surface processing basically includes three steps:

    (1) mining of the oil shale and ore preparation.

    (2) thermal processing or retorting.

    (3) processing of the shale oil to obtain a refinery feedstock and value-
    added by-products. Mining of the OS also results in important investments
    in waste disposal and site reclamation.

    By in-situ techniques, the OS is not, or only partly, mined and the pyrolysis
    is conducted underground. The pyrolysis products are pumped to the surface
    and upgraded into fuel chemical byproducts. Depending on the underground
    heating process and the type of kerogen, the obtained oil has to be stabilised
    and upgraded before further refinement or can be directly used as a refinery
    feedstock.
    Figure 1 Overview of the processes involved in OS exploitation and of the main products and
    residues

    The aim of this study is to review the extraction and process methodologies
    of shale oil and its impact to environment, global energy and economy in
    near future. The production of shale oil has lowered the current crude oil
    price recently. The global energy market will start to shift from
    petroleum/crude oil to shale oil as the impeding shortage of petroleum
    reserve in the coming decades. The study shows that the impact to
    environment due to extract and process of shale oil can be contained. Shale
    oil will have great impact to global energy and economy. It would
    contribute about 6% of total energy demand by 2035 benefiting the
    large net oil importers with forecasted GDP growth of 2 to 7%. On the
    other hand, major current oil exporters would have a reduction of their trade
    balances by roughly 4 to 10% by 2035.

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