Int Period 2 Reading Listening Booklet

İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENT UNIVERSITY
ENGLISH LANGUAGE PREPARATORY

PROGRAM
2023-24 ACADEMIC YEAR
PERIOD 2
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL (CEFR B1)
STUDENT BOOKLET
READING & LISTENING STRAND
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Contents
SUPPLEMENTARY READING LESSONS ............................................................................ 4
ALBERTO’S NEW NEIGHBORS ........................................................................................ 4
A BETTER LIFE ................................................................................................................... 7
COFFEE ............................................................................................................................... 11
THE IMPACT OF MASS TOURISM ................................................................................. 14
READING TRAINING LESSONS ......................................................................................... 17
AUTHOR’S PURPOSE ....................................................................................................... 17
COHESION .......................................................................................................................... 23
PATHWAYS L&S 2 SUPPLEMENTARY TASKS ............................................................... 31
UNIT 1 LISTENING A ........................................................................................................ 31
UNIT 1 LISTENING B ........................................................................................................ 36
UNIT 1 SPEAKING............................................................................................................. 37
UNIT 2 LISTENING A ........................................................................................................ 39
UNIT 2 LISTENING B ........................................................................................................ 45
UNIT 2 SPEAKING............................................................................................................. 46
UNIT 3 LISTENING A ........................................................................................................ 47
UNIT 3 LISTENING B ........................................................................................................ 53
UNIT 4 LISTENING A ........................................................................................................ 56
UNIT 4 LISTENING B ........................................................................................................ 60
UNIT 4 SPEAKING............................................................................................................. 63
UNIT 5 LISTENING A ........................................................................................................ 64
UNIT 5 LISTENING B ........................................................................................................ 68
UNIT 5 SPEAKING............................................................................................................. 71
UNIT 6 LISTENING A ........................................................................................................ 74
UNIT 6 LISTENING B ........................................................................................................ 78
UNIT 6 SPEAKING............................................................................................................. 80
UNIT 7 LISTENING A ........................................................................................................ 82
UNIT 7 LISTENING B ........................................................................................................ 84
UNIT 7 SPEAKING............................................................................................................. 86
UNIT 8 LISTENING A ........................................................................................................ 88
UNIT 8 LISTENING B ........................................................................................................ 91
UNIT 8 SPEAKING............................................................................................................. 92
UNIT 9 LISTENING A ........................................................................................................ 96
UNIT 9 LISTENING B ........................................................................................................ 96
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UNIT 10 LISTENING A .................................................................................................... 100
UNIT 10 LISTENING B .................................................................................................... 104
SUPPLEMENTARY LISTENING LESSONS ..................................................................... 105
STRESS .............................................................................................................................. 105
INNOVATION AND INNOVATORS .............................................................................. 107
CHALLENGES OF BEING A FIRST YEAR STUDENT AT UNIVERSITY ................ 107
“HIGHER FLU RATES REPORTED ACROSS THE WORLD” by VOA NEWS ......... 114
SLEEP AND THE BRAIN ................................................................................................ 117
EATING DISORDERS ...................................................................................................... 121
GREEN GUARDIANS ...................................................................................................... 126
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SUPPLEMENTARY READING LESSONS
ALBERTO’S NEW NEIGHBORS
Alberto’s New Neighbors
Part 1: Vocabulary: Circle the best answer.
1. Your neighbors are:

a. people who do the same job as you.
b. the people who live near you.
c. your uncles, aunts, and cousins.
2. If you put up with someone or something,
a. you don’t like it, but you accept it
b. you let someone stay at your house
c. you start doing it
3. If you get rid of something,
a. you break it
b. you remove it
c. you start to like it
4. If you give someone a dirty look,
a. you look at them in a way to show you don’t like them

b. you look at them because they are not clean
c. you look at them carefully
5. If you have staff, you have
a. a big stick
b. a lot of old things
c. people who work for you
6. If you are the owner of something,
a. it is your possession
b. you are its possession
c. you have to pay for it
7. a bark is the noise that
a. a cat makes
b. a cow makes
c. a dog makes
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Part 2: Reading:
Alberto took one look at his new neighbors and knew that his life was going to get more
difficult. He watched them arrive in their big, noisy car and watched them get out. There they
were, two of them, as big and as noisy as their car – and smelly and stupid as well.
'Terrible!' he thought. 'How am I going to put up with them?' He went to tell Mimi. Mimi was
the friend he lived with.
'Have you seen the new neighbors?' he asked her.
'No,' she said. 'Who are they?'
'Two of them. The ones we don’t like. Big and noisy and stupid and smelly. Just like they
always are.'
'Oh no,' said Mimi. 'How awful! Still, I suppose we can just ignore them.'
'I suppose you're right,' agreed Alberto. 'We'll just have to ignore them.'
For a few days, then, Alberto and Mimi tried to ignore their new neighbors. When the neighbors
went out for a walk, Alberto and Mimi didn't say hello to them. When the neighbors were in
their garden, Alberto and Mimi went inside. This was OK for a few days, but, perhaps
inevitably, things didn't stay this way …
One day, Alberto woke up from his sleep to find one of the neighbors in his garden. 'Mimi!' he
shouted. 'Have you seen this!? He's in our garden!!!! Look!'
'How terrible,' said Mimi. 'Let's call our staff and make sure they get rid of him immediately!'
Mimi went off to call their staff. Two minutes later, Alberto and Mimi's head of staff was out
in the garden trying to get rid of the unwelcome neighbor. 'Go on!' he shouted. 'Get out of here!
Go home!' The neighbor didn't say anything but gave Alberto and Mimi's head of staff a dirty
look, then he went back into his garden. Alberto and Mimi felt better and then asked their head
of staff to prepare their lunch for them.
However, it wasn't enough. Over the next few days, Alberto and Mimi often found one or other
or both of their new neighbors walking around their own garden. It was terrible. To show how
they felt, Alberto and Mimi went into their neighbors’ garden at night, when the neighbors were
inside, and broke all the flowers.
The next morning one of the neighbors came to talk to Alberto.
'Hey!' he said. 'Hey, you!' Alberto ignored him, but he continued talking. 'You came into our
garden last night and broke all the flowers!' Alberto didn't say anything but gave his neighbor
a dirty look. 'Now I'm in trouble!' continued his neighbor. 'They think I did it!'
'Who are "they"?' asked Alberto.
'My owners, of course,' replied the neighbor.
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'Owners!?' said Alberto. 'You have "owners"?'
'Course we do,' said his neighbor. 'Don't you?'
'Oh, no,' replied Alberto. 'We have staff.'
Alberto went to tell Mimi that the neighbors didn't have staff but owners.
'That's not a surprise,' said Mimi. 'That explains everything. That's why they're so noisy and
smelly and stupid. We need to make their owners become staff.'
The next day, Alberto and Mimi were actually very friendly with their new neighbors. They
tried to explain how to make their owners become 'staff'.
'Listen,' said Alberto to them. 'It's very easy. First, understand that the house is your house, not
theirs.'
'And second,' said Mimi, 'make sure that you are always clean.'
'Make sure they give you food whenever you want!'
'Sit on the newspaper while they are reading it!'
'Sleep as much as possible – on their beds!'
'And finally, try not to bark but to miaow instead.'
But it was no good. The neighbors just didn't understand. After a week, they gave up.
'It's no good,' said Mimi. 'They'll never understand – dogs have owners, cats have staff.'
Part 3: Comprehension Questions: Are the sentences true or false?
1. Alberto is not excited to meet the new neighbors at first. True/False
2. After he met the new neighbors, Alberto’s opinion of them changed. True/False
3. Alberto and Mimi don’t mind the neighbors visiting their garden. True/False
4. Alberto is surprised to learn that his neighbors have owners. True/False
5. Mimi already knew that the neighbors had owners instead of staff. True/False
6. The neighbors aren’t able to use the lesson that Alberto and Mimi teach them. True/False
Part 4: Write the names of the characters to complete the sentences.
Alberto Alberto and Mimi Alberto and Mimi’s staff owners
Mimi neighbors Alberto, neighbors staff

1. ________________________ saw the new neighbors arrive in their car.
2. ________________________ suggests ignoring them.
3. The ________________________ walked into Alberto’s garden.
4. ________________________ got rid of the neighbor from the garden.
5. ________________________ broke some flowers.
6. ________________________ gave his ________________________ a dirty look.
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7. Alberto and Mimi have ________________________.
8. The neighbors have ________________________.
Part 5: Discussion:
What clues helped you realize who Alberto and Mimi and their neighbors were?
A BETTER LIFE
A. Look up the meaning of the words below in the dictionary.
expectation(n) construction(n) rural (adj) laborer (n) migrate(v)
reputation(n) entrepreneur (n) supply(n)
literacy(n) wage(n) crucial(adj) criticize(v)
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words.

1. He didn't ____________ to see me. EXPECTATION
2. The building was ____________ in 1930. CONSTRUCTION
3. There has been a rise in the number of ____________ coming from Eastern Europe,
especially Poland. MIGRATE
4. The government is trying to combat high rates of ____________. LITERACY
5. People have been ____________of the way she has handled the affair. CRITICIZE
C. Reading
A better life?
China’s expectations are rising, with no end in sight. What’s next?
By Peter Hessler
1 The beginning of a Chinese factory town is always the same: in the beginning, nearly everybody
is a construction worker. The growing economy means that everything moves fast and new industrial
districts rise in several stages. Those early labourers are men who have migrated from rural villages
and immediately they are joined by small entrepreneurs. These pioneers sell meat, fruit and
vegetables on informal stalls, and later, when the first real shops appear, they stock construction
materials. After that, cell phone companies arrive: China Mobile, China Unicom. They sell prepaid
phone cards to migrants; in the south-eastern province of Zhejiang, one popular product is called the
Homesick Card. When the factories start production, you start to see women. Young women have a
reputation for being hard-working. After the arrival of the women, the clothes shops appear. An
American poet once described an industrial town in the USA as ‘springing up, like the palaces of the
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Arabian tales, as it were in a single night.’ Today it’s the factory towns of China that seem to belong
to another world. The human energy is amazing: the courageous entrepreneurs, the quick-moving
builders, the young migrants. A combination of past problems and present-day opportunities has
created an extremely motivated population. Most people in China have seen their standard of living
go up in recent years.
2 The size of the population is both strength and a challenge to China. Of the 1.3 billion people, 72
per cent are between the ages of 16 and 64. The movement of people from the countryside to the
cities has transformed China into the world’s factory floor. In 1978, there were only 172 million
urban residents. Now there are 577 million. Social scientists predict that the urban population will
be 60 per cent by 2030. Each year about ten million rural Chinese move to the cities, so the factories
have a constant supply of labour.
3 Chinese schools have been very successful. The literacy rate is over 90 per cent. The next step is
to develop higher education. Many people are looking for better training. In a Chinese factory town,
there are many private courses: English classes, typing classes, technical classes. In Zhejiang I met
Luo Shouyun, who had spent a quarter of his wages on training. Now he is a master machinist, with
a salary that makes him ‘middle class’. Another young man had learned Arabic in order to translate
for Middle Eastern buyers.
4 Clearly there are environmental costs from China’s rapid growth. Collaboration between China
and other countries will be crucial in managing environmental problems. They have to work together
to find solutions particularly to the environmental problems that are caused due to a vast amount of
industrialisation in China and other developed countries. Nobody in the developed world should
criticise China without taking a look in the mirror. The nation has become successful by making
products for overseas consumers. There’s nothing foreign about the materialistic dreams of the
average Chinese worker.
1. Order the events in the first paragraph from 1 – 5.
A Small entrepreneurs start to sell food. ____
B Early labourers migrate to a factory town from rural areas. ____
C Cell phone companies start to sell phone cards. ____
D Clothes companies start to appear. ____
E Factories start production. ____
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2. In paragraph 1, What caused an extremely motivated population to appear in China?
__________________________________________________________
3. In paragraph 2, What do the following numbers refer to?
1.3 billion = ___________________________
577 million =__________________________
60 per cent=___________________________
4. In paragraph 3, what kind of courses are given in a Chinese factory town?
_________________________________________________________
5. In paragraph 4, the Chinese economy has become successful by ...
a) producing better quality products

b) managing environmental problems
c) making products for overseas countries
d) allowing women to work in factories
D. Reference
1 In paragraph 1, they refers to __________________________________
2 In paragraph 1, these refers to ______________________________________
E. Guessing vocabulary
1 In paragraph 4, collaboration might mean ______________________________
F. Language
Underline the sentences with perfect tenses (Present Perfect or Past Perfect). Match the
sentences with the functions below.
a) the use of the present perfect with time markers: since, for, just, already, yet, lately, recently
b) the use of the present perfect to talk about things that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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c) the use of the present perfect to talk about things that started in the past, continue up to the present,
and may continue into the future
d) the use of the present perfect to talk about things that have happened in a time period that is not
finished, such as today, this morning, this month, this year
e) the use of the past perfect to show that something happened before a specific time in the past
EXAMPLE SENTENCE FUNCTION
E.g. The movement of people from the countryside b. the use of the present perfect to
to the cities has transformed China into the world’s talk about things that happened
factory floor. at an indefinite time in the past
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COFFEE
A. Pre-reading
product (n) roast(v) spread(v) smuggle(v) fatigue(n)

restlessness(n) originate(v) altitude(n) harvest(v)
remove(v) ship(v) remaining(adj)
B. Fill in the blanks with the words from the box.

1. Cholera ______________quickly through the refugee camp.
2. A child’s sleep problems cause parents ______________ and unnecessary guilt.
3. The Rocky Mountains are lower in ______________ than the Himalayas.
4. An operation was needed to ______________ the bullets from his chest.
5. I'm trying to cut down on dairy _______________.
C. Reading
Coffee
You may know that around the world more people drink coffee than tea. After oil, it is the
second biggest traded product. You may also know that the drink comes from beans which are
first roasted and then ground. But what else do you know about this popular drink?
1 __________________________________ It is said that the story of coffee started with an
Ethiopian goatherd named Kaldi. One day Kaldi was surprised to see that his goats were
behaving very strangely: instead of grazing quietly as normal they were jumping around, almost
dancing. He also noticed the red cherries from a plant that the goats were eating. He tried some
himself and was surprised by the feeling of extreme happiness and excitement - he felt like
dancing too!
2 __________________________________ Coffee wasn't used as a drink at first, but as a food.
The coffee berries, mixed with animal fat, were used by monks to stay awake during long hours
of prayer. From Ethiopia coffee was later grown in Yemen and the first hot drink was developed
there around AD 1000. Three centuries later Muslims were keen coffee drinkers and as Islam
spread, so did coffee. Coffee houses appeared in Cairo and Mecca.
3 __________________________________ For hundreds of years the plants were guarded
safely. But some beans were smuggled out of Arabia and taken to India. In the 17th century
coffee was soon growing in a new continent. From India to Indonesia and then a century later
beans were smuggled once again to Brazil-which is now the largest coffee producer in the
world.
4 __________________________________ It is the caffeine, an addictive stimulant drug,
which made the goats dance and kept the monks awake. Although it is found in other soft drinks,
including tea, coffee has the most caffeine. 150 milligrams is the minimum dose needed to
activate the nervous system and this can be found in a single strong cup of coffee. In the short-
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term a couple of cups can prevent fatigue and delay sleep. But several cups a day, every day,
can cause anxiety and restlessness.
5 __________________________________ This is the band around the middle of the world
between the tropics of Capricorn and Cancer. A coffee plant likes lots of rain and shaded sun
with rich soil, and the climate in the bean belt is ideal. 70 - 75% of the world production is the
milder, higher quality Arabica that originated in Ethiopia. It grows best in higher altitudes where
it is not so hot. The remaining 25% is the stronger Robusta which can survive in higher
temperatures and lower altitudes.
6 __________________________________ Before becoming beans, the fruit of the coffee
trees, known as a cherry, is harvested. The most common method is for the cherries to be picked
by hand and then dried in the sun on tables or on the ground. Once they are dried, all the outer
layers are removed. The red cherries have become green beans. Known now as green coffee,
the beans are put in 60kg bags and shipped abroad.
7 __________________________________ Although the coffee is grown and harvested in the
tropics 70% of the total coffee production is imported by countries in the North who control the
market. How long the coffee is roasted for depends on the market: only 7 minutes for the North
Americans who prefer a light roast, but double that time for espresso coffee favoured by the
Italians. Nestle and Kraft have almost 80% of all the instant-coffee sales worldwide
D. Main ideas
Match the questions below with the paragraphs in the text (1-7)
1 What is the Bean Belt? ______

2 Which countries now have the majority of the global coffee market? ___
3 How did coffee begin to spread worldwide? _____
4 What are the effects of caffeine? _____
5 What made the goats dance? _____
6 How is coffee made? _____
7 Who were the first coffee drinkers? _____
E. Details
1 In paragraph 1, how did Kaldi feel after eating the coffee beans?
___________________________________________________________________
2 In paragraph 2, why did monks drink coffee?
___________________________________________________________________
3 In paragraph 3, when did coffee beans arrive in Brazil?
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____________________________________________________________________
4 In paragraph b4, what are the positive and negative sides of drinking coffee?
______________________________________________________________________
5 In paragraph 5, what conditions are necessary for coffee to grow?
______________________________________________________________________
6 In paragraph 7, who controls the coffee market?
_______________________________________________________________________
F. Language
Underline the passive structures in the text. Write the grammar rule for passive in the
box below.
EXAMPLE SENTENCE TENSE + RULE
E.g. You may also know that the drink comes SIMPLE PRESENT: am / is / are + V3
from beans which are roasted…
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THE IMPACT OF MASS TOURISM
Pre-reading
Before reading the text, look up the meaning of the words below in the dictionary.
remote(adj) phenomenon(n) dump(v) concentrate(v) habitat(n) waste(n)
decline(n) damaging(adj) remain(v) take off(phrasal verb) experiment with sth (v)
Fill in the blanks with the correct tense and form of the words above.
THE IMPACT OF MASS TOURISM
1 Mass tourism is a relatively recent (1)________________. The tourism industry
(2)__________________ in the middle of the last century and it’s been growing ever since. In the
last ten years especially, more and more people have been travelling to (3)__________________
places around the world. In such a globalised world, it is a wonderful thing to be able to travel to
places that we had previously only read about or seen on television, but what is the downside of it
all? What kind of impact does tourism have on the planet?
2 A large cruise ship can carry as many as 6,000 passengers and there are upwards of 50 such ships
currently sailing the seas. Cruise ships (4)__________________ about 90,000 tons of waste into the
oceans every year. Any harmful effects of this are made even worse by the fact that cruises tend to
visit the same places over and over again, and it (5)__________________ the waste in specific
places. In Patagonia, this is now having a visible effect on wildlife. The population of animals such
as these Magellanic penguins has been in (6)__________________ for some years now and things
show little sign of changing while cruise holidays continue to be so popular.
3 From remote ocean habitats to the world’s highest mountain, our litter is everywhere. Despite the
fact that far fewer people go climbing or trekking in the Himalayas than take a cruise, their impact
is still felt. Tourism is vital to the economy of Nepal, as it is in many non-industrial countries. But
for decades, climbers have been abandoning their unwanted equipment on Everest and they
(7)__________________ there for a long time. For the last few years, clean-up teams have been
organising expeditions just to pick up the rubbish. The teams are made up of local and international
climbers. One group has brought over eight tons of (8)__________________ down from the
mountain! But their actions don’t stop there. The Japanese teams, for example, have also been
educating other climbers back home in Japan about being more responsible on the mountain.
4 It’s tourism of a different kind which is causing problems in Europe. Construction on the
Mediterranean coast has been spiralling out of control for years. Beach resorts form an almost
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unbroken line from Gibraltar to Greece and natural (9)__________________ have disappeared
under kilometres of concrete. As a result, we pollute the sea, the land – and the air. Low-cost air
travel is booming, in spite of (or perhaps helped by) economic problems in so many countries. Many
Europeans consider that low-cost flights are ideal, allowing them to take several short holidays over
the course of a year. However, curiously, short flights actually have a much bigger effect on climate
change than long-haul flights. So, are there alternative, less (10)__________________ ways of
seeing the world? Rail travel, for example, is a much greener way of getting around. And many
places have been (11)__________________ low-impact tourism such as ecotourism. It’s time to ask
ourselves some difficult questions. Have we, perhaps, been destroying the very places we value as
holiday ‘escapes’?
COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS
Main ideas - Which title would best describe the paragraphs above? (1-4)
1 The damage caused by ocean tourism ___
2 Litter on the top of the world ___
3 Alternative ways of tourism ___
4 The real cost of travel ___
Details: Scan the text and fill in the chart below
The impact of On oceans On wildlife
cruise ships 1 1
The litter on The impact felt in Nepal Solutions
Everest 1 1
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Problems in Europe Cause 1 Solutions
Effect 1
Cause 2 2
Effect 2
Reference
1 In paragraph 1, it refers to ____________________________________
2 In paragraph 2, this refers to ___________________________________
3 In paragraph 3, their refers to __________________________________
4 In paragraph 3, it refers to _____________________________________
Try to guess the meaning of the following words from the text.
1 In paragraph 1, downside might mean ____________________________
2 In paragraph 3, abandoning might mean ____________________________
2 In paragraph 3, expeditions might mean ____________________________
3 In paragraph 4, booming might mean _______________________________
Match the words to form collocations.

1. remote a. phenomenon
2. toxic b. habitat
3. cultural c. calm
4. dump d. decline
5. natural e. site
6. remain f. waste
7. dramatic g. control
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READING TRAINING LESSONS
AUTHOR’S PURPOSE
PART 1: TRAINING
An author writes for many reasons. These reasons may change depending on the type of the
written piece; however, the most common ones can be seen below. The following is a chart for
you to analyze with your teacher in order to know more about author’s purpose, what s/he aims
to do, which keywords you need to search in the text, question and answer choices, and what
kind of questions you should ask yourselves while answering these questions in a reading text.
PURPOSE GOAL EXAMPLE KEYWORDS QUESTIONS

TEXTS TO ASK
MYSELF
PERSUADE • tries to get you • advertisements • encourage • Did the author
to do • commercials • prove try to convince
something • political • sell me?
• shows author’s speeches • influence • Did the author
feelings • movie or book • convince want to
• contains facts reviews • inspire change my
and opinions • opinion • urge opinion about
• ın favor of an editorials a topic?
idea • proposals
WARN • tries to make • essays • warn • Did the author
you realize a • articles • act against mention a risk
possible or danger?
danger / • Did the author
problem make me
• activate you cautious about
• help you take the situation?
necessary
action
INFORM • contains facts • textbooks • show • Did the author
and opinions • news articles • educate give me facts?
• tells or teaches • journal articles • explain • Did the author
you about • biographies • give try to teach me
something • encyclopedias information about
• nonfiction • schedules, • illustrate something?
• ıncludes facts charts, • understand • Did the author
but no opinion. instruction • discuss give steps to
• does not show manuals • teach show how
author’s • instruct something is
feelings done?
• often includes
charts,
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diagrams, or
photos with
captions
• gives you
information
about a topic
• explain how
sth. works
• explain why
sth. happens
ENTERTAIN • tells you a • fiction books • tell • Did the author
story or • stories • share an tell a story?
describes real • plays and experience • Did the author
or imaginary movies • relate try to
characters, • sports articles • provide amuse/entertai
places, events or programs details n me?
• fiction
• creates an
emotion for the
reader
• can be funny,
sweet, scary,
etc.
• shows author’s
feelings
DESCRIBE • tells you how • descriptive • tell • Did the author
sth./sb. looks essays • describe use details to
• uses adjectives • product • provide describe an
• helps you paint descriptions details of… object or
a picture in • stories (both • look event?
your mind. fiction and • feel
• asks you to non-fiction) • sound
visualize or • blogs • taste
experience a • journals
thing, person or • diaries
event.
• uses imagery
and images to
describe sth.
COMPARE • examines two • comparison • compare • Did the author
or more essays • contrast mention two
things. • political • show the or more
• focuses on analysis similarities/d concepts?
similarities or • consumer or ifferences • Did the write
differences. product • alike/differen mention any
• can have a reports t similarities or
secondary differences
purpose to between those
two concepts?
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inform or
persuade.
CRITICIZE • says • political • should be … • Did the author
something / analysis • should not show his
someone is • news be… negative
wrong or bad • disapprove opinions about
the topic that
is discussed?
• Did the author
disapprove of
the practice
that is
explained in
the text?
PRACTICE 1: Read the following paragraphs and write the author’s purpose (persuade,
inform, entertain, criticize, warn, or compare) in each of them.
1. It was a glorious morning in Alabama. The sun was shining through the trees. Alan couldn't
wait to find his fishing pole and call his friend Sam to go fishing. They had a great time on these
early morning fishing trips. They took their dogs with them and the dogs swam in the lake while
they were fishing. It was so funny to watch those dogs paddle around the lake.
The author's purpose in this paragraph is to ____________________________
2. The Slim-O-Matic will help you lose pounds and inches from your body in a month. Thanks
to this amazing machine, you can exercise correctly, as it provides a video to show you the
proper way to exercise. Pay $75.99 and begin exercising today.
3. The Underground Railroad was a secret organization, which helped slaves escape to freedom.
Many slaves were able to escape using the conductors and station masters. The northern states
were free states and slaves were free when they arrived in the north. Secret codes and signals
were used to identify the conductors and stationmasters.
4. I went to Zebra’s Diner yesterday. The seating arrangement inside the restaurant was really
poor as customers had to face the walls. I sat at the cleanest table I could find. Fifteen minutes
after I sat down, a teenage boy with long, dirty hair finally arrived to take my order. After
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another 35 minutes, my food arrived, but it was cold and not as delicious as I had hoped. Visiting
Zebra’s Diner was certainly an experience to remember, but one that I never hope to repeat.
Text adapted from: https://www.helpteaching.com/questions/Authors_Purpose
PART 2: TRAINING
Identifying the author’s purpose is an important reading subskill, which is tested in
reading exams. In order to be successful in answering these questions, you should analyze
question stems and options very carefully. Learning keywords in Part 1 will help you
identify the purpose that each answer choice represents. Look at the following chart to
see some very common question stems and answer choices in intermediate level.
QUESTION STEMS MOST COMMON ANSWER

CHOICES
The author wrote this text in order to… To give reasons why…
Why does the author mention …? To criticize …
The purpose of the text is to… To give his/her opinion about …
The writer gives the example about … in order to … To describe …
Why does the author begin/end the story with …? To explain …
The reason why the author gives … example is To solve the problem …
To encourage …
To describe …
To show …
To give advice
To inform people about …
To provide people with a history of …
To warn people about …
To share his opinions about …
To discuss …
PRACTICE 2: Read the following excerpts and answer the questions. Discuss your
rationale with a partner or the whole class. Make sure you eliminate all the incorrect
options with a logical explanation. The first one is an example for you.
1. The word is terracide. It is not committed with guns and knives, but with huge bulldozers,
roaring dump trucks and giant shove. They are like mythological beasts. Dynamite cuts and rips
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apart mountains to reach the minerals inside. It leaves nothing but empty, naked hills. The land
is wasted. The hills slide down on houses and into streams, which makes the land unlivable and
the stream water undrinkable. This is terracide, or if you prefer, strip mining.
The purpose of the text is to…
A inform you about the purposes of strip mining

B describe a strip mining operation.
C persuade you that strip mining is bad for the environment
D define terracide
Rationale: Firstly, the writer is not informing us about the purposes of strip mining (“to
reach the minerals inside” is not enough. We need more purposes). We never learn why this
is done, so it cannot be A. Plus, it can’t be D as well because there is no definition of this
practice in the text. Secondly, although it is true that the writer is using a lot of imagery/visual
images to describe strip mining (e.g. “They are like mythological beasts”, etc.), the correct
answer cannot be B, either. He has more to say in the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th sentences. In these
sentences, he mentions the negative effects of strip mining. By calling it terracide, he
indirectly claims that this is murdering the land. Because of all these reasons, the correct
answer is C.
2. A wave is any movement that carries energy. Some waves carry energy through water. Others
carry energy through gases, like air, or solid materials. If you drop a rock into a pool of water,
a wave, or ripple of energy, spreads out on the pool's surface. In the same way, an underwater
earthquake can release energy into ocean water. Then it carries a giant wave, or tsunami, across
the surface until it hits land.
The author’s purpose is to…
A persuade readers to throw rocks into the water
B warn readers against the dangers of waves
C describe how waves are measured.
D inform readers about different kinds of waves
Rationale:
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3. The human sex chromosomes are of the XX-XY pattern. The Y chromosome is much smaller
than the X chromosome. Two types of sperm cells are formed during gametogenesis; half of
these have the X chromosome and the others have the Y chromosome. Every egg cell has an X
chromosome; therefore, fertilization determines the sex. If a Y sperm cell fertilizes the egg, a
male develops.
The author's purpose is to
A explain how the sex of humans is determined.
B describe chromosomes
C tell the steps in fertilization
D contrast X and Y chromosomes
Rationale:
Texts taken and adapted from http://web-suplemen.ut.ac.id/pbis4309/quiz_15.html

PRACTICE 3: Complete the following tasks.
Making Connections 2 Unit 1 Reading 4 “Ethical Reporting”
3. In recent years, there have been many examples of reporters going undercover to get a good
story. A British reporter, Ryan Parry, went undercover to show that security at Buckingham
Palace in London was not very good. He used fake documents to get a job at the palace. His
job let him walk freely around the palace. In another case in England, a journalist used fake
papers to get a job at London's Heathrow Airport. He used hidden cameras and microphones
to record his story about weak airport security. Airport police arrested him but only after he
had gone inside several planes. These undercover journalists reported important stories that
had an impact on national security.
1. What is the writer’s purpose in Paragraph 3?
a. to persuade undercover journalists’ stories affect national security negatively
b. to show how journalists can reveal the weaknesses in security systems
c. to prove that it is easy to get into Heathrow Airport
d.to persuade the reader that going undercover is common among journalists.
Making Connections 2 Unit 6 Reading 2 “The Teenage Brain”
1. Humans have a very long period of adolescence. During this time, as we go from childhood
to adulthood, the human brain continues to develop. Parents, teachers, and scientists have all
noticed that adolescents, that is, teenagers, often respond differently to situations than adults
do. Teenagers may be more emotional, and sometimes they use poor judgment. Until recently,
22
scientists believed that dramatic changes in hormones caused this teenage behavior. However,
new research suggests that hormones are not the only cause. New technology can give us clearer
images of the brain and its activity. These images show that a teenage brain is different from an
adult brain. This difference may help explain why adults and teenagers behave differently.
1. In paragraph 1, the writer mentions the dramatic changes in hormones during
adolescence to...
A introduce the other causes of strange teenage behaviors and change people’s existing
views.
B emphasize that teachers and parents should be more tolerant towards teenagers.
C show that hormones are the only cause of the changes in teenage behavior.
D explain the differences between the ways teenagers and adults behave.
2. Recently, scientists have discovered that the brain is only about 80 percent developed at
adolescence. There is another surge of growth in neurons in early adolescence. However, this
growth begins in the back of the brain in areas that control language and vision. Throughout
adolescence, the brain continues to develop. The last part to develop is the frontal area. This is
the part of the brain that controls planning, judgment, and emotion. This pattern of development
helps explain why many teenagers make poor decisions and take risks. They do not always
think about what will happen as a result of their actions. This is especially true in stressful
situations. Scientists believe that the frontal area of the brain does not mature until the age of
25 to 30 — much later than they previously believed.
2. What is the purpose of the brain study mentioned in paragraph 2?

A show that teenagers are more emotional than adults are.
B find out the differences between adults and teenagers.
C understand why teenagers tend to misunderstand others’ behaviors.
D prove adults are better at understanding people’s emotions.
Questions on this page are retrieved from Making Connections 2 Text Analysis Task
COHESION
PART 1. INTRODUCTION: In reading tasks, you may see such questions. Analyze the
following.
1. Which sentence below best completes 3. “It is important to keep on doing sports
the blank in Paragraph 4? until it becomes a habit.”
This sentence best fits at the END of
A Sentence 1 paragraph...
B Sentence 2
C Sentence 3 A 1
D Sentence 4 B 2
C 3
D 4
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2. Which of the following best completes 4. "However, this is not the only reason
Paragraph 5? why people would like to do sports."
A Sentence 1 This sentence best fits at the BEGINNING
B Sentence 2 of paragraph...
C Sentence 3
D Sentence 4 A 2
B 3
C 4
D 5
PART 2. UNDERSTANDING COHESION IN READING
What is Cohesion?
With the questions above, a reading skill, which is called “cohesion” is tested. Cohesion is the
way in which different parts of a text refer to each other (linking devices, pronouns, etc).
Understanding cohesion involves recognising how the ideas in a text are linked and how those
links are expressed through the words (pronouns, referencing, linkers) that are chosen.
Why is understanding cohesion important?
It’s an important part of understanding a text as a whole. Analysing how different parts of the
text are related to each other helps you understand the functions of different words and phrases.
Some reading exams test this, so you need to be aware of the cohesive clues in a text (linking
devices, pronouns, etc.) in order to successfully complete these tasks.
How do you understand cohesion?

When you are asked a cohesion question in a reading test as shown in Part 1, think about the
logic of the paragraph as a whole, as well as the meaning at the point where each question
appears. You should,
• analyze the type of relationship between the previous and the following sentence.
✓ Is there a cause-effect relationship? → Then look for “so, because, since,
therefore, as a result, due to”, etc.
✓ Is there a comparison and contrast? → Then look for “however, but, yet,
whereas, while, nevertheless”, etc.
✓ Is there an exemplification? → Then look for “for example, for instance, such
as”, etc.
✓ Is there an intensification of a quality? → Then look for “so +adj.+that”, such +
(a/n) (adj.) noun + that”, etc.
• pay attention to pronouns.
• Pay attention to individual words in a sentence. The next sentence may explain a specific
word in the previous sentence.
• pay attention to referencing words such as “this”, “that”, “these”, “those”, “here”, and
“there.” Do not forget that
✓ a singular concept (a noun) which is closer in time and space is not repeated; so
“this” is used in the next sentence.
✓ a plural concept (a plural noun) that is closer in time and space is not repeated;
so “these” is used in the next sentence.
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✓ a singular concept (a noun) which is farther in time and space is not repeated; so
“that” is used in the next sentence.
✓ a plural concept (a plural noun) that is farther in time and space is not repeated;
so “those” is used in the next sentence.
PART 3. TRAINING 1: In order to practice cohesion, you will start with sentence
completion. Look at the following five questions. Identify your clues from the first part of
the sentence that is given in the question. The first one is an example for you. Explain your
rationale for each question to the whole class.
1. The Grand Canyon in Arizona, which is famous for its depth, is so deep ______.
A that the top and the bottom have very different weather and vegetation
B because many people find it difficult to catch fish in such shallow water
C since it lies about 3000 metres above sea level
D the upper broad part is about 7 million years old
Rationale: The correct answer is A. In the first part of the sentence in the question, there are
two important points to consider. Firstly, there is a “so + adjective” structure, so we must find
“that+ clause” in the options. However, this is not enough on its own. We should also look at
the meaning. Grand Canyon’s “depth” is mentioned in the first part, so we should find the
option which refers to the definition of “depth”. “The top and the bottom” explains the meaning
of “depth.”
2. When human beings invade animals’ habitat, it has disastrous effects. In recent years,
for example, _____.
A roads have been built near or through areas which are home to many animals
B the overall tiger population has dramatically declined due to the loss of habitat
C people have made no attempt to save the endangered species of animals
D the number of wild animals increased largely in the jungle
Rationale: ____________________________________________________________
3. _____, the occasion will be held in the ballroom instead.
A Although everyone had brought their umbrellas with them

B In case of rain or snow in next week's wedding reception
C Despite the accurate predictions of meteorology
D Because it was really sunny and bright
Rationale: ____________________________________________________________
25
4. _____, the kiwi is the prime fruit to eat if you have the flu.
A Since it has more vitamin C than any other one
B Because of its calorie amount
C Since you're not allowed to consume fruit
D The reason for eating fresh fruit is that
Rationale: ____________________________________________________________
5. _____, many foreigners want to go there again.
A Because it's one of the most beautiful cities in the world

B Though it has many facilities and natural beauties to host tourists
C Despite its great popularity for its hotels which have international standards
D Owing to its bad reputation for hosting tourists
Rationale: ____________________________________________________________
***Questions adapted from https://www.englishtestsonline.com/miscellaneous/sentence-

completion-tests/
PART 4. TRAINING 2: In order to practice cohesion more, you will continue with
paragraph completion. These are short texts with a missing sentence. Identify your clues
from the first part of the sentence that is given in the question. The first one is an example
for you. Explain your rationale for each question to the whole class as in the example.
1. Every year, 100 million holiday-makers go to the Mediterranean. With one-third of the
world's tourist trade, it is the most popular of all the holiday areas: yet, it is also the most
polluted. _____
A Therefore, the tourist industry here is in great danger.

B Several European countries have changed their economic policies.
C However, the great civilizations of the past are no longer tourist attractions.
D The average tourist prefers guest houses to hotels
Rationale: The correct answer is A. The use of “therefore” shows us the result of what
happened in the Mediterranean. In the correct answer, “here” is referring to Mediterranean.
“Tourist trade” in the paragraph and “tourist industry” refer to the same concept.
2. Veronica Moss is a small British firm that makes wedding dresses. It is now expanding into
European markets. _____ This will only be possible if sufficient, highly skilled workers are
employed.
26
A Then management has the full support of all its workers.
B Many governments have raised the tax on luxury goods.
C The new designs are shown in the catalogue.
D However, to be successful, it needs to increase its production.
Rationale: ____________________________________________________________
3. When people are ill they frequently seek medical help. _____ When they feel they are not
well, they either go to a quiet place and rest or look for the kind of herbs and plants they feel
will do them good.
A The majority of medicines are not very expensive.
B Animals, on the other hand, are their own doctors.
C Unfortunately, it is children who suffer most in this respect.
D People suffer from certain incurable diseases.
Rationale: ____________________________________________________________
4. ____ Until a program is prepared and stored in the computer's memory, the computer
"knows" absolutely nothing, not even how to accept or reject data. Even the most sophisticated
computer must be told what to do.
A A computer is similar to a typewriter.

B A computer can repeat the same operation over and over again forever.
C Computers are widely used because they save time.
D Like all machines, a computer needs to be directed and controlled if it is going to
perform a task successfully
Rationale: ____________________________________________________________
5. There is something more in bringing up children than feeding them well, housing them
healthily and washing them regularly. The emotional development of children depends on the
actions of their parents. _____ The adult may need social security, but for the child, family
security is more important.
A Every child imitates his parents.

B Children need the security of a peaceful family life.
C Friendship is not an important factor in a child's life.
D Family life has little effect on a child's social development.
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Rationale: ____________________________________________________________
Questions adapted from https://www.englishtestsonline.com/paragraph-completion-test-2/
PART 5. PRACTICE 1
1. The following excerpt is taken from the supplementary reading text “Coffee”.
4. It is the caffeine, an addictive stimulant drug, which made the goats dance and kept the monks
awake.______. 150 milligrams is the minimum dose needed to activate the nervous system, and
this can be found in a single strong cup of coffee. In the short-term a couple of cups can prevent
fatigue and delay sleep. However, several cups a day, every day, can cause anxiety and
restlessness.
Which sentence below best completes the blank in Paragraph 4?

A. That’s why, drinking too much coffee was harmful.
B. Therefore, they kept drinking coffee every night.
C. Although it is found in other soft drinks, coffee has the most caffeine.
D. However, if they roasted it, it wouldn’t be addictive.
2. The following excerpt is taken from Making Connections 2 Unit 4 Reading 2.
5. These migration trends can have positive impact on prosperous host countries. Many
developed countries have labor shortage, that is, there are not enough workers. In these
countries, migrants can fill some of these jobs, especially jobs that do not require a specific
skill. They can also allow skilled workers in the host country to be more productive. This helps
the economy of the host country. For example, in the United States, many immigrants _____.
Which of the following best completes the blank in Paragraph 5?
A like working in the fields of California as farm workers.

B work in information technologies as software developers.
C provide childcare services so that both parents can go to work
D go back to their own country after working for some years.
3. The following excerpt is taken from Making Connections 2 Unit 1 Reading 4.
5. In most countries, it is illegal to use fake documents. So reporters who use fake
documents are breaking the law. This raises a number of ethical questions. Is it acceptable for
28
reporters to break the law if the story benefits society? Should those reporters get into trouble?
The reporters who got jobs at Buckingham Palace and Heathrow Airport published stories that
led to better security. The South Korean news story led to laws against throwing poisonous
chemicals into the sea. The U.S. television report showed dangerous conditions in the
supermarket. In each of these cases, although the reporters broke the law, their stories helped
the public. Some people say this is good journalism because it helps society. Other people
disagree and think it is always wrong to break the law.
6. There have been a few cases of reporters who wanted a story so much that they lied
about it. Janet Cooke, a reporter at The Washington Post, published a story about an eight-year-
old boy in Washington, D.C., who was a drug addict. The story, “Jimmy's World," shocked
people all over the United States. The police even tried to find Jimmy in order to help him, but
Cooke refused to tell the police where he lived. A few months later, Cooke won a Pulitzer Prize
for the story. By this time, however, her editor was uncertain that the story was true. Cooke
finally confessed that the story was a lie and that there was no Jimmy. She resigned, and The
Washington Post gave back the Pulitzer Prize.
“Although people disagree about whether journalists can break the law to get a good
story, everyone agrees that journalists must always tell the truth.”
This sentence can be the BEGINNING of paragraph ___________.
PART 6. PRACTICE 2: Five sentences have been removed from the text below. For each
question (1-5), choose the correct answer (A-H). There are three extra sentences which
you do not need to use. Underlined words and phrases before or after each blank will help
you to find missing sentence.
Antarctica is the coldest, emptiest and driest place on Earth. Ninety-nine percent of Antarctica
is covered by ice about 5 metres thick. The coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth was
minus 89.2 degrees Celsius, registered on July 21, 1983, at Antarctica’s Vostok station.
Antarctica's climate is also very dry and windy. 1 ____. There is an area called Dry Valleys that
has not had rain for more than a million years! The existence of Antarctica was completely
unknown until the continent was first discovered in 1820. Antarctica doesn't have a government
and belongs to no country. 2. _____. There are 30 various countries that operate 80 research
stations located around the continent. In summer, more than 4000 scientists from all over the
world work in research stations. Tourists arrive here, too. 3. ____. Antarctica has no trees or
bushes. The only plants that can live in a place that cold are algae, moss and fungi. 4. ____.
They live close together in large colonies and build their nests on the ice. In the ocean around
the continent you can see seals, whales and orcas but there are no big and large native land
animals on the continent. 5. ______.
29
A. More than 56,000 people travelled to Antarctica during the 2018-2019 season.
B. Also hiding under the Antarctic ice is an entire lake called Lake Vostok.
C. However, there are a lot of penguins.
D. Winds in some places of the continent can reach 320 km/h.
E. But Antarctica hasn't always been an icy land.
F. It’s just too cold!
G. The Antarctic is land surrounded by ocean.
H. It is the only region in the world which is not ruled by any nation.
Text taken from https://www.englishrevealed.co.uk/PET/Reading_Part_4/multiple_choice_gapped_text_1.php
PART 7. PRACTICE 7: Five sentences have been removed from the text below. For each
question (1-5), choose the correct answer (A-H). There are three extra sentences which
you do not need to use.
Mrs O'Sullivan was in a small shopping centre in Dublin a few days ago when she suddenly
felt very hungry. She decided to buy herself a sandwich, but when she took her purse out, she
discovered that she only had a €100 banknote. It was almost seven o'clock in the evening, she
was really hungry and nowhere else was open. 1. _____. She'd buy some lottery tickets and the
sandwich. She never did stupid things like that and in fact she never bought lottery tickets. 2.
____. Mrs O'Sullivan was a saleswoman and her husband was a caretaker and they didn't have
much money, so when she got home her husband was very angry. "We look after our money,"
he said, "and you go throw it away on lottery tickets! 3. ______. That Sunday the couple
watched the results on television. They won a million euros. 4. ______. Mrs O'Sullivan says
that it was the luckiest sandwich in the world, and it was the luckiest crazy decision she had
ever made! 5. _____. They're planning to go on that holiday, but not to Waterford.
A. We're saving for holiday in Waterford!"

B. Then she had a crazy idea!
C. But she had a decision to make.
D. And Mr. O'Sullivan has forgiven her for wasting their money.
E. So what's it actually like winning the lottery?
F. We "helped out" a few of our friends and family with some money.
G. It was the first time in her life.
H. It's going to change their lives.
30
Text taken from https://www.englishrevealed.co.uk/PET/Reading_Part_4/multiple_choice_gapped_text_2.php
PATHWAYS L&S 2 SUPPLEMENTARY TASKS

UNIT 1 LISTENING A
STRATEGY TRAINING
Objective: Listening and guessing the meaning of unknown words from context.
You don’t have to know the meaning of every word in a lecture. It is possible to guess
the meaning of a word from the context. Context is the sentences and words around a
specific word. There are some strategies to achieve that.
1. Definition: Some key words signal that a word is defined or explained in a
sentence.
2. Exemplification: Sometimes the examples of a word give clues about its
meaning.
3. Contrast: Some key words signal that the word is explained by giving its
antonym.
4. Synonym: Sometimes the word is clarified by giving its synonym.
5. Paraphrasing: Sometimes a key word is explained by using other more
common words or in a simpler way and this is called a paraphrase.
You are going to listen to 5 excerpts in order to answer the questions below. First read the
questions carefully. Then, listen to the excerpts and answer the following questions. After
you answer the questions, write down which of the strategies from the box you have used
to answer that question.
1. Which of the following words has a similar meaning with the word “reaction”?
a. Response
b. Tendency
c. Answer
d. Feeling
Strategy: ______________________
2. Which word in the excerpt means stopping something forever? _____________
Strategy: ____________________
3. Which word in the excerpt means an online conference? ____________
Strategy: _______________________
4. Which of the following words has a similar meaning with the word “attitude”?
a. Behavior
b. Opinion
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c. Confidence
d. Influence
Strategy: ________________________
5. Which word in the excerpt means harmful? ____________________
Strategy: ___________________________
Now look at the excerpts below and check your answers.
Excerpts
1 – Now that spring has come, nature has awakened. There are flowers everywhere and trees
have become green again. Although for some people spring is a time of joy and refreshment,
for people who suffer from allergies it is a time full of negative feelings. They might show
allergic reactions to pollens and flowers; for instance, they may sneeze, cough or become itchy
because of those pollens and flowers.
2 - Besides high blood pressure and high blood sugar, another common cause of heart disease
is smoking. I guess everyone knows it’s a very unhealthy habit, so if you want to prevent heart
disease, you have to quit smoking. I mean you have to stop smoking forever.
3 - Our job is to keep everyone in the community healthy. I know—it’s a big job! Mostly, I do
this through webinars. A webinar is basically a seminar, not a face to face seminar but a seminar
on the internet. Tonight, I’m going to talk with you about heart disease and how to prevent it.
I’m hoping to provide information that will help all of you to live longer, healthier lives.
4 - In Okinawa, people have very low rates of cancer and heart disease. One of the reasons
could be their positive attitude toward life, which may prevent stress. Okinawans always think
positively and focus on the positive aspects of life. They also eat a healthy diet that consists of
a lot of fresh vegetables and a little meat and fish. Along with healthy habits, such as gardening
and spending time with family, a positive attitude and good food seem to prevent many of the
health problems found in other parts of the world.
5– Elena: When you contact something you are allergic to, the mast cells do what
they’re supposed to do during an attack from viruses and bacteria—they react!
Raymond: Exactly, but it turns out the cells are reacting to things that are not
actually destructive.
Elena: Yeah, they are harmless, at least they’re safe to some people— things
like strawberries, peanuts, and chocolate— but I’m allergic to all of those things.
Raymond: Wow—allergic to chocolate—that’s really a shame.
32
Elena: It is. And how about you? Are you allergic to anything?
UNIT 1
LISTENING A
Introduction to Guided Note-Taking
!!! While listening to a lecture, taking effective notes will help you remember the important
details of the lecture much better. In order to take quality notes, you can use the strategies
below.
1. While taking notes, it is important to pay attention to lecture organization.

a. You will find the main idea in the introduction and it will be repeated
usually in the conclusion.
b. The body of the lecture will be organized under subheadings. In guided
note-taking charts, subheadings are provided but it is important to catch
them while listening so that you can determine which part of the lecture you
are listening to. Accordingly, you will take notes under the correct
heading and it will help you follow the lecture better.
2. In guided note-taking sheets, some of the information from the lectures is already
given. This information is usually like the summary of the original lecture. So, it
will not be exactly the same as the listening itself. It is crucial that you read the
notes in the chart before listening. In this way you can predict what kind of
information is necessary to complete the notes and be prepared for that while
listening to the lecture.
3. During guided note-taking, it will not be possible to write down everything you
hear. You need to write down the information necessary for you to complete the
gaps. For that purpose;
a. you need to get rid of the unnecessary words. Usually grammar words like
articles (a/an/the), and auxiliary verbs (do/does/am/is/are) could be
eliminated.
b. You might replace some words with symbols. For instance,
means; lead to, cause, because
+, & means; and, in addition
= means; the same as, equal to
≠ means; different from, not equal to
X means; in contrast
c. Some very long words could be shortened. Short forms of the words,
abbreviations, are very personal but there are some common examples. For
example; info – information, gov – government, dev – development, btw –
between OR by the way (you can understand which one depending on the
context), b/c – because, ppl – people. Other than such common words, you
can decide how to shorten the long words in your notes.
33
UNIT 1 LISTENING A COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS (pp.6-7, track 1.3)
Listen to the introduction of a talk. As you listen, fill-in the missing information in the
table below. You can use more than one word or number in each blank. You will listen to
the talk ONCE. You have one minute to look at the table.
Introduction Public health nurses are like other nurses, but they take care of
1_______________________.
Their job is to keep everyone in the community healthy and they do this
through 2___________________________.
Tonight, the topic is 3__________________ and how to prevent it.
Hopefully, the information will help everyone to live
4________________&___________________lives.
a) Now highlight the main idea of this lecture in your notes above.
b) Answer the T/F questions of exercise A on page 6 by using your notes.
Listen to the rest of the talk. As you listen, fill-in the missing information in the table
below. You can use more than one word or number in each blank. You will listen to the
talk ONCE. You have one minute to look at the table. (pp. 6-7, track 1.4)
Heart disease affects many people but there are some things you can do to
prevent it!
Get your 4__________________ checked
High blood pressure is a serious problem; it can 5_____________________.
e.g. in order to decrease high blood pressure;
if you are overweight lose weight
OR
6_______________________ if your blood pressure is too high
Important: watch your blood pressure, so get it checked.
Diet.
- not a special diet with only apples and lemons!
This is about 7___________________________- how you usually eat
Government reports show that a healthy diet can;

- keep 8___________________ & blood pressure down
- prevent heart disease
e.g. eat several servings of vegetables and fruits every day
eat less 9_______________________
choose low-fat dairy products such as low-fat milk and yogurt
eat healthy proteins like fish and chicken &
only 10_________________________
These healthy eating habits can also control 11________________.
34
Another common cause of heart disease; 12__________________, a very
unhealthy habit.
To prevent heart disease, 13__________________________.
Exercise at least four or five times a week, for 14________________________.

e.g. walk, or run, or play a sport— any activity that you enjoy.
Regular exercise will make your 15_______________________ & make
you16____________________________.
And it can be fun, too!
Another way to prevent heart disease is to find healthy ways

17_____________________________.
In our daily lives, jobs and children other things keep us very busy and can
contribute to stress.
When stressed out;18____________________
practice yoga
19 make ____________________ for your family
get a good night’s sleep
Do these; - have 20_________________ right away

- feel more relaxed,
- be much less likely to suffer from heart disease in the future.
Of course, it’s also important to 21__________________________.
Conclusion To sum up, preventing heart disease is one of the best things you can do for
yourself.
- get your blood pressure checked.
- 22__________________________, and remember that high blood
sugar is a big problem.
- If you smoke, quit.
- 23___________________________.
- Finally, find healthy ways to deal with stress.
If you do these things, chances are you won’t suffer from heart disease and
you’ll live a longer healthier life. Well, I hope this advice is helpful to you.
Now answer the questions below using your notes.
1. Why is high blood pressure a serious problem?
2. Which of the following will help you decrease your blood pressure?
a. checking your blood pressure
b. putting on some weight
c. taking medication
d. learning about heart disease
35
3. Which of the following is not something that a healthy diet includes?
a. Eating more red meat
b. Eating vegetables and fruits
c. Eating low-fat yoghurt
d. Eating less sugar and salt
4. What are two of the benefits of regular exercise?

-
-
5. Which of the following can help reduce our stress?

a. Cooking large meals
b. Going for a walk
c. Sleeping until noon
d. Being a yoga master
6. Which of the following is one of the ways to prevent heart disease?

a. Exercise once in a while
b. Stop smoking for a while
c. Follow a healthy diet
d. Experience stress in life
Prepared by ZY, June, 2022, from: Pathways Listening and Speaking 2
UNIT 1 LISTENING B
Listen to the conversation and answer the questions below.
1. What was Professor Martinez’s lecture about?
2. The body gives an allergic reaction to some foods because ...

a. Those foods are mistaken for something dangerous.
b. Those foods are really dangerous for the body.
c. Those foods produce antibodies.
d. Those foods attach themselves to the body.
3. Write 2 things that Elena is allergic to?
4. Which of the following does not affect Elena’s asthma?
36
a. Pollen from trees during spring
b. Air pollution downtown
c. Some kinds of plants and flowers
d. Some animals like birds
5. According to research, the number of children with food allergies has increased
______________ between 1997 and 2011.
6. What two factors cause food allergies?
UNIT 1 SPEAKING
Part A: the dialogue and underline the phrases used for agreeing, disagreeing, or
turn-taking.
Selen: Good morning and welcome to our radio program, Health Matters. Today we
have two special guests, Dr. Emre Yildirim, who has been practicing traditional
medicine for 35 years, and Mr. Can Aydin, an expert in homeopathic medicine.
Dr. Yildirim: Thank you for having me today.
Mr. Aydin: Yes, thank you.
Selen: Mr. Aydin, some of our listeners may not be familiar with the idea of
homeopathic medicine. Can you give an explanation of what this is?
Mr. Aydin: Yes, of course. Homeopathic medicine is an alternative medicine which

uses natural substances, like herbs and plants, to help heal the body. For example,
some people use red onions to cure allergies. They believe that since onions make our
eyes water, this will make our bodies stronger against allergies.
Selen: Thank you for your explanation. Dr. Yildirim, what do you think about this?
Dr. Yildirim: I am not sure that homeopathic medicine works. In fact, I think it can be
a result of the placebo effect.
37
Mr. Aydin: I’m sorry to interrupt but I don’t agree with you. Although research is
limited, some studies have shown that homeopathic medicine is an effective form of
treatment. I even use it in my own life, and I certainly notice the benefits.
Dr.Yildirim: May I cut in here? The NHS, or the British National Health Service
recently announced that there is no evidence that homeopathic medicine is beneficial.
Therefore, I am totally against using it as the only treatment. Patients must talk to their
doctors and explore other methods of traditional medicine before beginning any
homeopathic treatment.
Selen: Dr. Yildirim, I couldn’t agree with you more. Research and speaking with
one’s doctor is very important.
Mr. Aydin: I agree with you as well, and I always recommend my patients do this
before beginning a homeopathic treatment. Dr. Yildirim, what do you have to say
about patients using both homeopathic medicine and traditional medicine to treat an
illness?
Dr. Yildirim: Although I’m not convinced that homeopathic medicine is effective, if
the patient talks with their doctor first, I don’t think it would be harmful to continue
both methods of treatment.
Part B: Sort the phrases into their correct categories in the table. Then you can
add any extra phrases you may know.
Phrases for agreeing Phrases for disagreeing Turn-taking
questions/phrases
Other expressions Other expressions Other expressions
38
Part C: Turn to page 18 in Pathways LS . Read the speaking skill and complete practice A.
Part D: With a partner, take turns discussing the topics below. Practice using turn-
taking, agreeing/disagreeing, and continuing discussion expressions.
AGREE DISAGREE
1. Smoking should be banned in all public places.

2. People should be legally required to get vaccines.
3. Obesity should be labeled a disease.
4. Cosmetic procedures should be covered by health
insurance.
5. All people should be vegetarians.
6. Euthanasia should be banned.
7. The drinking age should be 18.
Production: Complete the Final Task parts A and B on page 19 of Pathways LS.
UNIT 2 LISTENING A
LISTENING SKILL 1: USING ABBREVIATIONS/ SHORT FORMS
When you take notes, you often need to write down information very quickly. As you learned
in Unit 1, you can do this by writing down only the keywords. To make the process of note-
taking even easier, you can also use abbreviations. Here are some common abbreviations you
can use:
39
because → bc with → w/ without → w/out
before → bf technology → tech Website → webs
for example → e.g. in other words → i.e. Internet → Int.
information → info machine → mach. knowledge → know.
You can also abbreviate words by writing down only consonants.
people → ppl computer → cmptr students → stdnts
Using symbols is another way to make guided note-taking easier.
negative → - increase → ↑ advantage → +

bigger → › smaller → ‹ equal → =
It is very difficult to note every single word down while taking notes so you can;
• write down only the important/ key words, which give information about the content/
main idea.
• omit the grammar words like prepositions and articles to save time while taking notes.
Here are some examples for you.
Sentence from the tape script Student’s Notes

Advertisements affect people’s shopping Ads affect ppl’s shop. hbts.
habits.
Watching Netflix has many positive effects Watching NF has + effs sts’ lang develop.
on students’ language development.
Artificial Intelligence limits Internet search AI limits Int srch rslts
results.
REMEMBER! There is no certain rule or one correct way of using abbreviations. You can
create your own abbreviations/ symbols/ short forms.
Exercise 1: Create some abbreviations/ short forms/ symbols of the words below.
school → ______________ teachers → ______________
40
international → ______________ decrease → ______________
disadvantage → ______________ important →______________
environment → ______________ positive → ______________
Exercise 2: Shorten the sentences below by focusing on the key words.
1. Search engines are capable of a kind of thinking.
___________________________________________________________________
2. Intelligent computers could help in the medical field, for example with cancer.
___________________________________________________________________
3. Artificial Intelligence makes our lives much easier.
___________________________________________________________________
LISTENING SKILL 2: IDENTIFYING IMPORTANT DETAILS
While listening to a lecture or an interview, it is important to identify the important details and
make note of them. This will also help you understand the main idea of the talk. These questions
can help you identify the most important details:
✓ Does this information clarify or explain a main idea?

✓ Does the speaker emphasize this information?
✓ Does the speaker repeat this information?
✓ Are there any numbers/ years/ percentages…?
✓ Does the meaning change when unnecessary words/ phrases are omitted?
In the listening you are going to do below, you will be asked to fill in the blanks with important
details to understand the lecture fully.
LISTENING A
You are going to listen to a radio show about Artificial Intelligence (AI) between Dr. Ali
and the radio host (page 26, track 1.12). As you listen, take notes in the guided note-taking
sheet by identifying important information and using abbreviations.
- Artificial Intelligence à the character HAL from the movie 2001: A

Introduction
Space Odyssey
41
- HAL;
à controls the systems of a spacecraft,
à speaks with the people on the spacecraft
à becomes unhappy & dangerous when people decide to

1) ______________________________.
- Reality is different.
- Searching for something on the Internet à search results are chosen

carefully.
- The search engine;
à learns which websites are

What is AI? 2) __________________________, the most reliable…
à We don’t see webs we’re not interested in.
à draws conclusions about what we’re looking for on the Int.
à shows us the information it thinks

3) __________________________, including advertisements. We see
the ads for products we might want to buy.
Does the Search - depends on the definition of thinking

Engine really - capable of 4) ______________________________ & 5)
think? ______________________________ about the Int.
- Human beings;
à are capable of so much more.
à have our senses – hearing, smell, sight, touch, taste – & our
Humans vs AI emotions.
à 6) ______________________________ about the world.
à use our judgment to make decisions.
- We can’t replace 7) ______________________________.
42
- Robots can’t do every kind of job à not practical
- We need to instruct the robot in great detail à enter info about what
the robot is supposed to do & give a command.
- not a very intelligent mach.
- latest idea behind mach learning à machs might someday act more
like 8) ______________________________.
- We want the mach to be able to learn & to tell us something new.

What can robots
- In medical field;
do?
à Since comps read 9) _________________________, they may
discover things that people don’t have time to discover.
à cancer: a problem for doctors because it’s many diseases, not just
one.
à But a comp could read all of that info & possibly see something that
10) ______________________________.
Conclusion - hoping to have more developments in the field of medicine
Answer the questions by using your notes.
1. Why does the character HAL in the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey become dangerous?
A) He has control over the people on the spacecraft.
B) He can communicate with the people on the spacecraft.
C) People on the spacecraft want to turn HAL off.
D) People on the spacecraft are unhappy with HAL.
2. Which one is NOT a function of a search engine?
A) It shows the most popular websites on the Internet.
B) It finds the information which we want to see.
43
C) It chooses the search results carefully.
D) It advertises the most popular products on the web.
3. What are the TWO things a search engine can do in terms of thinking?
4. Human beings are different from robots because we …
A) use our senses to make decisions.
B) notice a lot about the world.
C) have more senses than robots.
D) make more practical decisions.
5. According to Dr. Ali, intelligent machines could help doctors by…
A) reading a lot of information quickly.
B) making decisions quickly.
C) communicating with patients quickly.
D) finding treatment for cancer.
6. TRUE/ FALSE - A doctor can benefit from a computer because a computer might see
something that a doctor has not noticed.
7. What is the main idea of the talk?
A) to clarify what robots can do in the medical field.
B) to compare the human brain and robots.
C) to explain the functions of AI in different fields.
D) to give information about the use of AI in advertisements.
Prepared by HK, June 2022, Pathways Listening & Speaking 2
44
UNIT 2 LISTENING B
Listen to the conversation about an innovative technology between Scott and Jason (page
37, track 1.15), and answer questions while listening.
1. Which one is TRUE about Mr. Trash Wheel?
A) It collects trash from Baltimore Harbor.
B) It has water wheels on both sides.
C) It uses no fossil fuels.
D) It produces very little carbon.
2. What is Jason’s reaction to the picture of Mr. Trash Wheel?
A) positive
B) surprised
C) neutral
D) negative
3. Mr. Trash Wheel catches __________ % of the trash from the river.
4. Which one is NOT a type of trash Mr. Trash Wheel collects according to the listening?
A) cigarette buds
B) plastic bottles
C) plastic bags
D) soda cans
5. What kind of new technology makes people like Mr. Trash Wheel?
6. Mr. Trash Wheel is not really high-tech because the water wheel has been around for
____________________.
7. TRUE/ FALSE – Mr. Trash Wheel needs an operator to clean up the harbor.
45
8. What is the main reason for the pollution in the river?
A) Heavy rain carries trash into the river.
B) People throw trash into the river.
C) They need a new storm sewer system.
D) Mr. Trash Wheel works very slowly.
9. What do Jason and Scott suggest to increase the impact of the technology - Mr. Trash Wheel?
10. Which one would be the best title for this talk?
A) The role of social media to introduce an innovative technology
B) How to increase people’s awareness of environmental problems
C) An innovative way to keep the environment clean
D) How to use an environment-cleaning system
Prepared by HK, June 2022, Pathways Listening & Speaking 2
UNIT 2 SPEAKING
Part A: Read the following dialogue and underline all phrases used for giving an opinion
and advice.
Erdem: Hi Sara, how are you today?... Sara? Sara, are you listening? You should stop looking
at your phone!
Sara: Oh hi Erdem. I’m sorry, I was messaging my friend to make plans for the weekend. I’m
doing well, how are you?
Erdem: I’m also doing well. Don’t you think there is a better time to message your friend? You
are so focused on your phone and our class is about to start.
Sara: I think that it’s not a problem. Phones are a great way to communicate and send messages
quickly. Sending a quick message doesn’t distract me. I can multitask.
Erdem: Are you sure? I often see you missing important points in our lectures. I believe that we
should not even take our phones out of our bags during class time.
Sara: Really Erdem? I disagree with you. If you ask me, phones improve our class time.
46
Erdem: How do you think so?
Sara: Well first of all, I can look up any unknown words, and secondly if I’m unsure of a topic
in our lecture, a quick Google search can fix that. I’m convinced that phones should always be
used during class.
Erdem: I’m still not so sure I agree with you, but we had better end this conversation. Dr.Smith
is glaring at us!
Part B: We often use different phrases to make our opinions sound stronger. Sometimes
we make our opinions sound direct and other times we want to be more indirect.
Categorize the phrases underlined above as either direct (stronger) opinions or indirect
(weaker) opinions.
Direct opinions Indirect opinions
Practice C: With a partner, state your opinion on the following statements. Be sure to use
phrases for giving your opinion.
1. People should not look at their phones when they are spending time with friends or
family.
2. Phones should be allowed in class time.
3. Governments should give everyone free access to the Internet.
4. App designers should focus on creating apps to fix our problems rather than apps to
entertain us.
Production: Turn to page 39 in Pathways LS 2 and complete the Final Speaking Task.
UNIT 3 LISTENING A
CRITICAL THINKING: Deducing Meaning from Context & Understanding Purpose of a
Text while Listening
47
STRATEGY INPUT
Purpose is the reason why a speaker talks about a topic. A speaker wants to share a main idea
about a topic. This main idea is directly related to the speaker’s purpose. One of the three
following purposes will drive a main idea: to inform, to entertain, and to persuade.
• To inform – to give information about a subject. Speakers with this purpose want to
give the facts that will explain or teach something to listeners.
Example: There are two main types of coffee: Arabica and Robusto.
• To entertain – to amuse and to appeal to the listener’s senses and imagination. Speakers
with this purpose interest the audience.
• To persuade – to convince the listener to agree with the speaker’s point of view on a
subject. Speakers with this purpose may give facts, but their main goal is to prove a
point to listeners.
Example: Doritos is the most delicious chips you will ever eat.
• The following example question usually tests the listener’s understanding of purpose of
a listening text.
Ex: What is the purpose of the speaker in giving this lecture?
a. To amuse people about dangers of smoking.
b. To inform listeners of the dangers of smoking.
c. To persuade listeners to quit smoking.
d. To explain how cigarettes are produced.
• The following chart shows examples of specific purposes.
General and Specific Purposes
To inform To entertain To persuade
To analyze To amuse To argue against
To clarify To delight To argue for
48
To discuss To convince
To explain To criticize
To introduce To apologize/offer
To define To recommend/suggest
• To figure out the speaker’s purpose, the listener must consider the main idea as well.
Main Idea: Smoking has negative effects on all the organs of the body.
Consider what the speaker is going to discuss about smoking
• Is the speaker going to discuss the disadvantages of smoking?

• Is the speaker going to discuss the advantages of smoking?
• Is the speaker going to make fun of those who smoke?
We can conclude that the speaker is going to argue about negative effects of smoking.
Listen to the lecture on page 46 exercise B again and answer the following question.
1. What is the purpose of the speaker in giving this lecture?
A to persuade young people to become a cowboy
B to inform people about life of cowboys in North America
C to explain how easy it is to be a cowboy
D to show people that being a cowboy is entertaining
Adapted by B.G, June,2022, from: Pathways 2
LISTENING A
GUIDED NOTE-TAKING PART 1
Listen to the lecture on page 46 (track 1.20) exercise B again and take notes on the guided
note-taking sheet and answer the following questions using your notes.
49
- Cowboy way of life → one of the oldest traditions in North & South
America
- Cattle eat grass → a herd: group of cattle are moved to new places with
1) ________________________
- Cowboys → ppl who move the cattle
- Ppl think the last cowboys 2) ________________________ a long time

ago.
Introduction
to cowboy - Fewer cowboys now compared to the past
way of life
→ 3) ________________________ is one factor bc. cowboys don’t
earn a lot.
- Cowboys still 4) ________________________ bc. they move cattle to

places with more grass.
- practice traditional cowboy customs
→ e.g. 5) ________________________ under the stars & singing songs

near campfires at night
- Two regions in North America w/ cowboys → The Western United States

& Mexico
- Robb Kendrick’s book about two cowboys;
→ “Still: Cowboys at the Start of 21st century”

Today’s topic → interviewed 6) ________________________ in different places &
–The Western used a 7) ________________________ camera to photograph the
USA and cowboys
Mexico
-1st cowboy → Tyrel Tucker from US;
→ was 8) ________________________ when his photo was taken.
→ born in Wyoming
→ was riding horses before he could walk
50
→ got his first horse when he was just
9) ____________________
→ started working as a cowboy during 10)________________
→ left school to help with the 11) ____________________
→ difficult to live away from home & work
→ one winter he & his older brother took care of

12) ______________________ cattle so → big job
→ lived in a shack with no electricity & ate

13) ______________________ every day but Tyrel enjoyed the work.
→Tradition began in the 14) _____________________when Spanish

people brought the first cattle
- In Mexico → Men, who were called vaqueros, needed to take care of

herds.
→ worked outdoors in the hot sun
→ started wearing 15) ________________________ to keep the sun

off their faces & 16) ________________________ to protect their legs
-Vaqueros moved to Texas& their clothing →cowboy culture

Cowboys in
- Two kinds of cowboys in Mexico;
Mexico
→ 1st: Vaqueros
→ work with cattle on the ranches, esp. At La Mora Ran in the

17) ________________________ of the country
→ still ride horses & live outdoors for months
→ 2nd: Charros
→ wear 18) ________________________, ride horses & compete

in sporting events called charreadas
- 2nd Mexican cowboy interviewed: Manuel Rodriguez
51
→ started his work as a vaquero 19) ______________________
→ started helping his father at La Mora Ranch when he was only

20) ________________________
→ His parents, his grandparents & even his great-grandparents have

worked at La Mora Rench.
- These examples from Kendrick’s book → There are still cowboys in

Conclusion
North America today.
Answer the following questions using your notes.
1. A herd is a group of …
A. sheep
B. cow
C. cattle
D. chicken
2. A group of cattle must be moved to new places with grass because they …
A die of hunger.
B eat grass.
C like new places.
D like moving.
3. Why are there fewer cowboys today than in the past?
4. Write one traditional cowboy custom mentioned in the listening.
5. What did Kendrick use to take a photo of the cowboys?
52
6. Tyrell got his first horse when …
A he was a teenager.
B he lost his dog.
C he was two years old.
D he was old.
7. Tyrell and his brother took care of ______________ cattle.
A. 1300
B. 2300
C. 4300
D. 5300
8. Although his work was difficult, Tyrel enjoyed it. T/F
9. What did vaqueros wear to protect their faces and legs?
A hats and jeans
B helmets and boots
C big hats and high boots
D big hats and short boots
10. Vaqueros live in the southern region of Mexico. T/F
11. How did Manuel Rodriguez start his work as a vaquero?
A. when his father was ill.
B later in his life to help his grandfather.
C early in his life to help his father.
D after they lost their cattle.
UNIT 3 LISTENING B
GUIDED NOTE-TAKING PART
53
Listen to the lecture on page 57 exercise C (1.24) and take notes on the guided note-taking
sheet and answer the following questions using your notes.
I’m Alex.
Introduction - talk about 1) ______________________ by a group called Shukar
to music from Collective from Romania
the Roma
culture - first heard their music when I 2) ___________________
- liked it then & like it now
- Definition of Shukar → 3) ________ or ________________ in the

Romani language
- Shukar Collective;
→ 4) ___________________ & DJs from Eastern Europe
→ active from around 5) ___________________
About Shukar → play music from the Roma ppl
Collective
- Roma ppl;
→ didn’t have a 6) ___________________; moved frequently from
place to place
→ Now, they stay in one place & many speak 7)
___________________ their own Roma language & the language of the
country they live.
→ Roma ppl are very famous for music.

- Traditional Roma music;
→ has a very fast rhythm
→ song lyrics express 8) ___________________
Music of
traditional - Traditional Roma instruments → drums & the cimbalom; sounds sort of
Roma people like a piano
and Shukar - Shukar Collective;
Collective
→ uses some 9) ___________________ → their music; a mix. of
traditional & modern sounds.
→ made up of 10) ___________________ & four electronic musicians
→ their music electro-gypsy-dance
54
- Shukar Collective;
→ from 11)______________
Summary → play music from the Roma culture; combines traditional & new,
electronic sounds
→ 12) ___________ in Europe
2. The first time the speaker heard Shukar Collective’s music was when…
A. he was living in Romania.
B. he was living in Greece.
C. he was in Rome.
D. he was living in US.
3. Shukar means ___________________ in the Romani language.

4. Shukar Collective was very active around 2001. True /False
5. Why did Roma people move from one place to another?
6. Why is the music of Shukar Collective different from traditional Roma music?
7. Shukar Collective group is made up of_______________________.
8. Which of the following isn’t true about Shukar Collective?
A. They are famous in Europe.
B. Traditional sounds are dominant in their music.
C. The group is from Eastern Europe.
D. The group plays music from the Roma culture.
9. What is the purpose of the speaker in giving this lecture?
A. To argue against Roma music
B. To convince people to listen to Shukar Collective
C. To discuss the reason why people listen to Roma music
D. To introduce music from Roma culture
55
UNIT 4 LISTENING A
Listen to the talk about the Itaipu Dam. As you listen, fill-in the missing information in the table
below. You can use more than one word or number in each blank. You will listen to the talk
ONCE. You have one minute to look at the table.
A Talk about the Itaipu Dam

Introduction Topic: The Itaipu Dam, located near the border btw
1. ___________________________, not far from the waterfalls in the Iguaçu
National Park.
Background -A great engineering achievement

Information • consisting of 2. _______________________=about 5 miles.
about the • one of the largest dams in the world.
dam
-Reservoir behind dam which 3. __________________________________ from
Parana River.
Reservoir about 100 miles.
-Construction of the dam à challenging task b/c

• They had to change 4. ____________________________________
• 5. __________________ workers were needed.
But a lot of jobs were created. This is not the only benefit, though.
Good for economy:
Benefits of -1st benefit: The dam provides 20% of the electricity used in
the dam 6. _______________& 7. ______________ of the elect. used in Paraguay.
Mill. of homes&businesses use the elect.à
8. ______________________________ of both countries.
-2nd benefit: major tourist attraction so good for the economy.

Tourists can go on 9. ______________________________
or 10. _________________________________ in natural areas.
-3rd benefit:Brazil and Paraguay can manage a valuable resource- water in the
Parana River.
11. ___________________ is a real problem for farmers&other people in the
area.
56
But the reservoir supplies water for 12. _____________________, water that
farmers use 13.______________________.
-Risks brought by the dam

Problems • When reservoir filled up, it covered more than
caused by 14._____________________square miles with water. A large lake so
the dam 10.000 families - as many as
15. ______________________people-lost land and had to leave the area.
• 16. ___________________________________ sites now underwater
upsets archaeologists.
• Other concerns about how the dam
17. _____________________________.
-Forests lost
&
-Reservoir is also affecting
18. ___________________________. Temperatures going up by about 19.
_______________________.
Water heats up with energy from
20. ________________________=not good for farmers.
Due to heat and drought

↓
the amount of water in the river
21. _________________________________
↓
reduction in the 22. _____________________dam produces
• most imp. disadvantage: agreement between Brazil&Paraguay

bi-national project both countries share
23. _____________________________ generated by the dam.
Some believe agreement is not fair. So some changes made in 2009 but
more changes needed in 24. _________________ so that both countries
57
will be happy and they 25.
_____________________________________ from the dam.
Conclusion Despite serious problems, benefits are more significant.

Dam solves 2 problems:
26. ____________________________________ of 2 growing countries.
27. not _____________________________ for farming.
Major problems requiring large-scale solutions.
58
Use your notes to answer the questions.
1. Why was the construction of the dam challenging?

•
•
2. What is the percentage of the electricity provided by the dam in Paraguay?
3. Which of the following is NOT one of the benefits of the dam?

A. It provides many homes and businesses with electricity.
B. It is one of the greatest tourist destinations.
C. It creates jobs for about 40.000 workers.
D. It supports the economy of both Brazil and Paraguay.
4. Farmers make use of the water in the reservoir for…
5. How much land was covered with water when the reservoir filled up?
6. Which of the following is NOT a risk caused by the dam?

A. Historical and cultural sites were covered with water.
B. People lost their land and had to abandon the area.
C. It changes the local climate by raising temperatures by 4 degrees Celsius.
D. Many archaeologists lost their jobs due to the loss of important sites.
7. What do the heat and drought cause?
59
8. What does the lecturer mean when he says the Itaipu Dam is a bi-national project?
9. What is the main idea of the whole lecture?

A. The Itaipu Dam is one of the largest dams in the world.
B. Building the Itaipu Dam forced many families to leave their land.
C. The Itaipu Dam is good for the economies of Brazil and Paraguay.
D. There are both benefits and problems with the Itaipu Dam.
UNIT 4 LISTENING B
Listen to the talk about the Ogallala Aquifer. As you listen, fill-in the missing information in
the table below. You can use more than one word or number in each blank. You will listen to
the talk ONCE. You have one minute to look at the table.
A Discussion about the Ogallala Aquifer

3 students -Paula, Ron and Taylor- meet to decide on the details of their
presentation the following Thursday.
Introduction -An interesting article about the Ogallala Aquifer in 1. ________________ of US.
Good photos of agriculture in the region.
Here is a great photo of a 2. ____________________.
A lot of corn. For feeding cattle????
There are over 3. __________________ cattle on the farm.
With a lot of cattle on the farm, there seems to be no problem→doing pretty well
-The topic for the presentation: ‘How to 4. __________________________’.
So what is the aquifer crisis?
What is the Professor Arnold covered this topic in class last week.
Aquifer She talked about aquifers that is 5. ______________________________.
Crisis? Water from rain or rivers is scarce
↓
a lot of water pumped up out of the ground
60
↓
for irrigation
to 6. ______________________________.
When that water is gone, it’s gone.
Some crops need a lot of water but some of the western states in the US 7.
_______________________.
Average rainfall in Colorado :8._________________
Aver. rainfall in Illinois: 9. ______________________a year
not a lot of rain but is it an urgent situation??
There is a huge aquifer which is underneath 10.
___________________________.
The water from the aquifer is used to grow crops.
The Ogallala Aquifer took around 11. ______________________to fill up.
Water in aquifers being pumped out quickly in past 12.
_______________________.
Much less water in the aquifer now.
Western States→ not enough water for 13. ______________ and 14.
________________.
Sounds bad →no adequate clean water to take a shower.
Lucky us b/c never experienced a 15. ___________________________ here.
Not having water at home →difficult but growing food →more important
problem
Therefore, we need to think about the solutions in the presentation.
-1st solution: farmers using water from
Solutions to 16. ____________________________ to irrigate their crops instead of water
the Aquifer from the aquifer???
Crisis Problem→far away → difficult & expensive to distribute water to 17.
______________________________________.
Still, a possible solution.
-2nd solution: 18. ______________________ taken from the aquifer by farmers.
Water lasts longer.
Some people in Oklahoma did something called 19. ________________.
e.g growing wheat without water.
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Why no need for irrigation? Planting crops which need less water.
-3rd solution: they also follow good 20. __________________________ practices.
e.g. planting seeds at
21. _________________________to make use of what little rain they get.
e.g to prevent dry soil from blowing away, they plant trees to block
and break the wind =22. ______________________.
In the real world, not everyone would prefer this type of farming.
For the presentation, they will focus on:

• Better ways to 23. ___________________________from rivers and
streams
• 24. ___________________________ e.g dryland farming
These two solutions will help with water shortage for homes and crops.
Use your notes to answer the questions.
1. What is the topic of the presentation?

a. How to solve the Aquifer Crisis
b. Better ways to distribute water
c. What caused the Aquifer Crisis
d. Best ways to do farming and agriculture
2. Which of the following is NOT a factor that leads to Aquifer Crisis?

E. Scarcity of water from rain
F. Not having enough number of aquifers
G. Excessive use of underground water for irrigation
H. Shortage of water from rivers
3. The average rainfall in Illinois is less than the one in Colorado. T/F
4. How large is the Ogallala Aquifer?
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5. How long did it take the Ogallala Aquifer to fill up?
6. Which of the following is NOT a reason which makes rivers and streams not a very
good alternative to aquifers?
a. It is hard to carry water from rivers and streams.
b. Rivers and streams are in remote locations.
c. It costs more to send water to long distances.
d. There aren’t enough number of rivers and streams in the US.
7. Which of the following is NOT a solution to Aquifer Crisis?

a. Reducing the amount of water taken from aquifers
b. Doing dryland farming to avoid irrigation
c. Using water from rivers and streams
d. Planting seeds only during summer
8. Dryland farming is a possible solution to aquifer crisis because….

a. It’s less expensive for farmers
b. It’s a great way to grow corn
c. It requires little water
d. It protects the soil
9. In addition to dryland farming, what other TWO solutions are mentioned in the
listening?
•
•
UNIT 4 SPEAKING
A. Read the conversation and fill in the blanks with expressions for asking for & giving
opinions, justifying (giving reasons), and exemplifying.
63
I don’t think since What are your thoughts such as
because of for instance in my view
Emma: Liam, what do think is the most interesting sport to watch in the Olympic Games?
Liam: In my opinion, it’s skiing. I love watching the skiing events. How about you?
Emma: ____________________ (1), gymnastics is the most beautiful sport to watch at the
Olympic Games ____________________ (2) I love watching the routines planned for the
gymnasts to show off their athletic skills. All the gymnasts are so strong, powerful, graceful,
and fast. ____________________ (3), the Russian artistic gymnast Svetlana Khorkina was a
diva at Atlanta, Sydney, and Athens. ____________________ (4), David?
David: ____________________ (5) gymnastics is interesting – gymnasts look ridiculous and

act like babies! When I think of the Olympics, I think of athletics ____________________ (6)
its excitement. It’s amazing to see the fastest people in the world ____________________ (7)
Usain Bolt, Tyson Gay, and Yohan Blake, who have pushed biological human limits.
B. Put the expressions from part A in the correct categories. Then, add more expressions
under each category.
Expressions for:
asking for & giving justifying exemplifying

opinions (giving reasons)
In my opinion… because For example
UNIT 5 LISTENING A
VOCABULARY
Check the words bolded in context on p.84 and then match them to the correct definition
below .
64
A. Words B. Definitions
1. complex (adj) a) the state of being related to someone or something.

2. speed (n) b) extremely small
3. connection (n) c) the way something works or operates
4. tiny (adj) d) the way you feel at a particular time
5. function (n) e) an action, movement, or sound that gives
information, a message, a warning, or an order
6. mood (n) f) to produce energy
7. signal (n) g) how fast something moves
8. structure (n) h) to order, limit, or rule something, or someone's
actions or behaviour
9. generate (v) i) the way in which the parts of a system or object are
arranged or organized, or a system arranged in this
way
10. control (v) j) difficult to understand or find an answer to because
of having many different parts
2. LISTENING A (p.86)
Listen to the podcast about exercise and the brain. As you listen, fill-in the missing information
in the table below. You can use more than one word or number in each blank. You will listen
to the lecture ONCE. You have one minute to look at the table. After listening, answer the
questions.
Podcast about exercise and the brain
Introduction • Their goal: to make you think about the human brain
• More specifically → the effects of exercise on the brain.
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• Exercise →anything that makes 1) ________________________
The effects of ↓
not only good for your body, but good for your brain.
exercise on
the brain • Exercise → put us in a better mood → 2) make us
____________________________
• Scientists → exercise makes you smarter.
• All of his friends → 4)__________________________
• After exercise →your body produces a chemical →that makes it easier
5)_________________________________.
• to learn something →need to repeat it several times?
• i.e. his son is learning to ride a bicycle. He practices
6)____________________________________
• his brain sends him bike riding messages along
7)_____________________________________
• Eventually, he’ll know how to ride a bike.
• those bike-riding messages form new connections
8)_____________________________________
• the structure of our brain changes every time
9)_____________________________________
• Aaron’s mood →better after exercise, but not sure he is smarter.
• Our brain generates some electricity and 10)
________________________________ inside the brain.
• Those signals in the brain → 11) _______________________.
• Whenever you have a thought or perform any kind of action →
tiny chemicals and electrical signals 12)
__________________________________ inside your brain.
• the function of the neurons → like 13)
__________________________________
• They carry the messages around the brain—and btw. the brain and the rest of
the body.
• the brain → 14)________________________________
• A lot of the brain’s functions → chemicals.
• the chemical that’s produced when we exercise→ BDNF →
15) __________________________________________
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• The reason → BDNF controls some of the processes in the brain
i.e. 16)_________________________________
• This chemical affects memory and learning →makes us smarter.
• BDNF is only made in the brain and the result of
17)__________________________________________
• you need to exercise several times a week.
• keep exercising and keep your brain
18)_________________________________________
Comprehension Questions
10. How does exercise affect our mood?
a. It makes our heart beat faster
b. It makes us feel better emotionally
c. It makes us smarter
d. It makes us feel happier
11. After exercise, a chemical in our body helps us …

a. to feel happier
b. to lose weight
c. to remember easily
d. to learn better
3. What did bike riding messages form in the brain?
4. The structure of our brain changes when ____________________.

a. neurons send messages
b. we receive new information
c. we practice riding a bike
d. electrical signals are moving
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5. Neurons are similar to ….
6. Which one is an example of one of the processes that BDNF controls?

a. speed of the neurons
b. growth of new neurons
c. having conversations
d. carrying messages
7. BDNF is the result of ________________.
UNIT 5 LISTENING B
1. LISTENING B (P.96)
Listen to the discussion about memory, learning and emotions. As you listen, fill-in the missing
information in the table below. You can use more than one word or number in each blank. You
will listen to the lecture ONCE. You have one minute to look at the table. After listening,
answer the questions.
Introduction • They formed a study group.

• Julia’s idea → to divide the topics and 1)_______________________ was
brilliant as well!
• how do we remember things?

Memory • the memory process has 2) ____________________
• Step 1 → information 3)___________________________________. →
what we taste, smell, touch, see, and hear
• It is stored, kept there for a very short time- 4) _________________.
Step 2 → only some of this info. → short-term memory.
• Why we don’t remember everything?
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• Acc.to Wong → only info. 5)_____________________________ moves to
our short-term memory.
• Our short-term memory → to function normally in the world
• i.e. if you ask me a question, I can remember the question
6)_______________________
• Step 3 → when info. that we try to remember, or that
7)________________________________, →moves to our long-term
memory and last a lifetime.
• to remember something,
→ think about it, or
→8)_______________________
• Memories →stronger when sent down the same pathway in the brain many
times,
• To remember something
→concentrate on it
→think about it
→9)______________________________________
• very similar to actually learning something.
↓
• To remember = to recall the past.
• To learn = 10)___________________________________________
• To learn new info. →concentrate on it & think about it.
• To learn how to do the something like 11)_____________________ →you
have to do it again and again.
• When you learn new things, your brain forms →
12)________________________________
• learning →changes the structure of the brain!
Emotions • His topic: the emotions of romantic love and feelings of

and the brain 13)________________________
• Emotions → psychological.
• They’re the result of 14)____________________________—probably the
way our parents raised us.
• But in fact, emotions → 15) ________________________________________
• Chemical called dopamine in the brain.
• i.e. the level of dopamine ↑ when we fall in love with someone.
1. How did they share the topics in the study group?
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2. In the first step of memory process, information …
3. According to Professor Wong, only the information

that___________________________ moves to short term memory.
a. we want to use right away
b. we want to use later
c. we store in the brain
d. we think important
4. Which one is NOT a way of remembering something?

a. think about it
b. focus on it
c. review it
d. write it down
5. What is the difference between to remember and to learn something?
6. Which of the topics below is NOT mentioned in the last part of the talk?
a. chemicals in the brain
b. feelings of security
c. emotions and psychology
d. parents’ problems
7. The tone of the speaker in the last part of the talk is …
a. disappointed
b. hopeful
c. critical
d. surprised
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UNIT 5 SPEAKING
TASK A. Read and answer the following questions then compare answers with a partner.
In your culture, what do you do when you are listening to a friend's story?
Yes No Sometimes
Keep silent and look them in the eye
Say things like OK, I see, What happened next?
Keep silent and look away
Say, Um, Ah, Hmm etc.
Nod or shake your head
Smile or look sad (depending on the speaker's feeling)
In your culture, what do you do when you are listening to your boss or your teacher giving
you instructions?
Yes No Sometimes
Keep silent and look them in the eye
Say things like OK, I see, And next?
Keep silent and look down
Say, Um, Ah, Yes etc.
Nod or shake your head
Look interested
TASK B. You are going to listen to a text between two friends. Answer the questions after the
listening.
Questions
1. Why is Jane upset?
2. How did Marcia get a black eye?
TASK C:
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Backchannels occur in conversation when a speaker is talking and a listener
interjects. These responses are called backchannel responses and can be verbal, non-verbal,
or both.
Backchannel responses usually don't communicate important information. They are mainly
used to show the listener's interest, understanding, or agreement with what the speaker is
saying.
1. Read the text and underline backchannel interjections and circle the backchannel word or
phrases and complete the chart.
Greg: Hi Jane! I saw you in Professor Brady’s class.

Jane: Uh huh.
Greg: I really enjoyed the lecture about how our brain works while sleeping.
Jane: That’s good.
Greg: Didn’t you like the lecture?
Jane: Hmm. I thought the topic was good but I couldn’t follow everything very well.
Greg: Interesting. What parts did you have trouble understanding?
Jane: Wow! Do you think I’m not smart enough to understand about dreams?
Greg: Goodness! I didn’t mean to offend you.
Jane: You didn’t offend me but someone in class does.
Greg: Do go on. Who are you talking about?
Jane: Ok. Well you know Marcia who sits in the back row with Cindy and Peter?
Greg: Yes.
Jane: She has been telling a lie about me to our other classmates.
Greg: How awful for you.
Jane: You probably noticed earlier this week Marcia had a black eye. Do you know how she
got it?
Greg: Tell me more.
Jane: Last week in gym class we played American football.
72
Greg: And so?
Jane: So I threw the ball and it hit her right in the face.
Greg: My! What then?
Jane: Of course it was an accident but she has been telling everyone I did it on purpose.
Greg: Ah. I noticed her black eye but didn’t know how she got it.
Jane: I think she is jealous of me dating Bobby, the captain of the football team.
Greg: I see.
Jane: Urgh! Everything has to be about her. Marcia Marcia Marcia!!
Greg: Awful!
Jane: Not only is she class president but now she wants to make me look bad to Bobby.
Greg: I wouldn’t worry too much about Marcia. My friend Alice told me that Marcia is going
to a different school next semester.
Jane: That’s great news, I feel much better hearing that. Thanks Greg.
Interjections Single word comments Short phrases

Expressions in the text: Expressions in the text: Expressions in the text:
2. Discussion
a. Are there any backchannel interjections, words or phrases that are unique in your
culture?
b. Can you think of any non-verbal responses?
73
TASK D. Think of a story or dream (real or fictional) that made you happy, mad, embarrassed
etc. and tell it to your partner. Observe any backchannel responses from the listener. Switch
roles.
1. Did the listener use more non-verbal or verbal responses?
2. Which responses did you observe?
TASK E. Self-Assessment
Check and Reflect
1. Think about your performance as you complete the Self-Assessment criteria.
YES – NO: I was able to listen to the topic by using backchannel expressions.
2. What kind of backchannel expressions did you use?
3. Based on your performance, set a goal for the next speaking lesson._
_____________________________________________________________
UNIT 6 LISTENING A
Let’s Eat!
Listening A: A Presentation about the Korean Diet
Vocabulary Exercise:
Exercise 1: Match the words in coloumn A with their definitions in coloumn B using
your monolingual dictionaries.
A. Words B. Definitions
1. grains (n) a. seeds from types of grass that are

eaten as food
2. guidelines (n)
b. food such as meat, cheese, fish or
3. modernize (v)
eggs that is necessary for the body to
4. protein (n) grow and be strong
c. where something comes from
5. recommend (v)
d. to say that something is good or
6. regional (adj)
suitable for a particular purpose
74
7. servings (n) e. particular, not something general
f. to make something more up to date
8. source (n)
g. advice about how to do something
9. specific (adj)
h. amounts of food for people to eat
10. varied (adj) i. relating to a particular area in a
country
j. consisting of many different types of
things
Unit 6 Let’s Eat!
Listening A: A Presentation about the Korean Diet

You are going to listen to a Korean student talking about the food culture in her country. As you
listen, complete the notes in the table provided. After the talk has finished, you will answer
questions about the talk. Your notes will not be marked. You will hear the interview ONCE only.
You now have 30 seconds to look at the note taking table. You may need to use more than one
word.
Korean people love food .
Topic: food, specifically changes in the Korean diet in the 2Oth century.
South Korea → country that developed quickly.
Almost 50 years ago, South Korea was a developing 1. __________________.
Introduction
Today, Korean people’s diets 2. ________________.
In this presentation she will look into
a. these dietary changes
b. which kind of diet is better—a traditional diet or a modern one?
Changes in the Two different years:1969 & 1995

Korean diet in
In 1969, people were eating 3. ________________ of food every day before the
the twentieth
modernization of the country.
century
& In 1995 they were eating 4. _______________ of food.
Which kind of → Not a big change. Overall people had enough food.
diet is better—a
Korea was a farming country → everyone had some kind of food.
traditional diet
75
or a modern Comparison of the kinds of food people ate:
one? The most important food in Korea is:
5. __________: we eat it ____________________.
In 1969, people were eating 20 ounces of rice every day, which is a lot—around
6. ________________ per day.
However, if you don’t eat a 7. _________________, you won’t be very healthy.
By 1995, people were eating only 8. ______________ and other grains per day
What specific foods were people eating in 1995?

Their diets became 9. __________________________.
Vegetables: increased from 9 and a half ounces a day in 1969, to

10.______________ in 1995.
Fruit: increased from about 2 ounces a day to about 5 ounces a day, getting
11.___________________ from that extra fruit.
Meat: In 1969, people were eating only about a quarter of an ounce a day.
In 1995, they were eating almost 12.__________________. That’s ten times as

much.
Milk: In 1969, people were only drinking about one tenth of an ounce of milk per
day. In 1995, that went up to 13. ______________________.
In brief, Korean people’s diets in 1995 were 14 _______________to government

guidelines.
The country developed→ Koreans started eating many other kinds of food,
especially animal products like meat,15_______________________.
Why?
People had more money → they could buy more of 16 ____________________.
The percentage of 17 __________________ in the Korean diet went from 3
percent in 1969 to almost 18 ___________________in 1995 → the biggest change
in the Korean diet.
Recommendations from nutritionists:
To eat mostly plant foods such as 19 _______________________. They think
animal products—meat, cheese, butter, and so on—aren’t healthy.
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The presenter does not agree because :
young Koreans today are 20 __________ than before
The average height of teenage boys is about 3 and a half inches taller. And the
average teenage girl is almost 2 inches taller.
This is due to the improved diet →Meat, milk, cheese, and other animal products
are good sources of
21 _________________.
In general, Korean people are healthier now.
Conclusion 22 ____________________ can be healthier than a traditional diet.
Answer the questions below using your notes.
1. Which adjective did the student use in the introduction to define South Korea 50 years
ago?
2. In 1969 Korean people used to eat ____________ ounces of food and in 1995 they were
eating __________ ounces of food.
3. Which of the following is true about Korean Food culture?
a. By 1995, people were eating only 9 ounces of rice.
b. Rice is the most important food in Korea.
c. In 1969, people were eating 30 ounces of rice every day.
d. In 1969 food in Korea was more delicious compared to 1995.
4. What is the biggest change that took place in Korean diet in 1995?
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5. Why did Koreans start to eat many different kinds of food?
a. Their government recommended that.
b. They had more money to buy expensive food.
c. They learnt about the benefits of varied food.
d. They were rich in vitamins and protein.
6. What was the percentage of the animal products in Korean diet in 1995?
7. What do nutritionists recommend to eat according to the speaker?
8. According to the presenter why are Koreans taller than before?
9. Which of the following can best summarize the presentation?
a. The modern diet is better than a traditional one.
b. The traditional diet is more varied.
c. There was more protein in traditional diet.
d. The modern diet is a low-calorie-diet.
UNIT 6 LISTENING B
A Discussion about Food Psychology
78
1.Listen to the conversation that takes place among Abbie, Patrick, Lydia and Paul and
answer the following questions as you listen.
1.Which of the following is true according to the beginning of the conversation?
A. It is their first time at that restaurant.
B. They always go out for dinner.
C. They know each other from school.
D. They did not find the menu attractive.
2. How can the customers give feedback about the food at the restaurant?
A. They can talk to the waiters and waitresses.
B. They can send an e-mail to the restaurant owner.
C. They can leave comments and rate the food.
D. They can communicate with the restaurant owner directly.
3. Which one of the following is NOT one of the elements of ‘food psychology’ mentioned?
A. Social connections like family gatherings
B. Advertising food on billboards.
C. Using beautiful photos on the menu
D. Displaying foods at the grocery store.
4. According to Lydia, when customers go shopping, they should ...
A. make wise decisions.
B. criticize food industry.
C. buy whatever they want.
D. follow the ads of new products.
5. What is the best conclusion drawn from the ‘milkshake’ experiment by the speakers?
A. It is better for people to drink low calorie milkshake.
B. It is better for people to drink milkshake super rich and high in calories.
C. It shows us when people drink low calorie drinks, they feel less hungry.
D. It shows us how much our minds and our attitudes influence our bodies.
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UNIT 6 SPEAKING
TASK A. Discuss the following questions.
1. Have you ever experienced a situation where you had to say “yes” to an offer/ invitation
although you wanted to say “no”?
2. How would you react if someone said “no” to your offer or invitation?
3. What do you say when you are unsure if you can accept the offer or invitation?
4. Do you think different cultures accept or reject offers/ invitations the same as you? How
might they be different?
TASK B. You are going to listen to a text between two friends. Answer the questions after the
listening.
Questions
1. What reasons does Victor give for not attending the dinner?
2. Why does Victor finally decide to go to the dinner?
TASK C.
Offers and Invitations:
When we offer, we ask someone if they would like to have something or if they would like us
to do something for them. We can accept or reject the offer.
When we give somebody an invitation, we ask if they would like to go somewhere or do

something or have something. We can accept or reject the invitation.
1. Read the text. While reading underline the expressions of offering/inviting and circle the
expressions of accepting or rejecting offers/invitations in the table below.
Victor: Oh, hi Isa! It’s been a while since I saw you.

Isa: Hi, Victor. It’s great to see you. Actually I’ve been looking for you all morning.
Victor: Really? I’m curious why.
Isa: Well, as you know, Jack is leaving in a month. He is done with his studies and I want
to organize a surprise dinner party for him. I think he’ll like it a lot. Would you like to join us?
Victor: That sounds amazing! Where is the dinner party?
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Isa: It will be at my house on Friday night. We are doing a potluck, you know where everyone
brings a different food to the party. Are you free on Friday?
Victor: Hmm, I am not sure if I can. That’s very kind of you to invite me Oh I forgot, I can’t
join you on Friday night. I have a test in math Saturday to study for.
Isa: That’s too bad. There will be some really great food. Navid is bringing an Indian
dish called biryani, Winston is bringing a soup from Scotland called cullen skink and I am
making lefsa a Norwegian flatbread. How about Saturday night then?
Victor: Sorry, I have been trying to cook new things since living in the dorms at school but
unfortunately I am not very skilled at making food. I really don’t think I can.
Isa: You don’t have to cook anything special. You’re from Canada and could make those potato
fries and gravy they have there. What is it again?
Victor: Well, it’s called poutine. I’d love to, but… Well, never mind! I’ll come.
Isa: Wait, wait! Please, don’t feel pressure. I was just joking. It’s perfectly OK to
say ‘no’ to offers when you can’t make it for real. Don’t feel like you have to. I know some
people don’t like saying ‘no’ to offers…
Victor: You’re right. I really don’t like saying ‘no’. It feels unkind to me. That’s very nice of
you to invite me to the party and I really want to come but I don’t think I can even make
something as easy as poutine.
Isa: Instead of cooking something, would you be interested in bringing the drinks for everyone?
Victor: That sounds perfect when should I be there?
Isa: How about 6 pm at my house?
Victor: That sounds great. Do you want me to bring my karaoke player?
Isa: What a great idea! That would be really fun! And I’m glad you can make it to the party.
I was just wondering if you want, you could also invite some other friends from the dormitory.
Victor: Sure!
Isa: That’s great then, see you at the party!
Victor: See you!
Accepting Rejecting
Offering/Inviting
Offers/Invitations Offers/Invitations
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TASK D. Discuss the following situations with your friend. Choose one of them and role play
the situation in pairs by using the expressions for offers and invitations.
1. You had a long day and want to watch TV and relax at home but your close relatives
invite you to their house. What would you say to accept their offer/invitation? What
would you say to reject their offer/invitation?
2. You have just had your lunch and you are visiting your friend at their house. Your
friend’s mother keeps insisting you should have lunch with them. How would you react?
E. Self-Assessment
Check and Reflect
YES – NO: I was able to speak about the topic by using the expressions to invite/ offer.
YES – NO: I was able to use the expressions to accept invitations/ offers.
YES – NO: I was able to use the expressions to reject invitations/ offer
2. What kind of expressions did you use to extend offers/ invitations?
3. Based on your performance, set a goal for the next speaking lesson.
UNIT 7 LISTENING A
LISTENING
You are going to listen to a lecture on Tectonic plates and boundaries. As you listen, complete
the notes in the table provided. After the talk has finished, you will answer questions about the
talk. Your notes will not be marked. You will hear the lecture ONCE only. You now have 30
seconds to look at the note taking table. You may need to use more than one word.
Topic: Earthquakes: Tectonic Plates
The earth’s crust consists of several plates.
Introduction e.g. 1._________________________ = the edges of tectonic plates - moving & exciting
things happen.
The lines where 2. _______________are the earthquake zones.
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Earthquakes happen mostly in 3.________& ___________ lines.
The biggest earthquakes occur in these zones.
Types of Tectonic Boundaries
Boundary Convergent Divergent Transform

type
Plates come Plates move past each other

together and form Plates move apart →
Movement 4. 7. ____________ form e.g. Along San Andreas Fault
And Results _____________, between two plates one plate is moving 8.__________ whereas
OR come over or the other is moving 9._________
under another and e.g. Arabian Gulf & *They do not move smoothly
that makes them to Gulf of Oman *They move in small and large jumps
5._____________ occasionally
______________
When it is a big jump =
e.g. 10. _________________________
6._____________
___ in the photo _________________________
are result of
convergent
boundaries
Effects • In Chile in 11. ___________, an earthquake occurred.

The picture shows examples of buildings built in the right way, 12.
_____________________walls
→The buildings stayed together in one piece.
→People who live in the buildings probably survived.
• Another way to build right type of buildings = 13. roofs and

walls with_______________________________ that will not
collapse.
e.g. Philippines in 14. ___________, people survived because

of these. People were safe.
If buildings do not have these features, it can be quite

dangerous.
e.g. 15. ____________________, many houses collapsed.
About 16. ______________ people died.
The next big earthquake and the number of people who survive? It
depends on the kind of buildings people live in.
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Comprehension Questions:
1. What is the colour of the lines that show the edges of the tectonic plates?
_________________________________________________________
2. How do the lines make up the earthquake zones and what are their colors?
______________________________________________________________
3. Which geographical feature is formed when plates come over or under another in
convergent boundaries?
a. Valleys
b. Mountains
c. Lakes
d. Hills
4. When plates move apart in divergent boundaries _________________________.
5. Which one is correct about the transform boundaries?

a. They move in the opposite direction
b. Plates also move in the same direction
c. They move very often but not smoothly
d. A big jump does not always mean a big earthquake
6. When did an earthquake in Chile occur? __________________

7. How should the buildings be built to stay in one piece?
__________________________________________________________
8. Why did the people survive in the earthquake in Philippines?

______________________________________________________
9. When did the earthquake in Nepal occur? _____________
10. How many people died in the earthquake?

a. 900
b. 9000
c. 90000
d. 19000
UNIT 7 LISTENING B
WHILE LISTENING
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Listen to the discussion on page 136 and as you listen, answer the questions below.
1. At the beginning of the conversation, the students feel
A frustrated
B embarrassed
C neutral
D contented
2. They are working in a group
A to predict the exam questions.

B to discuss class topics together.
C to go over previous exam’s answers
D to get prepared for a project
3. Which one is incorrect about active volcanoes?

A Huge rock may fly out
B Lava can start fires
C Hardened Lava do not come out
D Lava and magma makes soil fertile
4. According to the discussion which one is incorrect about the gatekeeper? He….
A warns people when to leave the area
B has scientific approach about volcanoes
C knows a lot about the volcanoes
D is around the volcanoes for a long time
4. When there was an eruption at Mount Saint Helens?
A all people left the area

B the gatekeeper died
C geologists warned people
D 75 people were killed
5. Throughout the conversation, the students’ attitude towards the gatekeeper can be
best described as
A disapproving.
B sympathetic.
C amused.
D excited.
Adapted by D.B, June 2022 from Pathways 2
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UNIT 7 SPEAKING
A. Read the conversation between Ann and her classmate Jamal. What are they talking about?
Jamal: Thank you very much for agreeing to meet me for this, Ann.
Ann: No problem. I’m glad to help. I know you missed the lecture because you were ill.
Jamal: You’re so kind. I won’t take too much of your time. If you could just tell me about the
main points, I can take some notes and study for the exam.
Ann: Sure. So, the professor talked about tectonic plates. You know, the earth’s crust is made
up of several tectonic plates, which are constantly moving. Let’s look at the world map in our
book. Can you see the lines where the tectonic plates come together? Those are called the
boundaries.
Jamal: I’m sorry. I missed that. What did you say?
Ann: The boundaries. They’re the places where the earth’s plates meet.
Jamal: Oh, OK, the boundaries.
Ann: Yeah. There are three types of them: convergent, divergent, and transform.
Jamal: Could you say that again?
Ann: Of course. The three types of boundaries are convergent, divergent, and transform.
Jamal: Thank you. I’ve made a note of them.
Ann: Now, at a convergent boundary, plates come together. One plate can move under or over
another. As a result, mountains like the Himalayas can form. On the other hand, at a divergent
boundary, plates move apart and a body of water can form between them. The Arabian Gulf
between the Arabian and Eurasian plates is an example for this.
Jamal: Could you speak more slowly? I’m taking notes.
Ann: Sure. I can wait for you to finish writing…
Jamal: Thanks – I’m done. How about a transform boundary?
Ann: At a transform boundary the plates move past each other. For instance, along the San
Andreas Fault in California and Northern Mexico, one plate is moving north but the other one
is moving south. However, the plates don’t move smoothly.
Jamal: I’m not sure I understand what you mean.
Ann: Let me explain. “The plates don’t move smoothly” means the movement only happens
sometimes when the plates make small or big jumps. And a big jump causes a massive
earthquake.
Jamal: Oh, now I get it. Thank you for the clarification.
B. Read the conversation again. Underline all the expressions used for asking for repetition,
asking the speaker to slow down, asking for clarification and giving clarification.
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C. Put the expressions from the conversation in the correct categories below. Then, add more
expressions.
Expressions for:
Asking for repetition Asking the speaker to Asking for Giving clarification
slow down clarification
D. You are going to have a debate / discussion on the following topic: Is mankind responsible
for natural disasters?
A powerful earthquake struck Nepal in April 2015. It

is the worst earthquake recorded in Nepal in last 80
years. It was followed by a major aftershock on the
following day. The reported earthquake killed
thousands of people and demolished a number of
buildings. The issue here is not to discuss the after
impact of natural disasters, but is to discuss who should
be held responsible for such major losses. There is a
group who believe that it is nature or God that uses
such measures to discipline humankind while the
second group thinks that mankind is responsible for
natural disasters.
https://www.careerride.com/view/mankind-is-
responsible-for-natural-disasters-21550.aspx
So, is mankind really responsible for natural disasters?
Work in groups and brainstorm ideas to support your views. Take notes in the chart below.
YES NO
(Mankind is responsible for natural disasters) (Mankind is not responsible for natural disasters)
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E. Participate in the debate / discussion. When necessary, use some of the expressions you have listed in
part C in order to ask for repetition, ask the speaker to slow down, ask for clarification, and give
clarification.
F. Reflect on your speaking performance and complete the self-assessment checklist.
I was able to… YES NOT NO
SURE
1. participate in the debate / discussion by expressing my opinions.
2. explain my opinions by giving examples and reasons.
3. speak quite fluently.
4. appropriately use some expressions for asking for repetition.
5. appropriately use some expressions for asking the speaker to slow down.
6. appropriately use some expressions for asking for clarification.
7. appropriately use some expressions for giving clarification.
Based on my performance in this speaking lesson, my goal for the next speaking lesson is to…
UNIT 8 LISTENING A
You are going to listen to a tour guide about Uxmal. As you listen, complete the notes in the table provided.
After the talk has finished, you will answer questions about the talk. Your notes will not be marked. You will
88
hear the talk ONCE only. You now have 30 seconds to look at the note-taking table. You may need to use more
than one word.
Introduction Uxmal →an ancient city; part of Maya civilization.

One of the most fascinating and popular sites in Mexico
- There are _________________ and _________________
- They were built during _______________, from around
600 to 900 A.D.
- There is also a ball court→ ball games at Maya
civilization were _______________ and
_____________; balls were made of _______________
- Tombs→ important people were buried
- The tour takes 90 minutes
The Pyramid of the The photos of the pyramid can be seen on brochures and in guide
Magician books
The Pyramid of the Magician is the _____________ and
____________ because ______________________.
Maya name for the pyramid is unknown, but it is now called the
Pyramid of the Magician→ it is said that
________________________________________________
It was built in different stages, during different time periods→
took around ________________ to build.
The pyramid was constructed from smaller to bigger
structures→ archaeologists found ____________________
Discovery of Uxmal and Some Maya cities →_______________________________ so
the Governor’s Palace archaeologists had to dig a lot to find the places, but Uxmal
stayed ______________
• The drawings are from _____________
• The photos are from ______________
The Governor’s Palace;
• has a special structure called ____________________
• It is made of __________________
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• It looks like ______________________________ and
in the middle there is ________________→for a royal
person
1. During which period were the pyramids in Uxmal constructed?
a. the late Pre-history

b. the late Classical Period
c. the Stone Age
d. the Middle Ages
2. The ball games at Maya Civilization were……
a. challenging
b. complex
c. illogical
d. combative
3. Why is the Pyramid of the Magician different from others?
a. It has flat sides

b. It has rounded sides
c. It is the tallest of all
d. It is made of rubber
4. According to an old story, how was the Pyramid of the Magician built?
________________________________________________________________
5. How many different structures made up the Pyramid of the Magician?
a. 50
b. 35
c. 15
d. 5
6. The drawings from the _______________ can still be seen.
7. What is the material used to make the Jaguar Throne?

________________________________________________________________
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UNIT 8 LISTENING B
Listen to the conversation between Professor Norton and Silvio. Then, answer the
following questions while listening.
1. The class assignment is to give an oral summary of a …….
a. the remains of an old palace

b. movie or documentary film about an ancient site
c. class lecture on the Thang Long Imperial Citadel
d. historical site in Vietnam
2. Professor Norton told Silvio that….
a. he should take more notes

b. his notes were confusing
c. he began his summary
d. he should write down the details
3. Professor Norton suggests Silvio to ask Wh- questions so that he could…..
a. report everything about ancient artifacts

b. find out key information for his summary
c. practice the technique for future use
d. analyze the details for his presentation
4. What does Professor Norton think about including a few examples? They can…
a. make his summary confusing

b. attract other students’ attention
c. help the main ideas
d. take too much time in a presentation
5. What is Professor Norton’s attitude about the discovery of ancient artifacts?
a. Interested
b. Neutral
c. Skeptical
d. Confused
6. By analyzing everyday objects, archeologists can…..
a. learn about the materials used many years ago
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b. find out the kitchen equipment people used
c. learn more about the art forms in the past
d. find out about the daily routines of ancient people
7. For his next step, Silvio is going to…..
a. go over his summary using Wh- questions

b. prepare his slides for the presentation
c. find another topic to summarize
d. analyze the objects found in Vietnam
UNIT 8 SPEAKING
TASK A. Read the text and answer the following questions.
Questions
1. Where are Wayne, Darryl a Stewart?__________________________.
2. What is Stewart’s main concern?_____________________________.
Wayne: Hi Stewart.
Stewart: Oh hi Wayne. It’s a rainy day, isn’t it?
Wayne: Yeah terrible. The flight to Istanbul hasn’t been delayed, has it?
Stewart: I just checked and so far it’s on time.
Wayne: Where is Darryl? He is always late, isn’t he?
Stewart: He should be here soon, shouldn’t he? The plane leaves in an hour.
Wayne: Hope he’s not late. He’s been to Istanbul before and we do need him to be our guide,
don’t we?
Stewart: I have never been to Istanbul and wouldn’t have a clue what to do or where to go.
Wayne: Isn’t that him walking through security, is it?
Stewart: About time.
Darryl: Hey guys, I’m not late, am I?
Wayne: Right on time for you, 15 minutes late.
Stewart: Do we have seats next to each other, don’t we?
Wayne: My seat is 20A. Yours are 20B and 20C, aren’t they?
Daryl: Yep. I’m excited to see the sights again in Istanbul.
Stewart: We should eat something when we arrive, shouldn’t we?
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Daryl: I think we should first go to Hagia Sophia and tour there. There are many restaurants
nearby.
Wayne: That sounds good. We will have time to go to the Grand Bazaar, won’t we?
Daryl: I think we will go there the next day.
Stewart: You do have a plan, don’t you?
Daryl: I was thinking because we only have a few days that we should first go to Hagia
Sophia, Topkapi Palace and the Blue Mosque.
Wayne: They aren’t all near to each other, are they?
Daryl: They are close to each other. The Grand Bazaar is nearby too, but I think we should
spend more time there, shouldn’t we?
Stewart: Sounds good to me. We will eat, won’t we?
Wayne: Is that all you can think about?
Stewart: I’ve been reading about all the different foods and really want to try them all!
Darryl: Of course you can do that. You are interested in the historical places, aren’t you?
Stewart: You know me. I like to see interesting places, but when my stomach talks I have to
listen.
Wayne: This trip will be interesting, won’t it.
Darryl: Yeah for all four of us. You, me, Stewart and his stomach.
TASK B:
Question tags are used to ask for agreement or to ask for things, favors, or new information.
A rising tone at the end of a tag question indicates that it is a real question. The speaker wants
to know something or wants someone to do something. Falling tone means that the speaker
is looking for agreement.
Rising tone-asking for a favor: You could give me some money, couldn’t you?
Rising tone-asking for information: Does the train leave at 10:00, doesn’t it?
Falling tone-asking for agreement: The boss wasn’t happy today, was she?
Form
positive statement → question tag negative → You are happy, aren't you?
negative statement → question tag positive → He isn't a teacher, is he?
1. Read the text and write the negative or positive statements and tag questions in the table.
Negative statements Positive statements Tag Questions
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TASK C: Fill in the blank with the correct Tag Question.
1. They didn’t move to Miami, _______________? a. won’t they
2. They are looking for jobs, _______________? b. will they
3. Somebody helped them move, _______________? c. did they
4. The movers can fit it all in one truck, _______________? d. haven’t they
5. They won’t forget us, _______________? e. can’t they
6. They have good schools in Miami, _______________? f. shall we
7. Everything went OK with their move, _______________? g. aren’t they
8. They have arrived in Miami safely, _______________? h. don’t they
9. Let’s write a letter to them, _______________? i. didn’t she/ he
10. They will visit us, _______________? j. didn’t it
Exercise 2: Complete the questions with correct Tag Questions.

1. Tom and Jane moved from California to Texas last week, _______________?
2. That isn’t surprising news, _______________?
3. Jane got a new job at her company. _______________?
4. Tom hasn’t found a job yet, _______________?
5. They were good friends of yours, _______________?
6. Moving to another city has become common, _______________?
7. Someone knows their new address, _______________?
8. They won’t come back to visit soon, _______________?
9. Tom can’t get a job at Jane’s company, _______________?
10. Everyone at the company hopes Jane likes her new job, _______________.
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TASK D: Work in pairs and write a dialogue. Use at least 5 tag questions. You are going to act
out your dialogue in class.
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
TASK E. Self-Assessment
Check and Reflect
YES – NO: I was able to listen to the topic by using tag question expressions.
2. What kind of tag question expressions did you use?
3. Based on your performance, set a goal for the next speaking lesson._
_____________________________________________________________
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UNIT 9 LISTENING A
A TALK ABOUT BIRDS (p.167) Track 3.11
You are going to listen to a talk on birds. As you listen, complete the notes in the table provided. After
the talk has finished, you will answer questions about the interview. Your notes will not be marked. You will
hear the interview ONCE only. You now have 30 seconds to look at the note-taking table. You may need to
use more than one word.
After the talk, the visitors are going outside to the gardens.
INTRODUCTION
The biologist will show some pictures of the birds in order for the audience to
1)______________________________.
Visitors are shown the picture of a European goldfinch.
THE FIRST
The birds àcommon in the 2)______________ and in northern Europe in summer.
TYPE
à live in farther 3) ___________________ in winter
GOLDFINCH
Special traits àIt isn’t really 4)____________ in color
SPECIAL
àThe most distinct characteristic of these birds is the patch of
TRAITS AND
SOUCE OF 5)______________________________ on their wings.
FOOD
Source of food àThe goldfinch eats seeds coming from a flower-thistle.
àThis flower grows 6)______________, can be found 7)_______________, and
8)_________________________.
Survival skills àThese birds adapted over time since they have certain
9)_________________ and special features. These helped the birds to live and
10)_______________.
EX: They have a beak that 11)___________________________________.
THE There are not many differences btw male and female in terms of
DIFFERENCE
12)_________________.
BETWEEN
MALE AND One differenceà the female’s beak is 13)__________________. Therefore, she can’t
FEMALE
reach as many kinds of 14)_________________ as the male can.
GOLDFINCH
THE
Most of them fly to 15)___________________________________ in September or
MIGRATION OF
GOLDFINCH October.
They come back to 16)__________________________ in the spring.
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T These birds live in à 17)most parts of ____________, northwest ___________ and
THE SECOND
TYPE parts of ____________.
The most interesting thing à its beak bcs it is 18)_______________________ and it
THE
GREENFINCH uses the beak to open larger seeds.
Natural selection Each bird has its own special place in the environment. If many other
birds eat small seeds and the greenfinch eats large seeds it is advantageous bcs
19)____________________________.
This diversity enables more species to 20)_____________________________.
You can find these birds in the UK throughout the year à in summer in
MIGRATION OF
21)_______________and___________________.
THE
GREENFINCH àIn winter, they live in 22) __________________ and ____________________.
Reason: With the help of their large and powerful beaks, they can
23)_______________________ that are left behind by ____________________.

1) The biologist shows visitors pictures of some birds so that they can ....
A) ask some further questions about her presentation
B) identify these birds more easily when they see them
C) see the difference between the males and females
D) understand these birds’ adaptation process over time
2) Where does the goldfinch live in summer?

A) Southern countries
B) Northwest Africa
C) The UK
D) Turkey
3) Which distinct characteristic makes it easy to identify goldfinch?
A) Being gold in color and having large beaks
B) Eating larger seeds coming from a flower-thistle
C) Their survival skills in both summer and winter
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D) The patch of bright yellow feather on their wings
4) Which one is NOT true about the thistle flower?
A) It grows wild in the UK.
B) It can be found in certain parts of the UK.
C) It’s an important source of food for the goldfinch.
D) Some people don’t like it.
5) Which special feature helps the goldfinch adapt and survive?
A) Their beaks that nicely fit inside the thistle flower
B) Their ability to find the thistle flower in the gardens
C) Their large wings that help them fly to warmer parts of Europe
D) Their tendency to eat all types of seeds in the gardens.
6) One difference between the males and females of the gold finch is that ...
A) The female’s beak is longer.
B) The males can easily reach different kinds of flower seeds.
C) The male’s wings are weak.
D) The females can open larger seeds with their beaks.
7) Which one is true about the migration of goldfinch?
A) They fly to the east of Europe in September.
B) They come back to Southern Europe in summer.
C) They fly to the UK in September or October.
D) They come back to the UK in the spring.
8) Write ONE of the places where the greenfinch lives.
___________________________________________________________.
9) According to the talk, which one is an effect of biodiversity?
A) Birds like goldfinch and greenfinch may not have various food sources.
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B) Some bird species can’t find a place to live during winter.
C) More species can survive together in the same place.
D) The greenfinch can’t adapt to the changes in the environment.
10) In the summer, you are more likely to find the greenfinch in _______________ and
_________________.
11) The greenfinch doesn’t have to leave the UK in winter because ...
A) They can survive by eating the seeds and grains on the farms.
B) Biodiversity in the environment helps them to find more food.
C) They can eat different types of vegetables grown by the farmers.
D) They can eat smaller seeds with the help of their small beaks.
UNIT 9 LISTENING B
WHILE LISTENING (p. 176, track 3.18)

You are going to listen to a conversation about a photo project. As you listen, answer the
questions related to the dialogue by choosing A, B, C, D or E. You will hear the dialogue ONCE
only. You will be given 30 seconds to look at the questions before listening.
1. Which one is true about Joel Sartore?
a. He’s a photographer for a newspaper.
b. He’s concerned about endangered animal species.
c. He wants to raise money to support different projects on environment.
d. He informs people about how badly animals are treated in zoos.
2. He started to take pictures of animals in captivity because ...

a. people care more about animals after seeing these photos.
b. people gain more information about endangered species.
c. he wants to become famous by taking the photos of various animals.
d. he aims to improve the conditions of the animals in human care.
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3. Which one is NOT true about Joel Sartore’s photos?
a. His photos can be seen on TV or social media.
b. The technique he uses is really effective.
c. Such photos raise people’s awareness of endangered species.
d. All endangered species have been photographed by him.
4. There is a story in the article about a ...
a. red-ruffed lemur
b. big brown bear
c. little brown sparrow
d. rare grasshopper
5. What is Robbie and Sandra’s attitude towards Joel Sartore’s project?
a. supportive
b. sarcastic
c. pessimistic
d. ignorant
6. Robbie _________________________ to protect endangered species.
a. donates money to a wildlife magazine every year.
b. informs people about the endangered species.
c. avoids buying products that are harmful to the environment.
d. tries to stop the construction of apartments near the beach.
UNIT 10 LISTENING A
LISTENING NOTE-TAKING (p. 186, track 3.21)
You are going to listen to a presentation about a success story. As you listen, complete the notes
in the table provided. After the talk has finished, you will answer questions about the talk. Your
notes will not be marked. You will hear the presentation ONCE only. You now have 30 seconds
to look at the note taking table. You may need to use more than one word.
The man who Early days:

started
• Schultz was like every entrepreneur.
Starbucks –
Howard • He had a strong motivation TO 1) __________________ of European
Schultz countries to the United States.
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BUT he needed MONEY so he needed to 2) ________________ → it was
difficult.
Reason #1: Investors didn’t understand why anyone would 3) ___________
for a fancy cup of coffee → created uncertainty.
Reason #2: Schultz kept talking about using his company 4) ____________
→ unusual idea b/c focusing only on 5) _____________________ is a great
way to make a businness 6) ___________.
Starbucks’ Starbucks’ Model for Success:

Model for
Success
#1 7) __________________________ is an essential part of the Starbucks’
business model.
Employees = Partners
Starbucks wants to show its employees how 8) _____________________ to

the company
✓ Starbucks 9) _____________________ with its employees / partners.

✓ Starbucks wages are 10) ______________ than in other service jobs.
✓ Partners who work enough hours can 11) _________________ in the

company.
A good year for Starbucks = A good year for employees
Younger Schultz was planning to pay his employees more 12)__________________

Howard _________________ → difficult idea for the investors to accept.
Schultz
↓
He was persistent about this idea and Starbucks grew.
#2nd aspect of the business model:

• To 13) _____________________________.
• To value the customers as people.
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Starbucks’ mission = 1 person, 1 cup and 1 neighborhood at a time.
Failures of Schultz has given up his position as CEO.

Starbucks ↓
In 14) _____________, the company experienced some major problems.
Those problems were caused by the company moving away from Schultz’s
15) ____________________.
↓
The company focused on 16) _______________________ → Schultz didn’t
want this change
↓
Starbucks’ sales were down and some stores 17) ____________________.
Turning the Schultz returned to the company in 18) ____________________ and

company outlined a set of plans for social responsibility;
round
• buying coffee only from 19) _______________________,
• doing 20) _______________________,
• making Starbucks stores more 21) ____________________.
Recent He quit his job and got a new position.

Developments His goal is to have a successful company that also
22) ____________________ → a valuable lesson
Customers have supported Starbucks BECAUSE
1. they are willing to 23) ____________________ to buy products.
2. they want to 24) __________________________________ they buy

from → any company that wants to be successful needs to keep this in mind.
102
1. According to the speaker, what causes a business fail?
2. Why was it difficult for Schultz to get money from the investors?
e. They had unusual ideas about Starbucks.
f. Customers wanted to pay less money for coffee.
g. Schultz wanted to focus on making a lot of money.
h. Investors were uncertain about Schultz’ business plan.
3. Why did Schultz want to pay his employees more?
4. Which one is NOT true about the Starbucks employees?
e. They earn a lot more in Starbucks than in other service jobs.
f. Their annual profit depends on the company’s profit.
g. They can be a stockholder if they work enough hours.
h. They are also partners of the company as stakeholders.
5. What caused Starbucks to experience problems in 2000?
6. When did Schultz return to the company?
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7. Write ONE of Schultz’s plans for social responsibility?
8. Customers have always supported Starbucks because they DON’T…
a. agree with investors’ concerns about Starbucks.
b. feel good when they drink coffee from other stores.
c. care about the business model of the company.
d. mind paying a little more for its products.
UNIT 10 LISTENING B
WHILE LISTENING (p. 197, track 3.25)
You are going to listen to a conversation about Jack Andraka. As you listen, answer the
questions related to the dialogue by choosing A, B, C, D or E. You will hear each dialogue
ONCE only. You will be given 30 seconds before each dialogue to look at the questions.
1. Olivia’s brother, Mike,..

a. has lymphoma cancer at an early stage
b. is getting cancer treatment and doing fine
c. got a new job at a start-up company
d. will start a business with a college friend
2. The article is about a young man who...
a. has developed a test for cancer
b. hasn’t achieved much in life
c. left school to work on the test
d. died of pancreatic cancer
3. Which one is NOT one of the advantages of the new test?
a. It is cheap to produce
b. It takes 5 minutes to perform
c. It can detect the cancer early
d. It is available to everyone
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4. The inventor of the test...
a. has many other inventions to save lives
b. is trying to get rich from the invention
c. wants to make the test free for everyone
d. is a funny guy who has a video online
SUPPLEMENTARY LISTENING LESSONS

STRESS
A. Discussion with the class: Which of these things stress you? Why? Parents
School Clothes Computers
World news Teachers Mobile phones
The weather Homework Boyfriends/ girlfriends
B. Complete the vocabulary table.
Verb Noun Adjective Noun
imagination ambition
agree relaxation
train pride
feeling stressful
expect sympathy
studies embarrassment
C. While Listening:
The Maharishi school in the USA specializes in making sure its students do not become too
stressed. Listen to Lisa and Steven talking about stress in their lives and then choose the correct
ending to each sentence.
1. Lisa is not stressed…
105
a. when she is on holiday.
b. by much, she thinks she is very relaxed.
c. by exams.
d. when there is much schoolwork.
2. Lisa is given…
a. a lot of assignments by her school.
b. a lot of help with her schoolwork by her brothers and sisters.
c. a lot of attention because her parents are divorced.
d. a lot of stress because her sister wants her to do well on her exams.
3. Lisa’s mother stresses her because…
a. she doesn’t let her go out at weekends.
b. she expects her to do well in her exams.
c. she worries about her so much.
d. Lisa isn’t as brilliant as her siblings.
4. All Lisa’s brother and sisters…
a. are at university.
b. are younger and Lisa has to look after them a lot.
c. are very calm.
d. are doctors.
5. Lisa is scared of…
a. the dark.
b. speaking in public.
c. letting her mother down.
d. being too ambitious.
6. Steven is doing his exams soon but…
a. he hasn’t revised.
b. he's on a running team and has a part time job at the weekends.
c. he's not worried.
d. he is training five times a week.
7. Steven thinks that the Maharishi School is…
a. too hippyish.
b. not necessarily for kids.
c. a good idea.
d. too sympathetic toward their students.
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8. Steven thinks that his teachers…
a. only care about their own subject.
b. are fantastic.
c. dislike him.
d. do what the pushy parents tell them to do.
9. Both Steven and Lisa think…
a. that their classmates would love to go to the Maharishi School.
b. that their classmates would hate to go to the Maharishi School.
c. that their classmates would be embarrassed to do yoga at school at first.
d. that they would all get used to doing yoga at school.
D. Think of five adjectives to describe your ideal school and five adjectives to describe your
ideal teacher. Show your partner. Choose the three best adjectives for each and write a
short descriptive paragraph about your ideal school and teacher.
INNOVATION AND INNOVATORS

A. Pre-Task:
1. Do you usually think of ways to improve things or just take things for what they are?
2. Read the quotation below and discuss it with your partners:
“You cannot discover new oceans unless you have the courage to lose sight of the shore.”
B. Vocabulary
Match the words with the definitions.
1. existing a) present or being used now
2. operate b) changing the traditional way that an industry operates,

especially in a new and effective way
3. disruptive c) using new methods and ideas
4. blow out d) to move and make currents of air or to be moved or make

something move on a current of air
5. innovative e) to control a business
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GUIDED NOTE-TAKING:
Listen to the first part of the interview on Innovation and Innovators and fill in the notes below
with appropriate words. You will hear the recording ONCE only.
INNOVATION & INNOVATORS
WHAT IS -Definition of Innovation →___________________________ (1) to something
INNOVATION?
existing.
-Innovation →makes us think about technology & can take on other forms
e.g.in your _________________________ (2) & in your career you can

_________________________ (3) innovatively.
WHY IS -Companies → establish innovation departments. Why?

INNOVATION
bc → impossible to_________________________________ (4)
IMPORTANT?
-Without innovation, organizations would stop.
-It helps organizations to ________________________________. (5)
e.g. Apple →invention of the smart phone in___________ (6)
-Smartphone → huge innovation bc it was easy to ______________________. (7)

1. The speaker defines innovation as…
2. In addition to technology, a different form of innovation in your career can be…
3. Innovation mostly helps businesses to…

A. establish more networks.
B. compete and stand out.
C. have a wide variety of products.
D. offer cheaper products.
4. When Apple released its first smart phone, it was a huge innovation because it…
A. helped Apple to become globally successful.
B. created such a challenging global market for businesses.
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C. enabled people to access the internet from their pocket.
D. became the most popular device in the world.
Listen to the second part of the interview on Innovation and Innovators and fill in the notes
below with appropriate words. You will hear the recording ONCE only.
FOUR TYPES OF -The first type of innovation is _______________________. (8) →
INNOVATION
innovating step by step.
e.g. Coca-Cola→ developed new flavors to follow trends
&_____________________________ (9).
-The second type is disruptive innovation → aim to ___________________ (10) to
existing markets.
-One key point →_________________________ (11)
e.g. A personal computer
-With improving technology, computers became more _____________&__________
(12) and less expensive to produce.
-But businesses do not often use this type bc _________________________ (13)
-The third type of innovation is (14)_______________ innovation → means involving

taking successful ideas and use them in a different one.
e.g. Dyson → entered _____________________ (15) market by using this strategy.
-The fourth type of innovation is radical innovation →_____________________ (16)

and create a new one.
-Two examples for radical innovation are:
1. __________________________________________ has caused death of
CDs and DVDs. (17)
2. __________________________________________ (18)
5. The first type of innovation is…
6. In addition to following trends, Coca-Cola Company improved its flavors to…
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7. One key point about disruptive innovation is that it must be…
A. efficient.
B. frequent.
C. safe.
D. accessible.
8. Which market did Dyson enter by using architectural innovation?

A. Air conditioning
B. Vacuum cleaning
C. Hand drying
D. Public toilet cleaning
9. Music CDs and DVDs lost popularity because of …
Listen to the last part of the interview on Innovation and Innovators and fill in the notes below
with appropriate words. You will hear the recording ONCE only.
-General belief →only design thinkers, engineers etc. who possess

WHO IS AN particular_______________________ (19) to think differently.
INNOVATOR?
More specifically, →anyone who focuses on ________________&
__________________ (20) to become an innovator.
THREE KEY -Innovators:

QUALITIES OF 1. _____________________________________________ (21)
INNOVATORS
2. _____________________________________________ (22)
3. _____________________________________________ (23)
ADVICE -People who want to develop themselves as innovators should:

1. _______________________________________________ (24)
2. _______________________________________________ (25)
3. _______________________________________________ (26)
Why→work with different people _____________________________ (27)
10. Which of the following is NOT one of the key qualities of an innovator? Being a …
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A. high-achiever.
B. risk-taker.
C. solution-seeker.
D. positive attitude.
11. What is the speaker’s attitude towards always working with the same people?
A. Enthusiastic
B. Disapproving
C. Objective
D. Indifferent
CHALLENGES OF BEING A FIRST YEAR STUDENT AT UNIVERSITY

Discussion:
1. What challenges does a first year university student encounter?
2. What advice would you give a first year university student to overcome these
challenges?
Vocabulary: Go over the text and check if there are any unknown words you don’t know.
CHALLENGES OF BEING A FIRST YEAR UNIVERSITY

STUDENT
Challenges - Students start a/an living away from home.
faced in the - The environment is _______________ (1) and _______________ (2).
first year of - The usual support that they get from their parents is no longer there.
university - Some may like ________________________________ (3) but others
may feel frightened.
- Planning requires __________________________ (4).
Viviana’s -She is trying to adapt to university life.
concerns: -She just made new friends.
-She had ____________________(5) back at home.
- It is difficult for her to _____________________________________ (6).
Professor’s - Dormitory life has some challenges.
Comments: - People have _________________________ (7). They may
or may not want to share them.
- People need __________________________________
(8). They may want to sleep and relax in silence.
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- Tell your friends not to _________________________(9)
while you are studying.
Marco’s - Back home, Marco used to have dinner with her family.
concerns: - After dinner, she would go to her room to study.
- She is away from her parents. Despite being nice, freedom makes her feel
________________ (10) about her lessons.
Professor’s - Many students have time management problems.
Comments: - Instructors expect students get prepared for each class, do
more reading, listening.
Students are expected to _______________________________ (11) for
their own actions.
Example Students need to hand in their assignments on time and

________________________ (12) in class.
-How to learn to manage time effectively?
- Check Students Website: offer seminars on time management
______________________ (13) to these workshops to learn how to study.
Main purpose of seminars ___________________________________
(14) to help students with study skills and time management.
Ece’s - Ece finds it difficult to concentrate.
concerns Professor Comments: A students needs three things to study properly and
to concentrate;
• the environment
• ___________________ (15)
• ___________________ (16)
Professor’s Comments - Causes of lack of concentration include:
• lack of _________________ (17)
• bad eating habits
• lack of _________________ (18)
• poor study habits
• lack of _________________ (19)
- How to overcome these problems:
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o _______________________ (20) It will
help you in the future.
o Learn how to develop your own study skills
o _______________________ (21) and spare time for
your social life.
1. What is the environment like for a first year university student?
_________________________________________________________
2. What does Viviana find it difficult to do?
_________________________________________________________
3. What does the professor tell Viviana to do?
a) To share her personal belongings with the others.
b) To study in a personal space other than the dormitory to be in silence.
c) To study in the library instead of her room
d) To ask her friends to make less noise while studying.
4. How does Marco feel about the personal freedom she has at the university?
a) concerned
b) pleasant
c) scared
d) satisfied
5. What do instructors expect students to do in class?
_________________________________________________________
6. How can Marco learn how to manage her time effectively?
a) by taking the responsibility of her own learning
b) by taking guidance from her class mates
c) by attending seminars and workshops
d) by allocating less time to social activities
7. What are the 2 causes of poor concentration?
A) Lack of ______________
B) Lack of ______________
8. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way to overcome lack of
concentration?
a) attending workshops to learn how to organize time effectively
b) having a social life after graduating from university
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c) learning what to study and organizing studies
d) eating a balanced diet and allocating time for socializing
“HIGHER FLU RATES REPORTED ACROSS THE WORLD” by VOA NEWS

Pre-listening:
Vocabulary: Study the following words before listening to the text.
stabilize vaccine pandemic outbreak seek
avian influenza contagious infect hospitalization swine flu
Note-taking:
You will listen to a news report on higher flu rates across the world. As you listen, fill in
the gaps in the guided note-taking exercise. After the listening has finished, answer the
comprehension questions by using your notes. Your notes will not be marked.
Introduction - Compared to past seasons, higher rates of the flu.

Flu cases in the - American health officials → Winter outbreak: One of the most severe in
USA 15 years, with 1) _________________________ people infected.
- 1 in 15 doctor visits: The highest level since 2009, swine flue pandemic.
- Last time such high levels of seasonal flu in 2)
_______________________.
- The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) → Flue cases
active in all US states except for 3) ____________________.
- 49 states: 4) _______________________________ for the past three
weeks.
- Influenza: H3N2 flu virus has caused nearly 12.000 hospitalizations and
killed 5) ____________________.
- The highest hospitalization rates: 65 years and older.
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Symptoms - Contagious illness with symptoms: 6) _________,
____________,________ and tiredness.
- Get better within a week or two.
- More serious conditions caused by an infection inolving 7) ________,
________, __________.
The flu season - Highest in February
- Has begun to slow down in some parts of the US.
- The CDC’s recommendation → 8) ___________________________
older than 6 months.
- This year’s vaccine: 9) ____________________ in preventing infection.
Flu outbreaks in - Separate outbreaks in Asia, North and South Korea
Koreas, Japan & - The rise in cases: two weeks before thousands of visitors from around
Britain the world arrive for the 2018 PyeongChang 10) ____________________.
- North Korea’s Ministry of Public Health → More than 80.000 cases of
influenza strain H1N1 between 11) ________________ and January 16,
2018
- Death cases: 12) ____________________
- In the South: discovered a serious strain of the H5N6 avian influenza on
13) ____________________ near Seoul.
- 500.000 chickens and 450.000 eggs were destroyed
- In Japan: a record of 14) ____________________
- Patients per medical facility: 52
- Illness hit children and young people, and more than 15)
_______________
________________________.
- In Britain: The worst flu season in seven years.
- 16) ____________________ compared to last season.
- At least 17) ______________________ because of flu since last
October.
- The number of people seeking treatment has stabilized.
- Hospitalization rate was 18) _________________________.
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Are we ready for - Meeting in Davos, Switzerland.
next pandemic? - Warning: Pandemic is 19)
________________________________________.
- Sylvie Briand: warned about the dangers of a possible future disease
similar to Ebola, Zika or SARS and we have 20)
_____________________________.
Adapted from VOA news
https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/higher-flu-rates-reported-in-us-and-across-the-
world/4229971.html
1. How many people were infected with the recent winter outbreak in the USA?
_____________________________________________________________________
2. When was the last time such high level of seasonal flu was observed in the USA?
_____________________________________________________________________
3. How many children died due to H3N2 flu virus?

_____________________________________________________________________
4. What are the more serious symptoms of this contagious illness?

_____________________________________________________________________
5. What is the CDC’s suggestion for preventing the illness?

_____________________________________________________________________
6. How effective is this year’s vaccination?

a) 30 % b) 13% c) 33% d) 3%
7. When were more than 80.000 H1N1 cases observed in North Korea?
_____________________________________________________________________
8. How many people died in North Korea because of H1N1?

_____________________________________________________________________
9. Where was a serious avian influenza discovered in South Korea?

_____________________________________________________________________
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10. What happened in Japan after the illness hit children and young people?
_____________________________________________________________________
11. How much more flu death occurred in Britain compared to last season?
_____________________________________________________________________
12. How has the hospitalization rate in Britain changed?
a) decreased 20 % c) increased 20 %
b) increased 12% d) decreased 12 %
13. What is the warning from the Davos meeting about pandemic?
_____________________________________________________________________
14. Sylvie Briand’s attitude towards the next pandemic?

a) neutral b) optimistic c) pessimistic d) questioning
15. What is the purpose of this listening?

a) Providing the reasons and the solutions of the influenza.
b) Comparing the statistics about the influenza around the world.
c) Giving the facts about influenza in the different parts of the world.
d) Warning the world about the possible threats of the influenza.
SLEEP AND THE BRAIN

You are going to listen to a podcast about sleep and the brain.
PRE-LISTENING
1. Warm-Up: Think about the following questions.
• How much sleep do you get each night?
• Generally, how easy or hard is it for you to get to sleep? To wake up in the morning?
Why?
• Do you generally feel tired or rested when you wake up in the morning?
• Is a goodnight's sleep important? Why/Why not?
• What do you think people should do to get a goodnight's sleep?
2. Vocabulary: Before you listen, study the vocabulary you will hear in the talk. Read the
sentences and match the words with the definitions below.
1. Researchers injected the mice with dye to a. To perform a series of operations on data
observe brain activity in MRI. b. to allow someone or something to do
2. If you wash wool sweaters in hot water they something
shrink.
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3. Researchers found that the brain may be c. to force a liquid medicine or drug into
cleaning out harmful waste materials during someone or something by using a special
sleep. needle
4. Not being able to sleep is called insomnia d. to prevent something from working
5. When we are awake, the brain cells are effectively or from developing
working very hard at processing all the successfully
information about our surroundings. e. to prove something by showing
6. During sleep, brain cells work very hard at examples of it
removing all the waste that builds up when we f. having served or fulfilled a purpose; no lon
are awake. ger of use; left over
7. Shrinking of the brain cells permits waste to g. to move or take something away from a
be removed more effectively. place
8. Toxins end up in the liver and are removed h. an organ in the body that cleans blood
from blood there. i. to become smaller in amount, size, or value
9. The results demonstrate how important sleep j. to sleep briefly especially during the
is to health and fighting disease. day
10. Taking short naps during the day may k. a common sleep disorder that can make
help you rest. it hard to fall asleep
11. Periods of sleep during the daytime can
interfere with sleep at night.
WHILE-LISTENING:
Now listen to the podcast and fill in the gaps below as you listen.
INTRODUCTION • Scientists discovered → our brains may be just as busy at night
1____________________________________.
• During sleep, 2 ________ are doing much more than getting
ready for the next day.
• Researchers at the University of Rochester → the brain may be
busy cleaning out 3__________ materials.
• The researchers studied mice that had colored dye injected
4_______________________________. Researchers say
the brains of sleeping mice were 5_____________________.
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WORKING • Dr. Maiken Nedergaard 6__________________________.
DOUBLE DUTY
The expert says the brain has two very different jobs: 1) they
have 7________________jobs. 2) and they “moonlight” at
8________________job.
• “Moonlighting” → working a nighttime job
9_______________________________________________.
• “When we are awake, the brain cells are working very hard at
processing10_______________________________about our
surroundings. Whereas during sleep, they work very, very
hard at 11___________________________________ that
builds up when we are awake."
• The researchers say waste material includes
12___________/____________, responsible for brain
disorders.
• Also during sleep, the brain’s cells 13___________________.
→ permits waste 14________________________more
effectively.
• Dr. Nedergaard → toxins end up 15_____________________.
→broken down → 16_______________________________.
• Study suggests → we need to sleep because we have a
macroscopic 17__________________________________.
• The brain’s cleaning system could only be studied with
18_____________technologies. The test animal must be
19________________________________________ to be
seen as it happens.
• The next step → look for the process in
20___________________________________.
• The results how important sleep →
21______________________________________.
• The research may lead to 22_________________to prevent or
help neurological disorders.
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TIPS FOR • Not being able to sleep → 23______________________.
BETTER
• Tips for a good night’s sleep:
SLEEPING
• Go to bed about 24________________________________,
even on weekends.
• 25_______________________________________________.
• Bedtime routine – take 26___________________________ or
drink 27________________________________________.
• Try not to 28___________________________________
during the day. Periods of sleep during the daytime can
29______________with sleep at night.
• Have a 30____________________________ where you sleep.
For most people, 31_________________________________
________________________________ is best for sleeping.
• Don’t use 32___________, 33____________ and other
electronic screens before bedtime.
• Avoid 34_________/___________ and heavy meals before
bedtime.
Post-Listening: Answer the questions using your notes.

1. What is the main idea of this lecture?
a. How to have a good night’s sleep
b. Why everyone should sleep eight hours nightly
c. Good sleep helps keep us healthy
d. What is insomnia
2. The brain has two different jobs, what are they?
____________________________________________________________________
3. What is moonlighting?
_____________________________________________________________________
4. What does the brain clean out during sleep?
_____________________________________________________________________
5. What do brain cells do during the daytime?
a. keeps us awake and alert
b. processes information
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c. helps us remember
d. all of the above
6. While sleeping, what's happening with your brain?

a. increasing white blood cells
b. growing in size
c. cells become smaller
d. helping our body lose weight

7. What is the only way to study the brain’s cleaning system?
_____________________________________________________________________
8. How often should we exercise to get a good sleep?
_____________________________________________________________________
9. Why is it not a good ideas to take long daytime naps?
_____________________________________________________________________
10. Which one is NOT a suggestion to have a good sleep?
a. Watch TV before going to bed
b. Have a good sleeping environment
c. Sleep at the same time every day
d. Avoid cigarettes before bedtime
EATING DISORDERS
Pre-discussion:
1) How do you feel about eating in general? Do you enjoy eating or do you eat because
you need to eat to survive?
2) Are you familiar with the term ‘eating disorders’? If yes, what do you know about it?
If no, go online and do a quick research on it. Report your findings to your partner.
3) Have you ever met anyone with an eating disorder? If yes, what was
their life like?
Vocabulary:
Below are some of the words you will need for this listening. Check their
meanings with your partner on quizlet. Just scan the QR code to access to the
flashcards. (Some words may not be included.) Check the vocabulary items below and try to
guess the topic
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noun verb adjective adverb phrases
indicator indicate mental frequently medical assistance
disorder suffer severe painfully beauty standards
sufferer treat confusing constantly low blood pressure
self-worth avoid obsessed obviously psychotic disorders
treatment eliminate calorie intake
obsession faint
individual refuse
identity require
lack refuse
refusal vomit
nutrition
attempt
ingredient
variety
satisfaction
Listening Part 1- While listening:

Listen to the first part of the talk on eating disorders and answer the questions as you listen.
1) Which of the following is not an indicator of a typical eating disorder? Fear of…
A) death
B) eating
C) becoming fat
D) looking unattractive
2) Which of the following is not a cause of eating disorder?
A) genetics
B) thinness
C) family pressure
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D) a perfect life
Listening Part 2- Note-taking:
Listen to the second part of the talk on eating disorders and fill in the blanks in the guided
note-taking sheet below.
Anorexia Nervosa Develops during adolescence or 1)

(AN)
______________________________.
People with AN think they are 2) _______________________ .
They check their weight, they 3)_____________________________
and
limit their 4) _________________.
They check their weight continuously bcs →
5)______________________
________________________________ .
Bulimia Nervosa Less common among 6) _____________ .
(BN)
7) _______________ eating: excessive eating, without any self-
control.
Each episode continues until → 8)
_______________________________________ .
When bulimic people eat fast food, they try to get rid of calories by 9)
_______________, fasting, _____________ .
Binge Eating It starts during 10) _______________ or early _______________.

Disorder (BED)
People with BED eat a lot in 11)
_____________________________.
Difference btw bulimia & BED → ppl with BED don’t pay attention
to 12) __________________________________________
People with BED may have health problems such as 13)
____________, stroke, __________________.
Orthorexia Obsessed with 14) _____________________
Ppl with orthorexia follow 15) ______________________
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They may suffer from 16) _________________, difficulty eating at
the restaurants and 17) ______________.
One important point → They do not worry about 18)
_______________,
but they care about their ___________________________.
Clinical Judgement When the body 19) ___________________________, the person is

likely to get weak and 20) ______________________________ and
_____________________ .
These are serious medical problems.
They may lead to unwanted cases such as 21) _____________ and
____________.
Therefore, they should seek medical assistance and 22)
_____________________ .
Legal Aspect Related to → if people with eating disorders should be treated

without consent.
Legal in some countries.
People cannot decide → bcs food refusal can happen due to 23)
________________ problems and _________________.
Sensitive area, requires careful analysis.
Note-taking questions:
Now look at the notes you completed and answer the questions below.
1) Anorexic people constantly check their weight because they…
A) are skinny.
B) fear weight gain.
C) dislike eating.
D) avoid extra calories.
2) Which one of the following is not a way for bulimic people to cut calories?
A) vomiting
B) eating sugar-free diet
C) doing too much exercise
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D) fasting
3) How is binge eating disorder different from bulimia?
4) Write down two possible health problems of binge eating.

1)
2)
5) What makes people with orthorexia different from people with anorexia and bulimia?
A) their sense of identity is strong
B) they have high self-esteem
C) they sometimes follow strict diet rules
D) they have no weight concern
6) Which one of the following is not a symptom of eating disorders in the body?
A) The body can get weak
B) They may experience low blood pressure
C) Their body can stop functioning totally
D) They may faint occasionally
7) Write down two unwanted cases that the eating disorder symptoms may lead to.
1)
2)
8) It is difficult to decide to treat an eating disorder because…

A) laws do not allow it.
B) mental problems may get worse.
C) it may show political beliefs.
D) sufferers may refuse the treatment.
Post-Listening:
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1) Which eating disorder, in your opinion, is the most serious one? Why?
2) If someone in your family had an eating disorder, what could you do to help?
GREEN GUARDIANS
Vocabulary Matching:
Match the vocabulary words with their definitions by writing the letter of the definition on the
line next to each word.
1. ___ amount 1. things that you throw away because you no longer want or
need them
2. ___ bottom
2. the relationship between production, trade and the supply of
3. ___ depend
money in a particular country or region
on 3. to need something for a particular purpose
4. the lowest part of something
4. ___ drought
5. a long period of time when there is little or no rain
5. ___ economy
6. to increase the amount or level of something
6. ___ raise 7. to make somebody do or have something, especially
because it is necessary according to a particular law or set of
7. ___ recycle
rules
8. ___ reduce
8. to make something less or smaller in size, quantity, price,
9. ___ require etc.
9. to treat things that have already been used so that they can
10. ___ rubbish
be used again
10. a quantity of something
Vocabulary Gap fill

Complete the sentences by filling in the blanks with the correct words from above
11. We are trying to _____________ awareness about the effects of global warming.
12. Don’t throw your ____________ on the ground. Put it in the bin.
13. Reusing your grocery bags can help _______________ waste.
14. The divers discovered an old pirate ship at the ____________ of the ocean.
15. Pollution can have negative effects on the _______________ of a country.
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16. There is not enough clean drinking water because of the _____________.
17. You should ______________ plastic bottles to help clean up the environment.
18. Scientists found a large ______________ of bacteria in the water.
19. Most of the locals ______________ fishing for their income.
20. The university’s rules _____________ students to attend 90% of the lectures.
Pre-listening:
1. What do you think a group “The Green Guardians” does? Tick all that apply or add
your own.
____ Protect historical sites and buildings in the city
____ Research solutions to provide clean water
____ Encourage community members to recycle
____ Teach school age children about effects of pollution
____ Feed street animals and take them to the vet
____ Create projects to improve the economy
____ Volunteer to clean up local parks and beaches
____ Other: __________________________________
Listen to the introduction and check your predictions.
2. Which problem do you think they will discuss in the interview? Why?
Guided Note-taking: Listen and fill in the blanks with 1-6 words
Environmental Problem that affects us most =

problem in Turkey ________________________________.
Causes:
Istanbul has lg. population
• Prod. a lot of _________ from factories, hotels, homes, ships,
and agriculture
• Water temperature high
• Climate change → droughts = __________________________
• Wind _____________________
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Combination causes ___________, phosphorous & _________ to
increase
→ Mucilage = substance made of phytoplankton
• Yellow-white substance on top of sea
Causes problems under sea
• Destroys _____________________where sea creatures live
• Causes oxygen to disappear →
• w/o oxy. Sea creatures
___________________________________
• Affects ecological balance negatively
• Fish & other sea creatures cannot find _______________ &
they ________
Effects on Economy
1st: Affects businesses
• Ex: ____________________ and _______________________
2nd negative effect on economy
• Mucilage is ________________ and _________________
• Makes cities undesirable places to visit
• suffer financially because of the ______________________.
Cities around Marmara lost money in b/c ppl don’t come to visit
anymore.
Solutions to the What can individuals do to solve problem?

problem
First ___________ _______________ b/c many people do not know
about the problems
• It is very important to educate children from an early age
• Work with _________________ and ___________________
students
Teach about pollution and negative impacts
• Ex: Field trips w/ school children to collect
___________________________
o Children will grow to be environmentally conscious
adults
In the community:
• Ex: Members of student group collected trash and are
________________________
• Will display in gallery to attract attention – creatures’ lives
under threat
Recycle
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• ____________% of rubbish from homes = recyclable
o e.g glass, paper, aluminum and plastic
• Towns have bins for __________________,
_______________, & paper
• Better alternative:
o Buy products w/ no packaging
o get ___________________________
= no garbage to throw away
What government is doing:

Huge cleanup project:
• Using vacuum trucks to collect mucilage from sea
→ Helped to reduce visual pollution and __________________
from mucilage
→ made it easier for sunlight to reach bottom of sea → helps
renew underwater ecosystem
• Using special devices to bring more ______________ into sea
= helps sea life ___________________
Government is working to pass new laws to protect sea
1. Require cities to open wastewater removal plants – water will
be __________________________________ before it is put
back into the sea
2. Punish those who do not clean water
3. Factories that dispose of chemicals in sea
_____________________
Laws will encourage people to do the right thing
Conclusion Still not enough

• Mucilage has started to flow into the Aegean Sea and it could
spread to _________________________________
• Government needs to continue cleaning projects
• Make more laws
• Factories & bus. who don’t follow the laws need to be
________________.
• Citizens need to encourage others to help and make them aware
of ___________________________ on our planet
• Everyone needs to become environmental activists
Not just government’s responsibility but also the public’s
Comprehension Questions:
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1. Which of the following is NOT a factor that causes mucilage to form?
A. Reduced wind speed

B. Lack of bacteria and nitrogen
C. Increase in air pollution
D. Rise in sea temperature
E. Frequent dry weather
2. Which two sectors does mucilage cause economic problems for?
_________________________, _________________________
3. The Green Guardians work with school children in order to….
A. Give them a job collecting garbage

B. Encourage them to create art from trash
C. Increase their environmental awareness
D. Ensure that they get a good education
E. Attract their attention to the economy
4. What percentage of household items can be recycled?
______________%
5. What does the speaker suggest as an alternative to recycling?
A. Suck mucilage out of the sea

B. Put more oxygen into the water
C. Use plastic bags to make art
D. Take your own bags shopping
E. Put garbage into plastic bins
6. As a result of the government cleanup project, the
A. mucilage has become more visible.

B. smell from the sea is unpleasant.
C. sea floor is darker than before.
D. oxygen levels have increased.
E. animals have started dying.
7. The new sea protection laws will require cities to …
A. Grow plants to renew the ecosystem of the sea.
130
B. Get rid of dangerous chemicals near the sea.
C. Clean wastewater that goes into the sea.
D. Open factories and businesses around the sea.
E. Pay fines for putting filtered water in the sea.
8. What will the mucilage do if the cleanup projects do not continue?
_______________________________________________
Post-Listening:
Discuss the following questions with a partner then share your ideas with the class
Had you heard about the problem of mucilage before? What did you already know about it?
1. Do you think the solutions discussed in the listening are good solutions? Why or why
not?
2. What do you think is the biggest environmental problem in Turkey? Why?
3. What solutions can you think of for this problem?
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İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENT UNIVERSITY

ENGLISH LANGUAGE PREPARATORY

2023-24 ACADEMIC YEAR

INTERMEDIATE LEVEL (CEFR B1)

READING & LISTENING STRAND

1. Your neighbors are:

a. you look at them in a way to show you don’t like them

Alberto Alberto and Mimi Alberto and Mimi’s staff owners

Mimi neighbors Alberto, neighbors staff

expectation(n) construction(n) rural (adj) laborer (n) migrate(v)

reputation(n) entrepreneur (n) supply(n)

literacy(n) wage(n) crucial(adj) criticize(v)

B. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words.

China’s expectations are rising, with no end in sight. What’s next?

1. Order the events in the first paragraph from 1 – 5.

A Small entrepreneurs start to sell food. ____

B Early labourers migrate to a factory town from rural areas. ____

C Cell phone companies start to sell phone cards. ____

D Clothes companies start to appear. ____

E Factories start production. ____

3. In paragraph 2, What do the following numbers refer to?

1.3 billion = ___________________________

577 million =__________________________

4. In paragraph 3, what kind of courses are given in a Chinese factory town?

5. In paragraph 4, the Chinese economy has become successful by ...

a) producing better quality products

1 In paragraph 1, they refers to __________________________________

2 In paragraph 1, these refers to ______________________________________

1 In paragraph 4, collaboration might mean ______________________________

EXAMPLE SENTENCE FUNCTION

factory floor. at an indefinite time in the past

product (n) roast(v) spread(v) smuggle(v) fatigue(n)

B. Fill in the blanks with the words from the box.

1 What is the Bean Belt? ______

5 In paragraph 5, what conditions are necessary for coffee to grow?

6 In paragraph 7, who controls the coffee market?

The litter on The impact felt in Nepal Solutions

Match the words to form collocations.

PURPOSE GOAL EXAMPLE KEYWORDS QUESTIONS

QUESTION STEMS MOST COMMON ANSWER

The purpose of the text is to…

A inform you about the purposes of strip mining

Texts taken and adapted from http://web-suplemen.ut.ac.id/pbis4309/quiz_15.html

2. What is the purpose of the brain study mentioned in paragraph 2?

How do you understand cohesion?

3. _____, the occasion will be held in the ballroom instead.

A Although everyone had brought their umbrellas with them

5. _____, many foreigners want to go there again.

A Because it's one of the most beautiful cities in the world

***Questions adapted from https://www.englishtestsonline.com/miscellaneous/sentence-

A Therefore, the tourist industry here is in great danger.

A A computer is similar to a typewriter.

A Every child imitates his parents.

Questions adapted from https://www.englishtestsonline.com/paragraph-completion-test-2/

Which sentence below best completes the blank in Paragraph 4?

2. The following excerpt is taken from Making Connections 2 Unit 4 Reading 2.

A like working in the fields of California as farm workers.

3. The following excerpt is taken from Making Connections 2 Unit 1 Reading 4.

Text taken from https://www.englishrevealed.co.uk/PET/Reading_Part_4/multiple_choice_gapped_text_1.php

A. We're saving for holiday in Waterford!"

school → teachers →