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    Animal Hormones PDF

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    Ain Husna
    Hormones are chemical signals produced by endocrine glands that influence basic body functions like metabolism, growth, and reproduction. There are two main types of glands - exocrine glands which secrete products through ducts, and endocrine glands which secrete directly into the bloodstream. Hormones bind to specific receptor proteins in target cells and trigger cellular responses through enzyme activation or gene expression, allowing glands to coordinate body processes from a distance.

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    Animal Hormones PDF

    Uploaded by

    Ain Husna
    120 views11 pages
    Hormones are chemical signals produced by endocrine glands that influence basic body functions like metabolism, growth, and reproduction. There are two main types of glands - exocrine glands which secrete products through ducts, and endocrine glands which secrete directly into the bloodstream. Hormones bind to specific receptor proteins in target cells and trigger cellular responses through enzyme activation or gene expression, allowing glands to coordinate body processes from a distance.

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    Hormones are chemical signals produced by endocrine glands that influence basic body functions like metabolism, growth, and reproduction. There are two main types of glands - exocrine glands which secrete products through ducts, and endocrine glands which secrete directly into the bloodstream. Hormones bind to specific receptor proteins in target cells and trigger cellular responses through enzyme activation or gene expression, allowing glands to coordinate body processes from a distance.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    120 views11 pages

    Animal Hormones PDF

    Uploaded by

    Ain Husna
    Hormones are chemical signals produced by endocrine glands that influence basic body functions like metabolism, growth, and reproduction. There are two main types of glands - exocrine glands which secrete products through ducts, and endocrine glands which secrete directly into the bloodstream. Hormones bind to specific receptor proteins in target cells and trigger cellular responses through enzyme activation or gene expression, allowing glands to coordinate body processes from a distance.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 11

    Animal Hormones

    Group 2 : Abner,Ain Husna,Anisya,Nurin


    WORKS
    Nervous system TOGETHER
    Endocrine system
    Exocrine glands:
    - Detect changes - Products secreted into ducts
    - Transmits information to central then to lumen of other organs
    nervous system (CNS) or outside of the body

    - Dependant on nerve signals Eg: Saliva


    conducted in axons and
    neutrotransmitters
    Endocrine glands:
    - Products secreted into
    bloodstream then throughout
    the body
    Eg: Insulin
    Role of hormones
    • Influence every basic homeostatic function including metabolism,
    growth, reproduction, osmoregulation and digestion.
    • Produced by invertebrates and vertebrates:
    - metamorphosis in insects
    • Evolution – new uses to hormones (Eg. in freshwater snail Lymnaea, a
    peptide related insulin involved in body and shell growth)
    • Thyroid hormones to increase metabolism in vertebrates
    • Prolactin – inhibits metamorphosis (amphibians)
    - stimulates skin pigmentation (reptiles)
    - initiate incubation of eggs (birds)
    - stimulate milk production (mammals)
    Hypothalamus & Pancreas
    Pituitary Gland

    Thymus

    Major
    glands of Thyroid &
    Parathyroid
    endocrine glands
    Gonads system
    Pineal gland

    Adrenal gland
    Hormones are chemical signals
    • Only target cell can respond to specific hormones .
    • A target cell carries receptor protein to bind with particular
    hormones.
    • The receptor protein bind with hormone like the way key fits a locks.
    After that , the target cell respond to that hormone.
    Androgen sensitivity
    ✓An individual has X and Y sex chromosomes , and the testes remain in
    the abdominal cavity , produces sex hormone testosterone .
    ✓However, body cells lack of receptors that are able to combine with
    testosterone , and the individual appears to a normal female.
    Pheromones
    • Chemical signals that influence the behavior of other individuals.
    • The hormones have been well documented in several animal species
    even though their influence have been more difficult to prove in
    human.
    • Women who lives in a same household tend to have synchronized
    menstrual cycle .
    • The pheromones released by a women who is menstruating affect the
    menstrual cycle of other women in the house.
    The Action of Hormones
    • Hormones exert a wide range of effects on cells.
    • Some induce target cells to increase the uptake of particular molecule
    while some brings alternation of the target cell’s in some way.
    • Endocrine glands secrete Peptide Hormones (proteins, glycoproteins,
    modified amino acid)
    • Steroid Hormones are derived from Cholesterol thus all have same
    molecular complex of four carbon ring.
    The Action of Peptide
    Hormones
    • In muscle cells, epinephrine will binds to a
    rceptor in the plasma membrane.
    • The immediate result of epinephrine bindin is
    the formation of cyclic adenosine
    monophosphate (CAMP)
    • cAMP will activates a protein kinase enzyme in
    the cell and that enzyme will activate another
    enzyme and so forth. (Enzyme Cascade)
    • Thus will break glycogen down to glucose
    which will enter the bloodstream.
    The Action of Steroid Hormones
    • Only adrenal cortex, the ovaries and the testis produce
    steroid hormones.
    • Steroid hormones did not bind to plasma membrane
    receptor as they are able to enter the cell since they
    are lipid.
    • Once inside, a steroid hormones binds to an internal
    receptor (nucleus/cytoplasm).
    • Inside the nucleus, the hormones-receptor complex
    binds with DNA and activates certain genes.
    • mRNA moves to the ribosomes in cytoplasm followed
    by protein synthesis (e.g. enzyme)
    • Steroids act more slowly than peptide because it takes
    more time to synthesize new protein than to activate
    enzymes already present in cells. Their action however
    last longer.

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