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Another advantage of Facebook in the tertiary setting is that it can increase

student engagement with course content. Research shows that students who

participate actively in their learning, and in their overall tertiary experience, are

more likely to succeed (Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005). For example, in one study,

many students were permanently signed into Facebook, so they could frequently

engage with posts related to their course content, assignments and activities (Irwin

et al., 2012). An additional dimension of their participation is that students may

use Facebook comments to critique their experience. For instance, Rambe (2012)

found that students felt empowered to voice concerns about teaching methods,

course materials and institutional processes. They were also relieved to find that

their classmates shared their difficulties. As a result of students’ critique, lecturers

were made aware of issues that affected learning and were able to address these

problems. This type of online interaction demonstrates how Facebook can be used

to access, engage with and critique course content.

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A further benefit of Facebook is student collaboration. Students are often required

to do group work or projects where they need to meet outside of class, but it may

be difficult for them to find a suitable time and place to meet. According to

Lankshear and Knobel (2011), online collaboration promotes “innovation and

productiveness”, because people “learn, create and innovate in the company of

others” (p. 215). Additionally, students may feel more at ease when learning in this

“informal and flexible environment” (Mazman & Usluel, 2010, p. 451) because it is

easy for them to exchange information (Sanchez & Javed, 2014). This flexibility

and ease of use means that students are able to contribute to an assignment from

their homes on opposite sides of a city at a time that is convenient and without

the expense of travelling to meet face to face. The ability to work at home may

also decrease the capital expenditure of educational institutions as the need to

provide spaces for group work is reduced. These examples illustrate the potential

for social networking sites to support collaborative learning. However, there are

concerns about Facebook, which need to be considered.

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One negative impact of Facebook is its capacity to distract students from their

studies. For instance, Kirschner and Karpinski (2010) question whether students

are able to engage with academic writing or listening while using Facebook at the

same time. Studies have found that students who use Facebook have a lower

Grade Point Average (GPA) and spend less time studying than students who do not

use Facebook (Junco, 2012; Kirschner & Karpinski, 2010). A reduction in the time

spent on activities particularly seems to occur when students are feeling under

time pressure (Janković et al., 2016). Even as little as five to ten hours per week on

social media is likely to have a negative impact on students’ engagement with

assignments (Rouis et al., 2011). These studies all point to a negative relationship

between Facebook use and academic performance.

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