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    Elena Jones
    The document provides an introduction to the topic of signal transduction. It defines key terms like signal hypothesis, ligands, receptors, second messengers, and intracellular signaling pathways. It explains that signal transduction is the process by which external signals are transmitted through a cell via a series of molecular events, often involving protein phosphorylation, to elicit a cellular response. This process allows for cell-to-cell communication which is important for coordinating the behavior of multicellular organisms.

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    Class 1

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    Elena Jones
    12 views8 pages
    The document provides an introduction to the topic of signal transduction. It defines key terms like signal hypothesis, ligands, receptors, second messengers, and intracellular signaling pathways. It explains that signal transduction is the process by which external signals are transmitted through a cell via a series of molecular events, often involving protein phosphorylation, to elicit a cellular response. This process allows for cell-to-cell communication which is important for coordinating the behavior of multicellular organisms.

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    The document provides an introduction to the topic of signal transduction. It defines key terms like signal hypothesis, ligands, receptors, second messengers, and intracellular signaling pathways. It explains that signal transduction is the process by which external signals are transmitted through a cell via a series of molecular events, often involving protein phosphorylation, to elicit a cellular response. This process allows for cell-to-cell communication which is important for coordinating the behavior of multicellular organisms.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    12 views8 pages

    Class 1

    Uploaded by

    Elena Jones
    The document provides an introduction to the topic of signal transduction. It defines key terms like signal hypothesis, ligands, receptors, second messengers, and intracellular signaling pathways. It explains that signal transduction is the process by which external signals are transmitted through a cell via a series of molecular events, often involving protein phosphorylation, to elicit a cellular response. This process allows for cell-to-cell communication which is important for coordinating the behavior of multicellular organisms.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 8

    Signal Transduction: Introductory

    Dr. Nishi Raj Sharma


    Jamia Hamdard
    Class: MSc. Biomedical Sciences
    Subject: Cell Biology

    NOV 4, 2020
    Unit 3: Signal Transduction:
    • Signal hypothesis;
    • Cell responses to stimuli,
    • Ligands; Receptor Biology – GPCRs, transporters, ion channels,
    Growth factors and receptor tyrosine kinases;
    • Proteins and molecules involved in transduction of signal into
    the cell and from cytoplasm to nucleus;
    • second messengers;
    • soluble receptors; nuclear receptors;
    • feedback loops,
    • signaling cross-talks and converging pathways.
    • Paracrine, autocrine and endocrine actions;
    • Hormone mediated cellular responses.
    What is Signal transduction?
    •Signal transduction is the process
    by which a chemical or physical
    signal is transmitted through a cell
    .
    as a series of molecular events,
    most commonly protein
    phosphorylation catalyzed by protein
    kinases, which ultimately results in a
    cellular response.

    •Proteins responsible for detecting


    stimuli are generally
    termed receptors, although in some
    cases the term sensor is used.

    •The changes elicited by ligand


    binding (or signal sensing) in a
    receptor give rise to a biochemical
    cascade, which is a chain of
    biochemical events known as
    a signaling pathway. Simplified representation of major signal transduction pathways in
    mammals
    A simple intracellular signaling pathway activated by an extracellular signal molecule

    .
    The signal molecule binds to a receptor protein (which is
    usually embedded in the plasma membrane), thereby
    activating an intracellular signaling pathway that is
    mediated by a series of signaling
    proteins.
    Finally, one or more of these intracellular signaling
    proteins interactswith a target protein, altering the target
    protein so that it helps to change the behavior of the cell.
    Response to Signal transduction?

    • Unicellular: At the molecular level, such responses include changes in


    the transcription or translation of genes, and post-translational and
    conformational changes in proteins, as well as changes in their location.
    These molecular events are the basic mechanisms controlling cell growth,
    proliferation, metabolism and many other processes.

    • multicellular: In multicellular organisms, signal transduction pathways


    regulate cell communication in a wide variety of ways
    Importance of Cell communication in yeast
    Importance of Cell communication

    • According to the fossil record, sophisticated unicellular organisms resembling present-


    day bacteria were present on Earth for about 2.5 billion years before the first multicellular
    organisms appeared.
    • One reason why multicellularity was so slow to evolve may have been related to the
    difficulty of developing the elaborate cell communication mechanisms that a
    multicellular organism needs.
    • Its cells have to be able to communicate with one another in complex ways if they are to
    be able to govern their own behavior for the benefit of the organism as a whole.
    Extracellular Signal Molecules Bind to Specific Receptors

    The binding of extracellular signal molecules to either cell


    surface receptors or intracellular receptors.
    Most signal molecules are hydrophilic and are therefore unable
    to cross the plasma membrane directly; instead, they bind to
    cell-surface receptors, which in turn generate one or more
    signals inside the target cell. Some small signal molecules, by
    contrast, diffuse across the plasma membrane and bind to
    receptors inside the target cell either in the cytosol or in the
    nucleus (as shown here). Many of these small signal molecules
    are hydrophobic and nearly insoluble in aqueous solutions; they
    are therefore transported in the bloodstream and other
    extracellular fluids after binding to carrier proteins, from which
    they dissociate before entering the target cell.

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