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SAC 202 Problematic Soils and their Management
PART - A
I. Choose the Correct answer:
1 .............................. is the capacity of a specific kind of soil to function within ecosystem
. and land – use boundaries, to sustain biological productivity, maintain environmental
quality and sustain plant, animal and human health.
A Soil Health B Soil Quality C Buffering capacity D Biodiversi
. . . . ty
Ans: B. Soil Quality
2 ................................... defined as being a state of dynamic equiltrium between flora and
. feruna and their surrounding soil environment in which all the metabolic activities takes
place
A Biodiversity B Soil Buffering C Soil Quality D Soil Health
. . capacity . .
3. Which one of the following is not a soil physical quality indicator.
A Texture B Effective depth C Microbrial biomass e D Water
. . of soil and . and N . Holding
rooting Capacity
4. ................................. is defined as the detachment of soil particles their transporation from one
place to another and deposition elsewhere through water, wind, lasal wares, snow, gravity and
other forces.
A Soil erosion B Transporation C Transformation D Soil
. . . . degradation
5. In Splash erosion falling rain drop is capable of generating a force equals to almost .............
times of its weight.
A 12 times B 14 times C 10 times D 15 times
. . . .
6. The erosion in whichs oil matrix is lost but remains undetected for a long period and a thin
venier of soil is removed from large areas uniform by during every rain even producing area off is
called ----- erosion.
A Splash erosion B Gully erosion C Sheet erosion D Rill erosion
. . . .
7. Universal soil Loss Equation was given by
A Wischmeier B Singh et. al C Browing et. al D Kinsel, 1980
. and smith . . .
8. The movement of soil by wind in a series of short bounces alon the surface of land carrying fine
particles of 0.15 to 0.5 mm diameter is called ........................
A suspension B Surface creep C Aeolian D Saltation
. . . .
9. In strongly acidic soils, the concentrations of exchangeable aluminium and hydrogen ions
contribute to .......................
A activity acidity B Exchangeable C Reserve acidity D potential
. . acidity . . acidity
10. ......................... and .......................... are mainly responsible for soil acidity
A B Aluminium and C Hydrogen and D Iron and
. Hydrogen and . silicon . Aluminium . aluminium
silicon
11. Acid soils in India have been formed due to drastic weathering associated with .................
and ...............
A Hot humid B cold humid and C Hot humid and low D cold humid
. and heavy . heavy rainfall . rainfall . and low
rainfall rainfall
12. The extend of acid soils in Tamil Nadu is ...........................
A 6.79 m ha B 11.72 m ha C 0.60 m ha D 4.80 m ha
. . . .
13. Acid soils are .......................
A Base saturated B Base C acid saturated D Acid
. . unsaturated . . unsaturated
14. Acid soils can be reclaimed by .................
A Gypsum B Sodium C Calcium Carbonate D Bicarbonate
. . . .
15. The lime requirement for acid soil was given by ...............................
A schoemaker B Scoon over C Mehlich D Cate and
. . . . Nelson
16. What is the relationship between EC and TDS.
A TDS -= B TDS = EC + C TDS = EC x640 D TDS = 640-
. EC/640 . 640 . . EC
17. What is the formula to know about the sum of soluble cation or anion
A EC/10 B EC+10 C ECx10 D EC-10
. . . .
18. The soils with PH <8.5, ESP <15 and ESP >4 d s/m is categorised as
A Sodic soil B Saline soil C Saline-alkali soil D acid soil
. . . .
19.Alkali soils are characterised by
A PH <8.5 ESP B PH <8.5 C PH >8.5 ESP <15 D PH >8.5
-1
. <15 EC < 4 . ESP >15 EC >4 . EC >4 dsm . ESP >15 EC
dsm-1 dsm-1 < 4 dsm-1
20. ............... soils are formed as a result both salinization and alkalisation processes.
A Saline soils B alkali soils C saline-alkali soils D sodic soils
. . . .
Match the following:

A 21. Splash erosion - a. Rills with 30 cm depth
A. 22. Sheet erosion - b. Intermediary between sheet and fully
A. 23. Rill erosion - c. 2 metres
A. 24. Gully erosion - d. uniform run off
i. A 21-a A22 – b A 23 – c A – 24 - d
ii A 21-d A22 – c A 23 – b A – 24 - a
iii A 21-c A22 – d A 23 – b A – 24 - a
iv A 21-b A22 – bc A 23 – d A – 24 - a
A. 25. K - a. Rainfall factor
A 26. R b. Soil erodability factor
A 27 L c. Slope – gradient factor
A 28 S - d. slope length factor
i. A 25-a A26 b A 27– d A 28 - c
ii. A 25-b A26 a A 27– d A 28 - c
iii A 25-d A26 c A 27– a A 28 - b

.
iv A 25-a A26 b A 27– c A 28 - d
.
A 29. Central Soil Salinity Research Institute - A. Bhopal

A 30. National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use - B. New Delhi
A 31. Indian Society of Soil Science - C. Nagpur
A 32. Indian Institute of Soil Science - D. Karnal
i. A 29-b A30 c A 31– a A 32 - d
ii. A 29-c A30 b A 31– d A 32 - a
iii A 29-a A30 b A 31– c A 32 - d
.
iv A 29-d A30 c A 31– b A 32 - a
.
A33. Surface crusting - Gypsum application
A34. Sub surface hard pan - poor germination
A35. Fluffy paddy soils - Chiesel plough
A36. Alkali soils - Cauvery delta
i. A 33 b A34 c A 35– d A 36 - a
ii. A 33-c A34 b A 35– d A 36 - a
iii A 33 -a A34 b A 35– c A 36 - d
.
iv A 33-d A34 c A 31– b A 32 - a
.
State Correct / Incorrect statement

A37. Identify the correct statement from the following
a. The CaCO3 equivalent of burnt lime (CaO) is 1.786
b. The CaCO3 equivalent of burnt lime (CaO) is 0.56
c. Liming increases the soil acidity
d. A soil having smectitic clay with higher exchange capacity would require less lime than a
soil having Kaolinite for an equal rise in pH.
A38. Identify the incorrect statement
a. Rice has good tolerance to acidity since flooding to rice field raises the pH to almost
neutrality
b. Minor millet and finger millet are quite tolerant to acidity shows poor response to liming
c. Bengal gram, lentil groundnut, maize, sorghum, show medium response to liming
d. Pigeon pea, Sobean, and cotton are resistant to soil acidity
A39. Identify the correct statement
a. Slow permeable soil is mainly due to low clay content
b. The infiltration rate of slow permeable soil is < 10 cm per day
c. The capillary porosity is high in slow permeable soil
d. Slow permeable soil has good drainage, good aeration and oxidised condition.
a. The reason for the formation of sub surface hard pan in red soils is due to the illuivation of
the clay to the sub surface horizons
b. The hard pan is characterized with high bulk density
c. Sub soil hardpan is commonly found in black soils
d. Chiselling technology is used to overcome sub surface hardpan.
Part _ B
The salt affected soils occur in the arid and semiarid regions where evapotranspiration greatly
exceeds precipitation
B1. Which of the following statement is incorrect pertaining to the salt affected soils
a. Saline soils are having EC > 4 dSm-1
b. Saline soils were formerly called as white alkali soils
c. Green manuring reduces soil salinity
d. Sodic soils are having EC > 4 dSm-1
B2. Which of the following statement suits with sodicity
a. Excess exchangeable sodium in alkali soils affects both the physical and chemical
properties of soils
b. Sand filling decreases the capillary movements of water
c. Distillery spent wash is basic in nature
d. Pulses are highly tolerant to sodicity
B3. Addition of green manuring to the salt affected soil

a. Counteracts the effect of salinity
b. Increases the soil salinity
c. Reduces the pH
d. Both b and c
B4. Alkali / Sodic soils are having conductivity of saturation extract
a. Less than 4 dSm-1
b. Greater than 4 dSm-1
c. Less than 15
d. Greater than 15
When excess soluble salts accumulate in the soil with high exchangeable cations sodium
frequently become the dominant cation in the soil solution resulting in alkali or sodic soils
B5. Major production constraints with reference to sodic soils
a. Dispersion of soil colloids
b. Specific ion affect
c. Reduces buld density
d. Both a and b
B6. The recommended dose of distillery spent wash to reclaim sodic soil is
a. 2 lakh litre per acre
b. 2 lakh litre per hectare
c. 5 lakh litre per acre
d. 5 lakh litre per hectare
B7. Which of the following crop is most preferred for Sodic soil
a. Black gram
b. Groundnut
c. Rice
d. Pearl millet
B8. Highly tolerant fruit trees for sodicity is
a. Banana
b. Ber
c. Jack
d. Mango
Soil acidity refers to the presence of higher concentration of H+ in soil solution and at exchange
sites
B9. The pH range of 3-4 is categorized as
a. Slightly acidic
b. Moderately acidic
c. Very strong acidic
d. Strong acidic
B10. Which of the following is not a sources of acidity
a. Leaching due to heavy rainfall
b. Illuviation
c. Acid forming fertilizers
d. Acid rain
B11. Which of the following is considered to be the production constraints pertaining to soil
acidity
a. Increased solubility and toxicity of Al, Mn and Fe
b. Reduced availability of P and Mo
c. Reduced microbial activity
d. All the above
B12. Which of the following state in India has predominant acid soils?
a. Tamil Nadu
b. Assam
c. Kerala
d. Goa
Lime requirement of an acid soil may be defined as the amount of liming material that must be
added to raise the pH to prescribed value
B13. Which method is used to determine the lime requirement in acid soil
a. Shoemaker et al.,
b. Schoonover at el65
c. Smith
d. Jenny et al,
B14. Which of the following is commonly used as liming material
a. Commercial limestone
b. Dolomite limestone
c. Gypsum
d. Both a and b
B15. What will be the effect of liming on N fixation and mineralization
a. Increases N fixation and Mineralization
b. Decreases N fixation and Mineralization
c. Increases N fixation and decreases Mineralization
d. Decreases N fixation and increases Mineralization
B16. Liming is effective soil ameliorant and what happens to the other nutrients in soil
a. Reduces Al, Fe and Mn toxicity
b. Increases Al, Fe and Mn toxicity
c. Decreases the base saturation
d. Decreases the availability of P and MO
Soil with sufficient sulphides to become strongly acidic when drained are termed acid sulphate
soils
B17. Acid Sulphate soils are generally called aws
a. White clays
b. Cat clays
c. Regur
d. Khadar
B18. Acid suplphate soils contain __________ horizon
a. Natric
b. Sodic
c. Sulphuric
d. Umbric
B19. The evidence of yellow colour in acid sulphate soils are characterised by _______
a. Sulphide content
b. Yellow colour
c. Both a and b
d. Red colour
B20. What is the reclamation measures for Acid sulphate soils
a. Liming
b. Leaching
c. Liming and leaching
d. Deep ploughing
(2017 Syllabus) II B.Sc.,(Hons)Agriculture

SAC 202 PROBLEMATIC SOILS AND THEIR IV semester
MANAGEMENT (2+0)
I. Choose the best answer
1. Which one of the following is an example of physical indicator of soil health
(a) Soil pH (b) Soil Organic Carbon
(c) Soil respiration (d) Soil Texture
2. Lands which cannot be developed for Agriculture or Vegetation are called as _______
(a) Culturable Wastelands (b) Unculturable wastelands
(c) Saline and Alkaline soils (d) Arid and Semi-arid soils
3. The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is given by
(a) Wischmeier and Smith,1978 (b) Jethrotull
(c) Hillgaurd (d) Bhumbla and Khare
4. Slow permeable soils are those having infiltration rates
(a) less than 6 cm/day (b) more than 6 cm/day
(c) less than 3 cm/day (d) more than 20 cm/day
5. Shallow soils can be managed by growing crops of
(a) Mango (b) Ber
(c) Cashew (d) All the above
6. Soil erosion extensively occurs in
(a) Poorly aggregated soils (b) low humus soils
(c) Higher percentage of silt and very fine sand (d) All the above
7. “Brown Alkali” refers to
(a) Presence of Sodium chloride (b) Presence of Sodium sulphates
(c) Excess of nitrates (d) None of the above
8. The fraction of the irrigation water that must be leached through the root zone to control
the soil salinity at any specified level is________
(a) Lime requirement (b) Leaching requirement
(c) Gypsum requirement (d) None of the above
9. Which one of the following crop is highly salt tolerant?
(a) Rice (b) Sugarcane
(c) Sesbania (d) All the above
10. The parent material of Saline-Sodic soil is
(a) Basalt (b) Granite
(c) Limestone (d) Gneiss
11. The main principle for the reclamation of Sodic soil is
(a) replace exchangeable sodium by calcium
(b) replace calcium by sodium
(c) replace sodium, potassium by Ca and Al
(d) None of the above
12. The important sources of soil acidity is_____
(a) Heavy rainfall (b) Acidic parent material
(c) Humus and organic acids (d) All the above
13. The ultimate pH range of Lime requirement is
(a) pH 6.0 to 7.0 (b) pH 5.0 to 6.0
(c) pH 4.0 to 5.0 (d) None of the above
14. The important microbes involved in the formation of acid sulphate soils is ______
(a) Thiobacillus ferroxidants (b) Rhizobium sp
(c) Phosphobacteria sp (d) Azotobacter sp
15. The main effect of salinity and alkalinity on soils are_____________
(a) Increase soil pH (b) Dispersion of organic matter

(c) Increase in unavailability of plant nutrients (d) All the above
16. The main effect of salinity and alkalinity on plants
(a) Damage of plant roots and stem (b) Absorption of plant nutrients in low amount
(c) Toxic effects of ions and chlorosis in plants (d) All the above
17. The other name of Saline and Alkali soils are
(a) USAR (b) BANJAR
(c) KALLAR and CHAUPAN (d) All the above
18. Sub soil hard pan is commonly found in ____________________
(a) Red soils (b) Black soils
(c) Alluvial soil (d) Hilly soils
19. Gully erosion is an advanced stage of _____________________
(a) Sheet erosion (b) Rill erosion
(c) Splash erosion (d) Stream channel erosion
20. Which one of the following chemical fertilizers produces acidity?
(a) Ammonium chloride (b) Ammonium nitrate
(c) Ammonium sulphate (d) All the above
II. Fill in the blanks
1. Expand CSSRI_____________________
2. The other name of acid sulphate soils are________________________
3. Expand NWDB_________________________________________
4. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of saline soil is _____________________

5. The average annual loss of nutrients due to erosion is___________________
6. A soil sample indicating pH=7.5, EC=4.8 dS/m, ESP=12, that may be categorised as
______________________ soils
7. “Akiochi” disease is caused by_________________________________________
8. Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) is equal to______________________________
9. The chemical formulae of gypsum is____________________________________
10. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is expressed as ____________________
11. Natural and manmade calamities such as erosion, deforestation occurring due
to___________________ and _____________________
12. “Sink holes” are the predominant features of ______________ soil.
13. Surface crusting creates ______________________ in the rhizosphere.
14. __________________ is defined as the continued capacity of soil to function as a vital
living system, to sustaining the soil productivity.
15. __________________ is a process of soil movement in a series of bounces or jump.
16. __________________ soils are formed largely by the weathering of calcareous nodes and
fossils.
17. Acid sulphate soils which have not been oxidised by exposure to air are known
as____________________
18. Basic slag and pressmud are superior to calcium oxide or carbonates for managing
_________________soils.
19. The irrigation should be stopped 10 days before the harvest of rice crop in________ soils.
20. _________________ is due to presence of colloidal oxides of iron and aluminium in
alfisols.
Fill in the blanks – Answer key

1. Central Soil Salinity Research Institute
2. Cat clays
3. National Wasteland Development Board
4. More than 4.0 dS/m
5. 2.4 million tonnes
6. Saline soils
7. H2S (Hydrogen sulphide)
8. Na+
SAR =
√ (Ca2+ + Mg2+) / 2
9. CaSo4.2H2O
10. A=RKLSCP
11. Rapid industrialization and urbanization
12. Black soils
13. Poor aeration
14. Soil health
15. Saltation
16. Calcareous soils
17. Potential Acid Sulphate Soils (PASS)
18. Acid soils
19. Fluffy Paddy soils
20. Surface crusting.
III .Match the following

41. Saline soil i Podsolization
42. Sodic soil ii White alkali
43. Acid sulphate soil iii Black alkali
44. Acid soil iv Kari soil
Ans : a) ii, i, iv and iii b) i,ii,iii and iv c) i, iii, ii and iv d)ii, iii, iv and i
45. Fluffy paddy soil i Raised and Sunken bed formation

46. Slowly permeable soil ii Rice- Rice cropping sequence
47. Highly permeable soil iii High bulk density
48 Surface hard pan iv 400kg stone roller
Ans : a) iv, i, iii and ii b) i, ii,iii and iv c) i, iii, ii and iv d)ii, iii, iv and i
49. Saltation i Less than 0.05 mm
50. Suspension ii 0.05-0.5mm
51. Surface creep iii 0.1 mm
52. Wind erosion iv 0.5mm
Ans : a) ii , i, iv , iii b) i,ii,iii and iv c) i, iii, ii and iv d)iv,iii, I and ii
53. Saline soil i Reverse osmosis

54. Sodic soil ii Dispersion of soil colloids
55. Acid soil iii Keep the area flooded
56. Acid sulphate soil iv Nutrients imbalance
Ans : a) ii, iv ,i and iii b) i,ii,iv and iii c) i, iii, ii and iv d)iv,iii, I and ii
57. Soil structure i Soil erosion

58. Aggregate stability ii Infiltration
59. Bulk density iii Seedling emergence
60. Surface crust iv Soil compaction
.
Ans : a) ii, i , iv and iii b) i,ii,iii and iv c) i, iii, ii and iv d)iv,iii, I and ii
IV. Identify the correct/ Incorrect statement

61. Identify the correct statement
a. The ravinous land b. The ravinous land c. The ravenous land d.The ravinous lands are
are classified into are classified into are classified into mined out area
shallow, medium degraded forest waterlogged and
and deep ravine lands inundated lands
lands
62. Identify the incorrect statement
a. Soil compaction b. Soil compaction c.Sinking of drought d. Fluffy paddy soil is

decrease water managed by animals and labours managed by stone roller
holding capacity in Chiesel ploughing is one of the technology
soil technology problems in fluffy
paddy soil
63. Identify the correct statement in regarding to soil quality indicators
a. Soil texture retain b. Soil microbes act c. Soil organic d. Soil pH vital role of
and transport of as catalyst of soil carbon play a role enzymatic activity
water and nutrients respiration of soil fertility and
stability
a. Saline soils having b. Saline soils c.Saline soil having d. Saline soil having more
amount of soil having wilting pH is >8.5, ESP>15 than 2% of soluble salts
moisture is low coefficient is very and EC will be >4
high. dS/m
a. Fluffy paddy soil b.Slowly Permeable c. Surface crusting d. Sub soil hard pan is
having low bulk soil having high in soil cause high characterized by high bulk
density and very clay content and infiltration and density and low in water
rapid hydraulic high infiltration rate reduce run off holding capacity
conductivity

a. Soil salinity are b.Soil salinity are c. Soil salinity are d. Soil salinity are
characterized by total characterized by characterized by soil characterized by Specific
soluble salts osmotic pressure texture ion effect
a. Rice is preferred b.Guava is highly c. Pomegranate is d. Mango is medium

crop in sodic soil sodic tolerant crop very sensitive to soil tolerant crop to soil
sodicity sodicity
a. Earthworms play B.Organic c. Reduced soil d. Oxygen is released from

a major role in amendment respiration rate the soil surface is called as
modifying the application, crop indicate that microbial respiration
physical structure of rotation and cover organic carbon
soil crops can be used to status in soil
reduce the enzyme
activity in soil
a. In sodic soil, Soil B.Sodic soil having c. Sodic soil having d. Sodic soil having poor
ion adsorbed by poor aeration and high sodium hydraulic conductivity and
clay colloids cause drainage bicarbonate and poor microbial activity
deflocculation and sodium bicarbonate
dispersion of clay
a. The main soil b.The main soil c. The main soil d. The main soil forming
forming process in forming process in forming process in process in acid soil is
acid soil is acid soil is acid soil is Solonization.
podsolization calcification salinization
a. Slowly permeable b. Slowly permeable c. Slowly permeable soil d. Slowly permeable

soil are managed by soil are managed by are managed by when the soil are managed by
lime or gypsum @ resistant crops like soil is at optimum formation of ridges
2t/ha may be uniformly cowpea can be grown moisture regime, and furrows
spreaded ploughing it to be done.
a. Sodic soil formed b. Dispersion of soil c. Gypsum is the d. The sodic soil is
is due to the process colloids is the major amendment used for managed by leaching of
of salinization constraints in sodic reclamation of sodic soluble salts
soil soil

a. Surface crusting is b. Surface crusting is c. Surface crusting is d. Surface crusting is
generally occurred generally occurred in generally occurred in generally occurred in
in red soil black soil Alluvial soil Peat soil
a. Wastelands are b. Wasteland is c. Wasteland is an d. Wasteland land is

defined as the gullies formed by cleaning barren or formed by industrial
are formed as a result and burning of uncultivated land pollution
of localized surface forests
run off
a.Acid soil is a base b.Continuous c.The high d. Decomposition of

unsaturated soil application of concentration of organic matter is increases
phophatic carbon di oxide in the soil acidity
fertilizers leads to soil increase soil
soil acidity acidity by the
formation of
carbonic acid
a. Lime stone and b.Saline soil are c.Saline soils are d.Application of pressmud
dolomite are mostly managed by reclaimed by are mostly used amendment
used amendment for application of paper leaching of soluble for reclamation of saline
reclamation of saline slugde from paper salts soil
soil mills
77. Identify the in correct statement
a.Lime reactions in b. Oxides of lime is c.Hydroxides of d. Gypsum is considered

soil depends upon the called as slaked lime is called as as liming material for the
nature and fineness lime burned lime reclamation of acid soil
of liming materials
78. Identify the correct statement of major factors affecting soil quality are
a. Development of b. Comparative c.Dynamic d.Pedotranser functions

salinity and assessment assessment
alkalinity in soils
a. Effects of over b.When excessively c. Effects of d. Effects of overliming

liming in acid soil large amount of overliming in acid cause fungal disease in
cause boron toxicity lime will be soil will be inhibited acid soil
in plants increased root development
Phosphorous and
Potassium
availability
a. Soil crusting is b. Soil crusting is c. Soil crusting is d. Soil crusting is generally

generally occurred generally occurred generally occurred occurred in Gellisols
in Alfisols in Vertisols in Inceptisols

Year : 2019 (2017Syllabus) Time : 1 hr
Semester : IV SAC 202 Problematic soils and their
Max. Marks: 60
management (2+0)
PART-A
(Answer All questions) [80 x 0.5 = 40]
Choose the correct answer (kindly bold the answer keys)
1. __________is the capacity of a soil to function within ecosystem and land use
boundaries, to sustain productivity, maintain environmental quality, and promote
plant and animal health
A) Soil health B) Soil quality
C) Soil productivity D) Soil fertility
2. Who defined the term Soil quality? ____________
A) Jenny B) Doran and Parkin
C) Joffer D) Dokuchaev
3. ___________ is the ability of a system to return after disturbance to a new
dynamic equilibrium or ability of a soil to resist adverse changes
A) Soil resilience B) Soil health
C) Soil quality D) Soil fertility
4. ______________is the indicator of physical properties of soil
A) CEC B) Organic matter
C) Bulk density D) Enzymes
5. ____________ is defines as the continued capacity of soil to function as a vital
living system
A) Soil health B) Soil quality
C) Soil capacity D) Soil productivity
6. ____________ is a primary attribute of soil quality assessment
A) Enzymes B) Nutrients
C) Earthworms D) Soil organic matter
7. _____________ is an example of soil chemical properties indicator
A) CEC B) porosity
C) Bulk density D) Aggregate stability
8. The proposed minimum data set of physical indicator that indicates how well
water and chemicals are retained and transported is____________
A) Bulk density B) Particle density
C) Soil texture D) Soil structure
9. An example of biological quality indicator
A) Soil organic matter B) C:N ratio
C) Enzymes D) All the above
10. ____________ defines the level of microbial activity
A) Soil respiration B) C: N ratio
C) Mineralisation D) Enzyme activity
11. Economically unproductive and unstable lands are called as__________
A) Barren lands B) Marshy lands
C) Steep lands D) Waste lands
12. In India, which state is having the larger area of wasteland _________
A) Madhya Pradesh B) Rajasthan
C) Tamil Nadu D) Kerala
13. A collection of dunes is called as _____________
A) Dune belt B) Dune group
C) Dune order
\
D) Dune series
14. In a sand dune ___________ is the side, where the wind is blowing and pushing
the material
A) Slip face B) Lee side
C) Windward side D) Stoss side
15. In a sand dunes ___________ is simply the side without wind
A) Windward side B) Slip face
C) Lee side D) Stoss side
16. Saline and alkali soils are otherwise called as ____________
A) Hydromorphic soil B) Halomorphic soils
C) Calcimorphic soils D) None of the above
17. The process of formation of degraded alkali soil is called as
A) Salinization B) Solodization
C) Solod D) alkalization
18. In _________ type of wind erosion the soil particles are raised from ground and
move by rolling and sliding action along the surface of soil
A) Suspension B) Saltation
C) Ravine D) Surface creep
19. The universal soil loss equation is given by _______
A) Smith B) Leibig
C) Wischmeier and Smith D) Bray
20. The problem of slow soil permeability is due to
A) Low clay content B) High clay content
C) Low Fe3+ and Al3+ D) High Fe3+ and Al3+ oxides
oxides
21. To overcome the constraints caused by sub soil hard pan ______methodology
is done
A) Chisel ploughing B) Disc ploughing
C) Zero tillage D) Minimum tillage
22. The soil under continuous flooding and submergence for rice cultivation are
always in a state of flux and lose soil mechanical strength, these are called
as_______
A) Theri soils B) Fluffy paddy soils
C) Highly permeable soils D) Marshy lands
23 Identify the management technology for highly permeable soils
a. After good rainfall or irrigation, the soil should be rolled 10 times with 400 kg
stone roller
b. Application of clay soil upto level of 100 t ha-1
c. Crop rotation with green manure crops
d. Application of organics
A) b only B) Both a and d
C) c only D) All the above
24. The soil order which is more prone to surface crusting
A) Alfisol B) Vertisol
C) Histosol D) Mollisol
25 Fluffy paddy soils will have _______
A) High bulk density B) Low bulk density
C) Large pores D) None
26. The physical constraints that is formed when dispersion of soil particles is
followed by rapid drying
A) Soil compaction B) Aggregation
C) Surface crusting D) None
27. ___________ crust are formed after sealing of the surface by a structural crust
and concentration of detached particle from eroded clods
A) Slaking crust B) Cryptogamic crust
C) Erosional crust D) Depositional crust
28 _________ crust are formed from the erosion of sieving crust
A) Slaking crust B) Cryptogamic crust
C) Erosional crust D) Depositional crust
29. _____________ is hill of loose sand built by Aeolian process or the flow of water
A) Gully B) Crust
C) Dune D) Soil aggregates
30. A special type of red sandy dunal soils found in Tamil Nadu is called as ___soils
A) Terai soils B) Theri soils
C) Marshy soils D) Saline soils
31. The sub soil hard pan is characterized by high bulk density of ____________
A) > 1.8 Mg m-3 B) < 1.3 Mg m3
C) 1.3 -1.6 Mg m3 D) 1.3 Mg m-3
32. An suitable tree crop that can be grown in shallow soils ____
A) Guava B) Lime
C) Sapota D) Cashew
33. Name the artificial soil conditioner used to control soil crusting
A) Polyvinyl alcohol B) Acetic acid
C) Acroline D) Elemental sulphur
34. The soil particles (silty texture) that blown by wind is known as ________
A) Alluvium B) Colluvium
C) Aeolian D) Loess
35. __________ is defined as the detachment and transportation of soil mass from
one place to another through action of wind and water
A) Soil dispersion B) Soil aggregation
C) Soil erosion D) None
36. The erosion caused by the disturbances of people and due to increasing
population is called ________
A) Geological erosion B) Accelerated erosion
C) Rill erosion D) Sheet erosion
37. _____________ erosion results from soil splash caused by the impact of falling
rain drops
A) Rill B) Rain drop splash
C) Gully D) Sheet
38. _________ is the removal of soil by running water, with the formation of
channels
A) Rill erosion B) Stream channel erosion
C) Sheet erosion D) Gully erosion
39. The soil particles of which size generally move and jump in the process of
saltation
A) 1-2 mm B) 0.005 to 0.05mm
C) 0.5 to 1mm D) 0.05 to 0.5mm
40. ________ soils are completely saturated with water for long time and give
distinctive gley horizons resulting from oxidation and reduction
A) Acid sulphate soil B) Submerged soil
C) Sodic soil D) Saline soil
41. Which of the following is true in regard to submerged soils
a. partially oxidized A horizon
b. A mottled zone in which oxidation and reduction alternate
c. A permanently reduced zone which is bluish in colour
d. Depletion of oxygen and accumulation of CO2
A) Both a and b B) c only

C) Both c and d D) All the above
42. _________ refers to breaking down of soil aggregates at near saturation into
ultimate soil particles
A) Puddling B) Ploughing
C) Tillage D) None
43. ________ is the process of clay decomposition and transformation under the
influence of periodic reduction of iron oxides to ferrous ion
A) Humification B) Ferrolysis
C) Podsolisation D) Laterisation
44. The type of clay mineral which is more prone to dispersion
A) kaolinite B) Chlorite
C) Halloysite D) Montmorillonite
45. ___________ are termed as base unsaturated soils which has got enough of
adsorbed exchangeable H+ ions
A) Acid soil B) Saline soil
C) Acid sulphate soil D) Sodic soil
46. The acidity developed due to the H+ ion and Al3+ ions concentration of the soil
solution is termed as__________
A) Potential acidity B) Active acidity
C) Exchange acidity D) Total acidity
47. _________ may be defined as the acidity developed due to the adsorbed H +
and Al3+ ions on the soils colloids.
A) Total acidity B) Active acidity
C) Reserve acidity D) Exchange acidity
48. The problem of soil acidity is more prevalent in the regions of ________
A) Low rainfall Zone B) High rainfall zone
C) Arid Zone D) Semi-arid zone
49. _______ is the amendment used to reclaim acid soil
A) Lime B) Gypsum
C) Sulphuric acid D) Elemental sulphur
50. The amount of lime required to be added to raise the pH of the soil to desired
value is known as ___________
A) a only B) b only
C) c only D) Lime requirement
51. Due to the toxic effect of Fe and Mn2+ ions, a physiological disease of rice
2+
found in submerged soils is known as -_____________

A) Root rot B) Browning disease
C) Blight disease D) Itai Itai
52. The buffer method used for the determination of lime requirement of an acid soil
is given by__________
A) Joffer B) Schoonover
C) Shoemaker D) Jenny
53 Soil with sufficient sulphides to become strongly acidic when drained and
aerated enough for cultivation are termed as____________
A) Acid soil B) Acid sulphate soil
C) Saline soil D) Sodic soil
54. Acid sulphate soils are otherwise called as_________
A) White clay B) Black clay
C) Cat clays D) China clay
55 Under strong acidity in acid sulphate soils hydrogen sulphide gas are often
formed in lowland rice soils causing ----------- disease.
A) Itai Itai disease B) Blight disease
C) Browning disease D) Akiochi disease
56. __________ is defines as the acid neutralizing capacity of an agricultural liming
material expressed as weight percentage of calcium carbonate
A) Calcium carbonate B) Lime requirement
equivalent
C) Gypsum requirement D) Lime factor
57. Reclamation of acid sulphate soil can be done by__________
A) Keeping the area B) Controlling of water table
flooded
C) Limning and Leaching D) All the above
58 Acid sulphate soil have an pH of
A) 8.5 B) 6.5
C) 4 D) 7.5
59. The neutralizing value of calcium oxide
A) 179 B) 136
C) 100 D) 86
60. Salt affected soils are mostly formed in _________ regions
A) Arid and semi arid B) High rainfall areas
regions
C) Tropical D) None of the above
61. The neutralizing value of calcite.
A) 136 B) 179
C) 86 D) 100
62. The saline soils are otherwise called as ___________
A) Solonetz B) Solonochak
C) Sodic soil D) Solod
63. In soil the problem caused due to more amount of soluble salts_________
A) Acidity B) Sodicity
C) Salinity D) Alkalinity
64. In soil the problem caused due to more amount of exchangeable Na+
A) Acidity B) Sodicity
C) Salinity D) None
65. Alkali soils are otherwise called as
A) Sodic B) Solod
C) Solonetz D) All the above
66. The pH of saline soil is usually_____________
A) 8-8.5 B) 7
C) More than 8.5 D) 5.5
67. The pH of sodic soil is ___________
A) 8-8.5 B) 6
C) More than 8.5 D) 5.5
68. ________ soil is defined as a soil having an electrical conductivity of greater
than 4 dSm-1 and ESP greater than 15 with pH above 8.5
A) Saline alkali soil B) Saline soil
C) Non saline alkali D) Degraded alkali soil
69. Due to extensive leaching some part of exchangeable sodium is gradually
replaced by H+ ions and may cause slight acidity with unstable structure. The
resulting soil is ___________
A) Saline soil B) Acid soil
C) Acid sulphate soil D) Degraded alkali soil
70. The formula to calculate SAR (Sodium absorption Ratio)___________
A) Na+ B) ( Na+)2
√Ca2+ + Mg2+ √Ca2+ + Mg2+
2 2
C) Na+ D) None
Ca + Mg2+
2+
2
71. The sodium (Na+) ion adsorbed by clay colloids causes_________ of clay
A) Aggregation B) Surface crusting
C) Coagulations D) Dispersion
72. Identify the correct statement in regard to reclamation of saline soil
a. Leaching with good quality irrigation water
b. Addition of amendments like gypsum and Elemental sulphur
c. Addition of liming materials
d. Addition of basic fertilizers like Sodium nitrate
A) b only B) Both a and d
C) a only D) Both c and d
73 An example of salt tolerant crop
A) Beans B) Pulses
C) Raddish D) Sugarbeet
74. Reclamation of Sodic soil is done by applying
A) Lime B) Sodium nitrate
C) Gypsum D) Ammonium nitrate
75 Unit of CEC
A) C mol (p+) kg-1 of soil B) C mol (p-) kg-1 of soil
C) dSm-1 D) C mol (p+)2 kg-1 of soil
76. Gypsum requirement formula________________
A) ESP(Initial)- ESP B) ESP (Initial) – ESP (Final) x 100
(Final) x CEC CEC
100
C) ESP (Initial)- ESP D) ESP (Initial) – ESP (Final)
(Final)x CEC CEC
77. Gypsum requirement method is given by
A) Jenny B) Shoemaker
C) Joffer D) Schoonover
78 Calculate the leaching requirement (LR) of an irrigation water having electrical
conductivity of 3 dSm-1 where the electrical conductivity of drainage water is 8
dSm-1
A) 35.5% B) 60%
C) 37.5% D) 45.5%
79. An example of moderately tolerant crop is ____________
A) Barley B) sugar beet
C) Greengram D) Maize
80. The amendment Iron sulphate estimated efficiencies used to reclaim sodic soils
compared to Gypsum
A) 1.62 B) 1.00
C) 0.57 D) 0.18
PART-B
(Answer All questions) [10 x 2 = 20]
Match The following (kindly bold the answer keys)
81.
1 pH of acid soil a 8.5-10.0
2 pH of Saline soil b >8.5
3 pH of sodic soil c 4-6
4 pH of saline alkali soil d 8-8.5
A) 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b B) 1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b
C) 1-d, 2-a, 3-c, 4-b D) 1-b, 2-a, 3-d, 4-c
82.
1 EC of saline soil a <4 dSm-1
2 EC of sodic soil b Leaching requirement
3 Acid soil c >4 dSm-1
4 Saline soil d Lime requirement
A) 1-c, 2-a, 3-b, 4-d B) 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b
C) 1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b D) 1-b, 2-a, 3-d, 4-c
83.
1 ESP of saline soil a <13
2 ESP of Sodic soil b >15
3 SAR of saline soil C >13
4 SAR of Sodic soil d <15
A) 1-d, 2-a, 3-b, a-c B) 1-c, 2-b, 3-a, 4-d
C) 1-c, 2-a, 3-b, 4-d D) 1-d, 2-b, 3-a, 4-c
84.
1 Gypsum a 0.18
2 Elemental sulphur b 0.57
3 Iron sulphate c 1.00
4 Sulphuric acid d 1.62
A) 1-a, 2-c, 3-d, 4-b B) 1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b
C) 1-d, 2-a, 3-c, 4-b D) 1-c, 2-b, 3-a, 4-d
85.
1 Calcium hydroxide a 108.7

2 Basic slag b 136
3 Dolomite c 100
4 Calcite d 86
A) 1-d, 2-b, 3-c, 4-a B) 1-a, 2-c, 3-d, 4-b
C) 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c D) 1-c, 2-a, 3-b, 4-d
86.
1 Sheet erosion a Formation of narrow channel
2 Rill erosion b Scouring of material and cutting of banks
3 Gully erosion c Formation of strong channels
4 Stream channel erosion d Removal of uniform layer of soil surface
A) 1-c, 2-d, 3-b, 4-a B) 1-c, 2-b, 3-a, 4-d
C) 1-d, 2-b, 3-a, 4-c D) 1-d, 2-a, 3-c, 4-b
87.
1 Slaking crust a Crust made of algae, fungi, lichens etc
2 Coalescing crust b More impact of sandy soil
3 Sieving crust c Formed when soil in viscous state
4 Cryptogamic crust d Impact of rain drops
A) 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b B) 1-b, 2-c, 3-a, 4-d
C) 1-d, 2-c,3-b, 4-a D) 1-d, 2-c, 3-b 4-a
88.
1 R a Soil erodibility factor
2 K b Slope gradient factor
3 L c Rainfall factor
4 S d Slope length factor
A) 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b B) 1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b
C) 1-b, 2-a, 3-c, 1-d D) 1-b, 2-c, 3-a, 4-d
89.
1
Highly salt resistant a Raddish
crop
2 Moderately salt b Sugarbeet
resistant crop
3 Low salt resistant crop c 0.36X EC
4 Osmotic pressure d Wheat
A) 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c B) 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b
C) 1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b D) 1-d, 2-a, 3-b, 4-c
90.
1
Very small gullies a More than 9 m
2
Medium gullies b Deep upto 3 m
3
Deep and narrow c Poorly aggregated soils
gullies
4 Erosion d Deep between 3 to 9 m
A) 1-b, 2-a, 3-d, 4-c B) 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c
C) 1-c, 2-a, 3-b, 4-d D) 1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b
SAC 202 Problematic soils and their management (2+0)

Mid semester Model question paper
A. Choose the best answer
1. Soil quality is generally enhanced by greater __________.
a. organic matter content
b. stability of soil structure
c. water-holding capacity
d. all of the above
Ans: d
2.______ provides a single number by which one soil can be compared to other soils with regard to
its capacity to achieve a defined management goal, such as the protection of broader environmental
quality.
a) A scoring function
b) A soil quality index
c) Weighting factor
d) Ecological function
Ans: b
3. Which of the following indicators of soil quality would be useful changes due to soil
management over periods of just a few years?
a. soil mineral contents
b. organic matter content
c. soil texture
d. climate characteristics
Ans: b
4. A soil with a high CEC and pH buffering capacity would likely exhibit a high degree of
_________ with regard to the effects of acid precipitation.
a. resilience
b. soil quality
c. sensitivity
d. resistance
Ans:d
5. Food production, carbon sequestration, water supply, disease mitigation, and habitat for diverse
organisms are all examples of ________________.
a. ecological services provided by soils
b. soil quality indicators
c. soil quality scoring functions
d. all of the above
Ans: a
6.Reactive carbon would likely exhibit a high degree of________________ with regard to soil
function
a. Sustain biological diversity, activity and productivity ”D”
b. Regulate and partition water and solute flow ”W”
c. Filter, buffer, degrade, detoxify organic and inorganic materials ”F”
d. Store and cycle nutrients and carbon”N”
Ans: c
7. Which of the following is an important soil function related to crop production
a. Infiltration and storage of water
b. Pest and weed suppression
c. Climatic condition
d. all of the above
e. Both a and b
Ans:e
8. Which of the following is not a soil quality biological indicator properties?
a. Organic matter content
b. Microbial biomass carbon
c. Microbial biomass nitrogen
d. Mineralisable nitrogen
Ans: d
9.In India, the total area under degraded and waste land was
a. 80 M ha
b. 114.01 M ha
c. 90 M ha
d. 86.2 M ha
Ans: b
10. Which one of the following is the serious category of wasteland
a. Salinized soil
b. Degraded pasture/Grazing land
c. Mining / Industrial waste land
d. Land with or without scrub
Ans: a
11. In Sands- Desertic Coastal wasteland, the sand deposit found in a layer of ______ on the
surface of soil
a. 7 to 8 cm
b. 10 to 15 cm
c. 15 to 20 cm
d. 9 to 12 cm
Ans: a
12. Important soil properties that encourage the crust formation
a. Low P content
b. High exchangeable Na
c. Heavy rainfall
d. Low soil pH
Ans: b
13. Chiesel ploughing at 0.5 m width in criss cross at 0.5m depth once in 2-3 years is the
management for
a. Soil compaction
b. Sub soil hard pan
c. Sand dunes
d. Slow permeable soil
Ans: b
14. Rill erosion form channel of size
a. 0.3-0.5 m
b. <0.3 m
c. >0.5 m
d. 0.2-0.4 m
Ans: b
15. Which of the following is the characteristic of V shaped gully
a. Flow velocity is low
b. Catchment area contributing the runoff is large
c. Longitudinal gradient of channel is parallel to slope of land
d. The gully make the contour cultivation difficult
Ans:d
16. Specification of small gullies
a. Upto 3 m deep, bed with >18 m, sides slopes 8-15 %
b. Upto 3 m deep, bed with not > 18m, side slopes vary
c. Upto 3 m deep, bed with <18 m, sides slopes 8-15 %
d. Upto 3 m deep, bed with > 18m, side slopes vary
Ans:a
17. In wind erosion control measure, the tilled strip spacing vary with
a. Soil structure
b. Soil texture
c. Soil organic matter
d. Soil pH
Ans: b
18. Reduction ______ and Oxidative _________ as the soil forming processes characteristics of
paddy soil
a. Illuviation and Eluviation
b. Eluviation and Laterization
c. Eluviation and Illuviation
d. Laterization and Illuviation
Ans:c
19. In Flooded soil, the soil pH
a. Increase
b. Decrease
c. No change
d. Altering towards normal
Ans:d
20. In humid region, the soil pH was
a. Acidic in nature
b. Alkaline in nature
c. Neutral
d. None of the above
Ans: c
21. Soil pH in Acid sulphate soil
a. <2
b. <3
c. <4
d. <5
Ans:c
22.Strong acidity in acid sulphate soil results in toxicities of
a. Al and Fe
b. Cu and Zn
c. Al and Zn
d. Cr and Fe
Ans:a
23. Highly acid tolerant crops are
a. Potato
b. Barley
c. Wheat
d. Carrot
Ans: b
24. Liming material used for acid soil
a. Quick Lime
b. Slaked Lime
c. Wood ash, Ground Oyster Shell
d. All of the above
Ans:d
25. The term Solonetz is used to denote
a. Saline soil
b. Alkali soil
c. Saline-Alkali soil
d. Acid soil
Ans:b
26. White alkali soil is also called as
a. Alkali soil
b. Saline soil
c. Saline-alkali soil
d. Sodic soil
Ans:b
27. Gullies are linear incision channels of alteast ____m width and ____m depth
a. 0.3 and 0.3
b. 0.4 and 0.4
c. 0. 5 and 0.5
d. 0.2 and 0.2
Ans:a
28. In wind erosion process, the highest percentage of erosion accounted in
a. Saltation
b. Suspension
c. Soil creep
d. None of the above
Ans:c
29. In Universal Soil Loss equation, K factor denotes
a. Rainfall factor
b. Erodibility factor
c. Support practice factor
d. Crop management factor
Ans:b
30. In submerged soil a permanently reduced zone shows which colour
a. white
b. brown
c. Dark blue
d. Bluish green
Ans: d
31. Active acidity develops due to _______ ions on the soil colloids
a. H+ and Fe2+
b. Al 3+ and Fe2+
c. H+ and Al3+
d. Al 3+ and Cr+
Ans: c
32. Efficiency of liming materials can be judged by
a. Neutralizing value
b. Purity of liming material
c. Degree of fineness of liming materials
d. All of the above
Ans: d
33. In acid sulphate soil, the most active oxidizing bacteria present
a. Thiobacillus plumbophilus,
b. Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans.
c. Thiobacillus ferroxidans
d. All of the above
Ans: c
35. During submergence, the sulphates in the water reduced to
a. Sulphur
b. Zinc sulphate
c. Sulphides
d. Magnesium sulphate
Ans: c
36.Neutrilizing value of Calcium oxide is
a. 100
b. 108.7
c. 136
d. 179
Ans: d
37. Liming material passing through a 60 mesh sieve have
a. 100
b. 60
c. 20
d. 80
Ans: a
38. ______ is the intermediate between sheet and gully erosion
a. Splash erosion
b. Bank erosion
c. Rill erosion
d. Stream channel erosion
Ans: c
39. Characteristics of Saline- alkali soil are
a. SAR<13, ESP<15, and pH <8.5
b. SAR>13, ESP>15, and pH 8.5-10.0
c. SAR>13, ESP>15, and pH >8.5
d. SAR<13, ESP>15, and pH 6-8.5
Ans: c
40. Soil physical properties affected by Sodic soil was
a. Dispersion
b. reduced hydraulic conductivity
c. infiltration
d. All of the above
Ans: a
41. ________is a process of soil movement of particle size 0.5 to 2 mm size
a. Saltation
b. Suspension
c. Soil creep
d. Splash
Ans: b

SAC 202 Problematic Soils and their Management
PART - A
I. Choose the Correct answer:
1 .............................. is the capacity of a specific kind of soil to function within ecosystem
. and land – use boundaries, to sustain biological productivity, maintain environmental
quality and sustain plant, animal and human health.
A Soil Health B Soil Quality C Buffering capacity D Biodiversi
. . . . ty
Ans: B. Soil Quality
2 ................................... defined as being a state of dynamic equiltrium between flora and
. feruna and their surrounding soil environment in which all the metabolic activities takes
place
A Biodiversity B Soil Buffering C Soil Quality D Soil Health
. . capacity . .
3. Which one of the following is not a soil physical quality indicator.
A Texture B Effective depth C Microbrial biomass e D Water
. . of soil and . and N . Holding
rooting Capacity
4. ................................. is defined as the detachment of soil particles their transporation from one
place to another and deposition elsewhere through water, wind, lasal wares, snow, gravity and
other forces.
A Soil erosion B Transporation C Transformation D Soil
. . . . degradation
5. In Splash erosion falling rain drop is capable of generating a force equals to almost .............
times of its weight.
A 12 times B 14 times C 10 times D 15 times
. . . .
6. The erosion in whichs oil matrix is lost but remains undetected for a long period and a thin
venier of soil is removed from large areas uniform by during every rain even producing area off is
called ----- erosion.
A Splash erosion B Gully erosion C Sheet erosion D Rill erosion
. . . .
7. Universal soil Loss Equation was given by
A Wischmeier B Singh et. al C Browing et. al D Kinsel, 1980
. and smith . . .
8. The movement of soil by wind in a series of short bounces alon the surface of land carrying fine
particles of 0.15 to 0.5 mm diameter is called ........................
A suspension B Surface creep C Aeolian D Saltation
. . . .
9. In strongly acidic soils, the concentrations of exchangeable aluminium and hydrogen ions
contribute to .......................
A activity acidity B Exchangeable C Reserve acidity D potential
. . acidity . . acidity
10. ......................... and .......................... are mainly responsible for soil acidity
A B Aluminium and C Hydrogen and D Iron and
. Hydrogen and . silicon . Aluminium . aluminium
silicon
11. Acid soils in India have been formed due to drastic weathering associated with .................
and ...............
A Hot humid B cold humid and C Hot humid and low D cold humid
. and heavy . heavy rainfall . rainfall . and low
rainfall rainfall
12. The extend of acid soils in Tamil Nadu is ...........................
A 6.79 m ha B 11.72 m ha C 0.60 m ha D 4.80 m ha
. . . .
13. Acid soils are .......................
A Base saturated B Base C acid saturated D Acid
. . unsaturated . . unsaturated
14. Acid soils can be reclaimed by .................
A Gypsum B Sodium C Calcium Carbonate D Bicarbonate
. . . .
15. The lime requirement for acid soil was given by ...............................
A schoemaker B Scoon over C Mehlich D Cate and
. . . . Nelson
16. What is the relationship between EC and TDS.
A TDS -= B TDS = EC + C TDS = EC x640 D TDS = 640-
. EC/640 . 640 . . EC
17. What is the formula to know about the sum of soluble cation or anion
A EC/10 B EC+10 C ECx10 D EC-10
. . . .
18. The soils with PH <8.5, ESP <15 and ESP >4 d s/m is categorised as
A Sodic soil B Saline soil C Saline-alkali soil D acid soil
. . . .
19.Alkali soils are characterised by
A PH <8.5 ESP B PH <8.5 C PH >8.5 ESP <15 D PH >8.5
. <15 EC < 4 . ESP >15 EC >4 . EC >4 dsm-1 . ESP >15 EC
-1 -1 -1
dsm dsm < 4 dsm
20. ............... soils are formed as a result both salinization and alkalisation processes.
A Saline soils B alkali soils C saline-alkali soils D sodic soils
. . . .
Match the following:

A 21. Splash erosion - a. Rills with 30 cm depth
A. 22. Sheet erosion - b. Intermediary between sheet and fully
A. 23. Rill erosion - c. 2 metres
A. 24. Gully erosion - d. uniform run off
i. A 21-a A22 – b A 23 – c A – 24 - d
ii A 21-d A22 – c A 23 – b A – 24 - a
iii A 21-c A22 – d A 23 – b A – 24 - a
iv A 21-b A22 – bc A 23 – d A – 24 - a
A. 25. K - a. Rainfall factor
A 26. R b. Soil erodability factor
A 27 L c. Slope – gradient factor
A 28 S - d. slope length factor
i. A 25-a A26 b A 27– d A 28 - c
ii. A 25-b A26 a A 27– d A 28 - c
iii A 25-d A26 c A 27– a A 28 - b

.
iv A 25-a A26 b A 27– c A 28 - d
.
A 29. Central Soil Salinity Research Institute - A. Bhopal

A 30. National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use - B. New Delhi
A 31. Indian Society of Soil Science - C. Nagpur
A 32. Indian Institute of Soil Science - D. Karnal
i. A 29-b A30 c A 31– a A 32 - d
ii. A 29-c A30 b A 31– d A 32 - a
iii A 29-a A30 b A 31– c A 32 - d
.
iv A 29-d A30 c A 31– b A 32 - a
.
A33. Surface crusting - Gypsum application
A34. Sub surface hard pan - poor germination
A35. Fluffy paddy soils - Chiesel plough
A36. Alkali soils - Cauvery delta
i. A 33 b A34 c A 35– d A 36 - a
ii. A 33-c A34 b A 35– d A 36 - a
iii A 33 -a A34 b A 35– c A 36 - d
.
iv A 33-d A34 c A 31– b A 32 - a
.
State Correct / Incorrect statement

A37. Identify the correct statement from the following
e. The CaCO3 equivalent of burnt lime (CaO) is 1.786
f. The CaCO3 equivalent of burnt lime (CaO) is 0.56
g. Liming increases the soil acidity
h. A soil having smectitic clay with higher exchange capacity would require less lime than a
soil having Kaolinite for an equal rise in pH.
e. Rice has good tolerance to acidity since flooding to rice field raises the pH to almost
neutrality
f. Minor millet and finger millet are quite tolerant to acidity shows poor response to liming
g. Bengal gram, lentil groundnut, maize, sorghum, show medium response to liming
h. Pigeon pea, Sobean, and cotton are resistant to soil acidity
A39. Identify the correct statement
e. Slow permeable soil is mainly due to low clay content
f. The infiltration rate of slow permeable soil is < 10 cm per day
g. The capillary porosity is high in slow permeable soil
h. Slow permeable soil has good drainage, good aeration and oxidised condition.
e. The reason for the formation of sub surface hard pan in red soils is due to the illuivation of
the clay to the sub surface horizons
f. The hard pan is characterized with high bulk density
g. Sub soil hardpan is commonly found in black soils
h. Chiselling technology is used to overcome sub surface hardpan.
Part _ B
The salt affected soils occur in the arid and semiarid regions where evapotranspiration greatly
exceeds precipitation
B1. Which of the following statement is incorrect pertaining to the salt affected soils
e. Saline soils are having EC > 4 dSm-1
f. Saline soils were formerly called as white alkali soils
g. Green manuring reduces soil salinity
h. Sodic soils are having EC > 4 dSm-1
B2. Which of the following statement suits with sodicity
e. Excess exchangeable sodium in alkali soils affects both the physical and chemical
properties of soils
f. Sand filling decreases the capillary movements of water
g. Distillery spent wash is basic in nature
h. Pulses are highly tolerant to sodicity
B3. Addition of green manuring to the salt affected soil

e. Counteracts the effect of salinity
f. Increases the soil salinity
g. Reduces the pH
h. Both b and c
B4. Alkali / Sodic soils are having conductivity of saturation extract
e. Less than 4 dSm-1
f. Greater than 4 dSm-1
g. Less than 15
h. Greater than 15
When excess soluble salts accumulate in the soil with high exchangeable cations sodium
frequently become the dominant cation in the soil solution resulting in alkali or sodic soils
B5. Major production constraints with reference to sodic soils
e. Dispersion of soil colloids
f. Specific ion affect
g. Reduces buld density
h. Both a and b
B6. The recommended dose of distillery spent wash to reclaim sodic soil is
e. 2 lakh litre per acre
f. 2 lakh litre per hectare
g. 5 lakh litre per acre
h. 5 lakh litre per hectare
B7. Which of the following crop is most preferred for Sodic soil
e. Black gram
f. Groundnut
g. Rice
h. Pearl millet
B8. Highly tolerant fruit trees for sodicity is
e. Banana
f. Ber
g. Jack
h. Mango
Soil acidity refers to the presence of higher concentration of H+ in soil solution and at exchange
sites
B9. The pH range of 3-4 is categorized as
e. Slightly acidic
f. Moderately acidic
g. Very strong acidic
h. Strong acidic
B10. Which of the following is not a sources of acidity
e. Leaching due to heavy rainfall
f. Illuviation
g. Acid forming fertilizers
h. Acid rain
B11. Which of the following is considered to be the production constraints pertaining to soil
acidity
e. Increased solubility and toxicity of Al, Mn and Fe
f. Reduced availability of P and Mo
g. Reduced microbial activity
h. All the above
B12. Which of the following state in India has predominant acid soils?
e. Tamil Nadu
f. Assam
g. Kerala
h. Goa
Lime requirement of an acid soil may be defined as the amount of liming material that must be
added to raise the pH to prescribed value
B13. Which method is used to determine the lime requirement in acid soil
e. Shoemaker et al.,
f. Schoonover at el65
g. Smith
h. Jenny et al,
B14. Which of the following is commonly used as liming material
e. Commercial limestone
f. Dolomite limestone
g. Gypsum
h. Both a and b
B15. What will be the effect of liming on N fixation and mineralization
e. Increases N fixation and Mineralization
f. Decreases N fixation and Mineralization
g. Increases N fixation and decreases Mineralization
h. Decreases N fixation and increases Mineralization
B16. Liming is effective soil ameliorant and what happens to the other nutrients in soil
e. Reduces Al, Fe and Mn toxicity
f. Increases Al, Fe and Mn toxicity
g. Decreases the base saturation
h. Decreases the availability of P and MO
Soil with sufficient sulphides to become strongly acidic when drained are termed acid sulphate
soils
B17. Acid Sulphate soils are generally called aws
e. White clays
f. Cat clays
g. Regur
h. Khadar
B18. Acid suplphate soils contain __________ horizon
e. Natric
f. Sodic
g. Sulphuric
h. Umbric
B19. The evidence of yellow colour in acid sulphate soils are characterised by _______
e. Sulphide content
f. Yellow colour
g. Both a and b
h. Red colour
B20. What is the reclamation measures for Acid sulphate soils
e. Liming
f. Leaching
g. Liming and leaching
h. Deep ploughing
(2017 Syllabus) II B.Sc.,(Hons)Agriculture

SAC 202 PROBLEMATIC SOILS AND THEIR IV semester
MANAGEMENT (2+0)
I. Choose the best answer
1. Which one of the following is an example of physical indicator of soil health
(a) Soil pH (b) Soil Organic Carbon
(c) Soil respiration (d) Soil Texture
2. Lands which cannot be developed for Agriculture or Vegetation are called as _______
(a) Culturable Wastelands (b) Unculturable wastelands
(c) Saline and Alkaline soils (d) Arid and Semi-arid soils
3. The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is given by
(a) Wischmeier and Smith,1978 (b) Jethrotull

(c) Hillgaurd (d) Bhumbla and Khare
4. Slow permeable soils are those having infiltration rates
(a) less than 6 cm/day (b) more than 6 cm/day
(c) less than 3 cm/day (d) more than 20 cm/day
5. Shallow soils can be managed by growing crops of
(a) Mango (b) Ber
(c) Cashew (d) All the above
6. Soil erosion extensively occurs in
(a) Poorly aggregated soils (b) low humus soils
(c) Higher percentage of silt and very fine sand (d) All the above
7. “Brown Alkali” refers to
(a) Presence of Sodium chloride (b) Presence of Sodium sulphates
(c) Excess of nitrates (d) None of the above
8. The fraction of the irrigation water that must be leached through the root zone to control
the soil salinity at any specified level is________
(a) Lime requirement (b) Leaching requirement
(c) Gypsum requirement (d) None of the above
9. Which one of the following crop is highly salt tolerant?
(a) Rice (b) Sugarcane
(c) Sesbania (d) All the above
10. The parent material of Saline-Sodic soil is
(a) Basalt (b) Granite
(c) Limestone (d) Gneiss
11. The main principle for the reclamation of Sodic soil is
(a) replace exchangeable sodium by calcium
(b) replace calcium by sodium
(c) replace sodium, potassium by Ca and Al
(d) None of the above
12. The important sources of soil acidity is_____
(a) Heavy rainfall (b) Acidic parent material

(c) Humus and organic acids (d) All the above
13. The ultimate pH range of Lime requirement is
(a) pH 6.0 to 7.0 (b) pH 5.0 to 6.0
(c) pH 4.0 to 5.0 (d) None of the above
14. The important microbes involved in the formation of acid sulphate soils is ______
(a) Thiobacillus ferroxidants (b) Rhizobium sp
(c) Phosphobacteria sp (d) Azotobacter sp
15. The main effect of salinity and alkalinity on soils are_____________
(a) Increase soil pH (b) Dispersion of organic matter
(c) Increase in unavailability of plant nutrients (d) All the above
16. The main effect of salinity and alkalinity on plants
(a) Damage of plant roots and stem (b) Absorption of plant nutrients in low amount
(c) Toxic effects of ions and chlorosis in plants (d) All the above
17. The other name of Saline and Alkali soils are
(a) USAR (b) BANJAR
(c) KALLAR and CHAUPAN (d) All the above
18. Sub soil hard pan is commonly found in ____________________
(a) Red soils (b) Black soils
(c) Alluvial soil (d) Hilly soils
19. Gully erosion is an advanced stage of _____________________
(a) Sheet erosion (b) Rill erosion
(c) Splash erosion (d) Stream channel erosion
20. Which one of the following chemical fertilizers produces acidity?
(a) Ammonium chloride (b) Ammonium nitrate
(c) Ammonium sulphate (d) All the above
II. Fill in the blanks
1. Expand CSSRI_____________________
2. The other name of acid sulphate soils are________________________
3. Expand NWDB_________________________________________
4. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of saline soil is _____________________

5. The average annual loss of nutrients due to erosion is___________________
6. A soil sample indicating pH=7.5, EC=4.8 dS/m, ESP=12, that may be categorised as
______________________ soils
7. “Akiochi” disease is caused by_________________________________________
8. Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) is equal to______________________________
9. The chemical formulae of gypsum is____________________________________
10. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is expressed as ____________________
11. Natural and manmade calamities such as erosion, deforestation occurring due
to___________________ and _____________________
12. “Sink holes” are the predominant features of ______________ soil.
13. Surface crusting creates ______________________ in the rhizosphere.
14. __________________ is defined as the continued capacity of soil to function as a vital
living system, to sustaining the soil productivity.
15. __________________ is a process of soil movement in a series of bounces or jump.
16. __________________ soils are formed largely by the weathering of calcareous nodes and
fossils.
17. Acid sulphate soils which have not been oxidised by exposure to air are known
as____________________
18. Basic slag and pressmud are superior to calcium oxide or carbonates for managing
_________________soils.
19. The irrigation should be stopped 10 days before the harvest of rice crop in________ soils.
20. _________________ is due to presence of colloidal oxides of iron and aluminium in
alfisols.
Fill in the blanks – Answer key

21. Central Soil Salinity Research Institute
22. Cat clays
23. National Wasteland Development Board
24. More than 4.0 dS/m
25. 2.4 million tonnes
26. Saline soils
27. H2S (Hydrogen sulphide)
28. Na+
SAR =
√ (Ca2+ + Mg2+) / 2
29. CaSo4.2H2O
30. A=RKLSCP
31. Rapid industrialization and urbanization
32. Black soils
33. Poor aeration
34. Soil health
35. Saltation
36. Calcareous soils
37. Potential Acid Sulphate Soils (PASS)
38. Acid soils
39. Fluffy Paddy soils
40. Surface crusting.
III .Match the following

41. Saline soil i Podsolization
42. Sodic soil ii White alkali
43. Acid sulphate soil iii Black alkali
44. Acid soil iv Kari soil
Ans : a) ii, i, iv and iii b) i,ii,iii and iv c) i, iii, ii and iv d)ii, iii, iv and i
45. Fluffy paddy soil i Raised and Sunken bed formation

46. Slowly permeable soil ii Rice- Rice cropping sequence
47. Highly permeable soil iii High bulk density
48 Surface hard pan iv 400kg stone roller
Ans : a) iv, i, iii and ii b) i, ii,iii and iv c) i, iii, ii and iv d)ii, iii, iv and i
49. Saltation i Less than 0.05 mm
50. Suspension ii 0.05-0.5mm
51. Surface creep iii 0.1 mm
52. Wind erosion iv 0.5mm
Ans : a) ii , i, iv , iii b) i,ii,iii and iv c) i, iii, ii and iv d)iv,iii, I and ii
53. Saline soil i Reverse osmosis

54. Sodic soil ii Dispersion of soil colloids
55. Acid soil iii Keep the area flooded
56. Acid sulphate soil iv Nutrients imbalance
Ans : a) ii, iv ,i and iii b) i,ii,iv and iii c) i, iii, ii and iv d)iv,iii, I and ii
57. Soil structure i Soil erosion

58. Aggregate stability ii Infiltration
59. Bulk density iii Seedling emergence
60. Surface crust iv Soil compaction
.
Ans : a) ii, i , iv and iii b) i,ii,iii and iv c) i, iii, ii and iv d)iv,iii, I and ii
IV. Identify the correct/ Incorrect statement

a. The ravinous land b. The ravinous land c. The ravenous land d.The ravinous lands are
are classified into are classified into are classified into mined out area
shallow, medium degraded forest waterlogged and
and deep ravine lands inundated lands
lands
a. Soil compaction b. Soil compaction c.Sinking of drought d. Fluffy paddy soil is

decrease water managed by animals and labours managed by stone roller
holding capacity in Chiesel ploughing is one of the technology
soil technology problems in fluffy
paddy soil
63. Identify the correct statement in regarding to soil quality indicators
a. Soil texture retain b. Soil microbes act c. Soil organic d. Soil pH vital role of
and transport of as catalyst of soil carbon play a role enzymatic activity
water and nutrients respiration of soil fertility and
stability
a. Saline soils having b. Saline soils c.Saline soil having d. Saline soil having more
amount of soil having wilting pH is >8.5, ESP>15 than 2% of soluble salts
moisture is low coefficient is very and EC will be >4
high. dS/m

a. Fluffy paddy soil b.Slowly Permeable c. Surface crusting d. Sub soil hard pan is
having low bulk soil having high in soil cause high characterized by high bulk
density and very clay content and infiltration and density and low in water
rapid hydraulic high infiltration rate reduce run off holding capacity
conductivity
a. Soil salinity are b.Soil salinity are c. Soil salinity are d. Soil salinity are
characterized by total characterized by characterized by soil characterized by Specific
soluble salts osmotic pressure texture ion effect
a. Rice is preferred b.Guava is highly c. Pomegranate is d. Mango is medium

crop in sodic soil sodic tolerant crop very sensitive to soil tolerant crop to soil
sodicity sodicity
a. Earthworms play B.Organic c. Reduced soil d. Oxygen is released from

a major role in amendment respiration rate the soil surface is called as
modifying the application, crop indicate that microbial respiration
physical structure of rotation and cover organic carbon
soil crops can be used to status in soil
reduce the enzyme
activity in soil

a. In sodic soil, Soil B.Sodic soil having c. Sodic soil having d. Sodic soil having poor
ion adsorbed by poor aeration and high sodium hydraulic conductivity and
clay colloids cause drainage bicarbonate and poor microbial activity
deflocculation and sodium bicarbonate
dispersion of clay
a. The main soil b.The main soil c. The main soil d. The main soil forming
forming process in forming process in forming process in process in acid soil is
acid soil is acid soil is acid soil is Solonization.
podsolization calcification salinization
a. Slowly permeable b. Slowly permeable c. Slowly permeable soil d. Slowly permeable

soil are managed by soil are managed by are managed by when the soil are managed by
lime or gypsum @ resistant crops like soil is at optimum formation of ridges
2t/ha may be uniformly cowpea can be grown moisture regime, and furrows
spreaded ploughing it to be done.
a. Sodic soil formed b. Dispersion of soil c. Gypsum is the d. The sodic soil is
is due to the process colloids is the major amendment used for managed by leaching of
of salinization constraints in sodic reclamation of sodic soluble salts
soil soil

a. Surface crusting is b. Surface crusting is c. Surface crusting is d. Surface crusting is
generally occurred generally occurred in generally occurred in generally occurred in
in red soil black soil Alluvial soil Peat soil
a. Wastelands are b. Wasteland is c. Wasteland is an d. Wasteland land is

defined as the gullies formed by cleaning barren or formed by industrial
are formed as a result and burning of uncultivated land pollution
of localized surface forests
run off
a.Acid soil is a base b.Continuous c.The high d. Decomposition of

unsaturated soil application of concentration of organic matter is increases
phophatic carbon di oxide in the soil acidity
fertilizers leads to soil increase soil
soil acidity acidity by the
formation of
carbonic acid
a. Lime stone and b.Saline soil are c.Saline soils are d.Application of pressmud
dolomite are mostly managed by reclaimed by are mostly used amendment
used amendment for application of paper leaching of soluble for reclamation of saline
reclamation of saline slugde from paper salts soil
soil mills
77. Identify the in correct statement
a.Lime reactions in b. Oxides of lime is c.Hydroxides of d. Gypsum is considered

soil depends upon the called as slaked lime is called as as liming material for the
nature and fineness lime burned lime reclamation of acid soil
of liming materials
78. Identify the correct statement of major factors affecting soil quality are
a. Development of b. Comparative c.Dynamic d.Pedotranser functions

salinity and assessment assessment
alkalinity in soils
a. Effects of over b.When excessively c. Effects of d. Effects of overliming

liming in acid soil large amount of overliming in acid cause fungal disease in
cause boron toxicity lime will be soil will be inhibited acid soil
in plants increased root development
Phosphorous and
Potassium
availability
a. Soil crusting is b. Soil crusting is c. Soil crusting is d. Soil crusting is generally

generally occurred generally occurred generally occurred occurred in Gellisols
in Alfisols in Vertisols in Inceptisols

Year : 2018 (2017Syllabus) Time : 1 hr
Semester : I SAC 202 Problematic Soils and Their
Max. Marks: 40
Management (2+0)
PART-A
(Answer All questions) [40 x 0.5 = 20]
Choose the correct answer
1. ...................refers to the ability of soil aggregates to resist disintegration when

disruptive forces associated with tillage and water or wind erosion are applied.
A) Aggregate stability B) Soil Texture
C) Soil Structure D) Bulk density
2. Aggregation and stability of soil aggregates are affected by ...............

A) Clay B) Ca and Na
C) Iron oxide D) All of them
3. ........................is the maximum amount of plant available water a soil can provide
A) Soil Structure B) Available water capacity
C) Bulk density D) Aggregate stability
4. Available water capacity is the water held in soil between

its ........... .......and ................
A) Aggregate Stability & Bulk B) Infiltration & Soil Crusts
Density
C) Field capacity & Permanent D) Soil Structure and Macropores
wilting point
5. Salt concentration increases as soil water .................

A) Increases B) Decreases
C) First increase and Decrease D) First Decrease and Increase
6. .................is the breakdown of large, air-dry soil aggregates into smaller sized
microaggregates when they are suddenly immersed in water.
A) Slaking B) Infiltration
C) Bulk density D) Soil Texture
7. Slaking process ...............and increase runoff and erosion.

A) Reduce Infiltration B) Increase Infiltration
C) Improve structure D) Decrease aggregate stability
8. A narrow deep gash formed as a result of localized and concentrated run off by
running water is called............
A) Gully B) Erosion
C) Ravines D) All of them
9. Very deep (>9m) and wide gullies with steep sides are known as
A) Gully B) Erosion
C) Ravines D) All of them
10. These lands have slopes from 3 to 10 which are almost unsuitable for crop
cultivation due to very high degree of slope which hinders the performance of
agricultural operations.
A) Upland B) Low land
C) Garden land D) Wetland
11. ...........soil are submerged in water

A) Waterlogged B) Marshy lands
C) Dry land D) A and B
12. ............are the lands which are capable or have the potential for the development of
vegetative cover and are not being used due to different constraints of varying
degrees.
A) Cultivable wastelands B) Uncultivable wastelands
C) Steep sloping area D) All of them
13. ....................are the lands that cannot be under vegetative cover

A) Cultivable wastelands B) Uncultivable wastelands
C) Grazing land D) All of them
14. Cultivable waste lands are...........................

A) Gullied and ravenous land B) Undulating upland with and without scrub
C) Surface waterlogged and D) All of them
marshy land
15. Uncultivable waste lands are...........................

A) Barren rock/ Stony waste/ B) Steep sloping area
Sheet rock area
C) Snow covered and/ or glacial D) All of them
area
16. Sand desertic or Costal lands are...........

A) Cultivable waste lands B) Uncultivable waste labds
C) Waterlogged lands D) Snow covered area
17. Salt affected and alkaline soil are...........

A) Cultivable waste lands B) Uncultivable waste labds
C) Waterlogged lands D) Snow covered area
18. Shifting cultivation areas are............

A) Uncultivable waste lands B) Cultivable waste lands
C) Snow covered area D) Steep sloping area
19. Degraded forest lands are...........

C) Sheet rock area D) Steep sloping area
20. Degraded pasture/ grazing lands are............

A) Cultivable waste lands B) Stony waste land
C) Steep sloping area D) Sheet rock area
21. Degraded non-forest plantation lands are...............
A) Cultivable waste lands B) Sheet rock area
C) Steep sloping area D) Snow covered area
22. Mining/ industrial wastelands are............

23 Snow covered land or glacial area are...............

24. .................... soils are those having infiltration rates less than 6 cm/day
A) Slow permeable B) Excessively permeable
C) Fluffy paddy soils D) All of them
25 Slow permeable due to high .................... content of the soil

A) Sand B) Clay
C) Silt D) A and B
26. ............................soils are those having high amount of sand exceeding 70 percent
and unable to retain nutrient and water
27. Sinking of drought animals and labourers during puddling in .................. soil
28 Fluffy paddy soils is due to ................cropping sequence cultivation

A) Rice-rice-rice B) Rice-Maize-Maize
C) Maize-Pulses-Rice D) All of them
29. Compact the field by passing 400 kg stone roller in ..................condition

A) Sandy soil B) Clay soil
C) Fluffy paddy soils D) Silty soil
30. On drying it forms a hard mass on the soil surface is due to................
A) Iron and Aluminium B) Ca and Mg
C) Na and K D) All of them
31. On drying it forms a hard mass on the soil surface is called

A) Soil crusting B) Sub soil hard pan
C) Sand dunes D) Shallow soils
32. Ill effects of soil crusting are

A) Prevent germination of seeds B) Inhibits root growth
C) Poor infiltration D) A, B and C
33. Effect of soil crusting are

A) Accelerates surface run off B) Create poor aeration in rhizosphere
C) Affect nodule formation D) All of them
34. Sub soil hardening /hard pan occur in

A) Red soil B) Black soil
C) Sandy soil D) A and B
35. Sub soil hardening /hard pan is due to

A) Clay B) Fe and Al
C) CaCo3 D) A, B and C
36. Bulk density of sub soil hardening is

A) >1.8Mg m-3 B) <1.8Mg m-3
C) 0.5-1Mg m-3 D) A and B
37. Presence of parent rock immediately below the soil surface at about 15-20 cm depth
A) Shallow soils B) Slow permeable
C) Excessively permeable D) A and B
38. Soil swells and hard clods soften and break into small aggregates .............condition
A) Flooded soils B) Dry condition
C) Acid condition D) High pH condition
39. The rate of decay of organic matter tends to be ................ in flooded soils.
A) Fast B) Very fast
C) Slow D) A and B
40. ....................condition nitrate form is changed into nitrogen gases (N2, NO3) ) and
escapes into the air.
C) Alkali condition D) Calcareous soil condition
41. Peaty soils are developed by....................condition

A) Dry condition B) Flooded soils
C) Calcareous soil condition D) Alkali condition
42. ........soil contain large amounts of undecomposed organic matter, high acidity and
the presence of numerous toxic material
A) Peaty soil B) Alkali soil
C) Calcareous soil D) A and C
43. Iron toxicity occur in ..............soil conditon

C) Alkali condition D) Calcareous soil condition
44. Acid soil pH range

A) >7.0 B) <7.0
C) 7.5-9.0 D) A and B
45. Acid soils are occur in

A) Low rainfall area B) High rainfall area
C) Dry area D) B and C
46. High rainfall to leach appreciable amounts of exchangeable bases .....from the
surface soils
A) Ca2+ B) Mg2+
+ +
C) Na and K D) All of them
47. Acid parent materials

A) Granite B) Gneiss
C) Illite D) A and B
48. Acid forming fertilizers

A) Ammonium sulphate B) Ammonium nitrate
C) Rock phosphate D) A and B
49. Acidity develops due to hydrogen (H+) and aluminium (Al3+) ions in the soil solution
A) Active acidity B) Exchange acidity
C) Total acidity D) A and C
50. Acidity that develops due to adsorbed hydrogen (H+) and Aluminium (Al3+) ions on
the soil colloids is called
51. Summation of active and exchange acidity is called
52. Physiological disease of rice due to iron toxicity in submerged soils is called
A) Browning disease B) Kaira disease
C) Rice blast disease D) A and B
53 Availability of phosphorus is reduced due to fixation of phosphorus

A) Iron and aluminium B) Zinc and Manganese
C) Nitrogen and Potassium D) A and B
54. Reclamation of acid soil by

A) Quick lime B) Hydrated lime
C) Dolomite D) A,B and C
55 Acid sulphate soils pH range

A) <4.0 B) >4.0
C) >7.0 D) >9.0
56. Acid sulphate soils contain

A) Sulphuric acid B) Iron
C) Aluminium sulphate D) A,B and C
57. Acid sulphate soils otherwise called as
A) Cat-clay B) Acid soil
C) Alkali soil D) A and C
58 Amount of liming material that must be added to raise the pH is called

A) Gypsum requirement B) Lime requirement
C) Acid requirement D) A and B
59. Oxides of lime otherwise called as

A) Burned lime B) Quick lime
C) Slaked lime D) A and B
60. It can be produced by adding water to burned lime and is called

A) Burned lime B) Quick lime
C) Slaked lime D) A and B
61. Neutralizing index

A) NI= CCE X Fineness factor B) NI=AEC X Fineness factor
C) NI= ECC X Fineness factor D) None of them
62. Process by which the saline soil is formed is called Salinization

A) Alkalinization B) Salinization
C) Pedoturbation D) A and B
63. Reclamation of salt affected soils by the removal of salts from the saline soil by
A) Leaching B) Lime application
C) Gypsum application D) B and C
64. The fraction of irrigation water that must be leached through the root zone to control
soil salinity at any specified level is called
A) Leaching requirement B) Lime requirement
C) Gypsum requirement D) B and C
65. Leaching requirement

A) LR=ECiw/ECdw B) LR=ECdw/EC iw
C) LR=EIiw/EIdw D) LR=ERiw/ER dw
66. Amount of gypsum necessary to add to reclaim the soil is called

A) Leaching requirement B) Lime requirement
C) Gypsum requirement D) B and C
67. Gypsum requirement

A) GR= ESP (final)- ESP (initial) B) GR=ESP (initial)- ESP (final) x CEC/100
x CEC/100
C) GR=ESP (initial)- ESP (final) x D) None of them
AEC/100
68. Soils are said to be saline if they contain an excess of

A) Soluble salts content B) Acid content
C) Alkali content D) None of them
69. Soils are said to be sodic or alkaline if they contain an excess of

A) Calcium B) Sodium
C) Magnesium D) Fe
70. Saline soil pH

A) <8.5 B) >8.5
C) 8.5-9 D) 9-9.5
71. Sodic soil pH
A) >8.5 B) <8.5
C) 8.5-9 D) 9-9.5
72. Saline -sodic soil pH

A) <8.5 B) >8.5
C) 9-9.5 D) 8.5-9
73 Saline soil EC
A) >4 B) <4
C) <3.5 D) <3
74. Sodic soil EC

A) <4 B) >4
C) >5 D) >9.5
75 Saline -sodic soil EC

A) >4 B) <4.5
C) <7 D) <9
76. Saline soil SAR
A) >4.5 B) <13
C) >9.5 D) >12
77. Sodic soil SAR
A) <4.5 B) >13
C) <9.5 D) <4
78 Saline -sodic soil SAR

A) <4.5 B) >13
C) <9.5 D) <4
79. Saline soil ESP

A) >18 B) >19
C) <15 D) >20
80. Sodic soil ESP

A) <5 B) <4.5
C) <9.5 D) >15
PART-B
(Answer All questions) [10 x 2 = 20]
Match The following
81.
1 Aggregation a Slaking
2 Salt concentration b Ravines
3 Breakdown of soil aggregates c Iron and Aluminium
4 > 9m deep and wide gullies d Soil water decreases
A) c,d,a,b B) a,b,c,d
C) d,c,a,b D) c,d,b,a
82.
1 Submerged soils a Cultivable waste lands
2 Gullied and ravenous land b Uncultivable waste lands
3 Snow covered area c Marshy lands
4 Less infiltration rate d Slow permeable
A) a,b,c,d B) c,a,b,d
C) c,d,a,b D) b,c,a,d
83.
1 Slow permeable a Fluppy paddy soil
2 Sinking of drought animals b Surface crusting
3 Iron and aluminium c Red soil
4 Sub soil hardening d High clay content
A) a,c,b,d B) c,d,b,a
C) d,a,b,c D) a,b,c,d
84.
1 Fluppy paddy soil a Soil crusting
2 Surface hard mass b Rice-Rice-Rice
3 Sub soil hardening c Shallow soil
4 Parent rock depth 15-20cm d Fe and Al
A) b,a,d,c B) a,b,c,d
C) c,b,c,d D) d,c,b,a
85.
1 Sub soil hardening a Flooded soil
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2 Slow decomposition b Bulk density >1.8Mg m
3 High acidity c Acid soil
4 <7.0pH d Peaty soil
A) a,b,c,d B) b,a,d,c
C) c,d,b,a D) d,b,c,a
86.
1 Iron toxicity a Acid parent material
2 High rainfall area b Flooded soil
3 Granite c Acid fertilizer
4 Ammonium sulphate d Acid soil
A) c,d,b,a B) d,a,b,c
C) b,d,a,c D) a,b,c,d
87.
1 N2 and NO3 a Iron toxicity
2 Rice browning disease b Flooded soil
3 Acid sulphate soil c Quick lime
4 Oxides of lime d <4pH
A) b,a,d,c B) a,b,c,d
C) d,b,c,a D) c,d,b,a
88.
1 Cat-clay a Saline soil
2 Neutralizing index b Acid sulphate soil
3 Leaching c ECiw/ECdw
4 Leaching requirement d CCE X Fineness factor
A) a,b,c,d B) b,d,a,c
C) c,d,b,a D) d,c,a,b
89.
1 Gypsum requirement a Sodic soil
2 Sodium b ESP (initial)- ESP (final) x CEC/100
3 Saline c >8.5pH
4 Sodic d <8.5pH
A) a,b,c,d B) d,b,c,a
C) b,a,d,c D) a,d,c,b
90.
1 Saline sodic a >4EC
2 Saline b >8.5pH
3 Sodic soil SAC c <15
4 Saline soil ESP d <13
A) d,c,b,a B) a,b,c,d
C) b,a,d,c D) c,d,b,a

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For student reference

Match the following:

iii A 25-d A26 c A 27– a A 28 - b

A 29. Central Soil Salinity Research Institute - A. Bhopal

State Correct / Incorrect statement

B3. Addition of green manuring to the salt affected soil

(2017 Syllabus) II B.Sc.,(Hons)Agriculture

I. Choose the best answer

1. Which one of the following is an example of physical indicator of soil health

(a) Soil pH (b) Soil Organic Carbon

(c) Soil respiration (d) Soil Texture

(a) Culturable Wastelands (b) Unculturable wastelands

3. The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is given by

(a) Wischmeier and Smith,1978 (b) Jethrotull

(c) Hillgaurd (d) Bhumbla and Khare

4. Slow permeable soils are those having infiltration rates

(a) less than 6 cm/day (b) more than 6 cm/day

(c) less than 3 cm/day (d) more than 20 cm/day

5. Shallow soils can be managed by growing crops of

(a) Mango (b) Ber

(c) Cashew (d) All the above

6. Soil erosion extensively occurs in

(a) Poorly aggregated soils (b) low humus soils

(a) Presence of Sodium chloride (b) Presence of Sodium sulphates

(c) Excess of nitrates (d) None of the above

(a) Lime requirement (b) Leaching requirement

(c) Gypsum requirement (d) None of the above

9. Which one of the following crop is highly salt tolerant?

(a) Rice (b) Sugarcane

(c) Sesbania (d) All the above

10. The parent material of Saline-Sodic soil is

(a) Basalt (b) Granite

(c) Limestone (d) Gneiss

11. The main principle for the reclamation of Sodic soil is

(a) replace exchangeable sodium by calcium

(b) replace calcium by sodium

(c) replace sodium, potassium by Ca and Al

(d) None of the above

12. The important sources of soil acidity is_____

(a) Heavy rainfall (b) Acidic parent material

(c) Humus and organic acids (d) All the above

13. The ultimate pH range of Lime requirement is

(a) pH 6.0 to 7.0 (b) pH 5.0 to 6.0

(c) pH 4.0 to 5.0 (d) None of the above

(a) Thiobacillus ferroxidants (b) Rhizobium sp

(c) Phosphobacteria sp (d) Azotobacter sp

15. The main effect of salinity and alkalinity on soils are_____________

(a) Increase soil pH (b) Dispersion of organic matter

16. The main effect of salinity and alkalinity on plants

17. The other name of Saline and Alkali soils are

(a) USAR (b) BANJAR

(c) KALLAR and CHAUPAN (d) All the above

18. Sub soil hard pan is commonly found in ____________________

(a) Red soils (b) Black soils

(c) Alluvial soil (d) Hilly soils

19. Gully erosion is an advanced stage of _____________________

(a) Sheet erosion (b) Rill erosion

(c) Splash erosion (d) Stream channel erosion