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    BITS-Pilani 1 Semester 2022-23 MATH F213 (Discrete Mathematics)

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    Yashwanth
    The document discusses logical inferences and validity of arguments in discrete mathematics. It covers topics like sound and unsound arguments, rules of inference including fundamental rules like modus ponens and modus tollens, common fallacies, and how to determine if an inference is valid or faulty. Examples are provided to illustrate valid inferences and identify fallacies. The document also discusses how valid inferences are used to prove mathematical theorems.

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    BITS-Pilani 1 Semester 2022-23 MATH F213 (Discrete Mathematics)

    Uploaded by

    Yashwanth
    13 views25 pages
    The document discusses logical inferences and validity of arguments in discrete mathematics. It covers topics like sound and unsound arguments, rules of inference including fundamental rules like modus ponens and modus tollens, common fallacies, and how to determine if an inference is valid or faulty. Examples are provided to illustrate valid inferences and identify fallacies. The document also discusses how valid inferences are used to prove mathematical theorems.

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    The document discusses logical inferences and validity of arguments in discrete mathematics. It covers topics like sound and unsound arguments, rules of inference including fundamental rules like modus ponens and modus tollens, common fallacies, and how to determine if an inference is valid or faulty. Examples are provided to illustrate valid inferences and identify fallacies. The document also discusses how valid inferences are used to prove mathematical theorems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    13 views25 pages

    BITS-Pilani 1 Semester 2022-23 MATH F213 (Discrete Mathematics)

    Uploaded by

    Yashwanth
    The document discusses logical inferences and validity of arguments in discrete mathematics. It covers topics like sound and unsound arguments, rules of inference including fundamental rules like modus ponens and modus tollens, common fallacies, and how to determine if an inference is valid or faulty. Examples are provided to illustrate valid inferences and identify fallacies. The document also discusses how valid inferences are used to prove mathematical theorems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 25

    BITS-Pilani

    1st Semester 2022-23

    MATH F213
    BITS Pilani (Discrete Mathematics)
    Pilani|Dubai|Goa|Hyderabad
    BITS Pilani
    Pilani | Dubai | Goa | Hyderabad

    Section 1.6: Logical Inferences


    Learning Objectives

    • How logic is used to make valid arguments


    • To study the foundations of proofs of
    Mathematical theorems

    BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


    Find P and Q. Check if P logically implies Q.

    BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


    Inference

    BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


    Inference

    BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


    Check if the following inference is valid.

    BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


    Sound and unsound arguments

    Check if the following


    inference is sound.

    BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


    Exercise 1

    Remark : This shows that if we have a valid inference, by


    increasing the set of premises and keeping the same conclusion,
    we still get a valid inference.
    BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
    Exercise 2:

    Solution is left as an exercise.

    BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


    Rules of inference

    Though validity of an inference can be proved by directly using


    truth table or abbreviated truth table, certain well known
    tautologies can be used as intermediate steps to show the validity
    of an inference. They are called the Fundamental Rules of
    Inference.

    BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


    Fundamental rules of
    inference cont..

    BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


    Transitive rule

    BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


    Fundamental rules cont..

    BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


    More rules of inferences

    BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


    More …

    BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


    Fallacies

    The faulty inferences are also called fallacies.

    The inference

    is a fallacy means the implication


    is not a tautology (it can be a contradiction or a contingency).
    BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
    Common fallacies

    An inference can be proved faulty by truth table or an abbreviated


    truth table. But one can use some common fallacies.

    BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


    Common Fallacies

    3. Both 1. and 2. are special cases of more general type of fallacy


    called non-sequitur. It means ‘does not follow’ . On writing it
    symbolically, in this form it is not a tautology.

    BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


    How to check validity of an
    inference?

    • Write all the premises and conclusion symbolically.


    • The inference can be shown to be valid by showing that
    conclusion logically follows from premises step by step where
    each step is a rule of inference. (Alternately we can use truth
    tables (full or abbreviated) to show corresponding implication is
    a tautology).
    • To show the inference is faulty, we can find a set of truth values
    of the propositional variables which makes every premise true
    but conclusion false. (Alternately, we can identify with a
    common fallacy)

    BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


    Fundamental Rules

    Fundamental Fallacies

    BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


    Ex. III p 55
    Determine if the inference is valid or faulty. If valid, produce some
    evidence which will confirm the validity. If faulty, find a combination
    of truth values that will confirm a fallacy, or indicate a fallacy.

    1. If today is David’s birthday, then today is January 24.


    Today is January 24. Step 2 : This is
    Hence today is David’s birthday. a fallacy of
    affirming
    consequent

    BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


    If Lowell is studying for the ministry, then he is required to take
    Theology and Greek.
    Lowell is not required to take Greek.
    Hence Lowell is not studying for the ministry.

    BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


    (Simplification)

    (Law of contrapositive)

    Thus the
    inference
    (Transitive rule)
    is valid

    (Fundamental Rule 1)

    BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956


    Valid inferences in
    Mathematics

    • In Mathematics, valid inferences are used in proofs of


    theorems.
    • The structure of Mathematics is based on certain axioms
    and statements which are conclusions of valid inferences
    with these axioms as premises.
    • While stating theorems we won’t mention these axioms as
    premises, but these axioms and their already known
    conclusions will tacitly be used.
    • Only new premises will be stated, but in the proofs each
    step will be justified using these stated premises and/or the
    propositions (i.e. standard results) which are already known
    to be logical implications of the axioms.

    BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

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