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ABSTRACT: Water is prime requirement for surviving of any living beings. The existence of surface water
and groundwater sources are used for domestic, agriculture and industrial purposes in all over the world.
Fresh water from both the water sources is highly contaminated in recent years because of rapid population
growth, modern agriculture and industrial growth. Among them, contamination of water sources due to
industrialization is high and it requires more attention to protect those water sources. In this study, nickel
removal from electroplating industry wastewater was done with the help of bamboo activated carbon. The
nickel removal from electroplating industry wastewater by bamboo activated carbon was done in this study
at various adsorbent dosages (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 g/L), agitation speeds (25, 50, 75 and 100 rpm), particle
sizes (2.36, 1.18, 0.6 and 0.3 mm), and concentration dilutions (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%). The maximum
removal percentage of nickel from electroplating industry wastewater using bamboo activated carbon was
found to be 98.7 % at an optimum adsorption dosage 1.5 g/L, agitation speed 25 rpm, particle size 0.6 mm
and concentration dilution 75 % with 110 min. contact time and 5.5 pH. Functional groups available in a
bamboo activated carbon before and after treatment were determined by fourier-transform infrared spec-
troscopy analysis. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis specified that alkanes, carboxylic acids,
esters, amides, amines, aromatic compounds, alkyl halides, ethers, alcohols, carboxylic acids, aldehydes
functional groups in bamboo activated carbon was contributed for removing nickel from the electroplating
industry wastewater. Isotherm models were used to know the adsorption behaviour of bamboo activated
carbon for removing nickel from electroplating industry wastewater. Isotherm results revealed that Lang-
muir model was best suited with the equilibrium data than Freundlich model. Finally, this study concluded
that bamboo activated carbon was best suited for removing nickel from electroplating industry wastewater.
KEYWORDS: Bamboo activated carbon; Nickel removal; Process parameters; Isotherm models;
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
INTRODUCTION
Due to volcanic action and natural weather, heavy Heavy metals like cadmium, mercury, lead, copper,
metals are releasing to the water environment. The zinc, chromium, cobalt, nickel, selenium, thallium
disposal of wastewater from the various metal and arsenic are in the list highly toxic chemicals
industries to the water environment also enhanced the provided by World Health Organization (WHO).
concentration of heavy metals in it (Kinhikar, 2012). Those chemical are non-biodegradable, which can
accumulate into the biological system (Ijagbemi et
al., 2010; Torab-Mostaedi, et al., 2010) and hence,
it is necessary to reduce the concentration in a water
environment. Human consumes toxic chemicals
Nickel availability in the earth crust is about 3 %. The
natural and anthropogenic activities are influencing adsorbent materials are available (Sivakumar and
the presence of nickel within the air, water and Shankar, 2015; Sivakumar, et al., 2016a), activated
land environment. Burning of fossil fuels, forest carbon adsorption is effectively used for removing
fires and volcanic ash are also contributing nickel various parameters from industrial wastewater
into the environment. Among various industries, (Sivakumar, et al., 2016b; Dimple, et al., 2016).
electroplating industry and stainless steel production The activated carbon has more powerful adsorbent
industry are contributing more nickel disposal than others because it has high number of pores,
(wastewater) into the environment. Nickel is mainly large surface area for adsorption. This study focused
used to prepare nickel alloys and stainless steel to remove nickel in an electroplating industry
because of its high thermal and corrosive resistance wastewater by bamboo activated carbon. The
properties. Its salts are highly used in chemical removal of nickel using bamboo activated carbon
was done at various adsorbent dosages, agitation
speeds, particle sizes and concentrations dilution. The
industries in the form NiCl2, NiSO4, NiCO3, functional groups available in a bamboo activated
C4H6NiO4, NiO and Ni(OH)2. Thus, the nickel carbon before and after treatment were determined
product industrial wastewater contains more nickel by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
ion and if the concentration of nickel ion exceeds the analysis. The experimentation on removal of nickel
drinking water and industrial wastewater limit as per was validated with the removal of other associated
WHO standards and BIS standards, it creates health parameters present in the electroplating industry
hazard to all living beings. If nickel ion concentration wastewater at the same selected process parameters.
exceeds 0.02 mg/L in water environment can cause Further, isotherm models were fixed to identify the
health effects such as diarrhoea, encephalopathy, bamboo activated carbon adsorption for removing
anaemia, hepatitis, kidney damage, lung damage, nickel from electroplating industry wastewater. This
skin dermatitis, and malfunction of central nervous study has been carried out in Vel Tech High Tech
system. Nickel is easily accumulated into living Dr.Rangarajan Dr.Sakunthala Engineering College,
organism since, it is non-biodegradable in nature. Avadi, Chennai, India for removing nickel from
Thus, nickel ion from industry wastewater is reduced electroplating industry wastewater of Ambattur
before discharge into the land and water environment industrial estate, Chennai using bamboo activated
(Kinhikar, 2012). Dermentzis, et al., 2011 studied carbon and the experimentation was done in the
the electrocoagulation process for removing nickel month of January 2018.
from industry wastewater. Ismail, et al., 2014 had
assessed the nickel removal in an electroplating MATERIALS AND METHODS
industry wastewater by ion exchange method. Nickel Collection of bamboo
removed from industry wastewater was also studied For the present study, the bamboo was collected
by various researchers using different adsorbents from wood shop, Avadi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
(GáborBorbély and EndreNagy, 2009; Gizem, Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) is a fastest growing
et al., 2015; Zahabi, et al., 2016). Application of flowering plant species of in the family of Poaceae
reverse osmosis for removing nickel from industry and in the sub family of Bambusoideae. It is used
wastewater was observed by Jessica, et al., 2015. as building materials in the Asian continent. Parts of
Among various methods, the adsorption technique is bamboo are hollow stems, thick rhizomes, shoots.
widely used for treating industry wastewater because More than 1000 species of same family are found in
the cost of the methods is minimum (Wang and Peng, hot tropical and cool mountainous regions.
2010; Kwon et al., 2010; Yadanaparthi et al., 2010).
Common adsorbent used to remove various metal Characterization of bamboo activated carbon
ions from various industrial wastewater are activated The collected bamboo wood samples are broken into
carbon (Satapathy and Natarajan, 2006; Wilson et al., several pieces with the help of mechanical instruments.
2006), biomaterial (Wan and Hanafiah, 2008), clay The cut pieces are transfer into muffle furnace to
minerals (Wang et al., 2008; Vieira, et al., 2010), convert the activated carbon at the temperature of 400
zeolites (Wang and Peng, 2010). Though several °C and at 2 h contact time. The details of determination
Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 4(3): 325-338, Summer 2018
Table 2:
Table 2: Physico-chemical
Physico-chemical characteristics
characteristics of
of nickel
nickel electroplating
electroplating industry
industry wastewater
wastewater
100
90
80
70
57.9 58.1
Removal (%)
60
51.8
50 43.3
40
30
20
10
0
0.5 1 1.5 2
Adsorbent dosage (mg/L)
Fig.of3:bamboo
Fig. 3: Influence Influence of bamboo
activated carbon for activated carbon
removing nickel fromfor removing
electroplating nickel
industry from against
wastewater
electroplating industry the wastewater against the adsorbent dosage
adsorbent dosage
100
90
80
70 66.8 66.9
59.4
Removal (%)
60
48.3
50
40
30
20
10
0
25 50 75 100
Agitation speed (rpm)
100
90
80 75.3 75.5
68.9
70
56.8
Removal (%)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2.36 1.18 0.6 0.3
Particle Size (mm)
Fig. 5: Influence of bamboo activated carbon for removing nickel from
electroplating
Fig. 5: Influence of bamboo industry
activated carbon wastewater
for removing nickel against the particle
from electroplating size wastewater against
industry
the particle size
75 % with the pH of 5.5 against various contact time. found to be 130.15 mg/L (98.7 %) and corresponding
Fig. 7 shows the influence of bamboo activated carbon residue in the electroplating industry wastewater is 1.85
for removing nickel ion from electroplating industry mg/L (Fig. 7) for the optimum adsorbent dosage of 1.5
wastewater at an optimum process parameters against g/L, agitation speed 75 rpm, particle size of 0.6 mm,
various contact time. From Fig. 7, it may be noted that concentration dilution of 75 % and the contact time of
as concentration reduced, nickel ions removal from 110 min.
electroplating industry wastewater by bamboo activated
carbon reduced. The removal percentage was increased Adsorption isotherm models
up to the concentration dilution of 75 %, beyond which Isotherm adsorbent models were used to design
there was no such variation in reduction of nickel ion from the adsorption system between adsorbate and
the electroplating industry wastewater using bamboo adsorbent (Malarvizhi, et al., 2013). The equilibrium
activated carbon. Further, up to 110 min. of contact time, concentration of nickel in an electroplating industry
the reduction nickel ion increased and beyond 110 min. wastewater for various concentration dilutions (Fig. 7)
contact time, there was no such variation. Hence, contact was used in the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption
time of 110 min. is considered as optimum contact time. isotherm models. For developing sorption isotherm
Thus, the maximum uptake of nickel from electroplating models, varying the initial concentration of nickel
industry wastewater using bamboo activated carbon is electroplating industry wastewater and keeping
100
90 86.2 86.4
79.3
80 72.1
70 64.8
Removal (%)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 25 50 75 100
Concentration dilution (%)
Fig. 6: Influence of bamboo activated carbon for removing nickel from electroplating
Fig. 6: Influence of bamboo activated
industrycarbon for removing
wastewater nickel
against the from electroplating
concentration industry wastewater against
dilution
the concentration dilution
100
90
80
70
Removal (%)
60
50
0 % Concentration Dilution
40
25 % Concentration Dilution
30 50 % Concentration Dilution
75 % Concentration Dilution
20 100 % Concentration Dilution
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Contact Time (min.)
Fig. 7: Influence
Fig. of
7: bamboo activated
Influence carbon for
of bamboo removingcarbon
activated nickel ion
forfrom electroplating
removing nickelindustry wastewater at an
ion from
optimum process parameters values against various contact time with the pH of 5.5
electroplating industry wastewater at an optimum process parameters values against
various contact time with the pH of 5.5
constant for all other associated parameters present pH of 5.5 and equilibrium contact time of 110 min.
in the nickel electroplating industry wastewater. The From Figs. 8 and 9, it was established that Langmuir
Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models are depicted isotherm fitted well with equilibrium experimental
in Figs. 8 and 9 respectively. data than Freundlich isotherm model. From Langmuir
Langmuir adsorption isotherm model (Fig. 8) isotherm (Fig. 8), it was found that the adsorption of
indicated that equilibrium experimental data fits nickel from electroplating industry wastewater using
well to Langmuir model equation with R2 value of bamboo activated layer is monolayer adsorption.
0.9976. The values of Langmuir constant qm and KL Further, dimensionless constant RL can also be used to
are obtained as 61.35 mg/g and 1.34 L/mg respectively determine, if adsorption is favarouble or unfavourable
for nickel removal from electroplating industry for Langmuir isotherm model. It is formulated as Eq. 7.
wastewater against the different concentration dilution 1
with the pH of 5.5 and an equilibrium contact time of RL =
1 + k L Ci (7)
110 min. Freundlich adsorption isotherm model (Fig.
9) indicated that equilibrium experimental data fits It is established that when RL > 1 shows unfavourable
well to Freundlich model equation with the R2 value adsorption, RL = 1 shows linear adsorption, 0 <RL<
of 0.7538. The values of Freundlich constant Kf and 1, shows favourable adsorption and RL = 0 shows
n are obtained as 1.02 and 35.46 respectively for the irreversible adsorption. In this study, RL value shows
nickel removal from electroplating industry wastewater 0.0058 (RL values are between 0 and 1) indicated the
against the different concentration dilution with the favourable adsorption process. As similar to Langmuir
0.7
y = 0.0163x + 0.0124
0.6 R² = 0.9976
0.5
0.4
qe/Ce
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Ce
Fig. 8: Langmuir isotherm
Fig. 8:model for removing
Langmuir nickel
isotherm fromfor
model electroplating industryfrom
removing nickel wastewater using bamboo
activated carbon
electroplating industry wastewater using bamboo activated carbon
1.8
1.77
Log qe
1.76
1.75
1.74
1.73
1.72
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Log Ce
Table 4:
Table 4: Percentage removal ofPercentage
associated removal of associated
parameters parameters
from electroplating from electroplating
industry industry
wastewater using bamboo activated carbon
wastewater using bamboo activated carbon
Sl. No. Parameters Percentage removal (%)
1 Biochemical oxygen demand 94.6
2 Chemical oxygen demand 88.4
3 Chloride 90.2
4 Sulphates 92.6
5 Total dissolved solids 96.7
Nickel removal from electroplating wastewater
Table
Table 5:
5: Maximum
Maximum adsorption
adsorption capacity
capacity by
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different adsorbents
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DOI: 10.22034/gjesm.2018.03.006
url: http://www.gjesm.net/article_31501.html
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