1051-Article Text-3401-1-10-20200311

International Journal of Natural Sciences
ISSN 2519-5549 (online)

Vol. 2, Issue 1, No. 1, pp 1 - 17, 2020 www.iprjb.org
SORPTION OF COBALT FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION

BY WATER HYACINTH ROOTS
Ashraf Ali Arafat
1
SORPTION OF COBALT FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION

BY WATER HYACINTH ROOTS
1*
Ashraf Ali Arafat
1
Nuclear and Radiological Regulatory Authority, Egypt
*
Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Purpose: In the present study, removal of cobalt (II) from aqueous solutions by using
dried roots of water hyacinth has been investigated.
Methodology: The removal of cobalt was examined as a function of initial
concentration of cobalt, pH, weight of roots and contact time. Ten different
concentrations from 10µg.ml-1 to 100 µg.ml-1 were used. The obtained results are
applied for Langmuir, Freundlich and Timken isotherms.
Findings: The results indicated that the removal of cobalt depend on concentration of
cobalt, weight of roots, pH and very rapid. Comparing the regressions and error values
of the used isotherms indicated that the removal of cobalt by water hyacinth roots
follows a Langmuir isotherm better than Freundlich and Timken isotherms. Langmuir
dimensionless constant indicated that the removal of cobalt by water hyacinth roots is
favorable.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: This investigation indicated a new
material successfully removes cobalt (II) from aqueous solutions. And can be used for
removing 60Co from aqueous solutions that might be released into the environment from
radioactive waste.
Key words: Cobalt, removal, Water hyacinth roots, Langmuir isotherm
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The transition metal, cobalt has molecular mass of 58.93 u, and atomic weight 27 and
belonging to group 8B of the periodic table. The most important cobalt ores are Linneite
(Co3S4), erythrite (Co3(AsO4)2.8H2O), Safflorite (CoAs2), and cobaltite (CoAsS).
Cobalt has great hardness and being resistant to high temperatures, so it is used in the
manufacture of many alloys (iron, nickel, and aluminum), electroplating, surface
coatings, in the ceramics industry and chemical industry as a catalyst (Ivanova, et al,
2006 & Lee, 1999). These applications produce various liquid and solid wastes and
could be a source of contamination for water and soils by cobalt. Pulmonary fibrosis,
respiratory sensitization, bronchitis, asthma, and emphysema are diseases resulted from
entrance of cobalt into human body (Lombaert, et al, 2008). So, removal of cobalt from
liquid wastes containing cobalt is very important.
There are several treatment techniques such as precipitation, oxidation/ reduction, ion-
exchange, membrane filtration, electrochemical reduction, and adsorption (Keskinkan,
et al, 2003). Adsorption process is highly economical and removes contaminants even
at trace levels. The use of this technique in wastewater treatment due its simplicity, low
cost of operation and wide end use has been reported before (Naeem et al, 2007).
2
Experimental studies showed that water hyacinth has been successfully used for
removing many elements from aqueous solution such as Cd (O'Keeffe, et al, 1984,
Hasan, et al,2007, Nir, et al, 1990, Sadhna, et al, 1994, and Lu, et al, 2004), Hg
(Chattopadhyay, et al, 2012, Lenka, et al, 1990, Panda, et al, 1988, and Tabbada, et al,
1990), Zn (Akicin, et al, 1993, Hasan, et al,2007 and Lu, et al, 2004), Cu (Lee &
Hardy,1987 and Swain, et al, 2014), Pb (Akicin, et al, 1994, Pereira, et al, 2014 and
Win, et al, 2003), Ni (Hussain, et al, 2010 and Turnquist, et al,1990), As (Alvarado, et
al, 2008, Low and Lee 1990 and Snyder, 2006), Fe (Win, et al, 2002), REEs (Chua,
1998) and mixture from 137Cs and 60Co (Saleh, 2012).
Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) used as a scavenger of heavy metal pollutants
in the lake Chivero and its associated rivers in Zimbabwe. (Zaranyika & Ndapwadza,
1995). Water hyacinth is a good tool for water monitoring (Ismail, et al, 1996), a
powerful bio-accumulator for uranium in the River Nile (Aly, et al,2004) and a good
tool for monitoring the environmental impact of industrial facilities on the River Nile
(Aly, et al, 2009). Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) plants acted as an efficient
adsorbent for phosphorus and nitrogen from swine waste water (Chen, et al,2010) and
being able to grow and clean up extremely polluted environment such as leachates
(Akinbile, 2012). Also, water hyacinth was able to remove cyanide from aqueous
solution and could be useful in treating cyanide effluents from small scale gold mines
(Ebel, et al, 2007).
Dead whole water hyacinth plant powder removed Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions
(Gude & Das, 2008) and dead water hyacinth whole plant powder (chemically treated)
removed of Zn (II), Cd (II), and Cr (VI) from single, bi, tri – metal systems (Saraswat
& Rai, 2010) and Methylene blue (El-Khaiary, 2007 & El-Khaiary, et al, 2009) from
aqueous solutions. Dried water hyacinth roots have ability to remove Cr (III) (Low &
Lee, 1997), Cr (VI) (Mohanty et al, 2006 and Sarker, et al, 2010), Cu (Low et al, 1994
and Zheng, et al,2009), As (Al Rmalli et al, 2005 and Govindaswamy, et al 2011), La
(Aly et al, 2013), Eu (Kelley, 1999), Th (Aly et al, 2014) and U (Bhainsa & D'Souza,
2001, Shawky, et al, 2005 and Sadeek, et al, 2014) from aqueous solutions. Also, water
hyacinth roots (chemically treated) were used in removal of U (Sadeek et al, 2014 and
Abd El-Mageed, et al, 2017), and water hyacinth shoot removed Cr and Cu from
aqueous solutions (Sarkar, et al, 2017).
Water hyacinth ash removed Ni (Hussain, et al, 2010) and Phenol (Uddin, et al 2007)
from aqueous solutions. Cd (II) was removed from aqueous solutions using activated
carbon prepared from water hyacinth (Singh & Verma, 2017). Cu was removed from
aqueous solution by cellulose xanthogenate prepared from raw fiber of water hyacinth
(Tan, et al., 2007). Magnetic graphene oxide polypyrrole composite synthesized from
water hyacinth roots removed Th from aqueous solutions (Gado, 2018). Ethanol extract
of water hyacinth roots effective in the removal of As from treated organs rat and may
be effective in the removal of As from patients of chronic arsenic poisoning (Quayum,
2007).
No previous published data about removal of cobalt (II) by dried water hyacinth roots,
so this work studies the removal of Co (II) from aqueous solution by water hyacinth
roots under various experimental conditions such as pH, concentration of Co (II),
3
contact time, and weight of roots. The obtained data has been analyzed in terms of
Langmuir, Freundlich and Timken isotherms. This study is a model for removing 60Co
from aqueous solutions that might be released into the environment from radioactive
waste.
2.0 METHODOLOGY AND TECHNIQUES

Sample preparation
Water hyacinth roots were collected from the River Nile at Cairo city, Egypt. The roots
were cleaned thoroughly to remove dirts and the unhealthy parts. The roots were rinsed
in double distilled water for 24 hr then, were boiled for 1 hr using double distilled water
to remove any soluble compounds, and were dried at 80 °C for 24 hr using a drying
oven. The roots were ground using a gate mortar (Retch) and were passed through a
sieve of 1 mm size.
Preparation of cobalt stock solution
A 1000 µg.ml-1stock cobalt solution was prepared by dissolving analytical grade
CoCl2.6H2O in double distilled water and the solution was made up to 1 liter. The pH
was adjusted to the desired value using NaOH solution and HNO3 solution. All the
chemicals used were of analytical reagent (AR) grade.
Instrumentation
The pH of the solutions was measured using a digital pH meter model HI 8519 (Hanna).
The shaking was carried out in a thermostated shaker bath, GFL.1083 model. ICP-AES
was used to measure cobalt in the solution.
Removal experiments
The batch technique was used to study the removal of cobalt on the roots in this study.
The used method for this study is described below. The roots were equilibrated with
the metal solution of known concentration in a plastic vial at 25 °C in a thermostated
shaker water bath for a known period of time. The roots were filtered, and then the
residual cobalt in the filtrate was determined using ICP-AES. Controls were
simultaneously carried out to ensure that the removal was by water hyacinth roots and
not on the wall of the container.
Removal yield (%) was calculated by:
𝐶𝑜𝑖 −𝐶𝑜𝑒
Removal yield (%) = × 100 (1)
𝐶𝑜𝑖
Where, Coi and Coe are the concentrations of cobalt in the initial and equilibrium
solution, respectively.
3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4
Cobalt concentration, pH of the solution, shaking time and weight of water hyacinth
roots were studied to investigate the removal process of cobalt from aqueous systems
by water hyacinth roots.
Effect of pH of solution
In this study the removal of cobalt by water hyacinth roots was investigated in the pH
range from 2 to 8 because cobalt precipitated at pH > 8 as a result of formation of a
cobalt hydroxide precipitate (Demirbas, 2003). According to our pervious study on the
prepared water hyacinth roots, the roots have isoelectric point at 7.53 (Aly, et al, 2013).
So, the roots surface has a positive charge in the pH range 2-7 and has a negative charge
at pH8.
Changing the pH of the solution will change; 1- The degree of protonation or
deprotonation of the functional groups of the roots such as carboxylates which will
affect the removal process (El-Khaiary, 2007 & El-Khaiary, et al, 2009). 2- The types
and ratios of cobalt chemical species such as Co+2 and Co (OH) + which may have
different reactivity towards the roots (Kim & Lee 2001, Netzer & Hughes 1984 and
Rengaraj & Moon 2002). All of these factors effect on the removal of cobalt by water
hyacinth roots.
Fig 1 shows the effect of pH on the removal of cobalt by water hyacinth roots. The
effect of pH on the removal of cobalt was investigated in the range of 2-8. 0.1 g of roots
were equilibrated in 20 ml of 50 µg.ml-1 cobalt solution and shaken for 90 min at 25
°C. This illustrates that the amount of removed cobalt increased until pH 8, the results
of the experiments showed that the removed cobalt depends on the pH of the solution.
The highest cobalt removal yield (86.9 %) was achieved at pH 8.0.
The effect of pH on removal of cobalt indicates three stages of increment. Elevated
increment by changing the pH of solution from 2 to 3 the removal increases from 10.8
% to 70.22 % respectively, i.e. the removal becomes 6.5 times from its value at pH 2.
The second stage from pH 3 to pH 5 the removal increases from 70.22 % to 82.96 %
respectively, i.e. the removal becomes1.18 times from its value at pH 3. And in this
stage the increase in the removal is constant (6.3%) by increasing the pH of the solution
from 3 to 4 and from 4 to 5. The last stage from pH 5 to pH 8 the removal increased
very slowly from 82.96% at pH 5 to 86.9% at pH 8.
At pH 2 the removal of cobalt is low (10.8 %) as a result of competition of H+ ions with
the cobalt ions. Increasing the pH (2-8) of the solution enhance removal of cobalt. That
may be attributed to increasing pH of the solution enhance the negative charge groups
of the water hyacinth roots then the chemical species of cobalt such as Co+2 and Co
(OH)+ can be easily removed by the water hyacinth roots (Netzer & Hughes, 1984;
Rengaraj & Moon, 2002; Kim & Lee, 2001).
5
100
80
Removal %
60
40
20
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
PH
Figure 1: Removal of cobalt on roots as a function of pH

(pH 2-8, V= 20 mL, Co = 50μg mL-1, t = 90 min, wt = 0.1 g, and T = 25ºC)
Effect of the weight of water hyacinth roots
Figure 2 shows the effect of weight of water hyacinth roots on the removal of cobalt by
water hyacinth roots. The effect of weight of water hyacinth roots on the removal of
cobalt was investigated in the range of 0.02 - 0.1 g of roots. Roots were equilibrated in
20 ml of 50 µg.ml-1 cobalt solution at pH 6 and shaken for 90 min at 25 °C. The removal
of cobalt increases from 52.6% to 86.9% by increasing the weight of the roots from
0.02 to 0.1 g, due to the greater availability of the removal sites at the roots.
Comparing this study with our previous studies indicated that 0.1 gm of roots removed
86.5 % only from cobalt in spite of the solution concentration is 50 µg.ml-1, while in
our previous studies 0.07 gm removed 95.5 %, 0.03 gm removed 99%, and 0.05gm
removed 98% from 100 µg.ml-1 solutions of La (Aly et al, 2013), Th (Aly, et al, 2014),
and U (Shawky, et al, 2005) respectively. But this study has the highest quantity of
removed moles of Co (14.7 µmole) compared to La (13.7 µmole), Th (8.23 µmole), and
U (8.5 µmole).
95
90
85
80
Removal %
75
70
65
60
55
50
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
weight of roots
Figure 2: Removal of cobalt as a function of the weight of the roots

(wt. = (0.02-0.1) g, V= 20 mL, Co = 50μg mL-1, t = 90 min, pH= 6, and T = 25ºC)
6
Effect of the initial cobalt concentration

The effect of the cobalt concentration on the removal of cobalt in the range of 10-100
µg.ml-1 was investigated. 0.1 g of dried roots were equilibrated in 20 ml of cobalt
solution and shaken for 90 min at 25 °C.
100
80
Removal %
60
40
20
0 20 40 60 80 100
Cobalt Conc (ppm)
Figure 3: Removal of cobalt on roots as a function of initial cobalt concentration

(wt. = 0.1 g, V= 20 mL, Co = 10-100 μg mL-1, t = 90 min, pH= 6, and T = 25ºC)
Figure 3 shows the removal yield at different cobalt concentrations. The obtained
results indicate a slight influence of initial cobalt concentration on the removal over the
investigated range (10-100 µg.ml-1). The removal reached a maximum of 91% at the
lowest cobalt concentration (10 µg.ml-1) i.e., the removal is more efficient from dilute
solutions. However, the quantity of the studied element increases by increasing the
initial concentration as shown in figure 4. The removed amount of cobalt increased
from 182 µg to 1334 µg by increasing the initial cobalt concentration from 10 µg.ml-1
into 100 µg.ml-1 respectively.
For comparison removal of U (Bhainsa & D'Souza, 2001 and Shawky, et al 2005), Th
(Aly, et al, 2014), and La (Aly, et al, 2013) is more efficient from diluted solution by
water hyacinth dried roots. On the other hand, removal of Cr by water hyacinth (whole
plant) increases as the concentration of Cr increases (Mohanty, et al, 2006).
1400
1200
1000
qe(µg)
800
600
400
200
0 20 40 60 80 100
Cobalt Conc (ppm)
7
Figure 4: Quantity (μg) of cobalt removed on water hyacinth roots as a function

of initial cobalt concentration.
(Co = 10-100 μg mL-1, pH= 6, V= 20 mL, t = 90 min, wt. = 0.1 g, and T = 25ºC)
Effect of contact time
The effect of contact time on the removal of cobalt in the range of 5-90 min was
investigated. 0.1 g of dried roots were equilibrated in 20 ml of cobalt solution and
shaken for 5-90 min at 25 °C.
95
90
85
80
75
Removal %
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (min)
Figure 5: Removal of cobalt as a function of contact time

(Co = 50μg mL-1, pH= 6, V= 20 mL, t =5-90 min, wt. = 0.1 g, and T = 25ºC)
Figure 5 shows the removal yield as a function of contact time. The removal of cobalt
from solution is very rapid. It almost reached a maximum after 10 minutes, and almost
remained constant up to 90 minutes. Our previous studies indicated the same trend
where, 10, 5, and 5 minutes are required to La (Aly, et al, 2013), Th (Aly, et al, 2014)
and U (Shawky, et al, 2005) to reach equilibrium with water hyacinth roots
respectively.
Sorption isotherms
Adsorption isotherms are important for the description of how molecules of adsorbate
interact with adsorbent surface (Lorenc-Grabowska & Gryglewicz, 2007) and also, are
critical in optimizing the use of water hyacinth as an adsorbent. Hence the correlation
of equilibrium data using both theoretical and empirical equations is essential for the
adsorbent interpretation and prediction of the extent of adsorbent.
The most famous isotherm relationship is Langmuir. The Langmuir model was
originally developed to describe the removal of gases, the equation may be written in
the following form for solid-liquid system:
1 𝑏
𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑞 ⁄𝑦 = (𝑎) + (𝑎). 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑞 (2)
Where Coeq is the concentration of solute in the solution phase at equilibrium (mg L-1),
y is the amount of solute removed per unit weight of sorbent (mg g-1), b and a are
8
Langmuir constants; b is represented as the ratio of sorption and desorption rate

coefficient (L g-1), and
𝑎 = 𝑏. 𝑄𝑚𝑠 (3)
Qms is the maximum removal capacity (mg g-1). At low concentrations the Langmuir
equation reduces to a linear relationship, while the maximum removal capacity, Qms is
attained at concentrations corresponding to monolayer coverage. Langmuir data for
cobalt is shown in Figure 5.
3.0
2.5
2.0
Coeq/y (g/L)
Y=A+B*X
Parameter Value Error

1.5
------------------------------------------------------------
A 0.4958 0.02811
B 0.06321 0.00161
1.0 ------------------------------------------------------------
R SD N P
------------------------------------------------------------
0.5
0.99741 0.05549 10 <0.0001
------------------------------------------------------------
0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Coeq (mg/L)
Figure 6: Langmuir removal isotherm b = 0.13 L g-1L g-1,Qms= 15.8 mg g-1 and
R2 = 0.997
(Co = (10-100) μg mL-1, pH= 6, V= 20 mL, t =90 min, wt. = 0.1 g, and T = 25ºC)
The data were expressed as the amount of cobalt removed per unit weight of sorbent
(Coeq / y) versus the cobalt concentration in the solution at equilibrium (Coeq). These
data conformed to the Langmuir equation (Equation 2) where the values of b and Qms
were calculated to be 0.13 L g-1 and 15.8 mg g-1 respectively. Also, removal of La (Aly,
et al, 2013), Th (Aly, et al, 2014), U (Shawky, et al, 2005) and Cu by water hyacinth
roots fits Langmuir isotherm (Zheng, et al, 2009).
The Langmuir model assumes that the energy of adsorption is the same for all surface
sites and doesn’t depend on the degree of coverage, indicating monolayer adsorption of
the adsorbate, and finite numbers of identical sites. Fitting of Langmuir model is
suggesting the occurrence of binding to the biomass with homogenous surface energy
with no interaction between the removed metals. Schneider, et al, (2001) stated that
Langmuir fit may be evidence to ion exchange mechanism.
In order to predict the favorability of the adsorption process, the essential feature of
Langmuir model can be expressed in terms of a dimensionless constant factor “RL”
given as following.
1
𝑅𝐿 = 1+𝑏𝑐 (4)
Where b is the binding energy constant from Langmuir equation, and C (mg L-1) is the
initial concentration of the cobalt.
9
Table 1: the dimensionless constant factor "RL"
Concentration (µg mL-1) RL
10 0.43859649
20 0.28089888
30 0.20661157
40 0.16339869
50 0.13513514
60 0.11520737
70 0.10040161
80 0.08896797
90 0.0798722
100 0.07246377
The parameter indicates the type of the isotherm to be irreversible if the RL is zero,
“favorable” if 0 < RL< 1, “linear” if RL=1, or “unfavorable” if RL>1. The results listed
in Table 1 indicate that the removal of cobalt is favorable. Also, our previous studies
indicated that the removal of La (Aly, et al, 2013), Th (Aly, et al, 2014) and U (Shawky,
et al, 2005) by water hyacinth roots is favorable.
The Freundlich isotherm model assumes heterogeneous surface energies and / or
different mechanisms in which energy term in Langmuir equation varies as a function
of surface coverage. K and 1/n are Freundlich isotherm constants related to the isotherm
constants related to adsorption capacity and intensity of adsorption. It is assumed that
the stronger binding sites are occupied first and that the binding strength decreases with
the increasing degree of site occupation (Vijayaraghavan, et al, 2009). This model
describes reversible adsorption and is not restricted to the formation of monolayer.
The logarithmic form of the Freundlich equation is:
1
Log𝑦 = Log𝐾 + 𝑛 Log𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑞 (5)
The graphical relation between Log y and Log Coeq, gives a straight line of slope 1/n
and the intercept = log K as presented in figure 6.
10
The results are confirmed to Freundlich equation and the values of K and n were
calculated as 2.3 and 1.9 respectively. Fitting to Freundlich model suggests the binding
to the roost with different functional groups and / or different mechanisms (El – khaiary,
2007). Also, our previous studies indicated that the removal of La (Aly, et al, 2013),
Th (Aly, et al, 2014) and U (Arafat, et al, 2019) by water hyacinth roots fits freundlich
isotherm.
1.2
1.0
Y=A+B*X
0.8
Log y
---------------------------------------------------
A 0.36633 0.03461
0.6 B 0.52736 0.03305
---------------------------------------------------
R SD N P
0.4
---------------------------------------------------
0.98465 0.05093 10 <0.0001
---------------------------------------------------
0.2
-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
Log Coeq
Figure 7: Freundlich removal isotherm n =1.9, K = 2.3, and R2= 0.984

(Co = (10-100) μg mL-1, pH=6, V= 20 mL, t =90 min, wt. = 0.1 g, and T = 25ºC)
Timken isotherm model assumes that the heat of adsorption of all the molecules
decreases in linearly rather than in logarithmic scale, as implied in Freundlich isotherm
(Bhainsa & D'Souza, 2001). Timken isotherm model is given by the following
equations:
𝑞𝑒 = 𝑅𝑇/𝑏𝐿𝑛(𝐴𝐶𝑒 ) (6)
𝑞𝑒 = 𝐵𝐿𝑛𝐴 + 𝐵𝐿𝑛𝐶𝑒 (7)
-1 -1
Where B= (RT / b), R is the universal gas constant (8.314 J mol K ), T is absolute
temperature in Kelvin (K), Ce is the residual equilibrium concentration (mg L-1), and qe
is the amount adsorbed per specified amount of adsorbent (mg g-1) at equilibrium.
Timken removal data for cobalt was indicated in Figure 8. A and B constants calculated
to be 1.53 and 3.24 respectively.
11
14
12
10
8
Y=A+B*X
y

6 ------------------------------------------------------------
A 1.36562 0.30963
B 3.23706 0.12838
------------------------------------------------------------
4
R SD N P
------------------------------------------------------------
0.99377 0.45558 10 <0.0001
------------------------------------------------------------
2
0
-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Ln Coeq
Figure 8: Timken removal isotherm; B =3.24, A= 1.53 (L g-1), and R2= 0.993
(Co = (10-100) μg mL-1, pH=6, V= 20mL, t =90 min, wt. = 0.1 g, and T = 25ºC)
Comparing the linear regressions and standard deviations for all the studied isotherms
indicated that cobalt is best fitted to Langmuir isotherm. Removal of U (Arafat, et al,
2019), La (Aly, et al, 2013) and Cr (Sarkar, et al, 2010) by water hyacinth roots are
best fitted by Langmuir isotherm, while removal of Th (Aly, et al, 2014) at pH 1 and
pH 5 by water hyacinth roots are best fitted by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms
respectively.
4.0 CONCLUSION
Cobalt was removed successfully from aqueous solutions by water hyacinth roots. The
experiments showed that the removal of cobalt from aqueous solution is influenced by
some factors such as pH, initial cobalt concentration, contact time and weight of the
roots. The amount of cobalt removed increased from 10.8 % to 86.9 % by increasing
the pH of the solution from 2 to 8 respectively. The removal of cobalt increases from
52.6% to 86.9% by increasing the weight of the roots from 0.02 to 0.1 g respectively.
The removal is more efficient from dilute solutions but the removed amount of cobalt
increased from 182 µg to 1334 µg by increasing the initial cobalt concentration from
10 µg.ml-1 into 100 µg.ml-1 respectively. The removal of cobalt by water hyacinth roots
is best fitted by Langmuir isotherm. The velocity of removal was fast and need only 10
min for the process to equilibrium. Finally, this study presents a cheap and available
biomaterial for the removal of Co and may be used for removal of 60Co from radioactive
wastes.
REFERENCES
Abd El-Mageed Y. M., Mohamed, I. R. Atiaa, N. A. and Daher, A. M. (2017).
Adsorption of uranium from aqueous solution by dry and chemical modified
water hyacinth roots water hyacinth roots. Zagazig J. Agric. Res., 44(3):1029-
1038.
Akicin, G., Guidede N., and Saltabas, O. (1993). Zinc removal in strongly Basic
solutions by water hyacinth. j. Environ. Sci. Health, A 28(8): 1727 –1735.
12
Akicin, G., Saltabas, O., and Afsar, H. (1994). Removal of lead by water hyacinth
(Eichhornia crassipes). Environ. Sci. Health, A 29 (10): 2177-2183.
Akinbile, C. O., Yusoff, M. S. and Shian, L. M. (2012). Leachate characterization and
phytoremediation using Water hyacinth (Eichorrnia crassipes) in Pulau
Burung, Malaysia. Bioremediation Journal, 16 (1):9-18.
Al Rmalli, S. W., Harrington, C. F., Ayub, M., and Haris, P. (2005). A biomaterial-
based approach for arsenic removal from water. Journal of environmental
monitoring, 7: 279-282.
Alvarado, S., Guédez M., Lué-Merú, M. P., Nelson, G., Alvaro, A., Jesúsc, A. C. and
Gyula, Z. (2008). Aresnic removal from waters by bioremediation with aquatic
plants Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and Lesser Duckweed (Lemna
minor). Bioresource Technology, 99: 8436-8440.
Aly, A., Shawky, S., El-Tahawy, M., and Kandil, A. T. (2004). Investigation of
Eichhornia crassipes as a Bio-indicator and Bio-accumulator for radionuclides
along the Rosette Nile branch - Egypt. Proceedings of international eights
conference nuclear sciences and applications Cairo, Egypt, 7 – 12 Feb. A
special issue of Arab journal of nuclear sciences and applications, 1: 303 –
312.
Aly, A., Amer, H. A., Shawky, S., El-Tahawy, M., and Kandil, A. T. (2009).
Instrumental neutron activation analysis of water hyacinth as a bioindicator
along the Nile River Egypt. Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry,
279(2): 611-617.
Aly, A., Amer, H. A., Shawky, S. and Kandil, A. T. (2013). Removal of lanthanum (III)
from aqueous solution using non-living water hyacinth roots. Isotope and
radiation research, 45 (2): 275-294.
Aly, A., Amer, H. A., Shawky, S. and Kandil A. T. (2014). Separation of thorium from
aqueous solution by non-living water hyacinth roots. Technical Journal of
engineering and applied sciences, 4(1): 1-13.
Arafat, A. A., Shawky, S. and Kandil, A. T. (2019). Removal of uranium by
immobilized water hyacinth roots. World journal of engineering research and
technology, 5(1): 33-56.
Bhainsa, K. C. and D'Souza, S. F. (2001). Uranium (VI) biosorption by dried roots of
Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth). Journal of environmental science
health part A28: 1621-1631.
Chattopadhyay, S., Fimmen, R. L, Yates B. J, La. V and Randall, P. (2012).
Phytoremediation of mercury - and methyl mercury-contaminated sediments
by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), 14(2):142-61.
Chen, X., Chen, X., Wan, X., Weng, B. and Huang, Q. (2010). Water hyacinth
(Eichhornia crassipes) waste as an adsorbent for phosphorus removal from
swine wastewater. Bioresource Technology, 101: 925-930.
13
Chua, H. (1998). Bio accumulation of environmental residues of rare earth elements in

aquatic flora Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) Solms in Guangding province of
china. The Science of total environment, 214: 79-85.
Demirbas, E. (2003). Adsorption of cobalt (II) ions from aqueous solution onto
activated carbon prepared from hazelnut shells. Adsorption science and
technology, 21(10) 951-963.
Ebel, M., Evangelou, M. W. H. and Schaeffer, A. (2007). Cyanide phytoremediation
by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Chemosphere, 66, 816-823.
El-Khaiary, M. I. (2007). Kinetics and mechanism of adsorption of methylene blue
from aqueous solution by nitric-acid treated water-hyacinth. Journal of
Hazardous Materials, 147: 28–36.
El-Khaiary, M. I., Falah A. G., Mahmoud S. M., and Samy, H. (August 2009).
Adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution by chemically treated
water hyacinth. Toxicological and environmental chemistry, 91(6): 1079 –
1094.
Gado, M. (2018). Removal of thorium using magnetic graphene oxide polypyrrole
composite synthesized from Water hyacinth roots. Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng.,
37(3): 145-160.
Govindaswamy, S., Schupp, D. A. and Rock, S. A. (2011). Batch and continuous
removal of Arsenic using hyacinth roots, International Journal of
Phytoremediation, 13:6, 513-527.
Gude, S., and Das, S. N. (January, 2008). Adsorption of chromium (VI) from aqueous
solutions by chemically (treated) water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes. Indian
journal of chemical technology, 15: 12-18.
Hasan, S. H., Talat, M., and Rai, S. (2007). Removal of Cd and Zn from aqueous
solutions by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Bioresources technology,
98: 918-928.
Hussain, S. T., Tariq, M, and Malik, S. A. (2010). Phytoremediation technologies for
Ni by water hyacinth. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(50): 8648-8660.
Ismail, A. S., Abdel Sabour, M. F. and Radwan, R. M. (1996). Water hyacinth as an
indicator for heavy metals pollution in different selected sites and water bodies
around greater Cairo. Egypt, J. Soil, Sci, 36 (1-4): 343 – 354.
Ivanova, T. M., Bazanov, M. I., Petrov, A. V., Linko, R. V. and Dyumav, K. M. (2006).
X-ray photoelectron spectra and structure of cobalt compounds with N-
heterocyclic ligands. Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 51(12): 1945-
1948.
Kelley, C., Mielke, R. E., Dimaquibo, D., Curtis, A J., and Dewitt, D. G. (1999).
Adsorption of Eu (III) onto roots of Water hyacinth. Environ. Sci. Technol.,
33: 1439-1443.
14
Keskinkan, O., Goksu, M., Yuceer, A., Basibuyuk, M. and Forster, C. F. (2003). Heavy
metal adsorption characteristics of a submerged aquatic plant (Myriophyllum
spicatum). Process Biochem. 39: 179-183.
Kim, Y. K. and Lee, K. J. (2001). Synthesis of a magnetic composite resin and its
cobalt removal characteristics in aqueous solution. J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 38
: 785-792.
Lee, J. D. (1999). Química Inorgânica Não Tão Concisa, 1st ed. São Paulo: Edgard
Blucher.
Lee, T. A. and Hardy, J. K. (1987). Copper uptake by the water hyacinth. J. Environ.
Sci. Health, A 22: 141-160.
Lenka, M., Panda, k. k., and Panda, B. B. (1990). Studies on the ability of water
hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) to bio concentrate and biomonitor aquatic
mercury. Environment pollution, 66: 89-99.
Lombaert, N., Lison, D., Van Hummelen, P., Kirsch-Volders, M. (2008). In vitro
expression of hard metal dust (WC-Co) – responsive genes in human
peripheral blood mononucleated cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 227 (2):299–
312.
Lorenc-Grabowska, E. and Gryglewicz, G. (2007). Adsorption characteristics of congo
red on coal based mesoporous activated carbon. Dyes and pigments. 74: 34-
40.
Low, K. S. and Lee, C. K. (1990). Removal of Arsenic from solution by Water hyacinth
(Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) Solms). Pertanika, 13(1): 129-132.
Low, K. S., Lee, C. K, and Tai, C. H. (1994). Biosorption of copper by water hyacinth
roots. Journal of environmental science and health. Part A 29: 171-188.
Low, K. S. and Lee, C. K. (1997). Non-living biomass of Water hyacinth roots as a
sorbent for chromium (III) in aqueous solution. Pertanika J. Sci. and Technol.
(Malaysia), 5(2): 147-155.
Lu, X., Kruatrachue, M., Pokethitiyook, P. and Homyok, K. (2004). Removal of
cadmium and zinc by Water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes. Science Asia, 30:
93-103.
Mohanty, K., Jha, M., Meikap, B. C. and Biswas, M. N. (2006). Biosorption of Cr (VI)
from aqueous solutions by Eichhornia crassipes. Chemical engineering
journal, 117: 71-77.
Naeem, A., Westerhoff, P. and Mustafa, S. (2007). Vanadium removal by metal (hydr)
oxide adsorbents. Water Res., 41: 1596-1602.
Netzer, A. and Hughes, D. E. (1984). Adsorption of copper, lead and cobalt by
activated carbon. Water Res., 18: 927-933.
Nir, R., Gasith, A., and Perry, A. S. (1990). Cd uptake and toxicity to water hyacinth:
Effects of repeated exposure under controlled conditions. Bull. environ.
contam. Toxicol., 44 : 149-157.
15
O'Keeffe, D. H., Hardy, J. K. and Rao, R. A. (1984). Cd uptake by water hyacinth

effects of solution factors. Environment pollution (serial A), 34: 133 –147.
Panda, B. B., Das, B. L., Lenka, M., and Panda, K. K. (1988). Water hyacinth
(Eichhormia crassipes) to biomonitor gentoxicity of low level of mercury in
aquatic environment. Mutation Res., 206: 275 – 279.
Pereira, F. J., Castro, E. M., Oliveira, C. D., Pires, M. F., Pereira, M. P., Ramos, S. J.
and Faquin, V. Lead tolerance of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Mart.
- Pontederiaceae) as defined by anatomical and physiological traits. (Annals
of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences), 86(3): 1423-1433.
Quayum, S. L. (2007). Effect of water hyacinth root extract on arsenic level in different
organs of arsenic-treated rat. Bangladesh J Pharmacol, 2: 73-80.
Rengaraj, S. and Moon, S. H. (2002). Kinetics of adsorption of Co (II) removal from
water and wastewater by ion exchange resins. Water Res., 36(7): 1783-1793.
Sadeek, S. A., Farag, N. M., Kouraim, M. N. and Gado, M. A. (2014). Chemical studies
on uranium biosorption by using non-living water hyacinth roots.
International journal of advanced research, 2(3): 409-423.
Sadhna, R., Narayanswami, M. S., Hassan, S. H., Rupainwae, D. C., and Yogesh, C. S.
(1994). Removal of Cd from waste water by water hyacinth. intern. J.
Environmental studies, 46, 251-262.
Saleh, H. M. (2012). Water hyacinth for phytoremediation of radioactive waste simulate
contaminated with cesium and cobalt radionuclides. Nuclear engineering and
design, 242: 425– 432.
Saraswat, S., Rai, J. P. N. (2010). Heavy metal adsorption from aqueous solution using
Eichhornia crassipes dead mass. International journal of mineral processing,
94: 203-206.
Sarkar, D., Das, S. K., Mukherjee, P and Bandyopadhyay, A. (2010). Proposed
Adsorption–Diffusion model for characterizing chromium (VI) removal using
dried Water hyacinth roots. Clean – Soil, Air, Water, 38 (8): 764–770.
Sarkar, M., Rahman, A. K. M. L. and Bhoumik, N. C. (2017). Remediation of
chromium and copper on water hyacinth (E. crassipes) shoot powder. Water
resources and industry, 17: 1-6.
Schneider, I .A. H., Rubio J., and Smith R. W. (2001). Biosorption of metals onto plant
biomass: exchange adsorption or surface precipitation?. International Journal
of Mineral Processing, 62, 111-120.
Shawky, S., Abdel Geleel, M., and Aly, A. (2005). Removal of uranium by non-living
water hyacinth roots. Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry. 265:
81-84.
Singh, P. K. and Verma, L. (2017). Removal of Cd (II) ion by activated carbon prepared
from Eichhornia Crassipes Mart (ACECM). S-JPSET, 9 (2): 113-118.
Snyder, K. V. W., (October 2006). Removal of arsenic from drinking water by Water
hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes). J. U.S. SJWP, Vol. 1: 41-58.
16
Swain,G., Adhikari, S. and Mohanty, P. (2014). Phytoremediation of Copper and

Cadmium from Water Using Water Hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes.
International Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology (IJAST), 2 (1):
1-7.
Tabbada, R. A., Florendo, P. E., and Santiago, A. E. (1990). Uptake and some
physiological effects of mercury on Water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes
(Mart) Solms. Biotropia, 3: 83-91.
Tan, L., Zhu, D., Zhou, W., Mi, W., Ma, L., and He, W. (2007). Preferring cellulose of
Eichhornia crassipes to prepare xanthogenate to other plant materials and its
adsorption properties on copper. Bioresource Technology, 99: 4460–4466.
Turnquist, T. D., Urig, B. M., and Hardy j. K. (1990). Nickel uptake by water hyacinth.
j. Environ .SCI .Health, A25 (8): 897- 912.
Uddin, M. T., Islam, M. S. and Abedin, M. Z. (2007). Adsorption of phenol from
aqueous solution by water hyacinth ash. ARPN Journal of engineering and
applied sciences, 2(2): 11-17.
Vijayaraghavan, K, Mahadevan, A., Joshi, U., and Balasubramanian, R. (2009). An
examination of the uptake of lanthanum from aqueous solution by crap shell
particles. Chemical engineering journal,152:116-121.
Win, D. T., Than, M. M. and Tun, S. (Oct. 2002). Iron removal from industrial waters
by Water hyacinth, AU J.T. 6(2): 55-60.
Win, D. T., Than, M. M. and Tun, S. (Apr. 2003). Lead removal from industrial waters
by Water hyacinth. AU J.T. 6(4): 187-192.
Zaranyika, M. F., and Ndapwadza, T. (1995). Uptake of Ni, Zn, Fe, Co, Cr, Pb, Cu and
Cd by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in Mukuvise and Manayame
Rivers Zimbabwe. J, Environ. SCI. Health, A 30 (1): 157 – 169.
Zheng J. C., Feng, H. M., Lam, M. H. W., Lam P. K. S., Ding, Y. W., and Yu, H. Q.
(2009). Removal of Cu (II) in aqueous media by Biosorption using water
hyacinth roots as a biosorbent material. Journal of hazardous materials, 171:
780–785.
17

1051-Article Text-3401-1-10-20200311

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1051-Article Text-3401-1-10-20200311

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

1051-Article Text-3401-1-10-20200311

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

International Journal of Natural Sciences

ISSN 2519-5549 (online)

SORPTION OF COBALT FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION

SORPTION OF COBALT FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION

2.0 METHODOLOGY AND TECHNIQUES

3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Figure 1: Removal of cobalt on roots as a function of pH

Figure 2: Removal of cobalt as a function of the weight of the roots

Effect of the initial cobalt concentration

Cobalt Conc (ppm)

Figure 3: Removal of cobalt on roots as a function of initial cobalt concentration

Cobalt Conc (ppm)

Figure 4: Quantity (μg) of cobalt removed on water hyacinth roots as a function

Figure 5: Removal of cobalt as a function of contact time

Langmuir constants; b is represented as the ratio of sorption and desorption rate

Parameter Value Error

Table 1: the dimensionless constant factor "RL"

Concentration (µg mL-1) RL

Figure 7: Freundlich removal isotherm n =1.9, K = 2.3, and R2= 0.984

Parameter Value Error

Chua, H. (1998). Bio accumulation of environmental residues of rare earth elements in

O'Keeffe, D. H., Hardy, J. K. and Rao, R. A. (1984). Cd uptake by water hyacinth

Swain,G., Adhikari, S. and Mohanty, P. (2014). Phytoremediation of Copper and

You might also like