SYLLABUS

Static

1) Coplanar force system

2) Centroid

3) Equilibrium

4) Plane Trusses

5) Friction

Dynamics

1) Rectilinear Motion

2) Relative Motion

3) D-Alembert‟s Principle

4) Curvilinear Motion

5) Circular Motion

6) Projectile Motion

7) Work Energy Principle

8) Impulse momentum principle & Impact

9) Rotation
Unit-1: Coplanar Force System

Syllabus:

1. Types of force System.

2. Resultant and equilibrant.

3. Resultant of two concurrent forces.

4. Resolution of forces into two perpendicular direction.

5. Resultant of two or more forces.

6. Moment and couple.

7. Varignon's theorem

8. Principle of transmissibility.

9. Equipolent force system.

10. Law of polygon.

Types of Force System

1) Coplanar force system: If number of forces acting on same Plane

2) Non-coplanar force system: If number of forces are not acting an same Plane.

3) Collinear force system: If number of forces acting along same straight line.

4) Non-collinear force system: If number of forces not acting along same straight line.

5) Concurrent force system: If number of forces passing through same Point.

6) Non-concurrent force system: If number of forces are not passing through same
Point.

7) Like parallel: If number of forces are llel to each other & all are having same
direction.

8) Unlike parallel: If number of forces llel to each other but all are not in same
direction.

Like Concurrent force

parallel system

Collinear force system Coplanar force system

 Unlike parallel Non-concurrent force

Non-collinear force system Coplanar force system

1) The line of action of concurrent forces meet at ________.

a) a plane

b) perpendicular planes

c) a single point

d) two points

2) Forces meeting at one point but having lines of action, not in one plane are called
________.

a) coplanar concurrent forces

b) non-coplanar non-concurrent forces

c) coplanar non-concurrent forces

d) non-coplanar concurrent forces

3) ________ forces are acting on a rope in a tug of war

a) Non-concurrent

b) Parallel

c) Non-collinear

d) Collinear

4) In collinear force system the forces whose line of action lie on:

a) Does not meet at the one point

b) Same line

c) On the same plain

d) Meet at one point

5) A tripod carrying a camera is an example of force

system representing

a) coplanar concurrent forces

b) non-coplanar non-concurrent forces

c) coplanar non-concurrent forces

d) non-coplanar concurrent forces

6) This is the example of which force system

a) like parallel forces

b) coplanar non-concurrent forces

c) coplanar like parallel forces

d) coplanar non-concurrent like parallel forces

Resultant and Equilibrant

 Resultant: Net force of force system is called as

Resultant.

 Equilibrant: A force having same magnitude like

Resultant, but having opposite direction to make body stable
is called equilibrant.

 Note: Resultant & equilibrant are having same

magnitude but opposite in direction.

Resultant of two concurrent forces / law of parallelogram

 The law of parallelogram of two forces states that, if two vectors acting on a
particle at the same time are represented in magnitude and direction by two
adjacent sides of a parallelogram drawn from point, their resultant is
represented by the diagonal of the parallelogram drawn from the same point.
Note:

Sin120 =

 π/2 = Bad Angle

 π = Good Angle
 Cos0 = 1, Cos180 = -1

Cos120 =
1. If resultant of two concurrent forces of equal magnitude ‘Q’ is Q. what is the angle
between these two forces.

(1) 60 (2) 90 (3) 120 (4) 150

2. Two forces act an angle of 1200, if greater force is 100N & their resultant is
Perpendicular to Smaller force. what is the magnitude of Smaller force.

(1) 25 (2) 50 (3) 75 (4) 100

3. Two forces equal to 2P & P respectively acts at a point if first force is doubled &
second is increased by 12N then the Resultant is unchanged in direction. What is the
value of P.

(1) 6 (2) 8 (3) 12 (4) 16

4. If P>Q, and P and Q are acting along a same straight line, but in opposite direction.
Then the resultant is?

a) P+Q c) QP b) P−Q d) PQ

5. If a moving point possess simultaneously velocities which are represented in

magnitude and direction by the __________ of the parallelogram drawn from a point,
they are equivalent to a velocity which is represented in magnitude and direction by the
___________ of the parallelogram passing through the point.

(1) diagonal, two sides

(2) Two sides, diagonal

(3) Smallest side, diagonal

(4) Diagonal, One side

6. The law of parallelogram of forces gives the resultant of..

(1) Parallel forces

(2) Two coplanar concurrent forces

(3) Like parallel forces

(4) Non-Coplanar concurrent forces

7. Two equal forces acting at right angle having resultant √𝟑𝟐, then find the magnitude
of each force.

a)2 b)4 c) 6 d)10

8. What will be angle between 2 forces to make their resultant maximum and minimum
respectively.

(a) 0,0 (b) 90,0 (c) 180,0 (d) 0,180

9. Find the magnitude of Resultant

Resultant of forces into two for direction

Resolution: Resolving force into two component is called as resolution.

Composition: Converting two component into resultant is called as composition.

Resultant of two or more forces

Location of Resultant

Q. Find resultant and in which quadrant it will acting for following force system.

Q. Find resultant and in which quadrant it will acting for following force system.
Moment and couple

Moment: Moment of force about any Point is equal to the product of force & min. dist.
Between force & Point.

Couple: Two unlike parallel, non-collinear forces having same magnitude forms a
couple & which is equal to product of force and direction between two unlike forces.
Note

(1) Both moment and couple are vector quantity. But moment is fixed vector & couple is
free vector.

(2) Couple is unchanged even after rotation through any angle and it can be replaced by
different unlike forces.

(3) Opening of door is the example of moment but opening & closing of water tab is the
example of couple.

(4) To locate resultant of coplanar force system it must requires,

(a) Magnitude (b) Direction

(5) To locate resultant of non-coplanar force system it must requires, (a) Magnitude, (b)
Direction, (c) Plate of application

(1) Two unlike parallel forces 10N each acts at point A & B making 30 0 with x-axis.
distance AB is 1m. what is the value of couple.

(a) 1 (b) 15 (c) 10 (d) 5

(2) Two unlike parallel forces 20N each acts 2m apart on rod. What should be the
distance between two unlike parallel forces 10N each no nullity the effect.

(a) 1 (b) 15 (c) 4 (d) 5

(3) Force of 50N acting tangentially to a circle of radius 2m, its moment about
diametrically opposite Point will be

(a) 100 (b) 200 (c) 300 (d) 400

4. Two unlike parallel forces, each of magnitude 50 kN are 200mm apart from each
other what will be the magnitude of moment of couple formed by these two forces.

(a) 10 (b) 20 (c) √𝟑 (d) 10√𝟑

5. Three forces each of magnitude 10N are acting along three sides of equilateral
triangle of side 2m. what is the total moment about apex.

(a) 10 (b) 20 (c) √𝟑 (d) 10√𝟑

Varignon's Theorem

 Moment of Resultant of force system about any point is equal to algebraic sum of
moment of all other forces about same point.

 Varignon’s Theorem is used to locate position of resultant

Principle of Transmissibility.

 Point of application of force can be transmitted anywhere along its line of action
but within the body.
Principle of Superposition

 Total effect on body is the summation of individual effect

Equipollent force system

 If all equilibrium conditions are same for any two force system, then both the
systems are called as equipollent system.
Law of polygon

 If number of forces acting simultaneously on a particle be represented in

magnitude & direction by the sides of polygon taken in order, then their
resultant may be represented in magnitude & direction by the closing side of
polygon taken in opposite order.

Q. Three like parallel forces 100N, 150N and 200N acts at a distance of 0.5m each, the
distance of resultant from 100N force will be

1. The distance between the forces acting in the couple is __

a) Infinity

b) Zero

c) A finite distance

d) A circular loop
2. The resultant force acting in the couple is _________

a) Zero

b) Infinite

c) Twice the magnitude of the single force

d) Half the magnitude of the single force

3. A man is travelling in the car. He is driving the car. If he is taking a turn in the road.
He is applying force to the steering wheel by holding the wheel with his both hands. The
steering wheel is experiencing

a) moment

b) couple

c) both

d) none

4. A couple moment is a _______ vector.

a) Gradient

b) Scalar

c) Del

d) Free

5. The resultant couple moment is ____________ sum of various couples acting on the
body.

a) Vector

b) Scalar

c) Scalar Triple

d) Dot
6. Varignon's theorem is used to find ________

A. direction of resultant force

B. location of resultant force

C. magnitude of resultant force

D. nature of resultant force

7.Couple is formed due to two ______

A. like, parallel and non-collinear forces of same magnitude

B. like, perpendicular and collinear forces of different magnitude

C. unlike, parallel and non-collinear forces of same magnitude

D. unlike, perpendicular and non-collinear forces of different magnitude

8.Which law states the when a number of loads are acting on a body, the resulting
strain, according to principle of superposition, will be the algebraic sum of strains
caused by individual loads?

a) Hooke’s law

b) Principle of superposition

c) Lami’s theorem

d) Strain law

9. Which is the correct statement about law of polygon of forces?

A. If any number of forces acting at a point can be represented by the sides of a polygon
taken in order, then the forces are in equilibrium

B. If any number of forces acting at a point can be represented in direction and

magnitude by the sides of a polygon, then the forces are in equilibrium

C. If a polygon representing forces acting at a point is closed then forces are in

equilibrium
D. If any number of forces acting at a point can be represented in direction and
magnitude by the sides of a polygon taken in order, then the forces are in equilibrium

10. The product of either force of couple with the arm of the couple is called

A. Resultant couple

B. Moment of the forces

C. Resulting couple

D. Moment of the couple

Efficiency of Wheel & Axle system

𝑴𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒅𝒗𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑴𝑨
𝜼= =
𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝑽𝑹
𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑳𝒊𝒇𝒕 𝑾
𝑴𝑨 = =
𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝑷
𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑫
𝑽𝑹 = =
𝑨𝒙𝒍𝒆 𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒅

11. A simple wheel and axle has wheel and axle of diameters of 300 mm and 30 mm,
respectively. What is the efficiency of the machine, if it can lift a load of 900 N by an
effort of 100 N?

1. 90%

2. 85%

3. 95%

4. 80%
Syllabus:

1) Centre of gravity and Centroid

2) Centroid of simple geometry

3) Moment of inertia

4) Parallel axis theorem

5) Perpendicular axis theorem

6) Area moment of inertia of simple geometry

7) Mass moment of inertia of disc

8) Suspended bodies

9) Centre of gravity and Centroid

  Centre of gravity:

 It is a Point at which entire mass is concentrated.

 It is applicable for 3-D system.

 Centroid:

 It is the point at which entire area is concentrated.

 It is applicable for 2-D system.

Centroid of simple geometry

 Centroid is always falls on axis of symmetry.

 If body is symmetric about two axis then centroid will be lies at the intersection
of these two axis.
Centroid of simple Geometry

Moment of inertia

 Stress: Internal resistance offered by material to the externally applied load is

called as stress.

 Inertia: Internal resistance offered by material to the externally applied moment

(moment may be bending or twisting) is called as inertia.

 Significance: As moment of inertia increases strength of object will increase.

 It’s unit is m4 or mm4.

 Scalar = Magnitude
  Vector = Magnitude + direction

 Tensor = Magnitude + direction + point of appli

 Example: Stress, Strain & Moment of inertia are tensor quantities.

Parallel axis theorem

Statement: Moment of inertia of object about an axis which is parallel to centroidal axis
is equal to summation of moment of inertia of that body about centroidal axis and
product of area and square of perpendicular distance between two parallel axis.

Perpendicular axis theorem

Statement: Moment of inertia of cross-section about an axis which is perpendicular to

cross-section is the summation of moment of inertia of c/s about Planar axis (Ixx & Iyy)

Note:

 During bending problems MI is taken about Planar axis (Ixx OR Iyy)

 During torstion problem MI is taken about an aixs perpe to c/s (i.e. Iz-z = J =
polar MI)
Area moment of inertia
Mass moment of inertia

 Solid Disc:  Rimmed disc:

m = mass of disc m = mass of Rimmed disc
R = radius R = radius of Rimmed disc
2
2
I = mk
I = mk K = radius of gyration
K = radius of gyration

Unit:
4
 Area Moment of inertia= m
2
 Mass Moment of inertia=kg.m

Suspended Bodies

 Center of gravity of suspended bodies will be located vertically below the Plate of

Q. Centroidal distance of quarter circle along / about its line of

symmetry will be

Q. What will be the centroidal distance of equilateral angle of size ‘a’ along vertical
direction from the base.
Syllabus

1. Definition of equilibrium

2. Conditions of equilibrium

3. Different support reactions

4. Principle of equilibrium under two forces & under 3 forces

5. Different free body diagrams

6. Lami’s theorem

Definition of equilibrium

 It is the state of rest of body under the action of forces.

 If a particle is moving with uniform speed then it is also said to be in

equilibrium.

Conditions of equilibrium

 For concurrent force system:

Fx = 0, Fy = 0

 For non-concurrent force system:

Fx = 0, Fy = 0, M = 0
Support:--

 Arrangement which resist external force or moment is called as support.

 To resist forces & moment support can produce vertical reaction, horizontal
reaction or moment.

Types of Support:-

1) Hinged/Pinned Support

2) Roller/Knife edge Support

3) Fixed/Building Support

4) Smooth Surface

5) Rough Surface

1) Hinge/Pin Support

 Hinged support or Pinned support can resists both vertical and horizontal forces but
they cannot resist moment.

 It means hinged support is restrained against translation.

 Number of Unknown Reactions =

 Examples: Door Hinge

  2) Roller/Knife edge Support

 Roller support can only restrain the structure from moving in one perpendicular
directions.

 That means it can resists only one force (either vertical or horizontal forces).

 Also it cannot resist moment.

 Number of Unknown Reactions =

 Examples: Travelling Bag, Skating

Note

 In case of roller support, reaction is always perpendicular to its

base.

 It can be horizontal, vertical or inclined.

3) Fixed/Building Support

 Fixed support is the most rigid type of support or connection.

 It constrains the member in all translations and rotations (i.e. it

cannot move or rotate in any direction).
  The easiest example of a fixed support would be a pole or column in concrete.

 Number of Unknown Reactions =

 Examples: pole or column in concrete

4) Smooth Surface

 Number of Reactions =

5) Rough Surface

 Number of Reactions =

Principle of Equilibrium:

Two forces: Body is in equilibrium under two forces then they must be collinear, equal
and opposite in direction.

Three forces: Body is in equilibrium under three forces acting at three different Point
then the line of action of three forces must be either concurrent or parallel.
Different free body diagrams

Lami’s Theorem: If body is in equilibrium under three concurrent or coplanar forces , then
each force is proportional to sin of angle between other two forces
Q. A sphere 1000N is placed between two supports as shown in figure. What is the
reaction at Plate A & B respectively in N.

(a) (1414,1000) (b) (1000,1414) (c) (1000,666) (d) (666,1000)

A
B
4
Q. Determine reaction at Plate A and B as shown in figure wt. of ball is 20 kg. (a)
(100,100√3) (b) (100,141) (c) (100,666) (d) (666,100)

6
3
0
0
Syllabus

1) Friction Definition

2) Types of Friction

3) Angle of Friction

4) Angle of Repose

5) Cone Friction

6) Rolling Friction

7) Law of Friction

8) Wedge Friction
 Friction Definition

 Resistive force acting on body in the opposite direction of motion is called as

friction.

 Friction force is always tangential to body

Types of Friction

1) Static Friction

2) Dynamic/Kinetic Friction

 μs = static coefficient of friction

 μk = dynamic/kinetic coefficient of friction

F (Friction Force) Weight = W = 100N P (App Force)

Weight = W P (Motion)

P=
8N
μ= μ
0.1 s
F (Friction Force)

Fmax =

Where,
Fmax =
μs =
N=
W=
P (App Force)

 Static friction:

 When two bodies are in contact trying to slide, but they are not sliding then their
exist static friction, whose value is varies from zero to maximum depending upon
value of applied force.

 If the applied force is less than or equal to maximum frictional force then their
exist static friction whose value will be equal to applied force.

 Kinetic friction/dynamic friction:

 If two bodies are in relative motion then their exist kinetic friction & whose value
remains const.

 Coefficient of static friction is greater than coefficient of kinetic friction

 Therefore static frictional force is always greater than kinetic frictional force.

Q. What is frictional force on the body as shown in figure.

(1) 1 N (2) 2N (3) 3N (4) 4N Weight = 15N

P = 2N

μ= 0.2
Generalise case of Inclined Friction

Q. Determine force ‘P’ require to just start motion of 300N load in upward direction as
shown in figure.

=
30
Q. A block of weight 981N is resting on horizontal surface μ =0.2 a vertical cable is
attach as a support as shown in figure, a man can pull block horizontally with the force
of 100N as shown in figure. what will be tension T in the cable if the man is just able to
move the block.

(1) 891N (2) 481N (3) 500N (4) 1000N

Q. Identical 6 books 100N each are lifted with the help of hand by applying compressive
load of 400N as shown in figure, if the books are at the verge of sliding from the hand.
What is the coefficient of friction between books & hand.
Angle of Friction

 When body is at verge of motion (impending motion/limiting friction) then the

angle made by resultant with normal reaction is called as angle of friction.

Angle of Repose

 Angle of inclined Plane with horizontal at which body is on verge of sliding.

 Angle of Repose and Angle of friction are Numerically equal.

Cone of Friction

 It is imaginary cone generated by revolving resultant about normal reaction.

 Radius of cone is represented by frictional force.

 Semi cone angle is represented by angle of friction

Rolling Friction

 If body rolls on another body then force

acting by surface in opposite direction is
called as Rolling Friction

 μs > μk > μr

 Rolling frictional force is less than static &

kinetic frictional force.

Laws of friction

1. Frictional force is always acting in opposite direction of motion.

2. Frictional force is directly proportional to normal reaction.

3. Frictional force is independent on surface area, but it is dependent on contact

area (Roughness & Surface finish)

4. Kinetic frictional force is constant for moderate speed, but it increases when
speed decreases & it decreases when speed increases.
Wedge friction

 Wedge is used to lift the load vertically by applying horizontal force.

 These are made in triangular or trapezoidal shape.

Belt-Pulley Friction

Note:

 Tension is always away from body.

 For Frictionless pulley: μ=0

Ladder Friction:

Q. A uniform ladder of weight 300N rest against smooth vertical wall & rough
horizontal floor making an angle 600 with horizontal. find frictional force at. (μ = 0.3)
(1) 30 (2) 90 (3) 80 (4) 300
1) A block of wood is lying at rest on a table. Which of the following forces are acting on
it ?

1. Only gravitational force

2. Gravitational force and Normal force

3. Gravitational force, Normal force and Static friction

4. Gravitational force, Normal force and Sliding friction

2) Choose the correct statement about the kinetic friction and static friction.

1. Kinetic friction is lesser than the maximum static friction

2. Kinetic friction is greater than maximum static friction

3. Kinetic friction is equal to maximum static friction

4. Kinetic friction is equal to contact force

3. The relation between angle of friction and angle of response is

1. Angle of friction > Angle of response

2. Angle of friction < Angle of response

3. Angle of friction = Angle of response

4. More than one of the above.

4. We slip while walking on a path having pond scum or green algae because:

1. The inertia of motion

2. The friction is zero

3. The friction between the feet and the path is increased.

4. The friction between the feet and the path is reduced.

5. Which of the following is NOT true about Frictional force?

A. Friction is the force which opposes the relative motion of two surfaces in contact.

B. The force of friction that acts when a body is moving (sliding) on a surface is called
sliding friction.

C. Friction in machines wastes energy and also causes wear and tear.

D. Rolling friction is much more than sliding friction, the use of ball bearings in a
machine considerably reduces friction.

6. Identify the correct answer.

A. When a person walks on a rough surface the direction of frictional force exerted by
the surface on the person is opposite to the direction of his motion.

B. When a cycle is in motion, the force of friction exerted by the ground on the front
wheel is in the backward direction.

a) Both Correct b) Both Wrong

c) A Correct B Wrong d) A Wrong B Correct

7. The friction force of a ladder will be _______ which is on a rough ground and leaning
against a smooth vertical wall.

a) Perpendicular to the wall at its upper end

b) Zero at its upper end

c) Downward at its upper end

d) Upward at its upper end

8. A ladder is resting on a smooth ground and leaning against a rough vertical wall. The
force of friction will act

a) towards the wall at its upper end

b) away from the wall at its upper end

c) downward at its upper end

d) upward at its upper end

9. A ladder is resting on a smooth ground and leaning against a rough vertical wall. The
force of friction will act

a) towards the wall at its upper end

b) away from the wall at its upper end

c) downward at its upper end

d) upward at its upper end

10. The coefficient of friction μ and the angle of friction θ are related as

a) μ = sin θ

b) μ = cos θ

c) θ = tan μ

d) μ = tan θ

SIMPLE MACHINES

1) Simple machine: Machine with the help of which we can lift heavy or very heavy
loads by applying comparatively less effort is called simple machines.

(i) simple Screw Jack

(ii) Nail Cutter

(iii) Hand pump

2) Compound machine: It is a combination of number of simple machines.

(i) Cranes

(ii) Bull dozer

(iii) trucks
Note:

1) Load (W): it is the resistance which needs be overcome.

2) Effort (P): The Quantity if force apply to lift the load

 W>P

Ideal machine: it is defined as a machine in which there is ''No friction''

 Efficiency is 100

 Such machine are impractical.

Actual machine: it is defined as a machine in which friction is present.

 Efficiency is less than 100

 Actual machine are practical machine

 Rectilinear Motion: Motion of particle along straight line is called as Rectilinear
Motion.

 Displacement: Shortest distance between initial and final point is called as

displacement.

 It is Vector quantity.

 Distance: Actual distance travelled by particle from initial point to final point is
called as distance.

 It is scalar quantity.

Displa = Displa = Displa =

Dist = Dist = Dist =

 Displacement Distance
  Velocity: Rate of change of Displacement

 It is Vector quantity.

 Speed: Rate of change of Distance

 It is scalar quantity.

 Acceleration: Rate of change of velocity

 Acceleration produces when velocity changes w.r.t. time.

 As velocity increases w.r.t. time is called as a Acceleration & it is considered as

positive.

 As velocity decreases w.r.t. time then it is called as Retardation or Deceleration and it

is considered as negative.

𝒅𝒗
𝒂=
𝒅𝒕

 Jerk: Rate of change of Acceleration is called as jerk.

 Jerk is related to comfort of passenger.

Kinematic Equation of Motion:

 These Equations are used for Constant Acceleration.

 u=

 v=

 S=

 t=
1) v = u + at
2 2
 a=
2) v = u + 2aS
2

3) S = ut + ½ at
 Motion under gravity:

 Used for vertical motion.

 g=
1) v = u - gt
2 2

2) v = u – 2gS
2

3) S = ut - ½ gt
1) Along straight line when particle reverses its direction its velocity is zero at that
point.

2) Uniform motion is only possible in case of unidirectional motion.

3) If particle is moves with uniform motion then displacement and distance

travelled will be same.

4) Newton's 1st Law: Body is in state of rest or in uniform motion unless and until,
it is subjected by external force

5) Man is standing at the rear end of truck moving with uniform Acceleration,
throws a ball vertically upward, the ball will fall ________ the man.

6) Man is standing at the rear end of truck moving with uniform velocity throws a
ball vertically upward, the ball will fall into the_________.

7) Man is standing at the rear end of truck moving with uniform retardation
throws a ball vertically upward the ball will fall __________ of the man.
8) If a stone is thrown upward with velocity ‘u’ it will goes upward and attain
maximum height & again strike on surface with __________ of initial velocity.

9) A stone projected up with certain velocity ‘u’ and the other stone is thrown down
with the same velocity ‘u’ from the tower. The striking velocity for the both cases
will be ________.

10) If a stone thrown upward with initial velocity ‘u’ then max height attained by
stone will be _________.

11) As initial velocity doubled max height attained by stone will be _______ times.
𝒅𝒙
12) 𝒗 = → 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒗𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒕

⸫ Change in displacement = Area under velocity time diagram

𝒅𝒗
13) a= → 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒂𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒕

⸫ Change in displacement = Area under Acceleration time diagram

14) Displacement-time Graph, Velocity-time graph, Acceleration-time graph.
1. The rate of change of __________ with respect to time is called as jerk.

a. acceleration

b. density

c. displacement

d. volume

2. During unidirectional motion, the displacement and distance travelled by a particle

with uniform motion is ____

a. different

b. same

c. variable

d. none of the above

3. The nature of v-t curve is straight line passing through origin, when acceleration of a
particle is _______

a. a linear function of time

b. non-zero and constant

c. zero

d. none of the above

4. When acceleration is _______, velocity of a particle is constant.

a. constant but non zero

b. maximum

c. zero

d. none of the above

5. A ball thrown upward with velocity 20m/sec from the top of 25m building. what is
striking velocity in m/sec.

a. 10 b. 20 c. 30 d. None

6. A ball thrown downward with velocity 20m/sec from the top of 25m building. what is
striking velocity in m/sec.

a. 10 b. 20 c. 30 d. None

7. A ball drop from the building of 25m height. what is striking velocity.

a. 10 b. 20√5 c. 10√5 d. 20
8. A body having uniform acceleration of 10m/sec2 has a uniform velocity of 100m/sec.
In what time(sec) the velocity will be doubled. a. 5 b. 10 c. 20 d. 30

9. Equation of acceleration is given by a = 2t – 1, at time t = 0, velocity is 2m/sec. At time

t = 6 sec, what will be the velocity. a. 8 b. 16 c. 30 d. 32

10. A bus travels with a speed of 15 m/s when accelerated at 0.10 m/s2 from its rest
position. What is the distance travelled? a. 1125 m b. 1000 m c. 2250 m d. None
Relative Motion:

 Velocity of particle w.r.t. another particle, which is also moving is called as

Relative Motion.

 A) Vector Method

 B) Analytical Method

1) VA & VB making angle θ

2) VA & VB are perpendicular to each other

3) VA & VB are parallel & along same direction

4) VA & VB are parallel & opposite direction

1) VA & VB making angle θ

2) VA & VB are perpendicular to each other

3) VA & VB are parallel & along same direction

4) VA & VB are parallel & opposite direction

Note:

1) Relative velocity = Relative velocity of A w.r.t. B = Relative velocity of B w.r.t. A

3) Directions

4) A appears to move towards North

5) Resultant of A towards East

1) A man ‘A’ moves due east with velocity 6m/sec & another man ‘B’ moves in 60 0 North
of east with 6m/sec. Find velocity of B w.r.t. A.

2) A person going towards east in a car with velocity 25km/hr. a train appears to
move towards north with velocity 𝟐 √𝟑 km/hr, what is the velocity of train?
 3) A boat sends across river with velocity 8 km/hr, if the resultant of boat is 10
km/hr. what is velocity of river?

4) Particle ‘A’ moves towards north with velocity and acceleration 37 m/sec & 6 m/sec
resp., particle B moves towards south with velocity and retardation of 28 m/sec & 12
m/sec resp. What is relative velocity of A w.r.t. B at time t = 1.5 sec.
Newton’s 1st Law:

 Every body in state of rest or uniform motion unless and until it is subjected by
external force.

Find-Normal Reaction Find-Tension T

 Find Support Reaction Find Support Reaction

Newton’s 3rd Law:

 Every action has equal and opposite reaction.

Newton’s 2nd Law:

 Rate of change of linear momentum is equal to net force and it lakes place in the
direction of force.

Note: Forces in the direction of acceleration are considered as positive and forces
opposite to acceleration are considered as negative.
 Q. Find tension & acceleration in the cable as shown in figure.
Frictionless Pulley

Case-2: Person Case-1: Person travelling in

Case-3: Person travelling in lift travelling in lift with lift with acceleration ‘a’ in
with constant velocity. acceleration ‘a’ in upward direction.
downward direction.
 2. Lift carry 100kg 1. Lift carry 100kg mass with
3. Lift carry 100kg mass with mass with retardation retardation of 1 m/sec2, what is
constant velocity 1 m/sec, what of 1 m/sec2, what is force exerted by lift on body
is force exerted by lift on body force exerted by lift when moving upward
on body when moving
downward
D-Alembert’s Principle :

 It states that under the action of effective (Net) Force and Inertia force body will
be in dynamic equilibrium.

 If a body of mass ‘M’ moves in x-direction with acceleration ‘a’ that means there
is effective force (Net force) F = ma acting in x-direction. Now, If we apply force
F=ma in the –ve x-direction then body will be equilibrium called as Dynamic
equilibrium.

 Inertia force is the imaginary force acting opposite to the motion having same
magnitude like resultant force.

 Inertia force acts opposite to the acceleration, but in reality it will never opposes
the motion.
Q. A hockey player heats the hockey stick with velocity 7 m/sec, u = 0.07 & g = 10 m/sec
find distance travelled by stick before comes to rest.

Q. A body of mass 6 kg moves with displacement x = t3 – 75t, what is force acting on

body at time t = 4 sec?
Velocity & Acceleration of Object for Curvilinear motion

Q. Displacement of particle along x & y direction are given as x = 2t2 + 4 ; y = 3t + 6,

what is the speed and acceleration at t = 1sec.
 Tangential Acceleration:

 Acceleration produces due to change in magnitude of velocity is called as

Tangential Acceleration.

 Normal/Radial/Centripetal Acceleration:

 Acceleration produces due to change in direction of velocity is called as

Normal/Radial/Centripetal Acceleration.

 vt=

 v n=

 at=

 a n=

ω=

 r=

 α=

 vt=
 v n=
 at=
 an= Always Acts toward centre
=

 a=
Note:

1) In rectilinear motion, normal acceleration is always zero. But tangential acceleration

may or may not be zero.

2) In curvilinear motion normal acceleration never be zero, but tangential acceleration

may or may not be zero.

3) In curvilinear motion acceleration never be tangential.

4) In case of rectilinear motion total acceleration may or may not be equal to zero.

5) In case of curvilinear motion total acceleration never be equal to zero.

6) When both acceleration and velocity are tangential to path of motion then it is
rectilinear motion.

7) V =u + at t, S = ut + ½ + at t2 V2 = u2 + 2 at s

Q. A car moving at constant speed 10 m/sec enters a curved path of radius 100m. What
is acceleration?

Q. A particle moves in a circle of radius 0.5 m with speed increases from 2m/sec to
4m/sec in 4 sec, find angular acceleration of particle.
  Circular Motion:

 It is the type of curvilinear motion in which its radius is constant and remaining
parameters are remains same.

 V=rω

 Vn = 0

 at = r∝

 an = rω2 = V2/r

Kinematic Equations for Circular Motion

Linear Circular

s
 t

v = u + at
2 2
v = u + 2aS
2
S = ut + ½ at

Uniform Circular Motion:

 V = constant

 at = O

 That means in case of uniform circular motion tangential acceleration is always

zero.

Note:

 Minimum velocity required for circular motion

 at Top V = √𝑟𝑔

 at Middle V = √3𝑟𝑔

 at Bottom V = √5𝑟𝑔

 In case of string problem centripetal acceleration is used.

 In case of curved road problem centrifugal acceleration is used.

 Centrifugal acceleration is opposite to the centripetal acceleration, but having same

magnitude like centripetal acceleration.

 Centrifugal force = Centripetal force = mrw2 = mV2/r

Q. A stone of mass m in attached at the end of string of length ‘L’ is rotated in vertical
circle at constant speed. the tension in the string will be max when stone is at the
______ of circle (a) top (b) ½ way down (c) center (d) bottom

Q. Simple pendulum of length 5m and ball of mass 1 kg is in SHM (simple harmonic

motion) with speed of 5m/s. what is net fore on ball at mean position. Ball speed is
5m/sec at mean position. (1) 5 (2) 10 (3) 15 (4) 20

Q. A boy of weight 400N is swinging on swing cord of length 2m at the

moment of swinging cord take vertical position the cord subjected to
tension of 300N. What is tangential velocity at instant.
  Projectile motion: It is the combination of horizontal and vertical motion.

Note

1. Path followed by projectile motion is parabolic.

2. X-component of projectile velocity is always constant & which is equal to vcos∝ &
vertical component is varying.

3. At highest point vertical component of velocity is zero.

4. Velocity and acceleration are perpendicular to each other at highest point (c).

5. Velocity of projectile is minimum at highest point

6. At any point on the path of projectile velocity never be zero.

Note:

 Two bullets are fired simultaneously in a horizontal

direction from a tower with different speed then both will
reach on the ground simultaneously.

 If two projectiles are fired with equal velocity, but one has
projectile angle 300 and other has 600 then both will have
same horizontal range.(If ∝ 1 + ∝ 2 = 90 then horizontal
range will be same).

Q. Projectile is projected with an initial velocity 40m/sec at an

angle of 600 with horizontal determine velocity at time t = 2sec?

Work Energy Principle: If a particle of mass „m‟ subjected to unbalanced force system, the
total work done by all forces during the displacement is equal to change in kinetic energy
during that displacement.

(1) For linear motion:

(2) For angular motion:

Unit of Work/Energy:

Work done for different system:

1) For constant load F:

2) For variable load:

3) If force acting is frictional force

4) Work done against gravitational force:

  Note:

 Work energy principle is applicable for both conservative and non-conservative

forces.

 Conservative Force: work done is independent of path followed by particles.

 Ex. Gravity force, Spring force, Elastic force etc.

 None-conservative force: work done depends on path followed by particles.

 Ex. Frictional force

 Principle of conservation of energy:

 The sum of potential energy and kinetic energy of particles remains constant during
the motion under the action of conservative force.

 (KE + PE)1 = (KE + PE)2 = (KE +PE)3

 It is only applicable for conservative forces.

 It is not applicable for frictional force.

1) A body of mass 5kg thrown downward with velocity of 20m/sec, K.E. after 2sec will
be?

2) 10kg body thrown upward with velocity 50m/sec, find the K.E. of body after 4sec?
Momentum (P):

 It is the product of mass and velocity.

 It is vector quantity.

 Linear Momentum (P)=

 Unit:

 Angular momentum =

 Unit:

Impulse (I):

 A large amount of force acting on a particle for short duration of time is called
impulse.

 Unit:

 It is also vector quantity.

  Impulse momentum theorem:

 When unbalanced force system acting on particle for short time, it will produce
impulse and which is equal to change in momentum.

 Law of conservation of Momentum:

 When non-impulsive forces are acting on a body then, final momentum is always
equal to initial momentum.

 Examples of non-impulsive force:

(1) Force exerted by spring.

(2) Internal forces

(3) Frictional forces

(4) Force reaction

(5) Weight of body

 Relation between KE & Momentum

 Note:

 KE is directly proportional to square of momentum.

 If the momentum of particle is doubled then its kinetic energy becomes 4-times.
 For Equal KE, Relation between momentum & mass

 Note:

 Momentum will be more for heavier mass.

 Impulse momentum principle is derived from Newton‟s 2nd law.

 Impact/Collision:

 It is a collision between two particles during which they exert a large amount of force
on each other for short duration of time.

 Total Impact time = period of deformation + period of restoration

 u1 & u2 =

 v1 & v2 =

 Approach velocity=

 Separation velocity=

 Coefficient of restitution(e):

 It is ratio of velocity of separation to velocity of approach.

 Approach velocity=

 Separation velocity=

 e=

Perfectly elastic Perfectly Inelastic Semi or partially elastic

impact /Plastic impact impact

1 There is complete Two bodies get Two bodies get colloids they
restoration of shape of colloids they will will partially stick or partially
two particles stick to each other. separate to each other.

2 Velocity of approach = velocity of velocity of separation

velocity of separation separation = =

3 Coefficient of Coefficient of Coefficient of restitution =

restitution = restitution =

4 Momentum remains Momentum remains Momentum remains constant

constant constant

5 Kinetic energy remains Change in Kinetic Change in Kinetic energy

constant energy

 Note:

 If two identical masses get colloids in a perfectly elastic collision, then after
impact there velocity will get exchanged
Types of Impact: Classified by consideration line of impact.

Direct Impact: Velocities of colliding body directed along line of impact.

Oblique Impact: Velocities of colliding bodies doesn‟t along line of impact.

Central Impact: mass center of colliding bodies lie on line of impact

Eccentric Impact: mass center of colliding body is not lie on line of impact

Q.12.5kg body is moving with a constant acceleration of 5m/sec. If initial velocity of the
body is 2m/sec. determine the change in momentum in 4sec?

Q. A body ‘A’ of mass 1kg moves rightward with velocity 5 m/s and body B of mass 2kg
moves leftward with velocity 2 m/s. after impact velocity of B is 2.5 m/sec rightward.
Determine Coefficient of restitution.
 Rotation

 All particles will be in circular motion (except which are lying on axis of rotation) &
their center will be laid on the fixed line called as axis of rotation.

 In rotation, angular velocity & angular acceleration for each particle will be same.

 For Linear Motion, F =

 For Rotation, T =
Mass Moment of Inertia of Rod About Pivot

Q. A uniform rod of length 8m & mass 3kg rotates in vertical plane about pivot, Load
30N at any one free end. The angular acceleration of Rod for this instant will be ____

Triangle Law of Forces: “If two forces acting simultaneously on a particle, be represented in
magnitude and direction by the two sides of a triangle, taken in order; their resultant may be
represented in magnitude and direction by the third side of the triangle, taken in opposite
order.”

 Centroid of Trapezoidal section

Q. In the following figure, centroids of the shaded area from the reference axis are:

1. X=35/11 AND Y = 25/11

2. X = 31/11 AND Y = 20/11

3. X= 31/21 AND Y = 20/11

4. X=41/11 AND Y = 30/11