UNIT III: THE WORLD OF REGIONS

LESSON 1: Global Divides: The North and the South (Focus: Latin America)

GLOBAL SOUTH - refers to the regions of Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania mostly low- income and often
politically or culturally marginalized. It may also be called the "developing World" such as Africa, Latin America,
and the developing countries in Asia, "developing countries," "less developed countries," and "less developed
regions” including poorer "southern" regions of wealthy "northern" countries.
GLOBAL NORTH – refers to the region where countries are highly developed, peace is present and has access to
advance technologies.
3 Primary Concepts of Global South
1. It refers to economically disadvantaged nation-states and as a post-cold waralternative to “Third
World”.
FIRST WORLD - described countries whose views aligned with NATO and capitalism
SECOND WORLD - referred to countries that supported communism and the Soviet
Union
THIRD WORLD - a phrase frequently used to describe a developing nation.
2. The Global South captures a deterritorialized geography of capitalism’s externalities and means to
account for subjugated peoples within the borders of wealthier countries, such that there are economic
Souths in the geographic North and Norths in the geographic South.
3. It refers to the resistant imaginary of a transnational political subject that results from a shared
experience of subjugation under contemporary global capitalism.
STATE - The strongest vehicle for social redistribution and the main mechanism for social transfer.
New Internationalism in Global South
1980’s - Underdeveloped states of the global south are ravaged by merciless IMF policies.

• The global south has provided model of resistance for the world like Gandhi’s non-violence that initially
directed at colonial authority in India is now part of global protest culture, as well as benefits of critiques of
international financial institutions from the experiences and writings of intellectuals and activists from the
global south

• A similar globalization of the south’s concern is arising from the issue aboutglobal environment.

• Amidst the existential threat of climate change the most radical notions of climate justice are being articulated
in the global south.

• As global problems increase, it is necessary for people in the north to support people from the south.
INTERNATIONALISM – is the principle that advocates greater political or economic cooperation.
LESSON 2: Asian Regionalism
REGIONALISM - refers to the decentralization of political powers or competencies from a higher towards a lower
political level. It is the interaction of economy or politics within the region only.
GLOBALIZATION - the intensification of economic, political, social, and cultural relations across borders and a
consciousness of that intensification, with a concomitant diminution in the significance of territorial boundaries.
Views of Globalization in the Asia Pacific and South Asia

• Globalization is an external phenomenon being pushed into the region by world powers particularly the
United States and Europe.
• From this perspective, globalization can be understood as a process that transforms the Asia Pacific and South
Asia.
• It is a force for good bringing economic development, political progress, and social and cultural diversity
to the region.
THE ASIA PACIFIC AND SOUTH ASIA
- Refer together to the regions of East (or Northeast) Asia, South Asia, the Pacific Islands, and South Asia.
- It includes some of the world’s most economically developed states such as:
▪ Japan
▪ South Korea
▪ Singapore
▪ Taiwan
- Highly impoverished countries such as:
▪ Cambodia
▪ Laos
▪ Nepal
- It also includes the largest and most populous states on the globe including:
▪ China
▪ India
- Some of the world’s smallest states such as:
▪ Maldives
▪ Bhutan
PACIFIC PIVOT - implemented by the United States to commit more resources and attention to Asia and South
Pacific.
ATLANTIC CENTURY – Hilary Clinton States that it become a key driver of global politics. It is the home to
several key allies and important emerging powers like China, India, and Indonesia,
HILARY CLINTON – US Secretary of States that termed the “Atlantic Century” into “Pacific Century”.
Asia Pacific and South Asia’s Impact on Globalization
• Asia was the central global force in the early modern world economy.
• It was the site of the most important trade routes and in some places more advanced in technology than
West such as science and medicine.
• Colonies in the Asia pacific and South Asia influenced the West and vice versa.
• They were often “laboratories of modernity”
• Colonialism was not simply a practice of Western Domination but a product of what one thinks of as
Western and modern.
• In culture and globalization in the region, the source of a wide variety of cultural phenomena that have spread
outward to the West and the rest of the world is the region
JAPAN - embarked on procuring raw materials like coal and iron at unprecedented economies of scale allowing them
to gain a competitive edge in the global manufacturing market as well as globalized shipping and procurement patterns
which other countries modeled.
CHINA - pursues similar pattern of development at present and is now the world’s largest importers of basic raw
materials such as iron and surpassed Japan, the US and Europe in steel production.
INDIA - opened -up and emphasized an export-oriented strategy. Textiles and other low wage sectors have been a
key part of the economy with highly successful software development exports.
INDIA AND CHINA - also become a major source of international migrant labor, which is also one of the
fundamental characteristics of the era of globalization.
OPEN REGIONALISM - aims to develop and maintain cooperation with outside actors. This is meant to resolve
the tension between the rise of regional trade agreements andthe push for global trade as embodied by World Trade
Organization (WTO)
OPEN - refers to the principle of non-discrimination, more specifically an openness in membership and openness in
terms of economic flows.
The Region-Making in Southeast Asia and Middle-Class Formation:
MID 1950’S TO EARLY 1970’S - The first wave of regional economic development took place in Japan and led to
the emergence of a middle-class by the early 1970s.
BETWEEN 1960’S AND 1980’S - The second wave took place in South Korea, Taiwan, Hongkong and Singapore
and led to the formation of middle -class societies in these countries by the 1980s.
THIRD WAVE - Regionalization entails complex and dynamic interactions between and among governmental and
nongovernmental actors which resulted to hybrid East Asia. The main engines of hybridization are explained by the
successive waves of regional economic development that is powered by developmental states and national and
transnational capitalism that nurtured sizeable middle-classes that share a lot in common in terms of professional
lives and their lifestyles, in fashion, leisure, and entertainment, in their aspirations and dreams.
MDDLE CLASSES - product of regional economic development in the post war era.

2 Salient Points in the History of East Asian Middle-Class Formation.

1. Middle class formation in Southeast Asia was driven by global and regional transnational capitalism
working in alliance with national states while middle class in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan were created
by developmental states and national capitalism.
2. New urban middle classes in East Asia, whether in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, or Southeast Asia, with
their middle-class jobs, education, and income, have in turn created their own new lifestyles commensurate
with their middle-class income and status.
Middle Classes in The Philippines
POST 1980’s
- New urban middle classes emerged in the Philippines.
- They were created through growth in retail trade, manufacture, banking, real estate development, and an
expanding range of specialist services such as accounting, advertising, computing, and market research.
Regional Implications of Middle-Class Formation in East Asia
- Complex historical forces shaped new urban middle classes.
- The political consequences of the rise of East Asia middle classes vary.

UNIT IV: THE WORLD OF IDEAS

Lesson 1: The Global Media Cultures
THE GOBAL MEDIA CULTURES
• Globalization and identity, globalization and human rights, globalization and culture, or globalization and
terrorism are some concepts related to the study of globalization by many scholars. Among these concepts,
the one that offers special insights is globalization and media.
GLOBALIZATION AND MEDIA - They are partners and act as a unit. Situations created through globalization
and media make people conceive they belong to one world called global village.
VILLAGE - a term coined by Marshall MacLuhan in early 1960’s, a Canadian media theorist, to express the idea
that people throughout the world are interconnected through the use of new media technologies.
• According to scholars, the world is globalized in the 1900s upon the advancement of media and
transportation technology.
MEDIA GLOBALIZATION - is about how most national media systems have become more internationalized,
becoming more open to outside influences, both in their content and in their ownership and control.
5 Time Periods in the Study of Globalization Media
1. Oral Communication - Of all forms of media, human speech is the oldest and most enduring. Humans are
allowed to cooperate and communicate through language. Human ability to move from one place to another
and to adapt to a new and different environment are facilitated by the sharing of information of other
peoples.
2. Script - Writing is humankind’s principal technology for collecting, manipulating, storing, retrieving,
communicating and disseminating information. Writing may have been invented independently three times
in different parts of the world: in the Near East, China and Mesoamerica.
WRITING – is a system of graphic marks representing the units ofa specific language.
CUNEIFORM SCRIPT – is created in Mesopotamia, present-day Iraq, is the only writing system
which can be traced to its earliest prehistoric origin.
3. The Printing Press – The printing press is a device that allows for mass production of uniform printed
matter, mainly text in the form of books, pamphlets, and newspapers. It revolutionized society in China where
it was created.
15th Century – Johannes Gutenberg further developed the Printing Press and created his own
invention called the Gutenberg Press.
 Consequences of Printing Press
▪ The printing press changed the very nature of knowledge. It preserved knowledge which had been
more malleable in oral cultures. It also standardized knowledge.
▪ Print encouraged the challenge of political and religious authority because of its ability to
circulate competing views. Printing press encouraged the literacy of the public and the growth
of schools.
▪ Lands and culture were learned by people through travels. News around the world were brought
through inexpensive and easily obtained magazines and daily newspapers. People learned about
the world. Indeed, printing press helped foster globalization and knowledge of globalization.
4. Electronic Media – It refers to the broadcast or storage media that take advantage of electronic technology.
They may include television, radio, internet, fax, CD-ROMs, DVD, and any other medium that requires
electricity or digital encoding of information. The term electronic media is often used in contrast with
print media.
5. Digital Media – Phones and televisions are now considered digital while computer is considered the most
important media influencing globalization. Computers give access to global market and marketplace and
transformed cultural life. Our daily life is revolutionized by digital media. People are able to adopt
and adapt new practices like fashion, sports, music, food and many others through access of
information provided by computers. They also exchange ideas, establish relations and linkages through
the use of skype, google, chat, and zoom.
Popular Music and Globalization
• Music participates in the reinforcing of boundaries of culture and identity.
• Popular music explains the complex dynamics of globalization not only because it is popular, but
music is highly mediated, is deeply invested in meaning and has proven to be an extremely mobile and
resourceful capital.
• World music is defined as the umbrella category which various types of traditional and non- Western
music are produced for Western consumption.
• The change in popular music is not the outcome of globalization but rather popular music industry is
a part of globalization phenomena.

Lesson 2: The Globalization of Religion

• It calls forth religious response and interpretation.
• Religions played important roles in bringing about and characterizing globalization.
• Among the consequences of this implication for religion is thatglobalization encourages religious pluralism.
• Religions identify themselves in relation to one another, and they become less rooted in particular places
because of diasporas and transnational ties.
• Globalization further provides fertile ground for a variety of noninstitutionalized religious manifestations
and for the development of religion as a political and cultural resource.
Perspective on the Role of Religion in the Globalization Process
1. The Modernist Perspective – perspective of most intellectuals and academics. Its view is that all
secularizations would eventually look alike and the different religions would all end up as the same secular
and “rational” philosophy.
2. Post Modernist Perspective – It rejects the Enlightenment, modernist values of rationalism, empiricism,
and science, along with the Enlightenment, modernist structures of capitalism, bureaucracy, and even
liberalism. The core value of post-modernism is expressive individualism.
3. The Pre-Modernist Perspective – an alternative perspective, one which is post-modern in its occurrence
but which is pre-modern in its sensibility. This suggests that even if globalization brings about more
 secularization, it will not soon bring about one common, global worldview.
SECULARIZATION – a shift in the overall frameworks of human condition; it makes it possible for people to have
a choice between belief and non-belief in a manner hitherto unknown.
Transitional Religion and Multiple Glocalization
• Throughout the 20th century migration of faiths across the globe has been a major feature.
• One of these features is the deterritorialization of religion.
▪ DETERRITORIALIZATION OF RELIGION - the appearance and the efflorescence of religious
traditions in places where these previously had been largely unknown or were at least in a minority
position.
TRANSNATIONAL RELIGION - a means of describing solutions to new-found situations that people face as a
result of migration and it comes as two quite distinct blends of religious universalism and local particularism.
▪ It is possible for religious universalism to gain the upper hand, whereby universalism becomes the central
reference for immigrant communities. In such instances, religious transnationalism is often depicted as a
religion going global.
▪ It is possible for local ethnic or national particularism to gain or maintain the most important place for
local immigrant communities.
• In such instances, transnational national communities are constructed, and religious hierarchies perform dual
religious and secular functions that ensure the groups’ survival.
• Fundamentalist or revivalist movement attempt to construct pure religion that sheds the cultural tradition in
which past religious life was immerse.
INDIGENIZATION, HYBRIDIZATION OR GLOCALIZATION - processes that register the ability of religion
to mold into the fabric of different communities in ways that connect it intimately with communal and local relations.
GLOCAL – or Global Local religion represents a genre of expression, communication and individual identities.
Forms of Glocalization:
1. INDIGENIZATION - connected with the specific faiths with ethnic groups whereby religion and culture
were often fused into a single unit. It is also connected to the survival of particular ethnic groups.
2. VERNACULARIZATION - involved the rise of vernacular language endowed with the symbolic ability of
offering privileged access to the sacred and often promoted by empires.
3. NATIONALIZATION - connected the consolidation of specific nations with particular confessions and has
been a popular strategy both in Western and eastern Europe.
4. TRANSNATIONALIZATION - complemented religious nationalization by forcing groups to identify with
specific religious traditions of real or imagine national homelands or to adopt a more universalist vision of
religion.