PURCOM REVIEWER

Communication- is a process between at least

two people that begins when one person wants
to communicate with another.

Purposive communication- is an intentional

type of communications that happens within
the bound of a specific context.

Context- refers to the interrelated conditions

of communication.

Factors:
Physical milieu, Social milieu, Psychological
milieu, Cultural milieu, Historical milieu.
Model- is an abstract representation of a
reality.

Functions of verbal communication

according to Roman Jakobson:
Emotive, Referential, Phatic, Conative,
Metalingual, Poetic.
Communication Barrier:
Noise- is anything that prevents the receiver to
obtain the whole message sent by the sender.

Physical Noise- refers to the everyday

environmental noise that disrupts the messages
such as low telephone volume, a distracting
seatmate, or the sound of vehicles.
Physiological impairment- such as deafness Intrapersonal Communication-intra means
or blindness may also be considered as physical inside or within, means talking to oneself : inner
noise. monologues, inner dialogue, inner talk

Semantic noise- is a communication barrier Interpersonal Communication- This form of

created from confusion over the meaning of communication takes place between two
words. individuals and is thus a oneon-one
conversation. Here, the two individuals involved
Syntactical Noise- is a communication barrier will swap their roles of sender and receiver in
created from mistakes in grammar and tenses order to communicate in a clearer manner
that elicits different interpretations.
Extended Communication-Involves the use of
Organizational Noise- are mistakes in the electronic media. It includes tele, audio, phone
structure of the message that create confusion. conferencing, video conferencing, Skype call,
It can be unclear or badly stated directions that and other technological means
can confuse a receiver.
Organizational Communication- The focus is
Cultural Noise- are inconsistencies in the on the role that communication plays in
meaning due to cultural barriers. organizational contexts. Organizations comprise
Psychological Noise- refers to thoughts and individuals who work for the company
feelings that can distract a person from fully TWO TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONAL
understanding a sender’s message. It can be
STRUCTURE:
bias, anger, strong emotions etc.
Informal– comes from unofficial channels of
Types of Communication message flow. Also known as ‘grapevine’
―According to mode messages coming from the different levels of
the organization are transmitted.
―According to context
Formal – allows communication to take place
―According to purpose and style via designated channels of message flow
TWO TYPES OF COMMUNICATION between positions in the organization.
ACCORDING TO MODE Four Approaches
Verbal Communication- It involves preferred a. downward- flows from upper to lower
language and dialects, contextual use of the
language, preferred greetings, voice volume and positions
tone, health literacy, and the need for
interpretation and translation

Nonverbal Communication- describes the

way people send and receive information to
each other beyond words. May be intentional
or unintentional that communication is always
influenced by factors such as time, topic and
circumstances.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING

TO CONTEXT
b. Upward- bottom-up in which subordinates coming from different linguistic, religious,
send communication to their superiors/bosses ethnic, social, and professional backgrounds

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING

TO PURPOSE AND STYLE
A. Formal – employs formal language delivered
orally or in written form such as lectures,
research proposals, reports, etc.

B. Informal – does not employ formal language

bearing their views/feedbacks on organizational and Involves a personal and ordinary
policies, issues related to their jobs, and the like conversations with friends, family members
c. Horizontal- is lateral in approach as it takes about anything under the sun
place among people belonging to the same level SUBCATEGORIES OF NON VERBAL
but coming from different departments or units COMMUNICATION
to facilitate performance task through proper
coordination 1. Proxemics – is defined as “the interrelated
observations and theories of man’s use of space
as a specialized elaboration of culture”.

a. Intimate Distance- for embracing, touching

or whispering

b. Personal Distance- for interactions among

good friends or family members

c. Social Distance- for interactions among

acquaintances

d. Public Distance- used for public speaking

2. Haptics – is a touch-based communication. It
provides information about surfaces and
textures. There are six different kinds of
“touch”:
a. positive
d. Crosswise- is diagonal in nature as employees
from different units or departments working at b. playful
various levels to communicate with each other
c. control
d. ritualistic
Organizational Culture- refers to a system of
e. task-related
shared values, beliefs, and assumptions that
employees have. f. unintentional
Intercultural Communication- 3. Vocalics or Paralanguage and Silence- are
Communication between or among people elements of nonverbal communication under
sound, and these nonverbal ‘utterances’ are
used to modify meaning and convey emotion. It
includes accent, pitch, volume, speech rate,
modulation, and fluency

4. Chronemics – is the study of the use of time

in nonverbal communication.

5. Oculesics – is the most prominent form of

nonverbal communication. It is the study of the
eyes and the eye movement when
communicating.

6. Physical Appearance- refers to dress and

appearance. It focuses on our choice of color,
clothing, hairstyles, and other factors affecting
appearance
SOME EXAMPLES OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION IN EHTICS
COMMUNICATION
PRINCIPLES AND CODES OF ETHICS IN
Making the most of how of your COMMUNICATION
experiences for an interview
General Principles of Effective
• Keep it relevant Communication
• Mix it up a little bit 1. Know your purpose in communicating.
• Downplay negatives 2. Know your audience.
• Align your answer to the company’s spirit 3. Know your topic.
4. Adjust your speech or writing to the context
of the situation Work on the feedback given

Ethics- Refers to the principles of conduct

governing an individual or a group; professional
ethics; a guiding philosophy; a consciousness of
moral importance (Meriam dictionary)

Communication ethics- involves the

observation of proper values and morals in
communicative interactions between
individuals in order to promote successful
communication (Lipari, 2017)
 Language in the Whole Gamut of speaking countries in the Inner
Communication circle. They learn English as a
Foreign Language or a third or

Three concentric circles of English language

1. The Inner Circle: This is the circle
that consists of countries where
English Language has played a
traditional and original role. This
circle forms the traditional base of
English Language speakers.
2. Outer circle: This is the second level
of English speakers. They are very
large in population and have a great
history of the colonization process
by the British. English is their official
language and their second language.
This is why they are called L2 fourth language due to the need for
speakers of the language. English international affairs.
Language is not only for
international reasons, but they use Stress and Rhythm •
the language in their day-to-day Outer and Expanding Circle observe
activities and interactions. syllable-timed rhythm rather than stress-
3. The Expanding Circle: They are timed rhythm Nigerians say ‘success for
very large in population, but do not success and Indians and Nigerians say
speak English in their daily recog’nize for ‘recognize
interactions. English is not their Pronunciation
language, nor is it used generally • Outer and Expanding Circle do not make a
within the country. This language distinction between nouns and verbs in
also has no historical development pairs which inner circle observe
in these countries. They also have no ‘import and im’port
history in the colonisation by English
 ― Promdi form the province
― Amboy for Filipino perceived to be to
Sounds
pro-American
• Outer and Expanding Circle do not
observe initial aspiration of voiceless Thomas Bertram Reid
plosives such p, t,k which are often • The first person to ever use the term
perceived by the inner circle as b,d,g “register” in 1956.
• Some speakers of Expanding Circle • According to him register is a variation
varieties, as in the case of Japanese according to the user affected by other
Speakers, do not properly distinguish variables like social background, geography,
between r and l. gender, age, among others.
Syntactic feature • Register should also be distinguished from
• Inner circle observes the postivenegative jargon or highly technical terms.
systems
Register
• Native English speakers frequently answer
• A variety of language defined according to
negative questions with positive answers
its use in social situations e.g. a register of
• Outer circle observes agreement
scientific, religious, formal English (Crystal,
disagreement system which poses difficulty
2008).
to speakers who follow the positive-
• refers to a kind of language whose forms
negative system
are of a definable social situation,
Lexicon regardless of the status of the participants –
• Vocabulary words peculiar only to some thus finds the register of legal language,
English varieties in Southeast Asia liturgical language, and soon.

A. Singapore English ― missy for nurse ― Language register

chop for rubber ― marina kids – ― refers to the formality of language which
youngsters around Marina Square one speaks. Different registers are used in
B. Malaysian English different situations. It is through register
― Antilog for a male hated by a girl that you are able to determine the kind of
― Popcorn for loquacious person ― lexicon or vocabulary to use and the kind of
Day bugs to those who come and structure to be use.
attend school but do not live in The Language Register for the Linguists
residence halls • The linguists would refer register as tenor
C. Philippine English (the participants in a discourse, their
― Deep for puristic or hard to relationships to each other, and their
understand purposes), tone (is the change in the pitch),
― High blood for tense of upset ― and style (linguistic variants with specific
Promdi form the province social meanings).
― Amboy for Filipino perceived tobe to • A language variation based on the use and
pro-American not on the user
Language Registers/Registers of English Language register
― Deep for puristic or hard to understand ― Is considered a language variation based
― High blood for tense of upset on the use and not on the user.
Formal or Regulated Nevertheless, consequently, first, second,
>It is a specific written or oral language that In fact, as a result of, however
follows a certain format.
7. always write in sentences
>It is usually informative and sometimes
― Before the expiration date
persuasive.
– You must consume the product before its
> It is usually unidirectional which means
expiration date
that it does not include a back-and-forth
8. write longer and more sophisticated
communication.
sentences (only when necessary)
Examples
Since Marawi City is still under siege,
• business letters
President Duterte was compelled to
• letters of complaint
declare the extension of the martial law
• job interviews
which resulted to the delay of the opening
• announcements
of classes and an economic uncertainty in
• writing a professional e-mail
the whole city.
Guidelines in using formal register
Informal Register
1. Do not use contractions
This is the register that we use when we
Have not instead of haven’t communicate with friends and family. We
use informal writing to someone we know
2. Spell-out numbers less than one
very well. Unlike the formal register, the
hundred: Twenty-five, six informal register accepts:
Examples:
3. Avoid using too much passive voice
• Slangs and clichés
– Passive: The terror attacks were • Figurative language
• Symbols and abbreviations
reported by GMA live
• Acronyms
– Active: GMA reported the terror • Incomplete sentences
• Personal opinions
attacks live. • Active and passive voice
Informal writing includes:
4.Avoid using slang, idioms, exaggerations,
• Personal emails
and clichés • Text messages
Okay, awesome, check it out, in a nutshell • Short notes
A cliché is a phrase that is often overused • Tweets
Last but not the least, moment of truth, • Facebook post
etc. Too much of a good-things • Blogs
• Diaries
5. Avoid using abbreviations and acronyms • Chat messages
San Pedro College –SPC (write it out the
first time) Neutral Register
Tablespoon – tbsp >It is neither formal nor informal
TBD – To be determined >It is the tone used when expressing facts
devoid of emotion.
6. Formal writing requires good transition >Some writings, including most textbooks,
words
are written in neutral register. • conversation between friends
Examples • blogs
• Reviews • Articles
Intimate or Personal
• Some essays • Technical writing
>It is used in writing or talking to close
Other types of register family members and close friends.
>It is also considered as the language of
Static or Frozen
sexual harassment.
>It is a specific written or oral language that
> It is usually bidirectional which means that
rarely or never change.
it includes a back-and-forth communication.
>It is usually related to different religions,
Examples:
laws, and customs of a certain community.
• finishing each other’s sentences
>It is usually unidirectional which means
• an intimate conversation between lovers
that it does not include a back-and-forth
• writing a letter for your best friend
communication.
• when bonding with your sibling
Examples:
• expressing your emotion to your mother
• national anthem • religious books
• laws • prayers
• lyrics of a song
Consultative or Professional
> It follows most of the same rules as the
formal register of language.
> The main purpose of this register is to get
help.
> It is usually bidirectional which means that
it includes a back-andforth communication
Examples:
• doctor’s appointments
• a meeting with the principal
• legal consultations
• a dialogue between a teacher and a American English
student • A variant of English language spoken
• adults at work mainly in the United States.
• About 2/3 of the world’s native speakers
Casual or Group of English living in America speak this
variant
>It is used in writing or speech by people of
• It was introduced to North America by
the same group.
British settlers in the 17th century
> It does not follow any standard societal
(colonization period).
rules, but follows the norms of the group.
> It is usually multi-directional. Australian English
Examples: • A variant of English spoken largely in
• team celebrations Australia.
• family dinners • This variant began to diverge from British
• office parties English after Australia was settled in the late
18th century. to describe all areas of study between
• Similar to New Zealand English and certain language and society other than those
dialects of South East England.
Black English
• This refers to British and American English
spoken by black communities in the US and
UK.
• It is also a variant of English spoken widely
in the Caribbean and Africa.
British English
• A variant of English spoken mainly in
United Kingdom.
• This variant, along with the American
English, are taught in most English as a
Second Language (ESL) and English as a
Foreign Language (EFL) program
Is there a “correct” variety of English?
• “ You are what you speak and your place
of origin is the most important identity
factor.”
• What is important is that we are able to
recognize the many varieties of English
including that of the standard, and pick
one variety that we are comfortable with
and be understood while using it

What is Sociolinguistics?
Social life of humans on a linguistic
perspective Formal Definition: It is a term
 - Allow nations to cooperate with each
other
What’s bad about globalization?
- Some floundered as jobs and commerce
move elsewhere
- Technology brings danger
- It operates in favor of the rich
- Helps increase the gap between the
Objectives: world’s poorest and richest nations
At the end of this lesson, students are able - Could unparalleled peace and prosperity
to:
• explain how cultural and global issues How do cultural and global issues effect
affect communication; and communication?
• discuss the impact of communication on ―Connecting with people on the other side
society and the world. of the world is now much easier than it was
a few years ago.
What is globalization? ―Helps develop a global village.
• is a process by which people and goods
move easily across boarders Global Village (Mcluhan, 1984)
• is an economic concept – the integration ―describes the world that has been
‘shrunk’ by modern advances in
of markets, trade and investment
communications.
―vast networks being likened of
communication systems to one extended
central nervous systems, ultimately linking
everyone in the world.
―an idea in which one part of the world
could be experienced from other parts in
real-time, which is what human experience
was like when we lived in small villages.
“Today, after more than a century of
electric technology, we have extended our
How did globalization happen? central nervous system itself in a global
- Trade spread rapidly between China and embrace abolishing both space and time as
Europe via overland route - Merchants far as our planet is concerned”.
carried goods
Marshall Mcluhan, Understanding Media,
What drives globalization? 1964)
- Technology
- Internet connectivity
- Invention of enormous ship containers
What’s good about globalization?
- Lifted out poverty
What is the relationship between the
language and culture?
There is a close relationship between
language and culture of a community – they
are inextricably related, so that one cannot
understand or appreciate the one without
the other.
What then is the point of bringing up all
issues of globalization to students of
purposive communication?
Simply, really, that in all of the preceding
news, social media have played a very
significant role in playing them up in the
public eye, and that cultural and global
issues now weight in heavily on how we
communicate with one another
which are purely social scientific in their
objectives such as ethnomethodology.
For a student: It is a study of how people
use their language in their everyday lives;
how identities are shown vividly through
words you use, how, through language, you
intentionally or unintentionally create,
maintain or disrupt relationships with
others.