Q.1.a) Describe the classification of signal in Discrete time system.

a) Classification of Signals in Discrete Time Systems: Signals in discrete time systems can
be classified into various categories based on different criteria. Here are some common
classifications:

1. Continuous vs. Discrete Signals: Signals can be either continuous-time signals (analog)
or discrete-time signals (digital). Continuous signals exist continuously over time, while
discrete signals are sampled at specific intervals.
2. Deterministic vs. Random Signals: Signals can be deterministic, where they are
completely predictable, or random, where they exhibit some degree of unpredictability or
randomness.
3. Periodic vs. Aperiodic Signals: Periodic signals repeat themselves at regular intervals,
while aperiodic signals do not exhibit any repetitive pattern.
4. Energy vs. Power Signals: Signals can be categorized as energy signals or power signals.
Energy signals have finite energy, while power signals have finite average power over time.

b)Describe the classification of system in Discrete time system.

b) Classification of Systems in Discrete Time Systems: Discrete time systems can also be
classified based on their characteristics. Here are some common classifications:

1. Linear vs. Nonlinear Systems: Linear systems satisfy the principles of superposition and
homogeneity. Nonlinear systems do not follow these principles and exhibit more complex
behaviors.
2. Time-Invariant vs. Time-Varying Systems: Time-invariant systems have characteristics
that do not change with time, while time-varying systems exhibit changes in their
properties over time.
3. Causal vs. Non-causal Systems: Causal systems produce their output based on past and
present inputs, whereas non-causal systems may produce outputs based on future inputs.
4. LTI (Linear Time-Invariant) Systems: LTI systems are a special class of systems that are
both linear and time-invariant. They have some important mathematical properties that
make their analysis and design relatively straightforward.
Q.1.a) Differentiate between FT and DFT
 Fourier Transform (FT) is a continuous-time mathematical operation used to represent a
continuous signal in the frequency domain, while Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is a
discrete-time operation used for discrete signals.
 FT operates on continuous signals, while DFT operates on sampled (discrete) signals.
 FT yields a continuous spectrum, while DFT produces a discrete spectrum with a finite
number of frequency components.
 DFT is computationally more efficient for processing digital data, but it operates on a finite
set of samples.
b) Differentiate between DFT and IDFT
 DFT is used to transform a discrete-time signal from the time domain to the frequency
domain, while IDFT is its inverse operation, used to transform a signal from the frequency
domain back to the time domain.
 DFT calculates the spectrum of a signal, while IDFT reconstructs the original signal from its
spectrum.
 DFT is typically used for spectral analysis and signal processing, while IDFT is used in
applications like signal reconstruction and communication.
Q.2) Differentiate between IIR and FIR filter
 IIR filters have feedback loops in their signal processing structure, which allows them
to have an infinite impulse response. FIR filters, on the other hand, have no feedback and
produce a finite impulse response.
 IIR filters can be implemented with fewer coefficients, making them computationally
efficient for high-order systems. FIR filters generally require more coefficients for the same
level of performance.
 IIR filters may exhibit phase distortion, while FIR filters can have linear phase responses,
making them suitable for applications where phase linearity is important.
 FIR filters are always stable, whereas IIR filters can be stable or unstable depending on
their design.
Q.3) Describe the butterworth low pass filter in detail
 The Butterworth filter is a type of analog or digital filter used for various signal processing
applications, with a focus on its use as a low-pass filter.
 The key characteristic of a Butterworth filter is its maximally flat magnitude response in the
passband, which means it has a smooth and uniform gain.
 It is defined by a parameter called the "order" (n), which determines the filter's roll-off
rate. Higher-order filters have steeper roll-off characteristics.
 In the frequency domain, the Butterworth filter's transfer function H(s) is given by H(s) =
1 / (1 + (s/ωc)^2n), where s is the complex frequency variable and ωc is the cutoff
frequency.
 In the discrete domain, the Butterworth filter can be designed by mapping the analog filter
to a digital filter using techniques such as the bilinear transform.
Q.1.a) Describe the classification of signal in Discrete time system.

a) Classification of Signals in Discrete Time Systems: Signals in discrete time systems can
be classified into various categories based on different criteria. Here are some common
classifications:

5. Continuous vs. Discrete Signals: Signals can be either continuous-time signals (analog)
or discrete-time signals (digital). Continuous signals exist continuously over time, while
discrete signals are sampled at specific intervals.
6. Deterministic vs. Random Signals: Signals can be deterministic, where they are
completely predictable, or random, where they exhibit some degree of unpredictability or
randomness.
7. Periodic vs. Aperiodic Signals: Periodic signals repeat themselves at regular intervals,
while aperiodic signals do not exhibit any repetitive pattern.
8. Energy vs. Power Signals: Signals can be categorized as energy signals or power signals.
Energy signals have finite energy, while power signals have finite average power over time.

b)Describe the classification of system in Discrete time system.

b) Classification of Systems in Discrete Time Systems: Discrete time systems can also be
classified based on their characteristics. Here are some common classifications:

5. Linear vs. Nonlinear Systems: Linear systems satisfy the principles of superposition and
homogeneity. Nonlinear systems do not follow these principles and exhibit more complex
behaviors.
6. Time-Invariant vs. Time-Varying Systems: Time-invariant systems have characteristics
that do not change with time, while time-varying systems exhibit changes in their
properties over time.
7. Causal vs. Non-causal Systems: Causal systems produce their output based on past and
present inputs, whereas non-causal systems may produce outputs based on future inputs.
8. LTI (Linear Time-Invariant) Systems: LTI systems are a special class of systems that are
both linear and time-invariant. They have some important mathematical properties that
make their analysis and design relatively straightforward.
Q.1.a) Differentiate between FT and DFT
 Fourier Transform (FT) is a continuous-time mathematical operation used to represent a
continuous signal in the frequency domain, while Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is a
discrete-time operation used for discrete signals.
 FT operates on continuous signals, while DFT operates on sampled (discrete) signals.
 FT yields a continuous spectrum, while DFT produces a discrete spectrum with a finite
number of frequency components.
 DFT is computationally more efficient for processing digital data, but it operates on a finite
set of samples.
b) Differentiate between DFT and IDFT
 DFT is used to transform a discrete-time signal from the time domain to the frequency
domain, while IDFT is its inverse operation, used to transform a signal from the frequency
domain back to the time domain.
 DFT calculates the spectrum of a signal, while IDFT reconstructs the original signal from its
spectrum.
 DFT is typically used for spectral analysis and signal processing, while IDFT is used in
applications like signal reconstruction and communication.
Q.2) Differentiate between IIR and FIR filter
 IIR filters have feedback loops in their signal processing structure, which allows them
to have an infinite impulse response. FIR filters, on the other hand, have no feedback and
produce a finite impulse response.
 IIR filters can be implemented with fewer coefficients, making them computationally
efficient for high-order systems. FIR filters generally require more coefficients for the same
level of performance.
 IIR filters may exhibit phase distortion, while FIR filters can have linear phase responses,
making them suitable for applications where phase linearity is important.
 FIR filters are always stable, whereas IIR filters can be stable or unstable depending on
their design.
Q.3) Describe the butterworth low pass filter in detail
 The Butterworth filter is a type of analog or digital filter used for various signal processing
applications, with a focus on its use as a low-pass filter.
 The key characteristic of a Butterworth filter is its maximally flat magnitude response in the
passband, which means it has a smooth and uniform gain.
 It is defined by a parameter called the "order" (n), which determines the filter's roll-off
rate. Higher-order filters have steeper roll-off characteristics.
 In the frequency domain, the Butterworth filter's transfer function H(s) is given by H(s) =
1 / (1 + (s/ωc)^2n), where s is the complex frequency variable and ωc is the cutoff
frequency.
  In the discrete domain, the Butterworth filter can be designed by mapping the analog filter
to a digital filter using techniques such as the bilinear transform.

Q.1.a) Describe the classification of signal in Discrete time system.

a) Classification of Signals in Discrete Time Systems: Signals in discrete time systems can
be classified into various categories based on different criteria. Here are some common
classifications:

9. Continuous vs. Discrete Signals: Signals can be either continuous-time signals (analog)
or discrete-time signals (digital). Continuous signals exist continuously over time, while
discrete signals are sampled at specific intervals.
10.Deterministic vs. Random Signals: Signals can be deterministic, where they are
completely predictable, or random, where they exhibit some degree of unpredictability or
randomness.
11.Periodic vs. Aperiodic Signals: Periodic signals repeat themselves at regular intervals,
while aperiodic signals do not exhibit any repetitive pattern.
12.Energy vs. Power Signals: Signals can be categorized as energy signals or power signals.
Energy signals have finite energy, while power signals have finite average power over time.

b)Describe the classification of system in Discrete time system.

b) Classification of Systems in Discrete Time Systems: Discrete time systems can also be
classified based on their characteristics. Here are some common classifications:

9. Linear vs. Nonlinear Systems: Linear systems satisfy the principles of superposition and
homogeneity. Nonlinear systems do not follow these principles and exhibit more complex
behaviors.
10.Time-Invariant vs. Time-Varying Systems: Time-invariant systems have characteristics
that do not change with time, while time-varying systems exhibit changes in their
properties over time.
11.Causal vs. Non-causal Systems: Causal systems produce their output based on past and
present inputs, whereas non-causal systems may produce outputs based on future inputs.
12.LTI (Linear Time-Invariant) Systems: LTI systems are a special class of systems that are
both linear and time-invariant. They have some important mathematical properties that
make their analysis and design relatively straightforward.
Q.1.a) Differentiate between FT and DFT
 Fourier Transform (FT) is a continuous-time mathematical operation used to represent a
continuous signal in the frequency domain, while Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is a
discrete-time operation used for discrete signals.
 FT operates on continuous signals, while DFT operates on sampled (discrete) signals.
 FT yields a continuous spectrum, while DFT produces a discrete spectrum with a finite
number of frequency components.
 DFT is computationally more efficient for processing digital data, but it operates on a finite
set of samples.
b) Differentiate between DFT and IDFT
 DFT is used to transform a discrete-time signal from the time domain to the frequency
domain, while IDFT is its inverse operation, used to transform a signal from the frequency
domain back to the time domain.
 DFT calculates the spectrum of a signal, while IDFT reconstructs the original signal from its
spectrum.
 DFT is typically used for spectral analysis and signal processing, while IDFT is used in
applications like signal reconstruction and communication.
Q.2) Differentiate between IIR and FIR filter
 IIR filters have feedback loops in their signal processing structure, which allows them
to have an infinite impulse response. FIR filters, on the other hand, have no feedback and
produce a finite impulse response.
 IIR filters can be implemented with fewer coefficients, making them computationally
efficient for high-order systems. FIR filters generally require more coefficients for the same
level of performance.
 IIR filters may exhibit phase distortion, while FIR filters can have linear phase responses,
making them suitable for applications where phase linearity is important.
 FIR filters are always stable, whereas IIR filters can be stable or unstable depending on
their design.
Q.3) Describe the butterworth low pass filter in detail
 The Butterworth filter is a type of analog or digital filter used for various signal processing
applications, with a focus on its use as a low-pass filter.
 The key characteristic of a Butterworth filter is its maximally flat magnitude response in the
passband, which means it has a smooth and uniform gain.
 It is defined by a parameter called the "order" (n), which determines the filter's roll-off
rate. Higher-order filters have steeper roll-off characteristics.
 In the frequency domain, the Butterworth filter's transfer function H(s) is given by H(s) =
1 / (1 + (s/ωc)^2n), where s is the complex frequency variable and ωc is the cutoff
frequency.
 In the discrete domain, the Butterworth filter can be designed by mapping the analog filter
to a digital filter using techniques such as the bilinear transform.
Q.1.a) Describe the classification of signal in Discrete time system.

a) Classification of Signals in Discrete Time Systems: Signals in discrete time systems can
be classified into various categories based on different criteria. Here are some common
classifications:

13.Continuous vs. Discrete Signals: Signals can be either continuous-time signals (analog)
or discrete-time signals (digital). Continuous signals exist continuously over time, while
discrete signals are sampled at specific intervals.
14.Deterministic vs. Random Signals: Signals can be deterministic, where they are
completely predictable, or random, where they exhibit some degree of unpredictability or
randomness.
15.Periodic vs. Aperiodic Signals: Periodic signals repeat themselves at regular intervals,
while aperiodic signals do not exhibit any repetitive pattern.
16.Energy vs. Power Signals: Signals can be categorized as energy signals or power signals.
Energy signals have finite energy, while power signals have finite average power over time.

b)Describe the classification of system in Discrete time system.

b) Classification of Systems in Discrete Time Systems: Discrete time systems can also be
classified based on their characteristics. Here are some common classifications:

13.Linear vs. Nonlinear Systems: Linear systems satisfy the principles of superposition and
homogeneity. Nonlinear systems do not follow these principles and exhibit more complex
behaviors.
14.Time-Invariant vs. Time-Varying Systems: Time-invariant systems have characteristics
that do not change with time, while time-varying systems exhibit changes in their
properties over time.
15.Causal vs. Non-causal Systems: Causal systems produce their output based on past and
present inputs, whereas non-causal systems may produce outputs based on future inputs.
16.LTI (Linear Time-Invariant) Systems: LTI systems are a special class of systems that are
both linear and time-invariant. They have some important mathematical properties that
make their analysis and design relatively straightforward.
Q.1.a) Differentiate between FT and DFT
 Fourier Transform (FT) is a continuous-time mathematical operation used to represent a
continuous signal in the frequency domain, while Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is a
discrete-time operation used for discrete signals.
 FT operates on continuous signals, while DFT operates on sampled (discrete) signals.
 FT yields a continuous spectrum, while DFT produces a discrete spectrum with a finite
number of frequency components.
 DFT is computationally more efficient for processing digital data, but it operates on a finite
set of samples.
b) Differentiate between DFT and IDFT
 DFT is used to transform a discrete-time signal from the time domain to the frequency
domain, while IDFT is its inverse operation, used to transform a signal from the frequency
domain back to the time domain.
 DFT calculates the spectrum of a signal, while IDFT reconstructs the original signal from its
spectrum.
 DFT is typically used for spectral analysis and signal processing, while IDFT is used in
applications like signal reconstruction and communication.
Q.2) Differentiate between IIR and FIR filter
 IIR filters have feedback loops in their signal processing structure, which allows them
to have an infinite impulse response. FIR filters, on the other hand, have no feedback and
produce a finite impulse response.
 IIR filters can be implemented with fewer coefficients, making them computationally
efficient for high-order systems. FIR filters generally require more coefficients for the same
level of performance.
 IIR filters may exhibit phase distortion, while FIR filters can have linear phase responses,
making them suitable for applications where phase linearity is important.
 FIR filters are always stable, whereas IIR filters can be stable or unstable depending on
their design.
Q.3) Describe the butterworth low pass filter in detail
 The Butterworth filter is a type of analog or digital filter used for various signal processing
applications, with a focus on its use as a low-pass filter.
 The key characteristic of a Butterworth filter is its maximally flat magnitude response in the
passband, which means it has a smooth and uniform gain.
 It is defined by a parameter called the "order" (n), which determines the filter's roll-off
rate. Higher-order filters have steeper roll-off characteristics.
 In the frequency domain, the Butterworth filter's transfer function H(s) is given by H(s) =
1 / (1 + (s/ωc)^2n), where s is the complex frequency variable and ωc is the cutoff
frequency.
 In the discrete domain, the Butterworth filter can be designed by mapping the analog filter
to a digital filter using techniques such as the bilinear transform.
Q.1.a) Describe the classification of signal in Discrete time system.

a) Classification of Signals in Discrete Time Systems: Signals in discrete time systems can
be classified into various categories based on different criteria. Here are some common
classifications:

17.Continuous vs. Discrete Signals: Signals can be either continuous-time signals (analog)
or discrete-time signals (digital). Continuous signals exist continuously over time, while
discrete signals are sampled at specific intervals.
18.Deterministic vs. Random Signals: Signals can be deterministic, where they are
completely predictable, or random, where they exhibit some degree of unpredictability or
randomness.
19.Periodic vs. Aperiodic Signals: Periodic signals repeat themselves at regular intervals,
while aperiodic signals do not exhibit any repetitive pattern.
20.Energy vs. Power Signals: Signals can be categorized as energy signals or power signals.
Energy signals have finite energy, while power signals have finite average power over time.

b)Describe the classification of system in Discrete time system.

b) Classification of Systems in Discrete Time Systems: Discrete time systems can also be
classified based on their characteristics. Here are some common classifications:

17.Linear vs. Nonlinear Systems: Linear systems satisfy the principles of superposition and
homogeneity. Nonlinear systems do not follow these principles and exhibit more complex
behaviors.
18.Time-Invariant vs. Time-Varying Systems: Time-invariant systems have characteristics
that do not change with time, while time-varying systems exhibit changes in their
properties over time.
19.Causal vs. Non-causal Systems: Causal systems produce their output based on past and
present inputs, whereas non-causal systems may produce outputs based on future inputs.
20.LTI (Linear Time-Invariant) Systems: LTI systems are a special class of systems that are
both linear and time-invariant. They have some important mathematical properties that
make their analysis and design relatively straightforward.
Q.1.a) Differentiate between FT and DFT
 Fourier Transform (FT) is a continuous-time mathematical operation used to represent a
continuous signal in the frequency domain, while Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is a
discrete-time operation used for discrete signals.
 FT operates on continuous signals, while DFT operates on sampled (discrete) signals.
 FT yields a continuous spectrum, while DFT produces a discrete spectrum with a finite
number of frequency components.
 DFT is computationally more efficient for processing digital data, but it operates on a finite
set of samples.
b) Differentiate between DFT and IDFT
 DFT is used to transform a discrete-time signal from the time domain to the frequency
domain, while IDFT is its inverse operation, used to transform a signal from the frequency
domain back to the time domain.
 DFT calculates the spectrum of a signal, while IDFT reconstructs the original signal from its
spectrum.
 DFT is typically used for spectral analysis and signal processing, while IDFT is used in
applications like signal reconstruction and communication.
Q.2) Differentiate between IIR and FIR filter
 IIR filters have feedback loops in their signal processing structure, which allows them
to have an infinite impulse response. FIR filters, on the other hand, have no feedback and
produce a finite impulse response.
 IIR filters can be implemented with fewer coefficients, making them computationally
efficient for high-order systems. FIR filters generally require more coefficients for the same
level of performance.
 IIR filters may exhibit phase distortion, while FIR filters can have linear phase responses,
making them suitable for applications where phase linearity is important.
 FIR filters are always stable, whereas IIR filters can be stable or unstable depending on
their design.
Q.3) Describe the butterworth low pass filter in detail
 The Butterworth filter is a type of analog or digital filter used for various signal processing
applications, with a focus on its use as a low-pass filter.
 The key characteristic of a Butterworth filter is its maximally flat magnitude response in the
passband, which means it has a smooth and uniform gain.
 It is defined by a parameter called the "order" (n), which determines the filter's roll-off
rate. Higher-order filters have steeper roll-off characteristics.
 In the frequency domain, the Butterworth filter's transfer function H(s) is given by H(s) =
1 / (1 + (s/ωc)^2n), where s is the complex frequency variable and ωc is the cutoff
frequency.
 In the discrete domain, the Butterworth filter can be designed by mapping the analog filter
to a digital filter using techniques such as the bilinear transform.
Q.1.a) Describe the classification of signal in Discrete time system.

a) Classification of Signals in Discrete Time Systems: Signals in discrete time systems can
be classified into various categories based on different criteria. Here are some common
classifications:

21.Continuous vs. Discrete Signals: Signals can be either continuous-time signals (analog)
or discrete-time signals (digital). Continuous signals exist continuously over time, while
discrete signals are sampled at specific intervals.
22.Deterministic vs. Random Signals: Signals can be deterministic, where they are
completely predictable, or random, where they exhibit some degree of unpredictability or
randomness.
23.Periodic vs. Aperiodic Signals: Periodic signals repeat themselves at regular intervals,
while aperiodic signals do not exhibit any repetitive pattern.
24.Energy vs. Power Signals: Signals can be categorized as energy signals or power signals.
Energy signals have finite energy, while power signals have finite average power over time.

b)Describe the classification of system in Discrete time system.

b) Classification of Systems in Discrete Time Systems: Discrete time systems can also be
classified based on their characteristics. Here are some common classifications:

21.Linear vs. Nonlinear Systems: Linear systems satisfy the principles of superposition and
homogeneity. Nonlinear systems do not follow these principles and exhibit more complex
behaviors.
22.Time-Invariant vs. Time-Varying Systems: Time-invariant systems have characteristics
that do not change with time, while time-varying systems exhibit changes in their
properties over time.
23.Causal vs. Non-causal Systems: Causal systems produce their output based on past and
present inputs, whereas non-causal systems may produce outputs based on future inputs.
24.LTI (Linear Time-Invariant) Systems: LTI systems are a special class of systems that are
both linear and time-invariant. They have some important mathematical properties that
make their analysis and design relatively straightforward.

Q.1.a) Differentiate between FT and DFT

  Fourier Transform (FT) is a continuous-time mathematical operation used to represent a
continuous signal in the frequency domain, while Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is a
discrete-time operation used for discrete signals.
 FT operates on continuous signals, while DFT operates on sampled (discrete) signals.
 FT yields a continuous spectrum, while DFT produces a discrete spectrum with a finite
number of frequency components.
 DFT is computationally more efficient for processing digital data, but it operates on a finite
set of samples.
b) Differentiate between DFT and IDFT
 DFT is used to transform a discrete-time signal from the time domain to the frequency
domain, while IDFT is its inverse operation, used to transform a signal from the frequency
domain back to the time domain.
 DFT calculates the spectrum of a signal, while IDFT reconstructs the original signal from its
spectrum.
 DFT is typically used for spectral analysis and signal processing, while IDFT is used in
applications like signal reconstruction and communication.
Q.2) Differentiate between IIR and FIR filter
 IIR filters have feedback loops in their signal processing structure, which allows them
to have an infinite impulse response. FIR filters, on the other hand, have no feedback and
produce a finite impulse response.
 IIR filters can be implemented with fewer coefficients, making them computationally
efficient for high-order systems. FIR filters generally require more coefficients for the same
level of performance.
 IIR filters may exhibit phase distortion, while FIR filters can have linear phase responses,
making them suitable for applications where phase linearity is important.
 FIR filters are always stable, whereas IIR filters can be stable or unstable depending on
their design.
Q.3) Describe the butterworth low pass filter in detail
 The Butterworth filter is a type of analog or digital filter used for various signal processing
applications, with a focus on its use as a low-pass filter.
 The key characteristic of a Butterworth filter is its maximally flat magnitude response in the
passband, which means it has a smooth and uniform gain.
 It is defined by a parameter called the "order" (n), which determines the filter's roll-off
rate. Higher-order filters have steeper roll-off characteristics.
 In the frequency domain, the Butterworth filter's transfer function H(s) is given by H(s) =
1 / (1 + (s/ωc)^2n), where s is the complex frequency variable and ωc is the cutoff
frequency.
 In the discrete domain, the Butterworth filter can be designed by mapping the analog filter
to a digital filter using techniques such as the bilinear transform.