STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

INTRODUCTION
➢ A structural engineer's primary concern is to design buildings that are structurally safe and
serviceable under design vertical and lateral loads.
➢ Structural systems and their component members must provide sufficient stability, strength, and
stiffness so that overall structural integrity is maintained, design loads are resisted, and
serviceability limits are met.
STRCUTURAL MEMBERS
1. Horizontal floor and roof members (one-way and two-way slabs) S < ½ of L = one-way slab
2. Horizontal support members (beams and joists)
3. Vertical members (columns and structural walls)
4. Diaphragms and collectors (Mo salo sa mga lateral loads)
5. Foundations - isolated footings, mats, pile caps, and piles
6. Plain concrete - unreinforced foundations, walls and piers
7. Joints and connections
DESIGN LOADS
2 Types of Lateral Loads
1. Wind Load - Wind loads are externally applied loads and hence are related to the structure's
exposed surface.
2. Earthquake Load - Earthquake Loads are inertial forces related to the magnitude and distribution
of the mass in the structure.
CODE IMPROVEMENT FOR MEMBERS THAT RESIST SIGNIFICANT SEISMIC ACCELERATION
(EARTHQUAKE)
➢ The requirement that columns in a frame are flexurally stronger than beams - the so-called "strong
column-weak beam" concept
➢ Improve detailing to increase ductility and large energy dissipation capacity (with less
deterioration in stiffness and strength)
➢ Designing and detailing members to ensure flexural yielding before reaching nominal shear
strength
➢ Designing and detailing the connections to be stronger than the members framing into them
Limiting structural systems irregularities.
Gravity-load-resisting system (GLRS)

• Lateral-load-resisting System -
LFRS
• Moment-resisting frames
• Shear walls
• Staggered wall-beam system
• Tubes
TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

FRAMES
• lateral deformations are primary due to story shear. The relative story
deflections therefore depend on the horizontal shear applied at each story level.

WALLS
• lateral deformations are due to both shear and bending. The behavior
predominate mode depends on the wall's height-to-width ratio.

DUAL SYSTEM
• Dual systems are a combination of
moment-resisting frames and structural walls.
The moment-resisting frames support gravity
loads and up to 25 percent of the lateral load.
The structural walls resist the majority

➢ Frames with closely spaced columns, known as cantilever column system or a

tube system
➢ Lateral deformations are due to both shear and bending, similar to a wall.

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS AND OPTIMUM HEIGHT LIMITATIONS

Classification of Structures
Risk Categories of Buildings and Other Structures
➢ Occupancy Category I - Essential Facilities
➢ Occupancy Category II - Hazardous Facilities
➢ Occupancy Category III - Special Occupancy Structures
➢ Occupancy Category IV - Standard Occupancy Structures
➢ Occupancy Category V – Miscellaneous Structures

Minimum Design Loads

• Gravity Loads
o Dead Load, D
▪ Selfweight, concrete unit weight y = 23.5 kN/m3
▪ Superimposed or Additional i.e.:
▪ Floor finish
▪ Ceiling
▪ MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing)
▪ Interior partitions Perimeter walls
▪ Water proofing
▪ Etc.
 o Live Load, L
o Roof Live Load, Lr
▪ Depending on the type of building occupancy
▪ (refer to NSCP 2015 Tables)
• Lateral Loads
o Wind Load, W
▪ Basic (ultimate) wind speed = 270 kph
▪ Exposure category = C
▪ Wind directionality factor, Ka = 0.85
▪ Topographic factor, Kst = 1.0
▪ Gust-effect factor, Gf = 0.85 (rigid)
▪ Internal pressure coefficient, GCpi = ±0.18
▪ Directional procedure
o Seismic Load, E
▪ UBC 97/ NSCP 2015
 ▪ Zone = 4
▪ Seismic Source Type = A
▪ Importance Factor (I) = 1.0 (Standard Occupancy)
▪ Response modification factor (R) = 8.5 (Special
▪ Moment Resisting Frames)
▪ Distance from seismic source (refer to PHIVOLCS
http://faultfinder.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/)
▪ Ct = 0.0731 for RC moment-resisting frames
LOADING COMBINATIONS
1.4D Where:
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of
1.2D + 1.6Lp + (f1L or 0.5W) 1.2D + 1.0W + ƒ1L + 0.5Lr public assembly, for live loads in
1.2D + 1.0E + f1L excess of 4.8 kPa, and for garage
0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H live load, or = 0.5 for other live
0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H loads
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
The material properties for any building should have a reasonable knowledge of locally available
concrete and steel materials.
example
fc = 3000 psi = 21 MPa
Normal weight, wc = 23.5 kN/m3
Ec = 27,800 MPa
fy = 40,000 psi = 275 MPa
fyt = 33,000 psi = 228 MPa
Es = 200,000 MPa

➢ Engineering is a professional art of applying science to the efficient conversion of natural

resources for the benefit of mankind, thus, Engineering requires above all creative imagination to
innovate useful application for natural phenomenon.
➢ The entire process of structural planning and design requires not only imagination and
conceptual thinking but also sound knowledge/judgement of science of structural engineering
besides the knowledge of practical aspects, such as recent design codes and by-laws, backed up
by the ample experience, intuition, judgement and keen observation.
➢ It is emphasized that any structure to be constructed must satisfy the need efficiently for which it
is intended and shall be durable during its desired life span.
➢ The process of design commences with planning of the structure, primarily to meet its
functional requirements.
➢ The design of any structure is categorized into two (2) main types, i.e., (1) Functional Design
and (2) Structural Design.

FUNCTIONAL DESIGN
1. The structure to be constructed should primarily serve the basic purpose for which it is to be used.
2. Decide the type of structure.
3. It must satisfy the purpose for which it is constructed.
 4. It must meet the requirements of the user.
5. It must have a pleasant look and the aspects of
aesthetics must be looked into.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
• Once the form of the structure is selected, the structural
design process starts.
• Structural design is an art and science of understanding
the behavior of structural members subjected to loads
and designing them with economy and elegance to give
a safe, serviceable and durable structure.
The principal elements of RC building frame consist of:
o Slabs to cover large area
o Beams to support slabs and walls
o Columns to support beams
o Footings to distribute concentrated column loads over a large area to the supporting soil
such that the bearing capacity of soil is not exceeded
• In a frame structure, the load is transferred from the slab to beam, from the beam to column and
then to the foundation and soil below it.
STAGES IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN
o Computation of Design Loads
o Structural Planning
o Analysis
o Element Design
o Drawing, Detailing, Estimating
• The most important stage in design is the computation of design loads, supporting
conditions, etc. If they are not accounted properly, the structural design is meaningless. For this
purpose, the design engineer must have a clear concept of “action of forces
ACTION OF FORCES/LOADS
In majority of the cases, the principal forces acting on the structure consists of axial force, bending
moment, shear force, torsion and their combinations thereof.
AXIAL FORCE
This occurs in the case of “one-dimensional (discrete) members” like columns, arches, cables, and
members of trusses, and it is caused by forces passing through the centroidal axis and inducing axial
(tensile or compressive) stresses only

FORCES PRODUCING BENDING COMPRESSION AND TENSION

- The forces/moments either parallel or transverse
to the member axis and contained in the
centroidal plane of bending, induced internal
bending tensile and compressive stresses. Fig. 5
shoes the neutral plane and centroidal plane
 before the application of moment (M = 0). Afetr the application of moment (M = Mu), compression
is induced on top face and tension at the bottom face as shown.
TRANSVERSE FORCES PRODUCING SHEAR
- The shear forces caused by in-plane parallel forces
and contained in the centroidal plane tend to slide the
material in opposite direction inducing shearing
stresses and produce diagonal cracks as shown in the
Fig. 6.
- The transverse forces/moments acting in the plane of cross
section or in the plane perpendicular to the axis of the
member produce torsion or twisting moment. They twist the
material inducing spiral cracking as shown in the Fig. 7.
Torsion produces shearing stresses.
COMBINATION OF ACTIONS
- It is a combination of one or more actions of forces and they
produce complex stress condition in members.
STRUCTURAL PLANNING OF RC BUILDINGS
- After getting an architectural plan of the buildings, the structural planning of the building frame is
done. This involves the determination of:
o Positioning and orientation of columns
o Positioning of beams
o Spanning of slabs
o Layout of stairs
o Selecting proper type of footing.
POSITIONING OF COLUMNS
- Columns should preferably be located at or near the
corners of the building, and at the intersection of
beams/walls.
- Avoid projection of column outside wall.
o Projection of columns outside the wall in the
room should be avoided as they not only give
bad appearance but also obstruct the use of
floor space, and create problems in placing
furniture fluch with the wall.
o Provide depth of the column in the plane of the wall to avoid such offsets. The problem of
projection of column normally occurs in the internal walls since they are thinner (nowadays,
150mm thick walls are provided to get more floor space). This has posed the problems for
external walls too (the width of the column is required to be kept not less than 200mm to
prevent the column from being slender), provide Lshaped columns at the corners or T-
shaped columns at the intersection of intermediate cross walls.
ORIENTATION OF COLUMNS
- Normally, columns provided in a building are rectangular with width of the column not less than
the width of the supported beam for effective load transfer. Restriction on the width of column
necessitates the depth of column to be larger to get the desired load-carrying capacity. This leads
 to the problem of orientation of such rectangular columns for which the following important points
should be noted:
o The axis of bending is a transverse axis perpendicular to the plane of bending.
o The plane of bending is a plane of the frame or a member in which loads and longitudinal
axis lie and in which deflection profile can be seen.
o The unsupported length of the member is the length of the member contained in the plane
of bending. The effective length of the column is a function of unsupported length.
o The major axis of bending x-x is taken as an axis bisecting the depth of the column or in
other words, the depth of the column is contained in the plane of bending.
o The properties viz. moment of inertia, deflection, stiffness are calculated about the axis of
bending.
- Orient the column so that the depth of the
column is contained in the major plane of
bending or is perpendicular to the major axis
of bending.
- Avoid larger center to center distance
between columns.
- Columns on property line.
- Select the position of columns so as to reduce
bending moments in beams
-

GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR POSITIONING OF BEAMS

(1) Beam shall normally be provided under the walls or below a heavy concentrated load to
avoid these loads directly coming on slabs.
o The maximum practical thickness of slab for residential/office/public buildings is 200mm while
the minimum is 100mm.
(2) Avoid larger spans of beams
o Spacing of columns decides the span of the beam.
o As the span (and the length) of the beam increases, the required depth of the beam, and hence
its self-weight, and the total load on beam increases, thus, large spans of beams should
preferably be avoided for economy reasons.
o In the case of a column, the increase in total load (hence the increase in size) due to the
increase in length is negligible as long as the column is short, therefore, the cost of the beam
per unit length increases rapidly with the span as compared to that of the column.
o In general, columns are therefore always cheaper compared to beams on the basis of the unit
cost.
o In general, the maximum spans of beams carrying live loads up to 4 kPa may be limited to the
following values in Table 1.
 (3) Avoid larger spacings from deflection and cracking criteria.
o Larger spacings of beams shall be avoided from
considerations of controlling deflection and
cracking.
o In this case, as “L” increases, “D” does not
increase in that proportion with the result of the deflection 𝛿 increases considerably
SPANNING OF SLAB
➢ This is decided by the supporting arrangements, i.e., when the supports are only on opposite
edges or only in one direction, then the slab acts as a “one-way” supported slab.
➢ When the rectangular slab is supported along its four edges, it acts as a “one-way slab” when the
ratio of the long span to the shorter span is greater than 2 (L/S > 2), otherwise, it is a “two-way
slab” when the ratio of the long span to the shorter span is less than or equal to 2 (L/S ≤ 2).
➢ In a one-way slab, the main steel is provided along the short span only and the load is transferred
to two opposite supports only. The steel along the long span just acts as distribution steel and is
not designed for transferring the load but to distribute the load and to resist shrinkage and
temperature stresses.
➢ The two-way slab is generally economical compared to the one-way slab because steel along
both the spans act as main steel and transfers the load to all its four supports.
➢ Spanning of slab is also decided by the
necessity of continuity to the adjacent slab.
➢ If slab S2 is designed as one-way slab
spanning only in the direction parallel to AB,
then the slab S1 will get the desired fixity or
structural continuity over AB.
LAYOUT OF STAIRS
Guidelines for fixing the dimensions of the parts of stairs are the following:
1. The rise “R” should not be more than 200mm and the thread “T” should not be less than 200mm.
➢ For residential buildings, the riser “R” may be between 150-180mm and the thread “T” maybe
between 220-250mm.
➢ For public buildings, the riser “R” may be kept between 120-150mm and the thread “T” maybe
between 250-300mm.
2. The sum of the thread plus twice the rise (T + 2R) should be between 500-650mm.
3. The width of the stairs is dependent on its usage and shall be such as to avoid overcrowding.
➢ For residential buildings, the width of the stairs should be between 0.8-1m
➢ For public buildings, it should be between 1.8-2m.
4. The width of the landing should not be less than the width of the stairs.
5. For comfortable ascend on the stairs, the number of steps in each flight should not be greater than
12.
6. The pitch of the stairway should not be greater than 38o.
7. The headroom measured vertically above any step or below mid-landing shall not be less than
2.1m.
8. Avoid winders as far as possible.
CHOICE OF FOOTING TYPE
• The type of footing depends upon the load carried by the column and bearing capacity of the
supporting soil.
• It is necessary to conduct soil test in the area where the proposed structure is to be constructed
to determine the soil properties and the bearing capacity of the soil.
• For framed structures, isolated column footings are normally preferred except in cases where the
soil is with very low bearing capacities.
• For columns closely spaced and bearing capacity is low, raft foundation can be an alternative
solution.
• For columns on the boundary line, a combined footing or a strap footing may be provided.

LOADS:
• Once the dimensional requirements for a structure have been defined, it becomes necessary to
determine the loads the structure must support.
• For example, high-rise structures must endure large lateral loadings caused by wind, and so shear
walls and tubular frame systems are selected, whereas buildings located in areas prone to
earthquakes must be designed having ductile frames and connections.
• In order to design a structure, it is therefore necessary to first specify the loads that act on it.
• It should be realized, however, that codes provide only a general guide for design. The ultimate
responsibility for the design lies with the structural engineer.
DEAD LOADS
• consist of the weights of the various structural members and the weights of any objects that are
permanently attached to the structure.
• for a building, the dead loads include the weights of the columns, beams, and girders, the floor
slab, roofing, walls, windows, plumbing, electrical fixtures, and other miscellaneous attachments.
• The densities of typical materials used in construction are listed in Table 1, and a portion of a
table listing the weights of typical building components is given in Table 2
 • it should be realized that in many respects these loads will have to be estimated in the initial
phase of design. These estimates include nonstructural materials such as prefabricated facade
panels, electrical and plumbing systems, etc.
• Normally, the dead load is not large compared to the design load for simple structures such as a
beam or a single-story frame; however, for multistory buildings it is important to have an accurate
accounting of all the dead loads in order to properly design the columns, especially for the lower
floors.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
PROBLEM 1. The floor beam in Fig. 1 is used to support the 6-ft width of a
lightweight plain concrete slab having a thickness of 4 in. The slab serves as
a portion of the ceiling for the floor below, and therefore its bottom is coated
with plaster. Furthermore, an 8-ft-high, 12-in.-thick lightweight solid concrete
block wall is directly over the top flange of the beam. Determine the loading
on the beam measured per foot of length of the beam.
LIVE LOADS
• can vary both in their magnitude and location. They (live loads) may be caused by the weights of
objects temporarily placed on a structure, moving vehicles, or natural forces
Types of Live Loads:
Building loads
• the floors of buildings are assumed to be subjected to uniform live loads, which depend on the
purpose for which the building is designed. These loadings are generally tabulated in local, state,
or national codes

• For some types of buildings having very large floor areas, many codes will allow a reduction in the
uniform live load for a floor, since it is unlikely that the prescribed live load will occur
simultaneously throughout the entire structure at any one time.
• For ASCE 7-10 allows a reduction of live load on a member having an influence area 𝐾𝐿𝐿𝐴𝑇of
400𝑓𝑡2 (37.2 𝑚2 ) or more. This reduced live load is calculated using the following equation:

PROBLEM 2. A two-story office building shown in the photo has

interior columns that are spaced 22 ft apart in two perpendicular
directions. If the (flat) roof loading is 20 lb/ft2, determine the
reduced live load supported by a typical interior column located at
ground level.

SOLUTION: As shown in Fig. 2a/2b, each interior column has a

tributary area or effective loaded area of,

The ground floor column therefore supports a roof live load of,
 REMARKS; 9. 68 kips cannot be reduced since this is not a floor load.
For the second (2nd) floor, the live load is taken from the Table 3;

WIND LOADS
• When structures block the flow of wind, the wind’s kinetic energy is converted into potential
energy of pressure, which causes a wind loading.
• The effect of wind on a structure depends upon the density and velocity of the air, the angle of
incidence of the wind, the shape and stiffness of the structure, and the roughness of its surface
• For the static approach, the fluctuating pressure caused by a constantly blowing wind is
approximated by a mean velocity pressure that acts on the structure.

• According to the ASCE 7-10, this equation is modified to account for the importance of the
structure, its height, and the terrain in which it is located. It is represented as,

V = the velocity in mi/h (m/s) of a 3-second gust of wind measured 33 ft (10 m) above the ground.
Specific values depend upon the “category” of the structure obtained from a wind map
KZ = the velocity pressure exposure coefficient, which is a
function WIND LOADS of height and depends upon the
ground terrain. Table 4 lists values for a structure which is
located in open terrain with scattered low-lying
obstructions.
KZt = a factor that accounts for wind speed increases due
to hills and escarpments. For flat ground 𝑲𝒁𝒕 = 1.0
Kd = a factor that accounts for the direction of the wind. It
is used only when the structure is subjected to
combinations of loads. For wind acting alone, 𝑲𝒅 = 1.0
Design Wind Pressure for Enclosed Buildings
Once the value for qz is obtained, the design pressure can be determined from a list of relevant
equations listed in the ASCE 7-10 Standard. Using a “directional procedure” the wind-pressure on an
enclosed building of any height is determined using a two-termed equation resulting from both
external and internal pressures, namely,

Here
q= q, for the windward wall at height z above the ground (Eq. 4,5), and q = q for the leeward walls,
side walls, and roof, where zh, the mean height of the roof.
G = a wind-gust effect factor, which depends upon the exposure. For example, for a rigid structure, G
= 0.85.
Cp = a wall or roof pressure coefficient determined from a table. These tabular values for the walls
and a roof pitch of 0= 10° are given in Fig. 3 Note in the elevation view that the pressure will vary
with height on the windward side of the building, whereas on the remaining sides and on the roof the
pressure is assumed to be constant. Negative values indicate pressures acting away from the surface.
(GCpi) = the internal pressure coefficient, which depends upon the type of openings in the building.
For fully enclosed buildings (GCpi) = ±0.18. Here the signs indicate that either positive or negative
(suction) pressure can occur within the building.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
PROBLEM 3. The enclosed building shown in the photo and in Fig. 3a is
used for storage purposes and is located outside of Chicago, Illinois on
open flat terrain. When the wind is directed as shown, determine the
design wind pressure acting on the roof and sides of the building using
the ASCE 7-10 Specifications. The basic wind speed is 105 mi/h.

SOLUTION: First the wind pressure will be determined using Eq. 4. The
basic wind speed is V = 105 mi/h since the building is used for storage.
Also, for flat terrain, 𝐾𝑧𝑡 = 1.0. Since only wind loading is being

considered, 𝐾𝑑 = 1.0. Thus,

For rigid structure, G = 0.85 and for fully enclosed building, 𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = ±0.18, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠,
DESIGN PARAMETERS
TRIAL SECTION
Tie beams = 250 x 350 mm
Floor Beams = 250 x 450 mm
Columns = 400 x 400 mm
𝑝𝑒𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 (2𝑥5330)+(2𝑥4200)
Slab thickness = = = 105.9 ≈ 120𝑚𝑚
180 180
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
SMRF – Special Moment Resisting Frame
DEAD LOAD APPLICATION
Gravity Loads
Dead Load, D
𝑘𝑁
• 120-mm thk floor slab = 24 𝑚2 × 0.12𝑚 = 2.88𝑘𝑃𝑎
• Floor finish = 1.10 kPa
• Ceiling = 0.10 kPa
• MEP = 0.10 kPa
• Interior partitions (full 4” CHB w/ plaster on both sides) = 2.50+0.24+ 0.24 ≈ 3.0 kPa
• Total uniform dead load = 7.18 kPa
LIVE LOAD ARRANGEMENT
Gravity Loads
Live Load, L
Roof Live Load,
• Depending on the type of building occupancy
• (Refer to NSCP 2015 Tables)
• Total uniform live load = 4.80 kPa
SEISMIC LOAD APPLICATION
Lateral Loads computed from Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
Seismic Load, E
• UBC 97 / NSCP 2015
• Zone = 4
• Seismic Source Type = A
• Importance Factor (I) = 1.0 (Standard Occupancy)
• Response modification factor (R) = 8.5 (Special Moment Resisting Frames)
• Distance from seismic source (refer to PHIVOLCS http://faultfinder.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/)
• Ct = 0.0731 for RC moment-resisting frames
Loading Combination
NSCP 203.3.1 Basic Load Combinations
1.4D ←
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5𝐿𝑟 ← Where
1.2D + 1.6𝐿𝑟 + (𝑓1 𝐿 𝑜𝑟 0.5𝑤 ) 𝑓1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly for
1.2D + 1.0W + 𝑓1 𝐿 + 0.5𝐿𝑟 live loads in excess of 4.8 kPa, and for garage live
1.2D + 1.0E + 𝑓1 𝐿 ← load or
0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H 𝑓1 = 0.5 for other live loads
0.9D + 1. E + 1.6H ←
NSCP 208.6.1 Earthquake Loads
In equation 208-18
• 𝑬 = 𝝆𝑬𝒉 + 𝑬𝒗
o Use 𝝆 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 (Conservative)
o Where 𝑬𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝑪𝒂 𝑰𝑫
o 𝑪𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝑵𝒂 for soil profile type 𝑺𝑫
o Thus, 𝑬 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝑬𝒉 + 𝟎. 𝟓(𝟎. 𝟒𝟒 × 𝟏. 𝟎)(𝟏. 𝟎)𝑫
o Simplifying, 𝑬 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝑬𝒉 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝑫
o Therefore, load combination with earthquake load is 𝟏. 𝟒𝟐𝑫 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝑳 + 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝑬𝒉
• 𝑬𝒎 = 𝛀 𝒐 𝑬𝒉
• Refer to NSCP for the legend of symbols
FINAL LOADING COMBINATION LOADING COMBINATIONS THAT USUALLY
1. 1.4𝐷 GOVERNS:
2. 1.2𝐷 + 1.6𝐿
3. 1.42𝐷 + 0.5𝐿 + 1.25𝐸 (+𝑥) 1. 1.2𝐷 + 1.6𝐿
4. 1.42𝐷 + 0.5𝐿 + 1.25𝐸 (−𝑥) 2. 1.42𝐷 + 0.5𝐿 + 1.25𝐸 (+𝑥)
5. 1.12𝐷 + 1.25𝐸 (+𝑥) 3. 1.42𝐷 + 0.5𝐿 + 1.25𝐸 (−𝑥)
6. 1.12𝐷 + 1.25𝐸 (−𝑥)
RUN THE ANALYSIS USING GRASP COMPUTER PROGRAM
• Actual demonstration using GRASP
STRUCTURAL MODEL
• Wireframe model
• 3D View
• Node and Beam Numbering
LOADING CASES DETAILS
• Dead load
• Live Load
• Earthquake Load
2D FRAME MODELING & ANALYSIS USING GRASP
Model and Analyze a Frame using the 2D Structural Analysis Software, GRASP
Modeling and analysis using GRASP can be divided into five general steps:
1. Start analysis software and set basic parameters
2. Create geometry (refer to your respective design projects for the dimensions and preliminary sections)
3. Apply basic loads
4. Define load combinations
5. Perform analysis and view the results
Analytical Model of the Structure
• Modeling of Structures in 2D
• Or Modeling of Structures in 3D)
• Modeling the Supports and Joints
• Modeling the External Loads
• Load Combinations
Results of Structural Analysis
• Using the computer as a learning tool
• Results of Structural Analysis
 • Displacements at the nodes
• Shear Forces at various sections
• Bending Moment at various sections
• Axial forces at the ends of members
• Reactions at the supports
DESIGN RESULT
• Load combination 1.2𝐷+1.6𝐿
o Bending Moment diagram
o Shear Force diagram
o Axial Force diagram
• Load combination 1.42𝐷 + 0.5𝐿 + 1.25𝐸
o Bending Moment Diagram
o Shear Force diagram
o Axial Force Diagram
• Load combination 1.12𝐷 + 1.25𝐸
o Bending Moment Diagram
o Shear Force diagram
o Axial Force Diagram
MEMBER END-FORCES AND FORCE ENVELOPE
SUPPORT REACTIONS
• For Foundation design

Static Lateral Force Procedure

The strength level design base shear is given by the following formula in accordance with Section
208.5.2.1 of NSCP 2015.
Where:
T = fundamental period of the structure in the direction under consideration
l = seismic importance factor
Cv = numerical coefficient dependent on the soil conditions at the site and the seismicity of the region, as
set forth in Table 208-8 (NSCP 2015)
W = seismic dead load
R = factor that accounts for the ductility and overstrength of the structural system, as set forth in Table
208-11 (NSCP 2015)
Z = seismic zone factor. Note that does not directly appear in the base shear formula. It does, however,
affect the seismic coefficients Ca and Cv.

The base shear as specified in the previous equation is subject to three limits:
1. The design base shear need not exceed

2. It cannot be less than

Where is a seismic coefficient dependent on soil conditions at the site and on regional seismicity
3. In the zone of highest seismicity (Zone 4), the design base shear must be equal to or greater than

Seismic Zone Factor, Z

The Philippine archipelago is divided into two seismic zones only. Zone 2 covers the provinces of Palawan
(except Busuanga), Sulu and Tawi-tawi while the rest of the country is under Zone 4 as shown in the
figure. Each structure shall be assigned a seismic zone factor, in accordance with Table 208-3.
Seismic Importance Factor, I

Structure Period, T
• Method A

Where:
Ct = 0.0853 for steel moment-resisting frames
Ct= 0.0731 for reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames and eccentrically braced frames
Ct = 0.0488 for all other buildings
hn = height of the building

Structural System Coefficient, R

Table 208.11A for Concrete
Table 208.11B for Steel
Seismic Dead Load, W
• The dead load W, used for calculating the base shear, includes the total dead load of the structure,
the actual weight of partitions with a minimum allowance of 10 psf (0.50 kPa) of floor area, 25%
of the floor live load in storage and warehouse occupancies, and the weight of snow when the
design snow load is greater than 30 psf. The snow load may be reduced by up to 75% is its
duration is short.
• The total seismic load W represents the total mass of the building and includes the weight of
structural slabs, beams, columns, and walls; and nonstructural components such as floor toppings,
roofing, fireproofing material, fixed electrical and mechanical equipment, partitions, and ceilings.
When partition locations are subject to change (as in office buildings), a uniform distributed dead
load of at least 10 psf of floor area is used in calculating . Typical miscellaneous items such as
ducts, piping and conduits can be accounted for using additional 2 to 5 psf. In storage areas, 25%
of the design live load is included in the seismic weight W.
Seismic Coefficient Ca and Cv

Soil Profile Types

208.4.3 Site Geology and Soil Characteristics
Each site shall be assigned a soil profile type based on properly substantiated geotechnical data using
the site categorization procedure set forth in Section 208.4.3.1.1 and Table 208-2.
Exception:
When the soil properties are not known in sufficient detail to determine the soil profile type, Type S D
shall be used. Soil Profile Type SE or SF need not be assumed unless the building official determines that
Type SE or SF may be present at the site or in the event that Type SE or SF is established by geotechnical
data.
Seismic Source Type A, B, and C

Near Source Factors Na and Nv

Example (Design Base Shear)

Determine the design base shear for a Five-storey concrete
special moment resisting frame building. The following
information is given:
Zone 4, = 0.4
Seismic Source Type = A
Distance to seismic source = 10 km
Soil Profile Type = SC
I = 1.0
R = 8.5
W = 7300 Kn
Solution:
(1) Determine the structure period using Method A For concrete moment-resisting frames, Ct= 0.0731
3 3
𝑇 = 𝐶𝑡 (ℎ𝑛 )4 = 0.0731(25)4 = 0.81 𝑠𝑒𝑐
(2) Find near source factors Na and Nv from table 208-4 and 208-5 for Seismic Source Type A and
distance to seismic source of 10 km
Na = 1.0 Nv = 1.2
(3) Determine seismic coefficient Ca and Cv from Table 208-7 and 208-8 for soil profile type Sc and
Zone 4.
𝐶𝑎 = 0.40𝑁𝑎 = 0.4 × 1.0 = 0.4
 𝐶𝑣 = 0.56𝑁𝑣 = 0.56 × 1.2 = 0.672
(4) Determine the Base Shear
The total design base shear in a given direction is:
𝐶𝑣 𝐼 0.672(1.0)
𝑉= 𝑊= (7300) = 712 𝑘𝑁
𝑅𝑇 (8.5)(0.81)
But the code indicates that the total design base shear need not exceed the following:
2.5𝐶𝑎 𝐼 2.5(0.40)(1.0)
𝑉= 𝑊= (7300) = 858 𝑘𝑁
𝑅 8.5
And that the base shear shall not be less than the following:
𝑉 = 0.11𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝑊 = 0.11(0.40)(1.0)(7300) = 321 𝑘𝑁
And in Seismic Zone 4, the total design base shear shall also be not less than:
0.8𝑍𝑁𝑣 𝐼 0.8(0.40)(1.20)(1.0)
𝑉= 𝑊= (7300) = 330 𝑘𝑁
𝑅 8.5
Therefore, the governing design base shear for this example is: V = 712 Kn
Vertical Distribution of Force (NSCP 2015 Sect. 208.5.2.3)

The concentrated force Ft at the top, which is in addition to Fn, shall be determined from the equation:

Ft accounts for the greater participation of the higher-mode response of longer period structures.

The remaining portion of the total base shear (V − Ft) is distributed over the height, including the top, by
the formula

Where:
w = weight at a particular level
ℎ = the height of that level above the shear base
For equal story heights and weights, the equation distributes the force linearly, increasing toward the top.
Any significant variation from this triangular distribution indicates an irregular structure.

Example
A 10-storey building has a moment resisting steel frame for a lateral force
resisting system. Find the vertical distribution of lateral forces -6. The
following information is given:
Zone 4
W = 18,400 kN
Cv = 0.56
R = 8.5
I = 1.0
T = 1.32 sec
V = 918.4 kN
Solution:
1. Determine Ft
This is the concentrated force applied at the top of the structure. It is determined as follows. First, check that
the Ft is not zero.
𝑇 = 1.32 𝑠𝑒𝑐. > 0.7 𝑠𝑒𝑐. ∴ 𝐹𝑡 > 0
𝐹𝑡 = 0.007𝑇𝑉 = 0.07(1.32)(918.4) = 84.86 𝑘𝑁

84.86 𝑘𝑁 <? 0.25𝑉 = (0.25)(918.4)

84.86 < 229.6 ∴ 𝑂𝑘!
2. Find Fx at each level
The vertical distribution of seismic forces is determined from
(𝑉 − 𝐹𝑡 )(𝑤𝑥 ℎ𝑥 )
𝐹𝑥 =
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑤𝑖 ℎ𝑖
Where:
(𝑉 − 𝐹𝑡 ) = (918.4 − 84.86) = 833.54 𝑘𝑁
 SIMPLIFIED STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE

208.5.1.1 SIMPLIFIED DESIGN BASE SHEAR

Table 208-7 & 208-5

W = weight of structure or 100% of the total dead load + 25% live load for storage and warehouse
Table 208-1 Occupancy Category ad Importace Factors Table
Table 208-2 Soil Profile Types
Table 208-11 A Response Modification Factor

208.5.1.2 Verbal Distribution

The forces at each level shall be calculated using the following equation:
3𝐶𝑎
𝐹𝑥 = 𝑤
𝑅 𝑖
Where the value of Ca shall be determined as in Section 208.5.1.1.
208.5.1.3 Horizonotal Distribution of Shear
The design storey shear. Vx, in any storey is the sum of the forces Ft and Fx above that storey, Vx shall be
distributed to te various elements of the vertical lateral force-resisting system in proportion to their
rigidities, considering the rigidity of the diaphragm. See Section 208.7.2.3 for rigid elements that are not
intended to be part of the lateral force-resisting systems

Example:
Determine the base shear and the design lateral
forces for a two-storey reinforced concrete SMRF
office building using the simplified design base
shear given the following information:
Zone 4, Z = 0.4
Seismic source Type = C
Soil profile type unknown
R = 8.5
W = 1500 kN
1. Check the applicability of the Simplified Method:
Referring back to NSCP 208.4.8.1
Since the building is covered in at least the second condition we can use the simplified method.
2. Determine the Base Shear
Since the soil properties are unknown the suggested soil type SD shall be used in accordance with
208.4.3
Table 208-5
Na = 1.0
 From Table 208-7
𝐶𝑎 = 0.44𝑁𝑎 = 0.44 × 1.0 = 0.44
From equation 208-5
3.0𝐶𝑎 3.0(0.44)
𝑉= 𝑊= (1500) = 233 𝑘𝑁
𝑅 8.5
3. Determine the lateral force at each level
3𝐶𝑎 3(0.44)
𝐹𝑥 = 𝑤𝑥 = 𝑤𝑥
𝑅 8.5
𝐹𝑥 = 0.155𝑤𝑥
𝐹2 = 0.155(900) = 140 𝑘𝑁
𝐹1 = 0.155(600) = 93 𝑘𝑁
Commentary: From the equation 208-9
2.5𝐶𝑎 𝐼 2.5(0.44)(1.0)
𝑉= 𝑊= (1500) = 194 𝑘𝑁
𝑅 8.5
It is noticeable that from this example, the design base shear value using the simplified method is
approximately 20 percent higher than that of the maximum in static force method
233
= 1.20
194

Determine relative Rigidity, R

• Since all columns are of equal size, we assign a rigidity (relative) value of Rc = 1 per column
• Transverse Frames (1 to 4): RF = 3 (3 columns)
• Longitudinal Frames (A, B, C): RF = 4 (4 columns)
Direct Force
For every 1 kN of lateral force on the building in the transverse direction, each frame (1 to 4) will receive
3 𝑅
(= ∑ 𝑅 ) or 0.25 kN
12
Torsional Force
• The building is symmetrical; therefore, no calculated torsion is considered. However, an accidental
eccentricity of 5% will be assumed in accordance with NSCP 208.5.1.3
• 𝑀𝑇 = 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 18 × 5% × 1 𝑘𝑁 𝑚 = 0.9 𝑘𝑁 𝑚 (@𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙)
• 𝑀𝑇 = 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 12 × 5% × 1 𝑘𝑁 𝑚 = 0.6 𝑘𝑁 𝑚 (@𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙)
Calculation by Tabulation

Loadings Along the Longitudinal

Loadings Along the Transverse
208.5.1.3 Horizontal Distribution of Shear
• The design storey shear, V, in any storey is the sum of the forces F, and F, above that storey. V,
shall be distributed to the various elements of the vertical lateral force-resisting system in
proportion to their rigidities, considering the rigidity of the diaphragm. See Section 208.7.2.3 for
rigid elements that are not intended to be part of the lateral force- resisting systems.
• Where diaphragms are not flexible, the mass at each level shall be assumed to be displaced from
the calculated center of mass in each direction a distance equal to 5 percent of the building
dimension at that level perpendicular to the direction of the force under consideration. The effect
of this displacement on the storey shear distribution shall be considered.
• Diaphragms shall be considered flexible for the purposes of distribution of storey shear and
torsional moment when the maximum lateral deformation of the diaphragm is more than two
times the average storey drift of the associated storey. This may be determined by comparing the
computed midpoint in-plane deflection of the diaphragm itself under lateral load with the storey
drift of adjoining vertical-resisting elements under equivalent tributary lateral load.

Diaphragm Flexibility
Diaphragms must be considered as semi-rigid unless they can be classified as FLEXIBLE or RIGID.
• Untopped steel decking and untopped wood structural panels are considered FLEXIBLE if the
vertical seismic force resisting systems are steel or composite braced frames or are shear walls.
• Diaphragms in one- and two-family residential buildings may be considered FLEXIBLE.
 • Concrete slab or concrete filled metal deck diaphragms are considered RIGID if the width to depth
ratio of the diaphragm is less than 3 and if no horizontal irregularities exist.

208.5.1.4 Horizontal Torsional Moments

• Provisions shall be made for the increased shears resulting from horizontal torsion where
diaphragms are not flexible. The most severe load combination for each element shall be
considered for design.
• The torsional design moment at a given storey shall be the moment resulting from eccentricities
between applied design lateral forces at levels above that storey and the vertical-resisting
elements in that storey plus an accidental torsion.
• The accidental torsional moment shall be determined by assuming the mass is displaced as
required by Section 208.5.1.3.
• Where torsional irregularity exists, as defined in Table 208-10, the effects shall be accounted for
by increasing the accidental torsion at each level by an amplification factor, A,, determined from
the following equation:
2 Where:
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐴𝑥 = [ ] (208 − 7) 𝛿𝑎𝑣𝑔 = the average of the displacements at the extreme points
1.2𝛿𝑎𝑣𝑔 of the structure at Level x, mm
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = the maximum displacement at Level x, mm

The value of Ax need not exceed 3.0

Wall Rigidities
- Often called the Stiffness
- Will determine how well a wall will react to lateral forces
- The rigidity of a wall is dependent on the cross-sectional dimensions, the height of the wall, and
the material it is made of
- The rigidity of a wall is defined as the reciprocal of the deflection. For example, for wall 𝑖 the
rigidity 𝑅𝑖 = 1/𝛿𝑖 .
- Cantilever wall is fixed at its base or foundation and is a vertical cantilever
- Fixed wall is fixed both at its base and at the top and restrained against rotation

Rigid Diaphragm Analysis

- Floors and flat roofs of buildings are considered horizontal diaphragms
- Designed to distribute lateral loads to the vertical supporting structural elements of the lateral
load resisting system such as shear walls or frames.
 - A diaphragm is considered to be rigid or flexible based on its stiffness
- A diaphragm, which is idealized as rigid, is typically a solid concrete slab or concrete on metal
deck slab having a span-to-depth (aspect) ratio of 3 or less.
- A rigid diaphragm analysis assumes that the diaphragm is sufficiently stiff to retain its form and
engage the vertical elements based on their stiffness or rigidity
Center of Mass
- The center of mass needs to be calculated to determine the location of
the seismic shear to be applied to the building.

Example: Locating the center of mass of a building

Concrete shear walls resist lateral forces in both directions. Determine the location of the center of mass
(CM) at the given floor level. The mass of the
floor diaphragm is uniformly distributed, and
the weights of the concrete shear walls are as
noted in the figure and are tributary to the
diaphragm— that is, half of the wall height
below and half of the wall height above the
diaphragm constitutes the weight of the wall
for analysis. The non-cantilevered portion of
the floor diaphragm is 85 psf and the
cantilevered portion of the diaphragm is 65
psf. The floors of the building are 6 in. thick
concrete slab on metal deck and are idealized
as a rigid diaphragm. The floor-to-floor height is 12 ft.
Center of Rigidity
- The center of rigidity is the origin whereby the seismic force applied to
the center of mass of the floor will rotate.
- When forces are parallel to the length of the wall, its rigidity must be
determined. When forces are perpendicular to the wall, its rigidity is
conservatively taken as zero.
Example: Compute the center of rigidity for the same building example
Solution:
Tabulated wall deflections and rigidities

Polar moment of inertia

- Because the center of mass and center of rigidity is not usually in the same location, a torsional
force or moment is produced at the center of rigidity of the building.
- The response of the building to this torsional force is predicted by the rotational moment of inertia
or the polar moment of inertia, which is based on the layout and rigidity of the walls.
- The polar moment of inertia is generated around the coordinates of the center of rigidity
- Each wall’s distance from the center of rigidity is calculated by:

- Then, the polar moment of inertia, 𝐽, is obtained by the following eqn:

Example: Polar moment of inertia
Compute the polar moment of inertia for the same building example
Solution: The distance of each wall from the center of rigidity of the building is calculated below:

Eccentricity
• According to ASCE 7, Section 12.8.4.2, accidental torsion is the moment arm created by the
distance between the center of mass and the center of rigidity, for buildings with rigid diaphragms,
must be increased by an offset of the center of mass by 5% of the dimension of the structure,
perpendicular to the direction of the applied force to account for an accidental eccentricity
• For an applied seismic load in the north-south direction of the building discussed in the Example,
the perpendicular dimension is 80 𝑓𝑡, hence the offset to account for accidental eccentricity is
0.05(80) = 4 𝑓𝑡 to the left and right of the center of mass, thereby creating three locations of the
center of mass to apply the seismic force, as show here:

• Hence, the eccentricity is the distance from the center of rigidity (moment arm) as follows:
C

Wall Shear (Direct)

• The direct shear in each of the walls, due to shear
force 𝑉𝑦 is proportional to the rigidity and is
calculated as follows:

• Where ∑𝑅𝑖,𝑦 and ∑𝑅𝑖,𝑥 only include the sum of

rigidities of the walls that are parallel to the line of
force applied. Walls that are perpendicular to the
applied force have a rigidity of zero and are not
included.
Wall Shear (Torsional)
• The torsional shears are due to the
eccentric seismic force, applied to the
center of mass, and rotating about the
center of rigidity. The shear walls resist
this torsional force and develop shears.

Wall Shears (Direct and Torsional)

𝑉𝑖 = 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 + 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟

For walls perpendicular to the applied force, there is no direct shear. However, perpendicular walls
attract shear forces due to the torsional moment.

Example: Determine the direct and torsional wall shear

For the building discussed in the Example, determine the shear force in walls A, B, C, D, and E for a
seismic force 𝑉 = 150 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 applied in the y-direction. 𝐽 = 26,793.7 𝑓𝑡2 and 𝑒 = 13.3′.
Solution:
The total shear in the walls (A, B, and C) parallel to the applied force is

And the total shear in the walls (D and E) perpendicular to the applied force is
From the Table, the design shears can be assembled as shown:

ACI Provisions for Shear Walls

1. The factored beam shear must be equal to or less than the design shear strength of the wall.

2. The design shear strength of a wall is equal to the design shear strength of the concrete plus that
of the shear reinforcing.
3. The nominal shear strength, 𝑉𝑛, at any horizontal section in the plane of the wall may not be
taken greater than
4. In designing for the horizontal shear forces in the plane of a wall, 𝑑 is to be taken as equal to
0.8𝑙𝑤, where 𝑙𝑤 is the horizontal wall length between faces of the supports, unless it can be
proved to be larger by a strain compatibility analysis.
5. ACI Section 11.10.5 states that unless a more detailed calculation is made (as described in the
next paragraph), the value of the nominal shear strength, 𝑉𝑐, used may not be larger than 2𝜆
√(𝑓𝑐 ′)ℎ𝑑 for walls subject to a factored axial compressive load, 𝑁𝑢. Should a wall be subject to
a tensile load, 𝑁𝑢, the value of 𝑉𝑐 may not be larger than the value obtained with the following
equation:

6. Using a more detailed analysis, the value of 𝑉𝑐 is to be taken as the smaller value obtained by
substituting into two equations that follow, in which 𝑁𝑢 is the factored axial load normal to the
cross section occurring simultaneously with 𝑉𝑢. 𝑁𝑢 is to be considered positive for compression
and negative for tension
 In SI units, these last equations are as follows:

7. The value of 𝑉𝑐 computed by the two preceding equations at a distance from the base equal to
𝑙𝑤/2 or ℎ𝑤/2 (whichever is less) are applicable for all sections between this section and one at
the wall base (11.9.7)
8. Should the factored shear, 𝑉𝑢, be less than 𝜙𝑉𝑐/2 computed as described in the preceding two
paragraphs, it will not be necessary to provide a minimum amount of both horizontal and vertical
reinforcing, as described in Section 11.9.9 or Chapter 14 of the code.
9. Should 𝑉𝑢 be greater than 𝜙𝑉𝑐 , shear wall reinforcing must be designed as described in Section
11.9.9 of the code.
10. If the factored shear force, 𝑉𝑢, exceeds the shear strength, 𝜙𝑉𝑐 , the value of 𝑉𝑠 is to be
determined from the following expression, in which 𝐴𝑣 is the area of the horizontal shear
reinforcement and 𝑠 is the spacing of the shear or torsional reinforcing in a direction perpendicular
to the horizontal reinforcing (11.9.9.1

11. The amount of horizontal shear reinforcing, 𝜌𝑡 (as a percentage of the gross vertical concrete area)
shall not be less than 0.0025
12. The maximum spacing of horizontal shear reinforcing, 𝑠2, shall not be greater than 𝑙𝑤/5, 3ℎ, or
18 𝑖𝑛.
13. The amount of vertical shear reinforcing, 𝜌𝑛 (as a percentage of the gross horizontal concrete area)
shall not be less than the value given by the following equation, in which ℎ𝑤 is the total height of
the wall

It shall not be less than 0.0025 but need not be greater that the required horizontal shear
reinforcing, 𝜌𝑡.

For high walls, the vertical reinforcing is much less effective than it is low walls. This fact is
reflected in the preceding equation, where for walls with a height/length ratio less than half, the
amount of vertical reinforcing required equals the horizontal reinforcing required. If the ratio is
larger than 2.5, only a minimum amount of vertical reinforcing is required (i.e., 0.0025𝑠ℎ).
 14. The maximum spacing of vertical shear reinforcing shall not be greater than 𝑙𝑤/3, 3ℎ, or 18 𝑖n.

EXAMPLE:
Design the reinforced concrete shear wall shown
if 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 3000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 and 𝑓𝑦 = 60,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖.

Solution:
1. Is the wall thickness satisfactory?
𝑉𝑢 = ∅10√𝑓𝑐′ ℎ𝑑
𝑑 = 0.8𝑙𝑤 = 0.8(10𝑓𝑡 × 12𝑖𝑛/𝑓𝑡 ) = 96𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑢 = ∅10√𝑓𝑐′ ℎ𝑑 = 0.75(10)(√3000𝑝𝑠𝑖)(8𝑖𝑛)(96𝑖𝑛) = 315,488 𝑙𝑏
315.5𝑘 > 240𝑘 ∴ 𝑂𝐾
2. Compute 𝑉𝑐 for wall (lesser of two values)
𝑁 𝑑
(𝑎)𝑉𝑐 = 3.3𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ ℎ𝑑 + 𝑢
4𝑙𝑤
= (3.3)(1)(√3000)(8)(96) + 0 = 138,815 𝑙𝑏𝑠 = 138.8𝑘
0.2𝑁𝑢
𝑙𝑤 (1.25𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ + )
′ 𝑙𝑤 ℎ
(𝑏 )𝑉𝑐 = [0.6𝜆√𝑓𝑐 + ] ℎ𝑑
𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑤
(𝑉 )−(2)
𝑢
𝑙𝑤 10 ℎ𝑤 14
Computing Vu and Mu at the lesser of 2 = 2 = 5𝑓𝑡 or 2 = 2 = 7𝑓𝑡
𝑉𝑢 = 240𝑘
𝑀𝑢 = 240𝑘(14𝑓𝑡 − 5𝑓𝑡 ) = 25920 𝑖𝑛 𝑘

12𝑖𝑛
(10𝑓𝑡 × ) (1.25(1)(√3000) + 0)
𝑓𝑡
𝑉𝑐 = 0.6(1)(√3000) + (8)(96)
12𝑖𝑛
10𝑓𝑡 ×
25920 𝑓𝑡
( 240 ) − ( )
2
[ ]
= 156,692 𝑙𝑏 = 156.7 𝑘

3. Is shear reinforcing needed?

∅𝑉𝑐 (0.75)(1.0)(138.8)
= = 52.05𝑘 < 240𝑘 ∴ 𝑂𝐾
2 2
4. Select horizontal shear reinforcing
𝑉𝑢 = ∅𝑉𝑐 + ∅𝑉𝑠
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝑑
𝑉𝑢 = ∅𝑉𝑐 + ∅
𝑠
𝐴𝑣 𝑉𝑢 − ∅𝑉𝑐 240 𝑘 − (0.75)(138.8𝑘)
= = = 0.0315 𝑖𝑛
𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 (0.75)(60𝑘𝑠𝑖)(96𝑖𝑛)
 Try different-sized horizontal bars with 𝐴𝑣 = two-bar cross sectional areas. Two layers of
horizontal bars will be placed at the calculated spacing, hence 𝐴𝑣 = twice the bar area. Compute
𝑠2 = vertical spacing of horizontal shear reinforcing.
(2)(0.11𝑖𝑛2 )
𝑇𝑟𝑦 3 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠: 𝑠 = = 6.98 𝑖𝑛
0.0315𝑖𝑛
(2)(0.20𝑖𝑛2 )
𝑇𝑟𝑦 #4 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠: 𝑠 = = 12.70 𝑖𝑛
0.0315𝑖𝑛
Maximum vertical spacing of horizontal stirrups
𝑙𝑤 (12𝑖𝑛/𝑓𝑡 )(10𝑓𝑡 )
= = 24 𝑖𝑛
5 5
3ℎ = (3)(8𝑖𝑛) = 24𝑖𝑛
18𝑖𝑛 = 18𝑖𝑛
Use #4 @ 12 in.
𝐴𝑣
𝜌𝑡 =
𝐴𝑠
Where 𝐴𝑆 = wall thickness times the vertical spacing of the horizontal stirrups
(2)(0.20)
𝜌𝑡 = = 0.00417
(8)(12)
Which is greater than the minimum 𝜌𝑛 of 0.0025 required by code
Use 2 #4 horizontal bars 12 in. o.c. vertically
5. Design vertical shear reinforcing
ℎ𝑤
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝜌𝑡 = 0.0025 + 0.5 (2.5 − ) (𝜌ℎ − 0.0025)
𝑙𝑤
14𝑓𝑡
= 0.0025 + 0.5 (2.5 − ) (0.00417 − 0.0025) = 0.00342
10𝑓𝑡
Assume #4 vertical bars with 𝐴𝑣 = two-bar cross sectional areas and with 𝑠 = horizontal spacing
of vertical bars.
(2)(0.20)
𝑠= = 14.62 𝑖𝑛
(8)(0.00342)
Maximum horizontal spacing of vertical stirrups
𝑙𝑤 (12𝑖𝑛/𝑓𝑡 )(10𝑓𝑡 )
= = 40 𝑖𝑛
3 3
3ℎ = (3)(8𝑖𝑛) = 24𝑖𝑛
18𝑖𝑛 = 18𝑖𝑛
Use 2 #4 vertical bars 14 in o.c. horizontally

6. Design vertical flexural reinforcing

𝑀𝑢 = 240𝑘(14𝑓𝑡 ) = 3360 𝑓𝑡 𝑘 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙
12𝑖𝑛
𝑀𝑢 ( ) (3360𝑓𝑡 𝑘 )(1000)
𝑓𝑡
= = 607.6 𝑝𝑠𝑖
∅𝑏𝑑 2 (0.9)(8𝑖𝑛)(96𝑖𝑛)2

ρ = 0.0118 (from Appendix A, Table A. 12) A𝑠 = ρbd

Where 𝑏 is wall thickness and 𝑑 is approximated by
0.80𝑙𝑤 = 0.80(10𝑓𝑡 × 12𝑖𝑛/𝑓𝑡 ) = 96 𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑠 = (0.0118)(8𝑖𝑛)(96𝑖𝑛) = 9.06 𝑖𝑛2
Use 10 #9 bars each end (assuming 𝑉𝑢 could come from either direction)
7. A sketch of the wall cross section is given here. If this same wall were subjected to significant
axial load, the method used to calculate 𝐴𝑠 for flexure would have to be revised to include its
effect. Spreadsheets to calculate the coordinates of the interaction diagram can be developed for
this purpose.
The centroid of the bar group at either end of the wall is approximately 7 𝑖𝑛. from the wall end.
Assuming all of the tension bars are yielding, the resultant tension force is also located at 7 𝑖𝑛.
from the wall end. The assumed value of 𝑑 = 0.8𝑙𝑤 was overly conservative. It can be taken as 120
− 7 = 113 𝑖𝑛. Revising the calculation for 𝐴𝑠 using this value of 𝑑 results in a new 𝐴𝑠 = 7.32 𝑖𝑛2.
As a result, the bar size can be reduced to #8 with the same number of bars (10 #8 bars at each
end).