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    Ac Generator

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    sankaranarayanans07418
    An electric generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. It works by using a magnetic field and coils of wire to induce electric current. Generators provide power for electric grids. They contain a rotor that spins inside a stator to generate voltage. As the rotor spins, the changing magnetic field induces current in the stator windings. Common generator types include prime movers like steam turbines or diesel engines connected to a rotor that drives the generator. Efficiency losses occur from internal resistance, hysteresis in the magnetic cores, and mechanical friction. Generators have a variety of uses including power generation, vehicles, appliances, and portable power.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Ac Generator

    Uploaded by

    sankaranarayanans07418
    14 views8 pages
    An electric generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. It works by using a magnetic field and coils of wire to induce electric current. Generators provide power for electric grids. They contain a rotor that spins inside a stator to generate voltage. As the rotor spins, the changing magnetic field induces current in the stator windings. Common generator types include prime movers like steam turbines or diesel engines connected to a rotor that drives the generator. Efficiency losses occur from internal resistance, hysteresis in the magnetic cores, and mechanical friction. Generators have a variety of uses including power generation, vehicles, appliances, and portable power.

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    An electric generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. It works by using a magnetic field and coils of wire to induce electric current. Generators provide power for electric grids. They contain a rotor that spins inside a stator to generate voltage. As the rotor spins, the changing magnetic field induces current in the stator windings. Common generator types include prime movers like steam turbines or diesel engines connected to a rotor that drives the generator. Efficiency losses occur from internal resistance, hysteresis in the magnetic cores, and mechanical friction. Generators have a variety of uses including power generation, vehicles, appliances, and portable power.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    14 views8 pages

    Ac Generator

    Uploaded by

    sankaranarayanans07418
    An electric generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. It works by using a magnetic field and coils of wire to induce electric current. Generators provide power for electric grids. They contain a rotor that spins inside a stator to generate voltage. As the rotor spins, the changing magnetic field induces current in the stator windings. Common generator types include prime movers like steam turbines or diesel engines connected to a rotor that drives the generator. Efficiency losses occur from internal resistance, hysteresis in the magnetic cores, and mechanical friction. Generators have a variety of uses including power generation, vehicles, appliances, and portable power.

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    INTRODUCTION

    An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to


    electrical energy.A generator forces electric current to flow through an
    external circuit. The source of mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or
    turbine steam engine, water falling through a turbine or waterwheel, an
    internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank, compressed air,
    or any other source of mechanical energy.Generators provide nearly all of
    the power for electric power grids.

    THEORY AND WORKING

    The strong magnetic field is produced by a current flow through the field
    coil of the rotor.

    The field coil in the rotor receives excitation through the use of slip rings
    and brushes.

    Two brushes are spring-held in contact with the slip rings to provide the
    continuous connection between the field coil and the external excitation
    circuit.

    The armature is contained within the windings of the stator and is


    connected to the output.

    Each time the rotor makes one complete revolution, one complete cycle of
    AC is developed.

    A generator has many turns of wire wound into the slots of the rotor.

    The magnitude of AC voltage generated by an AC generator is dependent


    on the field strength and speed of the rotor.
    Most generators are operated at a constant speed; therefore, the generated
    voltage depends on field excitation, or strength.

    Components of an AC Generator

    FIELD

    The field in an AC generator consists of coils of conductors within the


    generator that receive a voltage from a source (called excitation) and
    produce a magnetic flux.

    The magnetic flux in the field cuts the armature to produce a voltage. This
    voltage is ultimately the output voltage of the AC generator.

    ARMATURE

    The armature is the part of an AC generator in which voltage is produced.

    This component consists of many coils of wire that are large enough.

    PRIME MOVER

    The prime mover is the component that is used to drive the AC generator.

    The prime mover may be any type of rotating machine, such as a diesel
    engine, a steam turbine, or a motor.

    ROTOR

    The rotor is driven by the generator’s prime mover, which may be a steam
    turbine, gas turbine, or diesel engine. Depending on the type of generator,
    this component may be the armature or the field.

    The rotor will be the armature if the voltage output is generated there; the
    rotor will be the field if the field excitation is applied there..
    STATOR

    Like the rotor, this component may be the armature or the field, depending
    on the type of generator.

    The stator will be the armature if the voltage output is generated there; the
    stator will be the field if the field excitation is applied there

    The stator of an AC generator is the part that is stationary.

    The rotor of an AC generator is the rotating component of the generator, as


    shown in Figure 1.

    SLIP RINGS

    In a DC generator, a commutator was used to provide an output whose


    current always flowed in the positive direction.

    Slip rings are used in AC generators because the desired output of the
    generator is a sine wave.

    The slip ring consists of a circular conducting material that is connected to


    the rotor windings and insulated from the shaft. Brushes ride on the slip
    ring as the rotor rotates. The electrical connection to the rotor is made by
    connections to the brushes.

    Slip rings are electrical connections that are used to transfer power to and
    from the rotor of an AC generator.
    EFFICIENCY

    Efficiency of an AC generator is the ratio of the useful power output to the


    total power input.

    Because any mechanical process experiences some losses, no AC


    generators can be 100 per cent efficient.

    Efficiency of an AC generator can be calculated using Equation.

    Efficiency = [Output /Input] X 100

    OR

    Efficiency = [POWER OUT/POWER IN] X 100

    EFFICIENCY OF ELECTRIC GENERATOR

    POWER= VOLTAGE X CURRENT

    EFFICIENCY = [POWER OUTPUT / POWER INPUT ] 100


    RESULT

    WHEN THE AXLE OF GENERATING MOTOR IS ROTATED, E.M.F. IS


    PRODUCED BY IT.

    REASON: CHANGE IN FLUX THROUGH THE WINDING OF MOTOR.

    THIS E.M.F. REMAINS IN THE CIRCUIT AS LONG AS AXLE IS ROTATED.

    HENCE, FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION IS


    VERIFIED.

    AS THE SPEED OF ROTOR IS INCREASED, THE VOLTAGE AND CURRENT


    PRODUCED BY GENERATOR ALSO GET INCREASED.

    REASON: RATE OF CHANGE OF FLUX INCREASES

    USES

     Aircraft auxiliary power generation, wind generators, high speed gas


    turbine generators.

     Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) drive systems, automotive starter


    generators.

     An ac generator, or ‘alternator’, is used to produce ac voltages for


    transmission via the grid system or, locally, as portable generators.

     All of our household appliances run on ac current. Ex: Refrigerator,


    washing machines, oven, lights, fan etc.
    LOSSES IN AC GENERATOR

    Internal Voltage Drop

    The load current flows through the armature in all AC generators. The
    armature has some amount of resistance and inductive reactance.

    The combination of these make up what is known as the internal


    resistance, which causes a loss in a n AC generator.

    When the load current flows, a voltage drop is developed across the
    internal resistance.

    This voltage drop subtracts from the output voltage and, therefore,
    represents generated voltage and power that is lost and not available to the
    load.

    HYSTERESIS LOSSES

    Hysteresis losses occur when iron cores in an AC generator are subject to


    effects from a magnetic field.

    The magnetic domains of the cores are held in alignment with the field in
    varying numbers, dependent upon field strength.

    The magnetic domains rotate, with respect to the domains not held in
    alignment, one complete turn during each rotation of the rotor. This
    rotation of magnetic domains in the iron causes friction and heat.

    The heat produced by this friction is called magnetic hysteresis loss.

    After the heat-treated silicon steel is formed to the desired shape, the
    laminations are heated to a dull red and then allowed to cool.

    This process, known as annealing, reduces hysteresis losses to a very low


    value.

    To reduce hysteresis losses, most AC armatures are constructed of heat-


    treated silicon steel, which has an inherently low hysteresis loss.

    MECHANICAL LOSSES

    Rotational or mechanical losses can be caused by bearing friction, brush


    friction on the commutator, and air friction (called windage), which is
    caused by the air turbulence due to armature rotation.

    Careful maintenance can be instrumental in keeping bearing friction to a


    minimum.

    Clean bearings and proper lubrication are essential to the reduction of


    bearing friction.

    Brush friction is reduced by ensuring: proper brush seating, proper brush


    use, and maintenance of proper brush tension.

    A smooth and clean commutator also aids in the reduction of brush friction

    USES OF AC GENERATOR

    1. Aircraft auxiliary power generation, windgenerators,high speed gas


    turbine generators.

    2. Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) drivesystems,automotive starter generators.

    3. In ac generator, or 'alternator', is used toproduceac voltages for


    transmission via the gridsystem or,locally, as portable generators.

    4. All of our household appliances runs on accurrent.Ex: Refrigerator,


    washing machines, oven,lights, fanetc.

    Advantages of AC Generators over DC Generators

    Through transformers, AC generators may be simply stepped up and down.

    Because of the step-up functionality, the transmission link size in AC


    Generators is less.

    The losses in AC generators are lower than in DC machines.

    An AC generator is much smaller than a DC generator.

    PRECAUTIONS

     Do all the connection carefully

     Fix all the component on cardboard with strong glue

     Do not take a high voltage LED bulb (1.5V preferred)

     Use only DC motor in making the model

     Before doing any experiment please consult to your subject teacher


    or lab assistance

    BIBLIOGRAPHY

    Wikipedia.com

    Google search engine

    Physics NCERT book

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