CONSTRUCTION OF RIGID PAVEMENT BLOCK BY USING PAPER MILL WASTE

CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction ofwaste:

Wastes are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance which is dis-
carded after primary use, or is worthless, defective and of no use. A by-product by con-
trast is a joint product of relatively minor economic value. A waste product may become a
by-product, joint product or resource through an invention that raises a waste product's
value above zero.
Examples include municipal solid waste (household trash/refuse), hazardous
waste, wastewater (such as sewage, which contains bodily wastes (feces and urine)
and surface runoff), radioactive waste, and others.
There are many issues that surround reporting waste. It is most commonly measured
by size or weight, and there is a stark difference between the two. For example, organic
waste is much heavier when it is wet and plastic or glass bottles can have different
weights but be the same size. On a global scale it is difficult to report waste because coun-
tries have different definitions of waste and what falls into waste categories, as well as
different ways of reporting. Based on incomplete reports from its parties, the Basel Con-
vention estimated 338 million tons of waste was generated in 2001.For the same year,
OECD estimated 4 billion tones from its member countries. Despite these inconsistencies,
waste reporting is still useful on a small and large scale to determine key causes and loca-
tions, and to find ways of preventing, minimizing, recovering, treating, and disposing
waste.

1.2 Effects of waste:

1.2.1 Environmental effects:
Inappropriately managed waste can attract rodents and insects, which can harbor gas-
trointestinal parasites, yellow fever, worms, the plague and other conditions for humans,
and exposure to hazardous wastes, particularly when they are burned, can cause various
other diseases including cancers. Toxic waste materials can contaminate surface water,

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groundwater, soil, and air which cause more problems for humans, other species, and
ecosystems. Waste treatment and disposal produces significant greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions, notably methane, which are contributing significantly to global warming.

1.2.2 Social effects:

Waste management is a significant environmental justice issue. Many of the environ-
mental burdens cited above are more often borne by marginalized groups, such as racial
minorities, women, and residents of developing nations. NIMBY (not in my back yard) is
the opposition of residents to a proposal for a new development because it is close to
them. However, the need for expansion and sitting of waste treatment and disposal facili-
ties is increasing worldwide. There is now a growing market in the trans boundary move-
ment of waste, and although most waste that flows between countries goes between devel-
oped nations, a significant amount of waste is moved from developed to developing na-
tions.

1.2.3 Economic effects:

The economic costs of managing waste are high, and are often paid for by municipal
governments; money can often be saved with more efficiently designed collection routes,
modifying vehicles, and with public education. Environmental policies such as pay as you
throw can reduce the cost of management and reduce waste quantities. Waste recovery
(that is, recycling, reuse) can curb economic costs because it avoids extracting raw materi-
als and often cuts transportation costs. "Economic assessment of municipal waste manage-
ment systems – case studies using a combination of life-cycle assessment (LCA) and life-
cycle costing (LCC)". The location of waste treatment and disposal facilities often reduces
property values due to noise, dust, pollution, unsightliness, and negative stigma. The in-
formal waste sector consists mostly of waste pickers who scavenge for metals, glass, plas-
tic, textiles, and other materials and then trade them for a profit. This sector can signifi-
cantly alter or reduce waste in a particular system, but other negative economic effects
come with the disease, poverty, exploitation, and abuse of its workers.

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1.3 Types of waste:

In general, the wastes may be classified into the following categories:

1.3.1 Solid wastes:

These are the unwanted substances that are discarded by human society. These in-
clude urban wastes, industrial wastes, agricultural wastes, biomedical wastes and radioac-
tive wastes.

1.3.2 Liquid wastes:

Wastes generated from washing, flushing or manufacturing processes of industries
are called liquid wastes.

1.3.3 Gaseous wastes:

These are the wastes that are released in the form of gases from automobiles, factories
or burning of fossil fuels like petroleum. They get mixed in the other gases atmosphere
and occasionally cause events such as smog and acid rain.

1.4Sources of wastes:
Generation of waste is a part and parcel of day-to-day human life. Wastes can be gen-
erated from various sources.
This includes trash or garbage from households, schools, offices, marketplaces,
restaurants and other public places. Everyday items like food debris, used plastic bags,
soda cans and plastic water bottles, broken furniture, broken home appliances, clothing,
etc. make up the wastes generated from such sources.

1.4.1 Medical or clinical sources of wastes:

Wastes produced from health care facilities, such as hospitals, clinics, surgical the-
aters, veterinary hospitals, and labs are referred to as medical/clinical waste. This includes
surgical items, pharmaceuticals, blood, body parts, wound dressing materials, needles and
syringes

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1.4.2 Agricultural sources of wastes:

Waste generated by agricultural activities, including horticulture, livestock breeding,
market gardens and seedling nurseries, are called agricultural wastes. Wastes generated
from this source include empty pesticide containers, old silage wrap, out of date
medicines and wormers, used tires, surplus milk, cocoa pods and corn husks.

1.4.3 Industrial sources of wastes:

These are the wastes released from manufacturing and processing industries like
chemical plants, cement factories, power plants, textile industries, food processing indus-
tries, petroleum industries. These industries produce different types of waste products.

1.4.4 Wastes from construction or demolition:

Concrete debris, wood, huge package boxes and plastics from the building materials
comprise construction waste, which is yielded as a result of the construction of roads and
building. Demolition of old buildings and structures also generate wastes and these are
called demolition waste.

1.4.5 Commercial sources:

As a result of the advancement of modem cities, industries and automobiles, wastes
are generated daily on a large scale from commercial enterprises. These may include food
items, disposable medical items, textiles and much more.

1.4.6 Mining sources:

Mining activities also generate wastes that have the potential to disturb the physical,
chemical and biological features of the land and atmosphere. The wastes include the over-
burden material, mine tailings (the waste left after extracting the ore from the rock), harm-
ful gases released by blasting etc.

1.4.7 Radioactive sources:

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Radioactive sources of wastes include nuclear reactors, mining of radioactive sub-

stances and atomic explosions.
1.4.8 Electronic sources of waste:
The DVD and music players, TV, Telephones, computers, vacuum cleaners and all
the other electrical stuff at your home, which are of no more use, are electronic wastes.
These are also called e-waste, e-scrap, or waste electrical and electronic equipment
(WEEE). Some e-waste (like TV) contains lead, mercury and cadmium, which are harm-
ful to humans and the environment.

1.5 Paper mill industry in India:

1.5.1 Maharashtra:
It is major paper producing state in India. It has 63 mills, accounts for 16.52 per cent
of the installed capacity and produces 18 per cent of the paper produced in India.

1.5.2 Andhra Pradesh:

This state has 19 mills, accounts for 11.3 per cent of installed capacity and 13 per
cent of India’s total production of paper.

1.5.3 Madhya Pradesh:

This state has large tracts under cellulosic raw materials viz., bamboo, sabai grass, eu-
calyptus, etc. and provides solid base to paper industry. It has 18 mills which account for
6.62 per cent of the total installed capacity of India.

1.5.4 Karnataka:
It has 17 mills accounting for 5.48 per cent of the total capacity of India. The paper
industry of this state uses locally grown bamboo and bagasse obtained from the sugar
mills.

1.5.5 Gujarat:
It has 55 mills which largely depend upon bagasse and eucalyptus for supply of raw
material.

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1.5.6 Uttar Pradesh:

It has 68 mills but the size of the mills being small, the installed capacity does not ex -
ceed 9 per cent.

1.5.7 West Bengal:

It was the pioneer state in the paper industry at the initial stage and led the country till
mid-1980s. Industry is based on bamboo which is available locally or is obtained from
Assam, Orissa and Jharkhand, and sabai grass.

1.5.8 Odisha:
The paper industry of this state used bamboo as raw material. It has only 8 mills but
their size is sufficiently large enabling the state to account for over six per cent of the total
capacity.

1.5.9 Tamil Nadu:

It has 24 small sized mills and these mills use locally grown bamboo.

1.5.10 Punjab:
This state has 23 mills and all are small in size but their production is consistent.

1.5.11 Haryana:
This state has 18 mills but depend upon imported pulp and eucalyptus for paper pro-
duction. Yamunanagar has the largest mill in the state.

1.5.12 Assam:
It is one of the centers which fulfill the bamboo requirement for paper industry. Now-
gaon has one of the largest paper mills of India.

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1.6 Pollution due to paper mill industry:

Pulp and paper industry are considered as one of the most polluter industry in the
world. The production process consists two main steps: pulping and bleaching. Pulping is
the initial stage and the source of the most pollutant of this industry. In this process, wood
chips as raw material is treated to remove lignin and improve fibers for papermaking.
Bleaching is the last step of the process, which aims to whiten and brighten the pulp.
Whole processes of this industry are very energy and water intensive in terms of the fresh
water utilization. Water consumption changes depending on the production process and it
can get as high as 60 m3/ton paper produced in spite of the most modern and best avail-
able technologies. The pollution due paper mill industry is as shown in figure no 1.1.

Fig. No. 1.1:Ballarpur Industries Limited (BILT), Ballarpur

(Source: https://www.google.com/ballarpurpapermill)

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1.7 Introduction of paper mill waste:

Paper mill waste is a major problem for Paper industries, environment as well as eco-
nomics. It is formed from paper sludge. The sludge is incinerated at 800̊ Celsius and paper
mill waste is formed in form of ash. It is grey in colour and in powder form. It contains
silica, alumina, lime and higher percentage of silicon dioxide (SiO2) which is also an in-
gredient of cement. In urban areas of India, the paper mill waste is around 0.7% of all
waste. The United Kingdom produces about 15 lakh tons of waste paper sludge annually.
Industries are facing treatment and disposal problems due to such type of wastes. In
Maharashtra the BILT which is one of India’s biggest paper producing industry having
disposal problem of waste paper sludge ash. As this waste contains some properties like
cement, therefore it can be used in cement production factory.
We can use this waste in concrete to make concrete industry sustainable. Reuse of
waste is best approach to reduce impacts on the environment.

Fig. No. 1.2:Paper Mill Waste Sludge Ash

(Source:https://www.google.com/papersludgeash)
This research will summarize the behavior of concrete with the waste paper sludge
ash by replacement of cement in the range of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% which may help to
reduce the disposal problem of sludge and enhance the properties of concrete. As
wastepaper sludge ash shown inFig. No. 1.2contains higher percentage of silicon dioxide
SiO2, it may provide extra strength to concrete. This project will try to study the design
parameters of concrete on inclusion of waste paper as partial replacement of cement.

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1.8 Problem statement:

The waste generated from industry is hazardous to human health, surrounding envi-
ronment. Wood preparation, pulping, pulp washing, screening, washing, bleaching, paper
machine and coating operations are the most important pollution sources among various
process stages. About 100 million kg of toxic pollutants are released every year from the
paper industry.

1.9 Objectives:
1. Construction of Pavement Block by using paper mill waste and other material.
2. Analysis of pavement on the basis of-
a. Different variation of material in Pavement Block.
b. Different proportion of material in Pavement Block.
3. Cost comparison between conventional Pavement Block and Paper Mill Pavement
Block.
4. To minimize the paper mill waste disposal problem.

1.10 Scope of project work:

1. The numbers of researchers are works on pavements block by using conventional
method. There is a scope of the formation of pavement blocks by using paper mill
waste and other conventional material.
2. The no. of researchers has works on treatment and disposal paper mill of waste,
there is lot of work on recycle, reuse of paper mill waste.

1.11Limitations of Study:
1. Paper mill waste difficult to collect it in bulk quantity.
2. There is strength reduction with more addition of Paper Mill Waste due to impuri-
ties present in Paper Mill Waste so we can replace it upto some percent only.

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3. We cannot increase the water cement ratio as it decreases the Strength, Compati-
bility of Pavement Block.
4. Initial cost will be less as compared to conventional construction method.

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