SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, and SOCIETY

Intellectual Revolutions

ADELLE L. FLORES, LPT

Instructor
Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
OUTLINE: Intellectual Revolutions

B. Intellectual Revolutions
1. Copernican Revolution
2. Darwinian Revolution
3. Freudian Revolution
4. Cradles of Early Civilization
 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS

INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTIONS
Definitions:
 changed the people ‘s
beliefs and perceptions.
 a fundamental
transformation in scientific
ideas across institutions
supporting scientific
investigation and in the
more widely held picture of
the universe.
 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTIONS
 the most significant period
of discovery and growth of
the sciences in the whole of
history.
 a series of events that
marked the emergence
of modern science during
the early modern period
 a fundamental
transformation in scientific
ideas
 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS

INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTIONS
 Led to the establishment of
several modern sciences
 Took place in Europe
towards the end of the
Renaissance period (16th-
18th century).
 COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
The first paradigm shift in
intellectual revolution was on the
field of astronomy particularly
cosmology.
• Astronomy is the scientific
study of celestial objects and
phenomena that originate
outside the Earth's
atmosphere.
• Cosmology is the study of the
universe and its components,
how it formed, how its has
evolved and what is its future.
 COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
 Greek Philosopher
 Proposed Geocentrism,
earth-centered belief
Claudius Ptolemy (100-160 AD)
 Greco-Roman
mathematician, philosopher
and astronomer
 he improved Aristotle’s
observation by using
measurements using
epicycles- planetary orbits.

 Geocentric model - one of

the greatest discoveries of
 COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
Aristarchus of Samos (310-230 BC)
 Greek astronomer and
mathematician
 Postulated Heliocentrism
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543)
 Strongly influenced by Johannes Mueller,
Epitome, containing observations of the
heavens..
 his findings supported the heliocentric model
written in his book “On the Revolutions of
the Celestial Spheres” and
Commentariolus (Little commentary)
 Copernican Revolution took off with the
acquisition of more precise data on the
movement and position of planets around the
sun.
 COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
Two Kinds of Planetary Motion:
1. The orbits of Venus and Mercury
lay inside the orbit of the Earth,
closer to the sun.
2. The orbits of Mars, Saturn, and
Jupiter lay outside the Earth’s
orbit, further from the sun.
 COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
Several astronomers supported
heliocentrism
Johannes Kepler
 Kepler’s Law of Planetary
Motion
 Tychonic system, the most
precise equipment available before
the telescope by Tycho Brahe
 He proved that planets moved in
elliptical orbits around the sun.
Galileo Galilei
 His telescopic observation of the
four moons of Jupiter proved that
celestial bodies did not revolve
around the sun on his book “The
Starry Messenger”
 COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
Isaac Newton
• He brought the triumph of
heliocentrism by using gravity to
explain the movement of the planets
around the sun.
 Heliocentrism by Copernicus then
became the paradigm shift to the
paradigm of geocentrism.
 Scientific paradigm is a
framework containing all the
commonly accepted views about a
subject, conventions about what
direction research should take and
how it should be performed.
 DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
The religious belief that God is the
intelligent designer of the
intelligently designed universe,
the creator of all things, was the
paradigm accepted by the
society.
Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882)
 English naturalist obsessed in
nature, theory of evolution.
 “On the origin of species” in
1859, one of the most important
works in scientific literature.
 Organismal adaptation and
evolution was through the
process of natural selection.
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
 DARWINIAN REVOLUTION

Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882)

 “Theory of Evolution by
Natural Selection”, the genetic
make up of a population
changed (evolution) depending
on the conditions dictated by the
environment (natural selection).
 Darwin’s Evolution by natural
selection therefore became
the paradigm shift to the
paradigm of creation.
 FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939)
 Well known in the field of
Psychology, he was able to
change people’s perception of
psychology
Contributions:
 Psychoanalysis
 Three forces of psychichal
apparatus
 Instincts are two causes of
behaviour;
 Psychosexual theory
 Role of Dreams
 Understanding of Self
 FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
Psychoanalysis
 The study that explains
human behavior.
Three forces of psychichal
apparatus
1. id - operates in pursuit of
pleasure (pleasure
seeking)
2. ego - governed by the
reality principle
3. superego - to pursue
idealistic goals and
perfection
 FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

Instincts are two causes

of behaviour:
1. Eros (love) - love
preserves unity
2. Death - promotes
destructions

Libido – driving force of

instinct
 FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
Psychosexual Theory
 the behavior and development of an individual are influenced
by the interaction between the conscious and unconscious
aspects of the person's mind.
 FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
SYMBOL/S IT SIGNIFIES
Role of Dreams Person House
Parents Kings or queens
 Every dream
Birth Any reference to water
represents a wish
fulfillment. Death Taking a journey; nakedness
 Dreams are Male genital Dreaming of number 3, objects
representative of the which can penetrate (knives
imaginary fulfillment of and swords), faucets,
fountains, telescopes
a wish or impulse in
Female Pits, caves, bottles, boxes,
early childhood, before genital trunks, jars, suitcases,
such wishes have been pockets, ships, mouth,
repressed. churches, and shoes
Breast Apples, peach
Beloved jewel
person
 FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
Understanding of Self
 Not only was sexuality the
root of personality, but also
early sexual experiences
were the most formative in
human psychological
development.
 Freud continued to work on
refining his theory and tried
to explain how
psychoanalysis can be
used as clinical method on
treating mental disorders.
OUTLINE: Intellectual Revolutions

4. Cradles of Early Civilization

a. Mesoamerica
b. Asia
c. Africa
 CRADLES OF EARLY CIVILIZATION
 Development of Science in
Mesoamerica
 Mesoamerican region is rich in
culture and knowledge prior to
the arrival of its European
colonizers.
 Mesoamerican Civilizations:
1. Maya civilization
2. Inca civilization
3. Aztec civilization
 CRADLES OF EARLY CIVILIZATION
1. MAYA CIVILIZATION
a. Maya’s are known for their
works in astronomy.
b. Knowledge and
understanding about
celestial bodies.
c. Measuring time using
calendar systems (planning
activities, rituals and cultural
celebrations).
d. Technology for growing
different crops.
e. Building elaborate cities
and hydraulic system. Pyramid in Chichén Itzá
 CRADLES OF EARLY CIVILIZATION
1. MAYA CIVILIZATION
f. Used various tools and
innovations in the field of
arts (looms for weaving cloth,
rainbow glittery paint).
g. Production of rubber
products.
h. Mayan hieroglyphics
i. Number system based on
numeral 20.
j. Independently developed
the concept of zero and
positional value.
 CRADLES OF EARLY CIVILIZATION
2. INCA CIVILIZATION
a. Roads paved with stones
b. Stone buildings that
surmounted earthquakes
c. Irrigation system and
technique for storing water
d. Calendar with 12 months
e. First suspension bridge
f. Quipu, a system of knotted
ropes
g. Inca textiles
 CRADLES OF EARLY CIVILIZATION
3. AZTEC CIVILIZATION
a. Mandatory Education
b. Chocolates
c. Antispasmodic medication
d. Chinampa, agricultural
farming technology
e. Aztec calendar
f. Invention of canoe, a light
narrow boat for traveling in
water systems
 CRADLES OF EARLY CIVILIZATION
 Development of Science in
Asia
 The home of many ancient
civilizations and host to many
cultural, economic, scientific,
and political activities.
 Asian Civilizations:
1. India
2. China
3. Middle East civilization
 CRADLES OF EARLY CIVILIZATION
1. INDIA
a. Manufacturing iron and
metallurgical works.
b. Medicine (Ayurveda, alternative
medicine, Susruta Samhita,
surgical procedures).
c. Astronomy (theories in the
configuration of the universe,
spherical self-supporting earth,
360 days with 12 equal parts of
30 days)
Siddhanta Shiromani (mean
and true longitudes of the
planets, problems of diurnal
rotation, syzgies, lunar and solar
eclipses…)
 CRADLES OF EARLY CIVILIZATION
1. INDIA
d. Indus Valley civilization,
standardized measurement
of length, Mohenjodaro ruler.
e. Aryabhata in his
Aryabhatiya, trigonometric
functions, tables,
techniques, and algorithms
of algebra.
f. Brahmaguptu, gravity was a
force of attraction.
g. Madhava of
Sangamagrama, founder of
mathematical analysis.
 CRADLES OF EARLY CIVILIZATION
2. CHINA
a. Traditional medicines
(Acupuncture)
b. Tools (Compass,
papermaking, gunpowder,
printing tools, iron plough,
wheel barrow, propeller)
c. Models of bridges,
seismological detector, dry
dock facility
d. Records of supernovas,
lunar and solar eclipses,
comets
 CRADLES OF EARLY CIVILIZATION
3. MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES
a. Scientific Method (Science
experiment over plain-
thought experiments)
b. Ibn-Haytham, Father of
Optics, empirical proof of
the intromission theory of
light.
c. Muhammad ibn Musa
alKhwarizmi (algorithmn),
al-jabr (algebra), Arabic
Numeral System –
introduction of decimal
point notation
 CRADLES OF EARLY CIVILIZATION
3. MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES
d. Jābir ibn Hayyān, Father of
Chemistry
e. Ibn Sina pioneered the
science of experimental
medicine and the 1st
physician to conduct
clinical trials; Book of
Healing and The Canon of
Medicine; discovery of the
contagious nature of
infectious diseases and
introduction of clinical
pharmacology
 CRADLES OF EARLY CIVILIZATION
 Development of Science in
Africa
 Africa is blessed with natural
and mineral resources.
a. Development of geometry
– Ownership of farmlands
– Build rectilinear structures
b. Center of Alchemy, Medieval
forerunner of chemistry
c. Human anatomy, pharmacology,
examination, diagnosis,
treatment, prognosis for the
treatment of diseases
d. 3 types of calendars; lunar, solar,
stellar
 CRADLES OF EARLY CIVILIZATION
 Development of Science in
Africa
e. Metallurgy; Import of iron
technology
f. Lebombo bone, a tool for
multiplication, division, and
simple mathematical calculation
and considered to be the oldest
known mathematical artifact.