Pump Techmolog. Chap 1-2019

MECH 531
2020
Pump technology
By Dr. Ali Hammoud

Professor in Fluid mechanics
& Hydraulics Machines
BAU-2020
1
Chap-1
Lecture Outlines
1. Pump definition
2. Pump applications
3. Classification of pumps
4. Principle of Operation of Centrifugal Pumps
5. Impeller classification
6. Sealing methods
7. Type of centrifugal pumps
8. Why Multi-Stage Centrifugal Pumps are used?
9. Sewage & waste water pumps
10.Positive-displacement Pumps
2
Pump Definition
Pump is a hydraulic machine used to convert
mechanical energy into hydraulic energy
I/P P O/P
( Mech. Energy ) ( Hyd. Energy )
• Electrical motor, • Potential energy,
• Diesel Engine, or ( Z or Hst )
• Turbine ( steam, • Kinetic energy
gas, wind……..) (V2/2g)
• Pressure energy
BAU-2018 Dr.Ali Hammoud ( H or P/γ ) 3
Pump definition
• Pump is a mechanical device which converts mechanical
energy of the driving unit ( electric motor, diesel engine, steam
turbine ,gas turbine ,wind turbine.. Etc.) into hydraulic
energy .This hydraulic energy increases the energy of the
pumped liquid and enabled it to overcome the static head and
hydraulic losses in piping system in which the pump is
interposed.
In other word the job of the pump is to supply a certain pressure and to move
the fluid at the desired flow rate through the piping system.
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Pump Applications
 Transfer pumps used to lift water from lower reservoir to a
higher reservoir ( residential building water distribution ) .
 Circulation pumps used to circulate fluid through a closed or
looped system.
 Boiler feed pumps built to control the amount of water that enters
a boiler. They are centrifugal pumps, and most are multistage.
 Multi stage high pressure pumps ( high rise buildings & reverse
osmosis etc.)
 Irrigation pumps - They are often used for agriculture application
where water needs to be moved from a water source to dry land.
 Hygienic pumps (for food & pharmacy)
 Laboratory pumps
 Dosage pumps
 Mixing pumps
5
 Submersible Sewage pumps are mostly used to pump sewage to
city network pipeline .
 Mud pumps built to transfer heavy sludge or mud.
 Other type of pumps are used for pumping thick liquids or
viscous liquid such as oil and grease ( positive displacement
pumps).
 Concrete pumps used for Pumping large solids suspended in
liquid in a pipe line .
 Petrochemical pumps - made to transfer petroleum products that
are often very viscous and corrosive.
 Pumps are also used on a large scale as pressure generators in
the many practically utilized fluid power equipments ( cranes,
hydraulic excavators, loader for earth moving).
Many other types of pumps are available in the market

6
CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS
7
Pumps
Roto-dynamic Positive
Non-mechanical
pumps displacement pumps
pumps
(Low flow &Very high pressure pumps)
Medium
High head Low
head Air lift Jet pump
head
Rotary pumps Reciprocating pumps

)Gear, vane, screw ( )Piston, plunger, diaphragm (
8
Classification of pumps
PUMP
Rotodynamic Positive displacement None Mechanical pumps
Centrifugal Jet Pumps
Rotary Reciprocating
Axial flow
Air lift pump
Mixed flow
Gear Piston
Turbine
Lobe Diaphragm
Sliding Vane Plunger
Screw

Non Mech.Pumps:Jet pump ,Air Lift Pump...
Uses available pressurized fluid to lift another fluid. No mech. Parts=less operating troubles
but low operating efficiency.

Jet Pump High Pressure fluid from
the pump
Efficiency < 30%
Low suction Pressure
11
A typical deep-well jet pump configuration is shown in the
corresponding figure
The main pump and motor are placed above ground at the
top of the well and the jet assembly is located down near the
water level.
The pump delivers water under pressure down into the
well through the pressure pipe to a nozzle.
 The jet issuing from the nozzle creates a vacuum behind
it, which causes the wells water to be sucked up along with
the jet.
The combined stream passes through a diffuser where the
flow is slowed, thus converting some of the kinetic energy
of the water into pressure.
Since the diffuser is inside the suction pipe, the water is
carried to the inlet of the pump with sufficient pressure
which enables the pump to work safe from cavitation.
Part of the pump output is discharged to the system being
supplied, while the remainder is re-circulated to the jet to
continue the operation. The maximum pumping depth is
about 30 m to 60 m.
12
Air Lift Pump.
pump operates
when:
z
l Z  mL L
L= liquid
m= mixed air & Liquid

Rotodynamic Pumps
PUMP
Rotodynamic
Centrifugal
Axial flow
Mixed flow
Turbine

General view of Centrifugal pumps
Components Video-1

The function of a centrifugal pump
The function of a centrifugal pump is to

pressurize fluid at a flow rate that will
satisfy the requirements of the system. To do
this the pump must create a suction that will
allow the same amount of fluid per unit time
to get into its impeller.

Roto-dynamic Pumps
Centrifugal Pump
17
Main components of a Centrifugal Pump
Delivery Flange
Driving Shaft
Volute Casing
Suction Flange
Impeller
Seales

How is Centrifugal Pumps Work?
Video-2

What does “Centrifugal “ refer to in a
centrifugal pump?
iv) The centrifugal force would continuously push water out of the Bucket thru
the pipe , another fresh water is pushed in to replace it from the suction side.
21
How does a centrifugal pump produce pressure?
• A centrifugal pump is a device whose
purpose is to produce pressure by
accelerating fluid particles to a high
velocity providing them with Kinetic
energy.
• The Centrifugal force exerted on
the liquid by the rotating impeller,
moves the liquid away from the
impeller eye and out along the
impeller vanes to the volute case and
out through the discharge pipe of the
pump.
Centrifugal force Principle

Operation principle of Centrifugal Pumps
 The energy changes in the pump due to two

main parts of the pump,
 The impeller and the volute or diffuser.
 The impeller is the rotating part that converts
driver energy into the kinetic energy.
 The volute or diffuser is the stationary part that
converts the kinetic energy into pressure
energy.

Operation principle of Centrifugal Pumps
Conversion of Kinetic Energy into Pressure Energy:
The head (pressure in terms of height of liquid) developed is
approximately equal to the velocity energy at the periphery of the
impeller expressed by the following well-known Vortex theory formula:
U 2
H
H = Total head developed (m)
2g U= Velocity at periphery of impeller (m/sec)
Where: g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 (m/sec2)
U = Velocity at periphery of impeller (m/sec)
N= The impeller RPM

R= Impeller Radius (m)
25
H = AC or BD
Increase in area = F velocity decreases pressure increases
Bernoulli ‘s Principe 26
Classification of Centrifugal Pumps
“Types of Casing”
a) Volute-Chamber Pump
The volute casing is of spiral form, and has a sectional area, which increase
uniform up to the delivery pipe as shown in figure below. The basic concept in
the increases in volute area is the reduction of the flow velocity and
increase in the pressure ,as we know that in constant flow rate process the area
of cross section is inversely proportional to the velocity of flow .

Classification of Centrifugal Pumps
b) Vortex-chamber Pump
Centrifugal pump works on It reduces formation of eddies to a
principle of forced vortex which says considerable extent and hence the
when mass of fluid is rotated about its efficiency of the pump is increased than
axis then there is rise in pressure in
the volute casing
radial outward direction and drop in
radial inward direction .
U 2
H
2g
(a) Centrifugal pumps diffuser
Centrifugal pumps can also be constructed in
a manner that results in two distinct volutes,
each receiving the liquid that is discharged
from a 180o region of the impeller at any
given time.
The main advantage of a double volute
over a single volute is the balancing of
radial loads on the impeller, as the double
cutwater construction leads to a more equal
pressure distribution in the volute.
Minimizing the radial load on the bearings
over the full operating range can have a
significant impact on the lifetime of a
pump, since bearing failures are the second
most common reason for pump failures.
 However, a double volute adds
additional hydraulic resistance.
(b) Centrifugal pump diffuser
It is a set of stationary vanes that surround

the impeller.
The purpose of the diffuser is to increase
the efficiency of the centrifugal pump by
allowing a more gradual expansion and less
turbulent area for the liquid to reduce in
velocity.
Diffuser section of the pump converts this
kinetic energy to high pressure head and
low velocity.

Centrifugal Pumps Impeller
Video-3

Impeller classification
Centrifugal
A single-suction impeller allows
liquid to enter the center of the
blades from only one direction.
Used in Water distribution system
A double-suction impeller allows

liquid to enter the center of the
impeller blades from both sides
simultaneously. Mainly used in
Fire fighting application
Different types of Impellers
Impellers can be open, semi-open, or enclosed.
1-The open impeller consists only of blades

attached to a hub. Is used in waste water Open
application
2-The semi-open impeller is constructed with a
circular plate (the web) attached to one side of the
blades. Semi-Open
3- Enclosed impellers are also referred to as

shrouded impellers. Used for pumping domestic
& potable water
Closed
Centrifugal Pump Impellers
Enclosed Impeller Semi-Open Impeller

34
Pump Impeller
• Impellers.
– For one speed rotation given:
• Capacity depends on the
dimension of outlet channel.
• Peripheral velocity depends on
diameter of impeller.
• Number of blades is
determinates by constructer.
Classification of pumps by flow capacity
The three types of pumps are:
Radial flow , Axial flow Mixed flow.

Radial Centrifugal Pumps
Pump classification by flow:
Radial centrifugal flow pumps:

Axial
Axial flow pumps:

Mixed flow pump
Mixed flow pumps:

Centrifugal Pumps: Blade Design
Part 2
Sealing methods of centrifugal pumps

Sealing methods
Types of shaft sealing
Packing
Lip seal Stuffing Box Mechanical Seal
42
Mechanical Seal
43
Water Area & Seals
44
Mechanical Seal
Fixed part Mobile part
Rubber moss
(secondary seal)
Support ring
(main seal)
Fine grained fixed ring
(main seal) Spiral spring
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45 Hammoud
Stuffing Box
Gland
Packing
Fluid
Shaft
Stuffing Box
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46 Hammoud
Stuffing Box
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47 Hammoud
Lip seal
Pump Fluid
Housing
Spring
Lip
Shaft
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48 Hammoud
Lip seal (radial seal)
Fluid
Spring
Lip
Shaft
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49 Hammoud
Sealing using Stuffing Box & Packing
Video- 4
Centrifugal Pump Sealing
Centrifugal
Centrifugal pump components:
Pump Casing
Stuffing Box
Volute
Impeller
Pump Shaft
Stuffing Box Impeller

Gland Wearing Ring
Pump Casing
Wearing Ring
Packing
Lantern Ring

Centrifugal pump components
Wearing rings:
Are replaceable rings that are
attached to the impeller and/or the
pump casing to allow a small
running clearance between the Impeller
impeller and the pump casing Wearing Ring
without causing wear of the actual
impeller or pump casing material.
Pump Casing
Wearing Ring

Centrifugal
Stuffing Box: Stuffing Box
Is a cylindrical space in the pump
casing surrounding the shaft.
Packing is material in the form of
rings or strands that is placed in the
stuffing box to form a seal to
control the rate of leakage along
the shaft.
Packing

Centrifugal
Stuffing Box: Stuffing Box
 The packing rings are held in

place by a gland. The gland is, in
turn, held in place by studs with
adjusting nuts.
 As the adjusting nuts are
tightened, they move the gland in
and compress the packing.
 This axial compression causes the
packing to expand radially, forming a Packing
tight seal between the rotating shaft and
the inside wall of the stuffing box.
Centrifugal pump components
Stuffing Box:
Stuffing boxes are normally designed Stuffing Box

to allow a small amount of
controlled leakage along the shaft
to provide lubrication and cooling
to the packing. ( 10 to 15 water
drops per minute)The leakage rate
can be adjusted by tightening and
loosening the packing gland.
Packing

Bearing configurations
1. Overhang impeller ( End suction pump)
2. Impeller Between Bearing (double suction pump)

Types of centrifugal pumps
Video-5

Part 3
Types of centrifugal pumps

Centrifugal Pumps types
• The main types of centrifugal pumps used in water
distribution systems in residential buildings are:
1. Circulator pump
2. Closed-couple end suction pump
3. Frame-mounted end suction pump split case
4. Base-mounted horizontal split case (Double suction pump)
5. Vertical inline pump
6. Vertical turbine pump
7. Multistage pump ( horizontal/vertical)
8. Deep-well submersible pump
9. Sewage & waste water submersible pump
59
1-Circulation pump Out
In
Circulation pump
60
2-Closed –Couple End Suction Pump
Discharge
Suction
Close-coupled end suction pump

61
3- Frame-mounted end suction pump split case
Out
In
Frame-mounted end suction pump split case

4- Double suction split case pump –base mounted
Base-mounted horizontal split case pump

63
5- Vertical inline pump
In
Out
Vertical inline pump

Vertical inline pump
• Dry rotor Ventilator cowl
Motor
Motor
Lantern
Mechanical seal
Impeller
Inlet Displacement
Pump
Hydraulics housing
Cap nut

6- Vertical turbine pump
Vertical turbine pump, wet sump arrangement

66
TURBINE, VERTICAL TYPE, MULTISTAGE DEEP WELL
 Large range of capacity and head.

The usual pumping depth is about 120m to
a depth of 250 m (this can be obtained with
multistage turbines).
This kind of pumps is used for clean water,

sewage, irrigation and fire fittings, etc.
A broad selection of driver heads is

available to drive the pumps by most common
prime movers.
High performance and low maintenance.

Two-Stage Vertical Turbine Pump
Water Flow Path Through a

Two-Stage Vertical Turbine
Pump

7- Multi-Stage Centrifugal Pumps
Surface pump – Multistage horizontal pump
Applications:
• Water distribution systems
• Pressure systems, Displacement
• Irrigation pumps.
• Car Washing
Inlet
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69 Hammoud
Horizontal multistage pump

Vertical Multistage Pumpsel

Vertical Multi-Stage Pump 73
8- Vertical Multistage Deep Well
Submersible pumps
 These pumps develop high head by using a series of small

impellers rather than a large single one.
 The characteristic curves for such pumps depend upon the
number of stages or impellers.
 Each impeller has the similar characteristic curve and the
final curve is obtained by adding them up (but not equally).
 The total head at a given discharge is the sum of individual
heads (case of series pumps).
 This kind of pumps may deliver the liquid up from 400 to
500 m depth. These pumps are commonly used in tube wells,
deep open wells, for domestic water distribution
Submersible Pump
For high heads and low flow.

DEEP WELL
Why Multi-Stage Centrifugal Pumps
are used?
Multi-Stage Centrifugal Pumps
A centrifugal pump with a single impeller that can
develop a differential pressure of more than 150 psi
between the suction and the discharge is difficult and
costly to design and construct.
to developing high pressures with a single centrifugal
pump is to include multiple impellers on a common
shaft within the same pump casing. Internal channels in
the pump casing route the discharge of one impeller to
the suction of another impeller.
Multi- stage cent. pumps
 These pumps develop high head by using a series of
small impellers rather than a large single one.
 The pump shaft may be horizontal or vertical.
 The characteristic curves for pumps depend upon

the number of stages of impellers.
 Each impeller has the similar characteristics curve

and the final curve is obtained by adding them up.
 The total head at a given discharge is the sum of

individual head (case of series pumps).
78
 This
type of pumps is commonly used in feed water
pump in boilers for thermal power stations.
Additionally they can be used for pumping water
from deep well pumps, submersible pumps.
Hpump = nstages x Hstage
Qpump = Qstage
Psh/pump= nstage x Psh/stage

Submersible pumps multi-stage 80
Multi-stage centrifugal pumps work
Video-6

9- Sewage & waster water submersible pumps
Sewage
Sewage
Waste water
82
Submersible Semi-Open Impeller Pump for waster water 83
Booster Pump, with Pressurized “Balloon”
BAU-2018 Dr.Ali Hammoud Capacity of vessel is about 1.5 minutes

of pump discharge 84
Sphere booster Units
Control water supply system
Volume of the pressure vessel V

Q
V  16.5 
N
Where Q is pump
discharge in Liter per
min.
N = is the number of
starts per hr. Refer to
manufacturer catalogue.

Domino Pumps To Replace The Pneumatic System
It is designed to replace traditional

pressure boosting systems for domestic
water .
Use consisting of a pressure switch,
expansion tank, pressure gauge and fittings.
Domino provides the electric pump with
adequate protection against dry running.
Overload protection,
 over/under voltage protection
Usually the starting pressure setting
ranges from 1.5 to 3 bar.
Use for waste water or clean water Low flow rate max. 5 m3/h
86
Variable Speed Pumps
Driven by Frequency
Converters .

Variable Speed Pumps (VSP).
Why variable speed is used? Driven by Frequency
Inverters
Water demand is not constant during the day ! Direct supply system
100 %
75 %
50 %
25 %
H 0.00 H 6.00 H 12.00 H 18.00 H 24.00

H
 To ensure a constant pressure with

a variable capacity.
 It can avoid water-hammer due
Pressure
to pump stopping & start gradually reducer is at
lower floor
might be
needed

Installation
Base plate-mounted centrifugal pump installation

(Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
Installation
In-line pump installation

(Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
Positive displacement pumps
This kind of pumps deliver nearly a fixed quantity of

fluid with each revolution of the pump rotor whatever
the pump pressure is. Most positive displacement pumps
may be used to deliver liquids with high viscosity.
Details of this type

of pumps will be
presented in the
hydraulic circuit
course MCHE 535
Positive Displacement Pump
Gear Pumps
Rotor
External Internal gear
gear
gear pump pump
pump
Radial Piston Pumps
Screw Rotating Rotating

pump piston cam
Axial Piston Pumps
Vane Bent axis Swash

pump Plate
pump
Pump
93
End of lecture one


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MECH 531

By Dr. Ali Hammoud

Many other types of pumps are available in the market

Rotary pumps Reciprocating pumps

Rotodynamic Positive displacement None Mechanical pumps

Centrifugal Jet Pumps

Sliding Vane Plunger

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Efficiency < 30%

Low suction Pressure

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The function of a centrifugal pump is to

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 The energy changes in the pump due to two

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2g U= Velocity at periphery of impeller (m/sec)

Where: g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 (m/sec2)

U = Velocity at periphery of impeller (m/sec)

N= The impeller RPM

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It is a set of stationary vanes that surround

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A double-suction impeller allows

Impellers can be open, semi-open, or enclosed.

1-The open impeller consists only of blades

3- Enclosed impellers are also referred to as

Enclosed Impeller Semi-Open Impeller

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Pump classification by flow:

Radial centrifugal flow pumps:

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Axial flow pumps:

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Pump classification by flow:

Mixed flow pumps:

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Types of shaft sealing

Lip seal Stuffing Box Mechanical Seal

Fixed part Mobile part

Stuffing Box Impeller

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Centrifugal pump components

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 The packing rings are held in

Centrifugal pump components

Stuffing boxes are normally designed Stuffing Box

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