Chap 07

The Greeks
and Romans
Each civilization that you will study in this unit made
important contributions to history.
•
The Greeks developed the idea of citizenship and created
the first democratic governments.
•
The Romans introduced the idea of the rule of law.
•
Christians introduced religious beliefs that many still
follow today.
1500 B.C. 750 B.C. 550 B.C. 350 B.C.

Ancient c. 1400 B.C. 750 B.C. 594 B.C. c. 330 B.C.
Greece Mycenaeans Greek Solon takes Aristotle
C h ap t e r s 7 & 8 replace colonies power in develops
Minoans as established Athens theories
major power in in Europe about
Mediterranean and Africa government
Ancient 650 B.C. 509 B.C. 312 B.C.

Rome Etruscans Rome becomes Romans
C ha pte r s 9 & 10 rule Rome a republic build the
Appian Way
Etruscan mural Roman soldiers
The Rise of
Christianity
C h a p te r 1 1
328
(t)National Museums of Scotland/Bridgeman Art Library, (c)Borromeo/Art Resource, NY, (b)file photo
0 1,000 miles
N
0° 30°E 0° 30°E
0 1,000 kilometers
Mercator projection W E
EUROPE Caspian Sea S
Black Sea
60°N 60°N
Tig
Eu
r is
Mediterranean hr R. Persian
p
Sea a
Gulf E UR OP E Caspian Sea
E UR O PE Caspian S
te s
N
Chapters R.
Black Sea Black Sea
7&8
Tig
Tig
.
ARABIA
Nile R
Eu Eu
r is
r is t es
p ph
r R r a R
.
a
AFRICA 30°N 30°N
te
R. R.
s
Red Persian
Sea AFR IC A AFR I CA
.
.
Persian Gulf
Nile R
Nile R
Gulf Red
Sea
Red
Sea
Chapters 7 & 8 Equator
Chapters 9 & 10 Chapter
Chapter
0°
11 30°E 6
0°N Chapters 0°
11
9 & 10
150 B.C. A.D. 50 A.D. 250 A.D. 450 A.D. 650

c. 100 B.C.
City of The Lighthouse of Alexandria
Alexandria is the c. 290 B.C.
largest in the
Mediterranean
146 B.C. 44 B.C. A.D. 180 A.D. 312

Rome Julius Caesar Pax Constantine
destroys is killed Romana comes to
Carthage ends power
Emperor Constantine
A.D. 30 C. A.D. 100 C. A.D. 600

Jesus preaches Churches founded Bishop of Rome
in Galilee and throughout Roman takes title of pope
Judaea world
Orthodox Church incense

burner c. A.D. 1100
(t)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (c)Hugh Sitton/Getty Images, (b)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY

EUROPE
1 Greek Parthenon
3
See Ancient Greece

Chapters 7 & 8 1
2 Alexandria Lighthouse Mediterranean Sea
AFRICA
See Ancient Greece
Chapter 8
c. 750 B.C. c. 495–429 B.C. c. 356–323 B.C.

Greek poet, wrote Iliad Athenian general and Macedonian 63 B.C .–A.D. 14
and Odyssey leading statesman general and king Roman emperor
Chapter 8, page 381 Chapter 7, page 361 Chapter 8, page 401 Chapter 9, page 447
330
3 Roman aqueduct
ASIA
See Ancient Rome
Chapters 9 & 10
4 Roman Pantheon
See Ancient Rome

Chapter 10
5
MIDDLE 5 Mount of the Beatitudes
2
EAST
See Rise of Christianity

Chapter 11
c. 6 B.C .–A.D. 33
Crucifixion led to rise of c. A.D. 10–65 c. A.D. 280–337 C . A.D. 500–548
Christianity Christian thinker Roman emperor Byzantine empress
Chapter 11, page 504 Chapter 11, page 507 Chapter 10, page 478 Chapter 10, page 488
331
The
Ancient Greeks
The Parthenon rises above the city
of Athens. The people of ancient
Greece built this temple to
celebrate their goddess Athena.
700 B.C. 600 B.C. 500 B.C. 400 B.C.

c. 750 B.C. c. 650 B.C. 480 B.C. 431 B.C.
Greece’s Dark Tyrants over- Xerxes Peloponnesian
Age comes to throw nobles invades War begins
an end in city-states Greece
Vanni Archive/CORBIS
Chapter Overview Visit
ca.hss.glencoe.com for a
preview of Chapter 7.
The Early Greeks

Physical geography plays a role in how civilizations develop and decline.
Greece’s mountains, climate, and surrounding seas played a large
role in its history. The earliest civilizations in Greece were the
Minoans and the Mycenaeans.
Sparta and Athens

Systems of order, such as law and government, contribute to stable
societies. Athens and Sparta, the two major city-states in ancient
Greece, developed different governments that emphasized opposite
aspects of society. Sparta focused on its military, while Athens
focused on trade, culture, and democracy.
Persia Attacks the Greeks

Conflict often brings about great changes. The Persian Empire gained
control of most of southwest Asia. However, when the Persians
tried to conquer the Greeks, Athens and Sparta united to defeat them.
The Age of Pericles

Civilizations with strong economies prosper and grow. Under the
leadership of Pericles, Athens became a powerful city-state with a
strong economy and blossoming culture.
View the Chapter 7 video in the Glencoe Video Program.
Summarizing Information Make this foldable to help you organize and

summarize information about the ancient Greeks.
Step 1 Mark the Step 2 Fold Reading and Writing

midpoint of a side edge the paper in As you read the chapter,
of one sheet of paper. half again write information under
Then fold the outside from side to each appropriate tab. Be
edges in to touch the side. sure to summarize the
midpoint. information you find by
writing only main ideas
Step 3 Open the Step 4 Label
The Sparta and supporting details.
paper and cut along Cut along the as shown.
Early and
the inside fold lines fold lines on Greeks Athens
to form four tabs. both sides.
Persia
Attacks The
the Age of
Greeks Pericles
333
Comparing and Contrasting
Good readers compare and contrast information as they read. This

means they look for similarities and differences. Comparing the ways in
which people, places, or ideas are the same or different helps you
understand how each is unique. Look for signal words in the text. Some
comparison signal words are same, at the same time, like, and still.
Contrast signal words include some, others, different, however, rather, yet,
but, and or. Read the passage about Persian religion and then look at the
questions that follow.
1) Persian religion is being

compared to Jewish religion. Like the Jews, Zoroaster believed
in one god. He viewed this supreme
2) The similarities are high- being as the creator of all things and
lighted in blue and the con- a force of goodness. However,
trasts in orange.
Zoroaster recognized evil in the
world, too. He taught that humans
3) Like signals a comparison, had the freedom to choose between
and however signals contrast.
right and wrong, and that goodness
would triumph in the end.
— from page 353
As you compare and contrast, ask these questions:

1) What things are being compared or contrasted?
2) Which characteristics can be compared or con-
and trasted?
th e compare 3) How are they similar, and how are they different?
Look for when
st sig nal words 4) Are there any signal words?
contra
tests.
you take
334
Foto Marburg/Art Resource, NY Read to Write
Reread the passage
labeled Roles of Men and
Women in Section 4 of
Read the passage and the directions below. this chapter. Then write
a short paragraph
comparing and
contrasting what life
Athens and Sparta, the two was like for men and
women in ancient
major city-states in ancient Greece, Athens.
developed different governments
that emphasized opposite aspects
of society. Sparta focused on its
military, while Athens focused on
Spartan warrior
trade, culture, and democracy.
— from page 333
Read Section 2 and use a chart like the one below to

organize the similarities and differences between Sparta
and Athens. In the first column, fill in the characteristics
that you will compare and contrast. In the second and
third columns, describe the characteristics of each city-
state.
Characteristic Sparta Athens
As you read the chapter, choose three

pairs of subjects to compare and con-
trast. List the similarities and differ-
ences using a graphic organizer, such
as the one above.
335
The
Early Greeks
Looking Back, Looking Ahead Locating Places
In Chapters 1 and 2, you learned Crete (KREET)
History about Mesopotamia and Egypt. These Mycenae (my • SEE • nee)
Social Science civilizations grew up in great river Peloponnesus
Standards valleys with rich soil. Greece had no (PEH • luh • puh • NEE • suhs)
WH6.4 Students great river valleys. Instead, it had
analyze the geographic, mountains, rocky soil, and many
political, economic, Content Vocabulary
religious, and social miles of seacoasts. peninsula (puh • NIHN • suh • luh)
structures of the early
civilizations of Ancient Focusing on the polis (PAH • luhs)
Greece. • The geography of Greece influenced agora (A • guh • ruh)
where people settled and what they colony (KAH • luh • nee)
did. (page 337)
• The Minoans earned their living by Academic Vocabulary
building ships and trading. (page 338) region (REE • juhn)
culture (KUHL • chuhr)
• Mycenaeans built the first Greek king- overseas (OH • vuhr • SEEZ)
doms and spread their power across
the Mediterranean region. (page 339) community (kuh • MYOO • nuh • tee)
• The idea of citizenship developed in Reading Strategy

Greek city-states. (page 341) Finding Details Draw a diagram like
• Colonies and trade spread Greek the one below. In each oval write one
culture and spurred industry. (page 343) detail about a polis.
Meeting People
polis
Agamemnon (A • guh • MEHM • nahn)
2000 B.C. 1250 B.C. 500 B.C.

c. 2000 B.C. c. 1200 B.C. c. 750 B.C.
GREECE Minoans Mycenaean Greece’s Dark Age
control eastern civilization declines comes to an end
Mycenae
Mediterranean
Crete Knossos
336 CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks

WH6.4.1 Discuss the connections between geography and the development of city-states in the region of the Aegean Sea, including
patterns of trade and commerce among Greek city-states and within the wider Mediterranean region.
peninsula (puh • NIHN • suh • luh)—a body of

The Geography of Greece land with water on three sides.
The geography of Greece influenced Many ancient Greeks made a living from
where people settled and what they did. the sea. They became fishers, sailors, and
Reading Connection Do you rake leaves in the fall? traders. Others settled in farming communi-
Do you walk uphill to school? Your answers explain how ties. Greece’s mountains and rocky soil were
geography shapes your life. Read to learn how geogra- not ideal for growing crops. However, the cli-
phy shaped life in early Greece. mate was mild, and in some places people
could grow wheat, barley, olives, and grapes.
If you fly over Greece today, you will see They also raised sheep and goats.
a mountainous land framed by sparkling Ancient Greeks felt deep ties to the land,
blue water. To the west is the Ionian (eye • but the mountains and seas divided them
OH • nee • uhn) Sea, to the south is the from one another. As a result, early Greek
Mediterranean Sea, and to the east is the communities grew up fiercely independent.
Aegean (ih • JEE • uhn) Sea. Hundreds of
islands lie offshore, stretching across to Asia Cause and Effect How did
like stepping-stones. Mainland Greece is a geography discourage Greek unity?
Ancient Greece c. 750 B.C.

N Sea of
Marmara
W E MACEDONIA
S
Mt. Olympus
40°N
Troy KEY
BALKAN Ancient Greece
PENINSULA
Aegean
GREECE Sea ASIA MINOR
Ionian
0 100 miles
Sea Delphi
Gu 0 100 kilometers
l f of Thebes
Cori
nt h Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
20°E
M
e Athens
d Corinth 30°E
it Mycenae Miletus
e
S rra PELOPONNES US
ea n Sparta
e an
Sea of Crete Mediterranean

1. Location What body of water lies Sea
directly east of the Balkan Knossos
Peninsula? Crete
2. Movement
20°E What transportation 30°E
was probably most useful to the

early Greeks? Mountains and seas
Find NGS online map resources @ played an important
www.nationalgeographic.com/maps
role in Greek history.
WH6.4 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations
of Ancient Greece.
WH6.4.1 Discuss the connections between geography and the development of city-states in the region of the Aegean Sea,
including patterns of trade and commerce among Greek city-states and within the wider Mediterranean region.
and storerooms packed with oil, wine, and

The Minoans grain. Other spaces were workshops for
The Minoans earned their living by making jewelry, vases, and small ivory stat-
building ships and trading. ues. The palace even had bathrooms.
Reading Connection Imagine what it would be like The Minoans made their wealth from
to uncover a building that is more than 5,000 years old. trade. They built ships from oak and cedar
Read to learn how such a discovery unlocked clues to trees and sailed as far as Egypt and Syria.
Greece’s ancient past. There they traded pottery and stone vases
for ivory and metals. By 2000 B.C., Minoan
The island of Crete (KREET) lies southeast ships controlled the eastern Mediterranean
of the Greek mainland. There, in 1900, an Sea. They carried goods to foreign ports
English archaeologist by the name of Arthur and kept the sea secure from pirates.
Evans made the find of a lifetime. Evans About 1450 B.C., the Minoan civilization
uncovered the ruins of a grand palace that suddenly collapsed. Some historians think
had been the center of Minoan (muh • NOH • undersea earthquakes caused giant waves
uhn) civilization. The Minoans were not that washed away the Minoans’ cities.
Greeks, but their civilization was the first to Others think the cities were destroyed
arise in the region that later became Greece. by a group of Greeks from the mainland.
The palace at Knossos (NAH • suhs) re- These invaders were called the Mycenaeans
vealed the riches of an ancient society. Its (MY • suh • NEE • uhns).
twisting passageways led to many different Explain How did the
rooms: private quarters for the royal family Minoans become a trading civilization?
This wall painting from Knossos shows Minoans

participating in a dangerous sport called bull leaping.
Who discovered the palace at Knossos?
Minoan calendar

WH6.4 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations
of Ancient Greece.
WH6.4.1 Discuss the connections between geography and the development of city-states in the region of the Aegean Sea,
including patterns of trade and commerce among Greek city-states and within the wider Mediterranean region.
The First Greek Kingdoms

Mycenaeans built the first Greek
kingdoms and spread their power across the
Mediterranean region.
Reading Connection What is the most important build-
ing in the area where you live? Is it a government building,
a grocery store, or a hospital? Read to find out what build-
ing was most important in the Mycenaean civilization.
The Mycenaeans were originally from

central Asia. They invaded the Greek
mainland around 1900 B.C. and conquered
the people living there. The Mycenaean
leaders became the first Greek kings. Their
warriors became nobles who ruled the peo-
ple they had conquered. In the late 1800s, a
German named Heinrich Schliemann (HYN •
rihk SHLEE • MAHN) discovered one of their
walled palaces in Mycenae (my • SEE • nee).
He named the people of this civilization the
Mycenaeans.
What Were Mycenaean Kingdoms Like? The ruins at

The centerpiece of each Mycenaean king- Mycenae included
dom was a fortified palace on a hill. The this gate. What lay
ruler lived there, surrounded by giant stone outside the walls of a
walls. Beyond the palace walls lay large Mycenaean palace?
farms, or estates, that belonged to the
nobles. Slaves and farmers lived on the Gold mask of Agamemnon
estates and took shelter inside the fortress
in times of danger.
Mycenaean palaces hummed with activ- As a result, Mycenaeans learned much
ity. Artisans tanned leather, sewed clothes, about Minoan culture. They copied the
and made jars for wine and olive oil. Other ways Minoans worked with bronze and
workers made bronze swords and ox-hide built ships. They learned how the
shields. Government officials kept track of Minoans used the sun and stars to find
the wealth of every person in the kingdom. their way at sea. The Mycenaeans even
Then they collected wheat, livestock, and started worshiping the Earth Mother, the
honey as taxes and stored them in the palace. Minoans’ chief goddess.
Around 1400 B.C., the Mycenaeans
Power From Trade and War Soon after replaced the Minoans as the major power
the Mycenaeans set up their kingdoms, on the Mediterranean. They traded widely,
Minoan traders began to visit from Crete. sailing to Egypt and southern Italy. Some
CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks 339

historians think they conquered Crete and The years between 1100 B.C. and 750 B.C.
nearby islands. were difficult for the Greeks. Overseas trade
Although trade made the Mycenaeans slowed, and poverty took hold. Farmers grew
wealthy, they were prouder of their deeds only enough food to meet their own family’s
in battle. Their most famous victory is prob- needs. People also stopped teaching others
ably the Trojan War. In the next chapter, you how to write or do craftwork. Before long, the
will learn the legend of how the Mycenaean Greeks had forgotten their written language
king Agamemnon (A • guh • MEHM • nahn) and how to make many things. As a result,
used trickery to win that war. historians call this time the Dark Age.
The changes that took place in the Dark
What Was the Dark Age? By 1200 B.C., the Age were not all bad, however. One posi-
Mycenaeans were in trouble. Earthquakes tive development was a huge population
and fighting among the kingdoms had shift. Thousands of Greeks left the main-
destroyed their hilltop forts. By 1100 B.C., land and settled on islands in the Aegean
Mycenaean civilization had collapsed. Sea. Other Greeks moved to the western
shores of Asia Minor, to what is now the
country of Turkey. This wave of movement
The Greek Alphabet expanded the reach of Greek culture.
Meanwhile, a Greek-speaking people
Greek Written English
Letter Name Sound known as the Dorians (DOHR • ee • uhns),
alpha a who lived in Greece’s northern mountains,
beta b began to move south. Many settled in the
gamma g southwest on the Peloponnesus (PEH • luh •
delta d puh • NEE • suhs). The Dorians brought iron
epsilon e
weapons with them, giving Greece more
zeta z
eta e
advanced technology. Iron weapons and
theta th farm tools were stronger and cheaper than
iota i those made of bronze.
kappa c, k Gradually, farmers began to produce sur-
lambda l plus food again. As a result, trade revived.
mu m One benefit of the increased trade was a new
nu n
way of writing. As you read in Chapter 3, the
xi x
omicron o
Greeks picked up the idea of an alphabet
pi p from the Phoenicians, one of their trading
rho r partners who lived on the coast of the eastern
sigma s Mediterranean.
tau t The Greek alphabet had 24 letters that
upsilon y, u stood for different sounds. It made reading
phi ph and writing Greek much simpler than ever
chi ch
before. Soon people were writing down tales
psi ps
omega o that had been passed down by storytellers
for generations.
The Greek alphabet was based on the Identify Why were the
Phoenician alphabet. What happened to Mycenaeans able to become a major power in the
Greek writing during the Dark Age? Mediterranean region?

patterns of trade and commerce among Greek city-states and within the Mediterranean region.
WH 6.4.2 Trace the transition from tyranny and oligarchy to early democratic forms of government and back to dictatorship in
ancient Greece, including the significance of the invention of the idea of citizenship (e.g., from Pericles’ Funeral Oration).
The Polis
The idea of citizenship developed in Athenian
Greek city-states. Soldier’s Oath
Reading Connection Did you know that the word “poli- In the Greek city of Athens,
tics” comes from polis, the Greek term for a city-state? Read soldiers took this oath:
to find how the Greeks also created the idea of citizenship. “I will not disgrace my sacred
arms nor desert my comrade,
By the end of the Dark Age, many wherever I am stationed. . . .
nobles who owned large estates had over- I will obey the ruling magis-
thrown the Greek kings. They created city- trates who rule reasonably.
states. Like the Mesopotamian city-states And I will observe the
established laws and
you read about in Chapter 1, those in
whatever laws in the
Greece were made up of a town or city and future may be reasonably
the surrounding countryside. Each Greek established. If any person
city-state, known as a polis (PAH • luhs), was seek to overturn
like a tiny independent country. the laws. . . .
The main gathering place in the polis I will oppose him.
I will honor the
was usually a hill. A fortified area, called an
religion of my
acropolis (uh • KRAH • puh • luhs), stood at the fathers.”
top of the hill. It provided a safe refuge in —Athenian Ephebic Oath,
Greek soldier Clarence A. Forbes, trans.
case of attacks. Sometimes the acropolis
also served as a religious center. Temples
and altars were built there to honor the Identify six things each soldier promises
many Greek gods and goddesses. to do in taking the oath.
Below the acropolis was an open area
called an agora (A • guh • ruh). This space had
two functions: it was both a market and a bers of a political community who treat
place where people could meet and debate each other as equals and who have rights
issues. Just beyond the agora lay the farm- and responsibilities. This was very differ-
land that belonged to the city-states. ent from ancient Mesopotamia or Egypt.
City-states varied in size. Because of the There, most people were subjects. They
mountains and seas, most city-states were had no rights, no say in government, and
small and very independent. A few were no choice but to obey their rulers.
only a few square miles in size, but some The Greeks were the first people to
covered hundreds of square miles. They develop the idea of citizenship. Today, the
also varied in population. Athens was by word applies to almost everyone in a society.
far the largest. By 500 B.C., nearly 300,000 However, in most Greek city-states, only free
people lived there. Most city-states were native-born men who owned land could be
much smaller than Athens. citizens. From their point of view, the city-
state was made up of their lands, and it was
What Was Greek Citizenship? Each their responsibility to run it.
Greek city-state was run by its citizens. Some city-states, such as Athens, eventu-
When we speak of citizens, we mean mem- ally dropped the land-owning requirement.

Slaves and foreign-born residents, however, Unable to afford horses, the hoplites
continued to be excluded. Women and chil- fought on foot and went into battle heavily
dren might qualify for citizenship, but they armed. Each soldier carried a round shield, a
had none of the rights that went with it. short sword, and a 9-foot (2.7-m) spear. Row
What exactly were the rights of Greek cit- upon row of soldiers marched forward
izens? They could gather in the agora to together, shoulder to shoulder in a formation
choose their officials and pass laws. They had called a phalanx (FAY • langks). With their
the right to vote, hold office, own property, shields creating a protective wall, they gave
and defend themselves in court. In return, their enemies few openings to defeat them.
citizens had a duty to serve in government Hoplites made good soldiers because, as
and to fight for their polis as citizen soldiers. citizens, they took pride in fighting for their
city-state. However, “hometown” loyalties
Citizens as Soldiers In early Greece, wars
also divided the Greeks and caused them to
were waged by nobles riding horses and
distrust one another. A lack of unity always
chariots. As the idea of citizenship devel-
existed among the Greek city-states.
oped, however, the military system
changed. By 700 B.C., the city-states had Explain How did citizenship
begun to depend on armies of ordinary cit- make the Greeks different from other ancient
izens called hoplites (HAHP • LYTS). peoples?
Greek Colonies and Trade 750–550 B.C.

50°N
50°N
ATLANTIC KEY
OCEAN Trade route
0° Greece
Greek colonies
ITALY Black Sea

Corsica
GREECE
Troy ASIA Tigr
is R.
Sicily MINOR Eu
p hrat
Athens es
N Sparta R.
W Crete
E
AFRICA Mediterranean Cyprus Tyre
S
30°
Sea 40°E
N
0 500 miles EGYPT

Ni
Re
le
0 500 kilometers
.R
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection

1. Movement Which islands were
Se
a
home to Greek
0° colonies? 20°E
2. Location On which continents

could Greek colonies be found?

patterns of trade and commerce among Greek city-states and within the wider Mediterranean region.
Colonists traded regularly with their

A Move to Colonize “parent” cities, shipping them grains, metals,
Colonies and trade spread Greek culture fish, timber, and enslaved people. In return,
and spurred industry. the colonists received pottery, wine, and olive
Reading Connection If you read labels, you know oil from the mainland. Overseas trade got an
that your food and clothing come from all over the extra boost during the 600s B.C., when the
world. Read to find out where the early Greeks got Greeks began to mint coins. Merchants were
their goods. soon exchanging goods for currency rather
than for more goods.
As Greece recovered from its Dark Age, By importing grain and other foods from
its population rose quickly. By 700 B.C., city- their colonies, many city-states could support
states could no longer grow enough grain a much larger population. This made it very
to feed everyone. As a result, cities began important to protect their colonies, otherwise
sending people outside Greece to start people would starve. Trade also led to the
colonies (KAH • luh • nees). A colony is a settle- growth of industry. As the demand for goods
ment in a new territory that stays closely grew, producers had to keep pace. People in
linked to its homeland. different areas began specializing in certain
Between 750 B.C. and 550 B.C., adventur- products. For example, pottery became pop-
ous Greeks streamed to the coasts of Italy, ular in places with large amounts of clay.
France, Spain, North Africa, and western
Asia. With each new colony, Greek culture Cause and Effect How did
spread farther. the founding of new colonies affect industry?
Study Central Need help understanding the

importance of geography in ancient Greece?
Visit ca.hss.glencoe.com and click on Study Central.
What Did You Learn?

Reading Summary 1. What made the Minoans
wealthy?
5. Citizenship Skills Name
three rights granted to Greek
Review the
2. How was a Greek city-state citizens that American citizens
• Geography influenced the way have today. CA 6RC2.3
Greek communities developed. different from a city?
6. Economics Connection Why
• The Minoan civilization on the Critical Thinking
did the use of money help
island of Crete built ships and 3. Compare Create a Venn dia- trade to grow? CA HI6.
became wealthy from trade. gram to compare the Minoans
and Mycenaeans. CA 6RC2.2 7. Comparing and
• The Mycenaeans created the Contrasting Write an essay
first Greek kingdoms. Minoan Both Mycenaean that compares and contrasts
• After the Dark Age, the Greeks set the Mycenaeans and the
up colonies and trade increased. Dorians. Look for clues in the
4. How did early
text that will help you make
• The idea of citizenship developed Greek civilizations use their
these comparisons. CA 6WA2.2
in Greek city-states. natural surroundings to prosper
and grow? CA CS3.

Sparta
and Athens
Looking Back,Looking Ahead Meeting People
Although Greek city-states devel- Solon (SOH • luhn)
History oped the idea of citizenship, they had Peisistratus (py • SIHS • truht • uhs)
Social Science many different types of government. Cleisthenes (KLYS • thuh • NEEZ)
Standards This section describes their different
WH6.4 Students governments and compares the best- Content Vocabulary
analyze the geographic,
political, economic,
known city-states, Athens and Sparta. tyrant (TY • ruhnt)
religious, and social oligarchy (AH • luh • GAHR • kee)
structures of the early
civilizations of Ancient
Focusing on the democracy (dih • MAH • kruh • see)
• Tyrants were able to seize power
Greece. helot (HEH • luht)
from the nobles with the support
of Greek farmers, merchants, and
artisans. (page 345) Academic Vocabulary
enforce (ihn • FOHRS)
• The Spartans focused on military participate (pahr • TIH • suh • PAYT)
skills to control the people they
conquered. (page 346)
Reading Strategy
• Unlike Spartans, Athenians were Compare and Contrast Use a Venn
more interested in building a diagram to compare and contrast life
democracy than building a military in Sparta and Athens.
force. (page 348)
Sparta Both Athens
Locating Places
Sparta (SPAHR • tuh)
Athens (A • thuhnz)
700 B.C. 600 B.C. 500 B.C.

c. 650 B.C. 594 B.C. 508 B.C.
Tyrants overthrow Solon takes Cleisthenes
GREECE nobles in power in reforms Athenian
Athens city-states Athens government
PELOPONNESUS
Sparta

WH6.4.2 Trace the transition from tyranny and oligarchy to early democratic forms of government and back to dictatorship in
ancient Greece, including the significance of the invention of the idea of citizenship (e.g., from Pericles' Funeral Oration).
they could harvest and sell their crops.

Tyranny in the City-States
The Art Archive/E.T. Archive
Many borrowed money from the nobles,

Tyrants were able to seize power from promising to give up their fields if they
the nobles with the support of Greek farmers, mer- could not repay the loans. Time and time
chants, and artisans. again, farmers lost their land. Then they
Reading Connection How do you feel when someone had to work for the nobles or become labor-
makes a decision that affects you without asking for ers in the city. In desperate cases, they sold
your opinion? Read to find out how ancient Greeks who themselves into slavery.
were shut out of governing made their voices heard. By 650 B.C., owners of small farms
began to demand changes in the power
As you read in the last section, kings structure. Merchants and artisans also
ruled the first Greek communities. However, wanted to share in governing. Both groups
by the end of the Dark Age, the nobles who had become very wealthy from the trade
owned large farms had seized power from between city-states. Because they did not
the kings. own land, however, they were not citizens
Rule by the nobles would also be short- and had no say in running the polis.
lived. The first challenge to their rule came The growing unhappiness led to the rise
from the owners of small farms. These of tyrants. A tyrant (TY • ruhnt) is someone
farmers often needed money to live on until who takes power by force and rules with
Sparta and Athens c. 700 B.C.

N
W E
24°E
20°E S
0 50 miles
0 50 kilometers
KEY
Territory controlled by Sparta
38°N
Territory controlled by Athens
Athens
Olympia
PELOPONNESUS
Sparta
Athenian
coin 1. Location How many miles apart
were Sparta and Athens?
20°E 2. Place
24°E Which city-state’s
geography might make it more
open to attack in a military
battle? Explain.
WH6.4.6 Compare and contrast life in Athens and Sparta, with emphasis on their roles in the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars.
total authority. Today the word describes a

harsh, oppressive ruler. Most early Greek
Sparta
tyrants, though, acted wisely and fairly. The Spartans focused on military skills
During the 600s B.C., tyrants managed to to control the people they conquered.
overthrow the nobles because they had the Reading Connection What would it be like to leave
backing of the common people. Key sup- home when you were only seven? Read to learn how
port came from the hoplites in the army, Spartan boys faced this challenge.
many of whom were also farmers.
Tyrants made themselves popular by As you read in the last section, Sparta
building new marketplaces, temples, and was founded by the Dorians—Greeks who
walls. However, rule by one person was the invaded the Peloponnesus in the Dark Age.
opposite of what most Greeks wanted. They Like other city-states, Sparta needed more
longed for rule by law with all citizens par- land as it grew, but its people did not set up
ticipating in the government. colonies. Instead, they conquered and en-
By 500 B.C., tyrants had fallen out of slaved their neighbors. The Spartans called
favor in Greece. Most city-states became their captive workers helots (HEH • luhts).
either oligarchies or democracies. In an This name comes from the Greek word for
oligarchy (AH • luh • GAHR • kee), a few people “capture.”
hold power. In a democracy (dih • MAH • kruh •
see), all citizens share in running the Why Was the Military So Important?
government. The oligarchy of Sparta (SPAHR • Spartans feared that the helots might some-
tuh) and the democracy of Athens (A • thuhnz) day rebel. As a result, the government
became two of the most powerful govern- firmly controlled the people of Sparta and
ments of early Greece. trained the boys and men for war.
Evaluate Why were tyrants At age seven, boys left their family to
popular in the city-states? live in barracks. They were harshly treated
to make them tough. The Greek historian
Plutarch describes life for Spartan boys:
Spartan Warrior
After they were twelve years old,
Spartan boys and men they were no longer allowed to
spent many years wear any undergarment; they had
training for war. one coat to serve them a year; . . .
At what age did
Spartan boys leave They lodged together in little
their families for the bands upon beds made of the
military? reeds [grasses] . . . which they
were to break off with their hands
without a knife.
—Plutarch, “Spartan Discipline”
At age 20, Spartan men entered the reg-

ular army. The men remained in military
barracks for 10 more years. They ate all their
meals in dining halls with other soldiers.
346
Foto Marburg/Art Resource, NY
Spartan
girls were
trained in
sports.
Spartan boys began training for the military at age 7. Why did the
Spartan government want its young people to be physically fit?
A typical meal was a vile-tasting dish called All Spartan men over age 30 belonged
black broth—pork boiled in animal blood, to the assembly. They voted on the coun-
salt, and vinegar. cil’s laws and chose five people to be
Spartans returned home at age 30 but ephors (EH • fuhrs) each year. The ephors
stayed in the army until age 60. They con- enforced the laws and managed tax
tinued to train for combat. They expected to collection.
either win on the battlefield or die, but To keep anyone from questioning the
never to surrender. One Spartan mother Spartan system, the government discour-
ordered her son to “Come home carrying aged foreign visitors. It also banned travel
your shield or being carried on it.” abroad for any reason but military ones. It
Girls in Sparta were trained in sports— even frowned upon citizens who studied
running, wrestling, and throwing the literature or the arts.
javelin. They kept fit to become healthy The Spartans succeeded in keeping con-
mothers. Wives lived at home while their trol over the helots for nearly 250 years.
husbands lived in the barracks. As a result, However, by focusing on military training,
Spartan women were freer than other Greek the Spartans fell behind other Greeks in
women. They could own property and go trade. They also knew less about science
where they wanted. and other subjects. However, their soldiers
were especially strong and swift. The
What Was Sparta’s Government Like? Spartans would play a key role in defend-
The Spartan government was an oligarchy. ing Greece.
Two kings headed a council of elders. The
council, which included 28 citizens over age Cause and Effect Why did
60, presented laws to an assembly. the Spartans focus on military training?

(l)Bettmann/CORBIS, (r)Michael Holford
WH6.4.2 Trace the transition from tyranny and oligarchy to early democratic forms of government and back to dictatorship in
ancient Greece, including the significance of the invention of the idea of citizenship (e.g., from Pericles' Funeral Oration).
Athens What Was Life in Athens Like? Athenian

citizens raised their children very differ-
Unlike Spartans, Athenians were more ently from Spartans. In Athenian schools,
interested in building a democracy than building a one teacher taught boys to read, write, and
military force. do arithmetic. Another teacher taught them
Reading Connection When visiting a new city, does sports. A third teacher taught them to sing
everything feel strange to you? Spartans who visited and to play a stringed instrument called the
Athens probably felt the same way. Read to find out why. lyre. This kind of instruction created well-
rounded Athenians with good minds and
Athens lay northeast of Sparta, at least a bodies. At age 18, boys finished school and
two-day trip away. The two city-states were became citizens.
also miles apart in their values and systems Athenian girls stayed at home. Their
of government. mothers taught them spinning, weaving,
The Olympics Modern Olympic athletes
In ancient Greece, only men could

participate in and view the Olympic games.
Athletes competed by themselves, not as
part of a team. Contests included running,
jumping, wrestling, and boxing. Each
winning athlete won a crown of olive
leaves and brought glory to his city.
In today’s Olympic
games, both men and women
compete. These athletes come from
all over the world. They may compete
in either individual or team sporting
events. Olympic athletes strive to win
gold, silver, or bronze medals. What did
ancient Greek Olympic winners receive? What
A warrior’s race in the ancient Olympics do present-day Olympic winners receive?

(l)Tom Lovell/National Geographic Society Image Collection, (r)Dan Helms/NewSport/CORBIS
The city of Athens
was named for the
goddess Athena.
Web Activity Visit ca.hss.glencoe.com and What group ruled
click on Chapter 7—Student Web Activity Athens during
to learn more about ancient Greece. the 600s B.C.?
and other household duties. Only in some

wealthy families did girls learn to read,
write, and play the lyre. When they mar-
ried, women stayed home to keep house
and to teach their own daughters.
A Budding Democracy Early Athens, like

other city-states, was ruled by landowning
nobles during the 600s B.C. An assembly of
all citizens existed, but it had few powers.
Actually, the government was an oligarchy,
as in Sparta.
Around 600 B.C., the Athenians began to
rebel against the nobles. Most farmers
owed the nobles money, and many sold
themselves into slavery to pay their debts.
Over and over, farmers demanded an end
to all debts, along with land for the poor.
In 594 B.C. the nobles turned to the one continued to press Solon to give away the
man both sides trusted: a noble named Solon wealthy nobles’ land. This he refused to do.
(SOH • luhn). Solon canceled all the farmers’ After Solon, there were 30 years of tur-
debts and freed those who had become moil. Finally, a tyrant named Peisistratus
slaves. He also allowed all male citizens to (py • SIHS • truht • uhs) seized power in 560 B.C.
participate in the assembly and law courts. A He won the support of the poor by dividing
council of 400 wealthy citizens wrote the large estates among landless farmers. He also
laws, but the assembly had to pass them. loaned money to poor people and gave them
Solon’s reforms were popular among jobs building temples and other public
the common people. However, the farmers works.
Token used to select jurors for Athenian courts

(t)Nimatallah/Art Resource, NY, (b)The Brooklyn Museum, Charles Wilbour Fund
The most important leader after This stone
Peisistratus died was Cleisthenes (KLYS • thuh • carving shows
Democracy
NEEZ). When he came to power in 508 B.C., he
crowning a
reorganized the assembly to play the central figure that
role in governing. As before, all male citizens symbolizes
could belong to the assembly and vote on Athens. What
laws. However, members had new powers. leader is
They could debate matters openly, hear court credited with
making Athens
cases, and appoint army generals. a democracy?
Most importantly, Cleisthenes created a
new council of 500 citizens to help the
assembly carry out daily business. The
council proposed laws, dealt with foreign
Noncitizens, which included all women,
countries, and oversaw the treasury.
foreign-born men, and slaves, were still
Athenians chose the members of the
excluded. Nonetheless, Cleisthenes is
council each year in a lottery. They believed
credited with making the government of
this system was fairer than an election,
Athens a democracy.
which might favor the rich.
Cleisthenes’ reforms did not bring Explain How did
all Athenians into the political process. Cleisthenes build a democracy in Athens?
Study Central Need help comparing Athens

and Sparta? Visit ca.hss.glencoe.com and click on
Study Central.
What Did You Learn?

Reading Summary 1. Who were the helots? 5. Explain How did Greek nobles
gain power? CA 6RC2.0
Review the 2. Why did tyrants fall out of
• The support of wealthy mer- favor with the Greeks? 6. Analyze Why was Solon pop-
ular among some Athenian
chants and artisans helped Critical Thinking
tyrants seize power from nobles farmers and unpopular among
3. Persuasive Writing Athenians others? CA HR5.
in the city-states. chose officials by lottery. Write
an essay arguing for or against 7. To ensure stability,
• Sparta was a powerful city-state. this idea. CA 6WA2.5 the Athenians set up their gov-
It created a military state to ernment to keep one person
4. Classifying Information from gaining too much power.
control the people it conquered
Draw a diagram like the one How did they do this?
and to prevent uprisings.
below. In each oval write a fact CA 6RC2.4
about the Spartan oligarchy.
• Athens was a powerful demo- CA 6RC2.4 8. Expository Writing Imagine
cratic city-state. Athenians were that you are a 28-year-old man
more involved in government, living in Sparta in 700 B.C. Write
education, and the arts than the a letter to your 6-year-old
Spartans. Oligarchy nephew telling him what to
expect when he leaves home
on his next birthday. CA 6WS1.1

Ronald Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection
Persia Attacks
the Greeks
Looking Back, Looking Ahead Meeting People
Section 2 explained how Greeks Cyrus the Great (SY • ruhs)
built strong but separate city-states. Darius (duh • RY • uhs) History
At the same time far to the east, the Xerxes (ZUHRK • SEEZ) Social Science
Persians were building a powerful Themistocles Standards
empire. It was only a matter of time (thuh • MIHS • tuh • KLEEZ) WH6.4 Students
before Persia would try to invade analyze the geographic,
Greece. Content Vocabulary religious, and social
satrapies (SAY • truh • peez) structures of the early
Focusing on the satrap (SAY • TRAP)
• The Persian Empire united a wide Greece.
area under a single government. Zoroastrianism (ZOHR • uh •WAS •

(page 352) tree • uh • NIH • zuhm)
• Both Sparta and Athens played roles Academic Vocabulary
in defeating the Persians. (page 354) vision (VIH • zhuhn)
internal (ihn • TUHR • nuhl)
Locating Places
Persia (PUHR • zhuh)
Reading Strategy
Marathon (MAR • uh • THAHN) Organizing Information Create a
Thermopylae chart like the one below to list the
(thuhr • MAH • puh • lee) accomplishments of Cyrus, Darius,
Salamis (SA • luh • muhs) and Xerxes.
Plataea (pluh • TEE • uh)
Ruler Accomplishments
650 B.C. 550 B.C. 450 B.C.

660 B.C. 559 B.C. 480 B.C.
Zoroaster Cyrus becomes Xerxes invades
born ruler of Persia Greece

(l)Mary Evans Picture Library, (c)Bettmann/CORBIS, (r)Roger Wood/CORBIS
WH6.4.5 Outline the founding, expansion, and political organization of the Persian Empire.
to unite the Persians into a powerful

The Persian Empire kingdom. Under Cyrus, who ruled from
The Persian Empire united a wide area 559 B.C. to 530 B.C., Persia began building
under a single government. an empire larger than any yet seen in the
Reading Connection Have you ever seen soldiers world.
marching through city streets on the news? Imagine the
same thing happening in Asia in the 500s B.C. Read to The Rise of the Persian Empire In 539 B.C.
learn what happened as Persian armies marched west- Cyrus’s armies swept into Mesopotamia
ward from Asia. and captured Babylon. Then they took over
northern Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Syria,
The people of Persia (PUHR • zhuh) lived Canaan, and the Phoenician cities. Cyrus
in what is today southwestern Iran. Early treated all his new subjects well. As you
Persians were warriors and nomads who read in Chapter 3, he allowed the captive
herded cattle. For a time, they were domi- Jews in Babylon to return home. Cyrus’s
nated by others. Then one remarkable merciful rule helped hold his growing
leader, Cyrus the Great (SY • ruhs), managed empire together.
The Persian Empire 500 B.C.

20°E 40°E 60°E
N Aral
Sea
40°N W
Black Sea E
Ca
GREECE S
spi
an
ASIA m
A
Sardis uD
Se a
M
ed
MINOR ary a R .
ite Crete M Tigri
ES
sR
rra OP Nineveh
nea
.
Cyprus
n Se
a Byblos
OT
R.
KEY
Eu
PHOENICIA ph
AM
Indus
ra Persian Empire
Tyre tes
PERSIA
IA
Jerusalem Royal Road

R.
Babylon Susa
EGYPT CANAAN Persepolis
Nil
Pe
eR
rs
ia
Thebes
.
n
G ulf
Re
dS
Arabian Sea
ea
20°N
500 miles
1. Location About how long was the
0
Royal Road?
0 500 kilometers 2. Movement Based on the map,
why might the Persian Empire
have been a threat to Greece?
Bronze model of Persian chariot
352
SEF/Art Resource, NY
The leaders who followed Cyrus con- was born in 660 B.C. He began preaching
tinued to add to Persian territory. They after seeing visions as a young man.
conquered Egypt, western India, and Like the Jews, Zoroaster believed in
Thrace, a region northeast of Greece. From one god. He viewed this supreme being as
one end to the other, the Persian Empire the creator of all things and a force of
was about the size of the continental goodness. However, Zoroaster recognized
United States today. evil in the world, too. He taught that
To connect their vast holdings, the humans had the freedom to choose
Persians built miles of roads. The Royal between right and wrong, and that good-
Road stretched from Asia Minor to Susa, ness would triumph in the end. The
the Persian capital. Along the way, the Persians practiced Zoroastrianism for cen-
Persians set up roadside stations to supply turies, and it still has a small number of
food, shelter, and fresh horses to the followers today.
king’s messengers. Explain What did Darius do
to make his government work better?
What Was Persian Government Like? As
the Persian Empire grew bigger, it became
very difficult to manage. When Darius King Darius
(duh • RY • uhs) came to the throne in 521 B.C.,
Darius helped to organize
he reorganized the government to make it
the Persian government.
work better. What methods did he use?
Darius divided the empire into 20
provinces called satrapies (SAY • truh • peez).
Each was ruled by an official with the title
of satrap (SAY • TRAP), meaning “protector of
the kingdom.” The satrap acted as tax col-
lector, judge, chief of police, and head
recruiter for the Persian army. However, all
the satraps answered to the Persian king.
The king’s power depended upon his
troops. By the time of Darius, Persia had a
large army of professional soldiers. Unlike
the Greek city-states, where the citizens
took up arms in times of war, in Persia
the government paid people to be full-time
soldiers. Among them were 10,000 specially
trained soldiers who guarded the king.
They were called the Immortals because
when a member died, he was immediately
replaced.
The Persian Religion The Persian religion

was called Zoroastrianism (ZOHR • uh • WAS •
tree • uh • NIH • zuhm). Its founder, Zoroaster,

The Art Archive/Dagli Orti
against their Persian rulers. The rebellion

The Persian Wars failed, but King Darius decided the main-
Both Sparta and Athens played roles in land Greeks had to be stopped from inter-
defeating the Persians. fering in the Persian Empire.
Reading Connection Have you and a rival ever set aside
your differences to work for a common cause? This hap-
The Battle of Marathon In 490 B.C. a
Persian fleet landed 20,000 soldiers on the
pened in ancient Greece when Sparta and Athens came
together to fight the Persians. Read about the outcome. plain of Marathon (MAR • uh • THAHN), only a
short distance from Athens. For several
days, the Persians waited there for the
As the Greeks set up colonies in the Athenians to advance. The Athenians, how-
Mediterranean area, they often clashed ever, did not take the bait. They had only
with the Persians. By the mid-500s B.C., 10,000 soldiers compared to the Persians’
Persia already controlled the Greek cities in 20,000. They knew that attacking was too
Asia Minor. In 499 B.C. the Athenian army dangerous. Instead they held back in the
helped the Greeks in Asia Minor rebel hills overlooking the plain.
Persian Wars 499–479 B.C.

0 100 miles
0 100 kilometers
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection Sea of
Marmara
1 Athenian army defeats

40°N
Persian army.
2 Greek force, led

by Spartans, falls to Aegean
Persian army. Sea
Thermopylae Sardis
4 Greeks defeat Persians, Plataea Marathon
ending the war.
Salamis
3 Greek fleet defeats Miletus
Persian navy. Athens
Sparta
20°E
KEY W E 30°E
Greek states S
Persian Empire Crete
1st Persian invasion,
490 B.C.
30°E
2nd Persian invasion, 1. Movement Which of the major battles
480 B.C.
Mshown
e d i t ewas
r r aannaval
e a n battle?
Major battle 2. Place Why
S e a might attacks on the Greek
city-states have been difficult for the
Persians?

Tired of waiting, the Persian com-
mander decided to sail south and attack
Athens directly. He ordered his troops back Herodotus’s
onto the ships, and it was then that he made
a big mistake. The first to board, he
History
decided, would be the horsemen in the cav-
alry, the strongest part of the Persian army.
As soon as the cavalry was out of fight-
ing range, the Greeks charged down from
the hills and onto the plain of Marathon.
They caught the Persian foot soldiers stand-
ing in the water, waiting their turn to board
the ships. Unable to defend themselves, the
Persians were easily defeated.
According to legend, the Athenians sent
a messenger named Pheidippides (fy • DIHP •
uh • DEEZ) home with the news. The runner
raced nearly 25 miles (40.2 km) from
Marathon to Athens. He collapsed from
exhaustion and, with his last breath,
announced, “Victory.” Then he died. Herodotus reading to a crowd
Modern marathon races are named for this
famous run and are just over 26 miles long. The Greek historian Herodotus (hih • RAH •
duh • tuhs) wrote History of the Persian Wars.
This is thought to be the first real history in
Another Persian Strike After Darius died Western civilization. Herodotus described the
in 486 B.C., his son Xerxes (ZUHRK • SEEZ) conflict between the Greeks and Persians as
became the Persian king. Xerxes vowed one between freedom and dictatorship. Here
revenge against the Athenians. In 480 B.C. he tells of Xerxes’ address to Persian nobles:
he launched a new invasion of Greece, this “And truly I have pondered upon this, until at last
time with about 180,000 troops and thou- I have found out a way whereby we may at once
sands of warships and supply vessels. win glory, and likewise get possession of a land
which is as large and as rich as our own . . . while
To defend themselves, the Greeks joined
at the same time we obtain satisfaction and
forces. Sparta sent the most soldiers, and revenge . . . My intent is to . . . march an army
their king, Leonidas (lee • AH • nuh • duhs), through Europe against Greece, that thereby I
served as commander. Athens provided the may obtain vengeance from the Athenians for
navy. An Athenian general, Themistocles the wrongs committed by them against the
(thuh • MIHS • tuh • KLEEZ), created a plan to Persians and against my father.”
fight the Persians. —Herodotus,
The Persian Wars, Book VII
The Greeks knew that as the huge
Persian army marched south, it depended
on shipments of food brought in by boat. What reasons besides revenge does Xerxes
Themistocles argued that the Greeks’ best have for invading Greece?
strategy would be to attack the Persians’
ships and cut off food supplies to the army.

Bettmann/CORBIS
To ready their fleet for battle, the Greeks stayed behind and fought to the death. The
needed to stall the Persian army before it Greeks lost the battle at Thermopylae, but
reached Athens. The Greeks decided the their valiant stand gave Athens enough
best place to block the Persians was at time to assemble 200 ships.
Thermopylae (thuhr • MAH • puh • lee). Ther- The Greek fleet attacked the Persian
mopylae was a narrow pass through the fleet in the strait of Salamis (SA • luh • muhs),
mountains that was easy to defend. About not far from Athens. A strait is a narrow strip
7,000 Greek soldiers held off the Persians of water between two pieces of land. The
there for two days. The Spartans in the Greeks expected to have the upper hand in
Greek army were especially brave. As one the battle because their ships could maneu-
story has it, the Greeks heard that Persian ver well in tight spaces. Greek ships were
arrows would darken the sky. A Spartan smaller, faster, and easier to steer than the big
warrior responded, “That is good news. We Persian ships, which became easy targets.
will fight in the shade!” The Greek plan worked. After a ferocious
Unfortunately for the Greeks, a traitor battle, the Greeks destroyed almost the entire
exposed a mountain path to the Persians Persian fleet. Still, the Persian army marched
that led them around the Greeks. As the on. When their troops reached Athens, the
Persians mounted a rear attack, King Greeks had already fled.
Leonidas sent most of his troops to safety. The Persians burned the city. This only
He and several hundred others, however, stiffened the resolve of the Greek city-states.
Battle of Salamis
At the Battle of Salamis, smaller, faster Greek ships
defeated the Persian fleet. Near what Greek
city-state was the strait of Salamis located?
Peter Connolly
In early 479 B.C., they came together to The high taxes angered their subjects
form the largest Greek army ever assem- and caused many rebellions. At the same
bled. With solid body armor, longer spears, time, the Persian royal family fought over
and better training, the Greek army who was to be king. Many of the later
crushed the Persian army at Plataea (pluh • Persian kings were killed by other family
TEE • uh), northwest of Athens. members who wanted the throne.
The battle was a turning point for the Persian kings had many wives and
Greeks, convincing the Persians to retreat to children. The sons had little, if any, power
Asia Minor. By working together, the Greek so they were constantly plotting to take
city-states had saved their homeland from over the throne. As a result of such plots,
invasion. six of the nine rulers after Darius were
murdered.
What Caused the Persian Empire to Fall? All of these problems made Persia
When the Greeks defeated the Persian vulnerable to attack. By the time a young
army, they helped to weaken it. The empire Greek conqueror named Alexander in-
was already affected by internal problems. vaded the empire in 334 B.C., the Persians
As these problems worsened, the empire were no match for his troops.
would gradually lose its strength. By 330 B.C., the last Persian king was dead
Persia remained intact for almost 150 and Alexander ruled over all his lands. You
more years. However, after Darius and will learn more about Alexander the Great
Xerxes, other Persian rulers raised taxes to and his many achievements in Chapter 8.
gain more wealth. They spent the gold and
silver that flowed into the treasuries on lux- Cause and Effect What led
uries for the royal court. to the Persian Wars?
Study Central Need help understanding

Persia or the Persian wars? Visit
ca.hss.glencoe.com and click on Study Central.
What Did You Learn?

Reading Summary 1. Why was Cyrus considered a
fair ruler?
4. Imagine you are
an adviser to Xerxes and are
Review the alarmed about his plan for
• The Persian Empire united its 2. What was the Royal Road?
revenge on Greece. Compose a
many lands under a single Critical Thinking letter to him listing possible
government. 3. Summarize Draw a table like outcomes of the war.
the one below. Then summarize CA 6WS1.1; 6WA2.5
• The Persian Empire attacked what happened at each battle

5. Determining
Greece several times. Despite in the Persian Wars. CA 6RC2.4
Context Reread the Primary
their rivalry, Athens and Sparta
Battle Action Source quote on page 355. Does
joined forces to defeat the
Marathon it matter that the quote comes
Persians.
Thermopylae from a Greek? Write an essay
Salamis discussing different ways the
Plataea quote can be interpreted.
CA HR5.

The
Age of Pericles
Looking Back, Looking Ahead Content Vocabulary
In Section 3, you learned how direct democracy
History the Greeks defeated the Persians at (dih • MAH • kruh • see)
Social Science Plataea. One lesson the Greeks drew representative democracy
Standards from the war was that they needed (REH • prih • ZEHN • tuh • tihv)
WH6.4 Students each other for security. Athens and philosopher (fuh • LAH • suh • fuhr)
analyze the geographic,
several other city-states soon
religious, and social banded together in a league for Academic Vocabulary
structures of the early the common defense. behalf (bih • HAF)
Greece. economy (ih • KAH • nuh • mee)
Focusing on the framework (FRAYM • WUHRK)
• Under Pericles, Athens became very
powerful and more democratic. Reading Strategy
(page 359) Organizing Information Create
• Athenian men and women had very a circle graph to show how many
different roles. (page 362) citizens, foreigners, and enslaved
people lived in Athens in the 400s B.C.
• Sparta and Athens went to war for
control of Greece. (page 364)
Locating Places
Foreigners Slaves
Delos (DEE • LAHS)
Meeting People
Pericles (PEHR • uh • KLEEZ) Citizens
Aspasia (as • PAY • zhuh)
500 B.C. 450 B.C. 400 B.C.

GREECE 478 B.C. 461 B.C. 431 B.C.
Delian League Pericles leads Peloponnesian
Athens forms Athens War begins
Sparta
Delos

WH6.4.3 State the key differences between Athenian, or direct, democracy and representative democracy.
The Athenian Empire

Under Pericles, Athens became very
powerful and more democratic.
Reading Connection Do you vote in school elec-
tions? Why do you choose one classmate over another?
Read to learn why Athenians kept electing Pericles.
As you read in Section 3, the Battle of

Plataea in 479 B.C. put an end to the Persians’
invasion of Greece. Although the Persians
retreated, they still remained a threat. In
478 B.C. Athens joined with other city-states—
but not Sparta—to form the Delian League.
The Delian League promised to defend
its members against the Persians. It also
worked to drive Persia out of Greek territo-
ries in Asia Minor. Eventually, the league
freed almost all of the Greek cities under
Persia’s control.
These ruins are of the agora—an ancient
At its start, the Delian League had head- marketplace in Athens where the assembly met.
quarters on the island of Delos (DEE • LAHS). What type of democracy did Athens have?
However, its chief officials—the treasurers
in charge of its money and the commanders Can you imagine such a system in the
in charge of its fleet—were from Athens, as United States? A mass meeting of our
were most of the troops. Little by little, millions of citizens would be impossible!
Athens gained control over the other city- Instead, in the United States we have a
states in the alliance. Soon the league was representative democracy (REH • prih • ZEHN •
no longer a partnership to fight Persia but tuh • tihv). Under this type of democracy, cit-
an Athenian empire. izens choose a smaller group to make laws
In 454 B.C. the Athenians moved the and governmental decisions on their
Delian League’s treasury from Delos to behalf. This is a much more practical sys-
Athens. The Athenians also began sending tem when the population is large.
troops to other Greek city-states to help the What made direct democracy workable
common people rebel against the nobles in in ancient Athens was the relatively small
power. number of citizens. In the mid-400s B.C.,
about 43,000 male citizens over 18 years old
Democracy in Athens Athenians had a made up the assembly. Usually fewer than
strong faith in their democratic system. 6,000 attended the meetings, which were
We call their system direct democracy held every 10 days. The assembly passed all
(dih • MAH • kruh • see). In a direct democracy, laws, elected officials, and made decisions
people gather at mass meetings to decide on war and foreign affairs. Ten officials
on government matters. Every citizen can known as generals carried out the assembly’s
vote firsthand on laws and policies. laws and policies.

Steve Vidler/SuperStock
Comparing Governments
Athenian Democracy American Democracy
Type of Democracy Direct Representative
Right to Vote Only adult males born in Athens All citizens, male and female
age 18 or over
Laws Proposed by the council and Approved by both houses of
approved by a majority in the Congress and signed by the
assembly president
Citizen Involvement Citizens with voting rights can Citizens with voting rights can
vote for or against any law vote for or against the officials
who make the laws
The small number of citizens made a direct

democracy possible in Athens.
The Achievements of Pericles Athenians 1. In Athens, how was a law approved?
reelected their favorite generals again and 2. Compare Which government granted the
again. After the Persian Wars, the leading fig- right to vote to more of its population?
ure in Athenian politics was a general named
Pericles (PEHR • uh • KLEEZ). This great states-
man guided Athens for more than 30 years,
from 461 B.C., when he was first elected, until Culture also blossomed under the rule
429 B.C., shortly before his death. of Pericles. The Age of Pericles was a
Pericles helped Athens dominate the period of tremendous creativity and
Delian League. He treated the other city- learning that peaked in the mid-400s B.C.
states like subjects, demanding strict loy- The Persians had destroyed much of the
alty and steady payments from them. He city during the Persian Wars. So Pericles
even insisted that they use Athenian coins started a major rebuilding program. He
and measures. had new temples and statues built across
At the same time, Pericles made Athens the city.
more democratic at home. He believed that Pericles supported artists, architects,
people’s talents were more important than writers, and philosophers (fuh • LAH • suh •
their social standing. For this reason, fuhrs). Philosophers are thinkers who pon-
Pericles included more Athenians than der questions about life. In Chapter 8, you
ever before in government. He allowed will read more about the Greeks’ achieve-
lower-class male citizens to run for public ments and understand why Pericles called
office, and he also paid officeholders. As a Athens “the school of Greece.”
result, even poor citizens could, for the first Identify What is the differ-
time, be part of the inner circle running the ence between a direct democracy and a represen-
government. tative democracy?

WH6.4.2 Trace the transition from tyranny
and oligarchy to early democratic forms of
government and back to dictatorship in
ancient Greece, including the significance of
the invention of the idea of citizenship (e.g.,
from Pericles’ Funeral Oration).
PERICLES
c. 495 – 429 B.C.
Pericles was born just outside Athens, to a wealthy
and powerful family. He received his education from
philosophers. As a young man, he was known for his skill
with words. Later, when he became a political leader, he
strongly supported democracy. Pericles
Although he was from a wealthy family himself, he
believed that citizenship should not be limited to the
wealthy and powerful. He made changes to take power
from the few and give it to the many. However, in
describing Pericles’ rule over Athens, Greek historian
Thucydides wrote “In name democracy, but in fact the
rule of one man.”
The “Age of Pericles” was Athens’s Golden Age, and
the city blossomed under his leadership. Pericles wanted
Athens to be a model for the world. He made it a
centerpiece of art, philosophy, and democracy. “Athens...is the
Pericles’ goal was to make Athens a city that Greeks school of Greece.”
could be proud of. He hired hundreds of workers to
——Pericles, as recorded
construct public buildings in Athens. The most well known by Thucydides
is the Parthenon. Based on the value of money today,
it cost about $3 billion to build. Workers hauled 20,000
tons of marble from a nearby mountain and spent almost
15 years completing it.
Pericles was a private person. He avoided being in
public as much as possible. He spent most of his
time alone, with family, or with close friends. He
married and had three sons. In 429 B.C . Pericles died
from the plague.
Consider what Thucydides wrote about

Pericles’ rule in Athens. Do research to find out
how the U.S. Constitution ensures that our
government is not dominated by one leader.
The Parthenon sits at the top of
the Acropolis.
361
(t)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (b)Vanni Archive/CORBIS
Daily Life in Athens rights. Foreigners in Athens numbered

about 35,000. The population also included
Athenian men and women had very about 100,000 enslaved people.
different roles.
Reading Connection School may be difficult at times, Roles of Men and Women Athenian men
but how would you feel if you could not go to school? Read usually worked in the morning and then
on to learn about the limits placed on some Athenians. exercised or attended meetings of the assem-
bly. In the evenings, upper-class men enjoyed
In the 400s B.C., more people lived in all-male gatherings where they drank, dined,
Athens than in any other Greek city-state. and discussed politics and philosophy.
Athens had about 285,000 residents in all. For Athenian women, life revolved
Some 150,000 were citizens, although only around home and family. Girls married
43,000 of these were men with political early—at 14 or 15—and were expected to
Athenian Homes
Many wealthy Athenians had large homes made of mud bricks and tiled roofs.
They had many small windows to let light and air in the house. Where are
religious influences seen in the house?
Altar and Courtyard
Wool Room Greek courtyards usually had an
Yarn was spun and cloth altar to the favorite family god.
was woven here.
Bedroom
Family Room
Kitchen Dining Room

Cooking was often done
Men ate their meals alone
over an open fire.
while served by women.
Athenian urn

Smithsonian Institution
have children and take care of household Greeks were also enslaved after being taken
duties. Poor women might also work with prisoner during a war by other Greeks.
their husbands in the fields or sell goods in Enslaved men usually worked on projects
the agora. Respectable upper-class women, requiring heavy labor. Enslaved women and
however, stayed at home. They supervised children became cooks and maids in Greek
the household servants and worked wool homes. Educated slaves sometimes became
into cloth—spinning, dyeing, and weaving tutors to the children in the home. Others
it. They rarely went out, except to funerals or worked in the fields and in artisans’ shops.
festivals. Even then, they could leave the Enslaved people were treated differently
house only if a male relative went with them. from place to place. Those working in the
Although Athenian women could not mines often died at a young age. Skilled slaves
attend school, many learned to read and to often worked with citizens creating their
play music. Still, even educated women crafts. A few held positions of privilege, such
were not considered the equals of men. They as overseers on farms. In some instances, they
had no political rights and could not own were able to earn money and even buy their
property. Fathers took charge of unmarried freedom, but this did not happen very often.
daughters. Husbands looked after their The Greek city-states depended on enslaved
wives. Sons or other male relatives looked labor. Without it, Athens could not have sup-
after the welfare of widows. ported its bustling economy.
A few women did move more freely
in public life. Aspasia (as • PAY • zhuh) is What Drove the Athenian Economy?
perhaps the most famous example. Many Athenians depended on farming for
Aspasia was not a native Athenian. This a living. Herders raised sheep and goats for
gave her special status. She was well- wool, milk, and cheese. Some farmers
educated and taught public speaking to grew grains, vegetables, and fruit for local
many Athenians. Her writings have not use. Others grew grapes and olives to make
survived, but Plato, the famous Greek wine and olive oil to sell abroad.
philosopher, said her work helped shape Athens did not have enough farmland
his ideas. Pericles often consulted to grow crops for all its people. As a result,
Aspasia, as did many other Athenian the city had to import grain from other
leaders. In this way, she became influen- places. This had much to do with Athens’s
tial in politics even though she was not geographic location. Athens was located
allowed to vote or hold office. near the coast of Greece in the middle of
Greek civilization.
Slavery in Athens Most people in the The city built a large fleet of ships to
ancient world considered slavery to be a trade with colonies and other city-states in
normal way of life, even the enslaved peo- the Mediterranean. During the 400s B.C.,
ple. Athens was no exception. Slavery was Athens became an important crossroads for
common even in the city of democracy. people, ideas, and goods traveling through
Most Athenian homes had at least one the region. Merchants and artisans grew
enslaved person, and wealthy Athenian wealthy by making and selling pottery, jew-
households often had many. Many of the elry, leather goods, and other items.
enslaved were people Athenians had cap- Describe How did Athenian
tured in battle with non-Greeks. Sometimes men and women spend their time?

Nimatallah/Art Resource, NY
WH6.4.2 Trace the transition from tyranny and oligarchy to early democratic forms of government and back to dictatorship in ancient
Greece, including the significance of the invention of the idea of citizenship (e.g., from Pericles’ Funeral Oration).
The Peloponnesian War

Sparta and Athens went to war for con-
trol of Greece.
Reading Connection Have you ever tried to get peo-
ple to work together and been frustrated when they will
not cooperate? Read to find out how the Greek city-
states’ refusal to cooperate nearly led to their destruc-
Women’s Duties In ancient Athens, a tion.
woman’s place was in the home. Her two
main responsibilities were caring for the As the Athenian empire became rich and
household and raising children. The Greek powerful, other city-states, especially Sparta,
writer Xenophon (ZEH•nuh•fuhn) recorded grew suspicious of Athenian aims. Sparta
a man’s explanation of women’s duties. and Athens had built two very different
“Thus your duty will be to remain indoors and kinds of societies, and neither state under-
send out those servants whose work is outside, stood or trusted the other. After the Persian
and superintend those who are to work
Wars, both city-states desired to be the major
indoors . . . . And when wool is brought to you,
you must see that cloaks are made for those power in the Greek world. They clashed over
that want them. You must see too that the dry this goal several times between 460 B.C. and
corn is in good condition for making food.” 445 B.C. In this year, Athens and Sparta
—Xenophon, Memorabilia and Oeconomicus signed a peace treaty.
The second floor of each home was Conflict Between Athens and Sparta In
the women’s quarters. An Athenian the years following the Persian Wars,
woman lived there with her children. She Sparta suffered from a major earthquake
was expected to keep her children well
and happy. She and the revolt of the helots. Both of these
encouraged them events weakened Sparta for some time.
to learn sports and Meanwhile, Athens continued gaining
play with toys, and more control over its empire, sometimes
taught them how using its military to force other city-states
to interact with to pay tribute. Between 460 B.C. and 450
friends and family B.C., Athens was able to gain a land empire
members. Some boys near Thebes and Corinth. However, these
went to school, while city-states were able to throw off Athenian
the girls stayed at control by 446 B.C. Both Corinth and
home.
Thebes remained distrustful of Athens and
became allies with Sparta.
Although Athens had lost some of its
Greek woman
and servant land in mainland Greece, it grew by gaining
influence over other city-states and by set-
Connecting to the Past tling colonies. Sometimes Athenian colonists
1. Why do you think women and children fought with other Greeks who lived nearby
lived on the second floor of the home? because the Athenians were too aggressive.
2. Over what areas of life did an Athenian This angered Sparta, but the Spartans were
woman have authority? not yet ready to declare war.
Gianni Dagli Orti/CORBIS

However, in 433 B.C. Athenian activities had died in battle. The relatives of the dead
interfered directly with some of Sparta’s wept for their loved ones. The rest of the cit-
allies. These allies began pushing Sparta to izens joined in a procession.
attack Athens. Finally, war broke out in As was the custom, a leading Athenian
431 B.C. It would drag on until 404 B.C. addressed the crowd. On this day, Pericles
and shatter any possibility of future spoke. He talked about the greatness of
cooperation among the Greeks. Historians Athens and reminded the people that they
call this conflict the Peloponnesian War made their government strong.
because Sparta was located in the In this famous speech, called the Funeral
Peloponnesus. Oration, Pericles pointed out that Athenians
Pericles’ Funeral Oration In the first win- were part of a community. As citizens, they
ter of the war, the Athenians held a public agreed to obey the rules in their constitu-
funeral. Its purpose was to honor those who tion—their framework of government.
The Peloponnesian War 431–404 B.C.

20°E 30°E
N
Black Sea
Adriatic W E
Sea S
Sea of
Marmara
422 B.C. 410 B.C. 40°N
405 B.C.
°N 429 B.C.
411 B.C.
P E RS IA N
E M P IRE
Aegean 406 B.C.
Sea
Ionian Thebes 424 B.C.
407 B.C.
Sea
Corinth Athens
418 B.C. Miletus
Delos
Sparta
425 B.C.
M e d i te r ra n e a n S e a
Crete
0 100 miles
0 100 kilometers
1. Movement
Lambert AzimuthalInEqual-Area
what year was
the earliest
projection
Greek warriors battle of the war fought? In whose territory?
2. Human/Environment Interaction Which
major cities were allied with Sparta? How do
you think having those allies helped the
Spartans to win the war?

Scala/Art Resource, NY
They accepted certain duties, such as pay- Why Was Athens Defeated? At the begin-
ing taxes and defending the city. They also ning of the Peloponnesian War, both Sparta
gained certain rights, such as the ability to and Athens thought they knew how to win.
vote and run for office. Pericles’ speech The Spartans and their allies surrounded
reminded Athenians of the power of Athens. They hoped that the Athenians
democracy and gave them the courage to would send out an army to fight. However,
keep fighting. Its ideas are still important Pericles knew that Spartan forces could beat
for people living in democratic nations the Athenians in open battles. Believing his
today. people would be safe behind the city walls,
he urged farmers and others on the
outskirts to move inside the city. There
Pericles’ Athenians stayed put and had the navy
Funeral Oration deliver supplies from their colonies and
allies. Because Sparta did not have a navy, it
Pericles was a dominant figure in Athenian
could not attack the Athenian ships.
politics between 461 B.C. and 429 B.C., a
period historians call the Age of Pericles. Athens escaped serious harm for some
In his Funeral Oration, given during the time. Then, in the second year of the war, a
Peloponnesian War, Pericles described deadly disease spread through the over-
democracy, the importance of the individual, crowded city. It killed more than a third
and citizenship. of the people, including Pericles himself in
“Our constitution is called 429 B.C. Despite these terrible losses, the
a democracy because Athenians fought on. Over the next 25
power is in the hands not years, each side won victories but did not
of a minority but of the have the strength to defeat the other city-
whole people. When it is
a question of settling state.
private disputes, everyone The historian Thucydides recorded
is equal before the law; what he saw:
when it is a question of
putting one person before This, then, was the calamity
another in positions of which fell upon Athens, and the
public responsibility, what times were hard indeed, with men
counts is not membership
dying inside the city and the land
of a particular class, but
the actual ability which outside being laid waste.
Pericles
the man possesses. —Thucydides,
No one . . . is kept [out of government] because History of the Peloponnesian War
of poverty. And, just as our political life is free
and open, so is our day-to-day life in our Finally, desperate to win, the Spartans
relations with each other.” made a deal with the Persian Empire. In
—Pericles, as recorded by Thucydides, exchange for enough money to build a
History of the Peloponnesian War navy, they gave the Persians some Greek
territory in Asia Minor.
When Pericles said “everyone is equal In 405 B.C. Sparta’s new navy destroyed
before the law,” what did he mean? the Athenian fleet. The next year, after losing
more battles on land, Athens surrendered.

The Spartans and their allies then tore
down the city walls and broke up the
Athenian empire.
The Results of the War The Peloponnesian
War weakened all of the major Greek city- Thucydides is one of
the greatest ancient
states, both the winners and the losers. historians. He fought
Many people died in the fighting, and in the Peloponnesian
many farms were destroyed. Thousands of War for Athens and
people were left without jobs. It was an recorded the events
extremely difficult time. he witnessed.
After defeating Athens, Sparta created
its own empire. However, the Spartans
soon began creating enemies among their The Greek city-states continued to fight
allies, much as the Athenians had before. among themselves, growing progressively
Over the next 30 years, Sparta fought Persia weaker. All the while, they failed to notice
again and then tried to maintain control of that to their north, the kingdom of
rebellious allies. Finally, in 371 B.C., Sparta Macedonia was growing in power. This
fell to an army led by Thebes. This city-state would eventually cost them their freedom.
held a position of leadership in Greece for Cause and Effect What ef-
less than 10 years before collapsing. fects did the Peloponnesian War have on Greece?
Study Central Need help understanding the

causes of the Peloponnesian War? Visit
ca.hss.glencoe.com and click on Study Central.
What Did You Learn?

Reading Summary 1. What caused the
Peloponnesian War?
4. Analyze What caused the
lack of trust between Sparta
Review the
2. According to Pericles, what and Athens? CA HI2.
• Democracy and culture in Athens
flourished under the leadership duties did Athenian citizens 5. Under Pericles’
of Pericles. have? leadership, the economy of
Athens grew. Which groups of
• Athenian men worked as farmers, Critical Thinking
workers were important to this
artisans, and merchants, while 3. Summarize Use a chart like growth? CA 6RC2.0
most women stayed secluded at the one below to summarize
home. what Athens was like in the 6. Civics Link How did the direct
Age of Pericles. CA 6RC2.4 democracy of Athens differ
• Athens and Sparta fought each from the democracy we have
other in the Peloponnesian War. Government in the United States?
The fighting led to the defeat of CA 6RC2.2
Athens and the weakening of all Economy
the Greek states. 7. Expository Writing Describe
Culture the role of the Delian League in
Wars the creation of the Athenian
empire. CA 6WA2.2

WH6.4.4 Explain the significance
of Greek mythology to the everyday
life of people in the region and how
Greek literature continues to
permeate our literature and
language today, drawing from Greek
mythology and epics, such as
Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, and from
Aesop’s Fables. WH6.4.8 Describe
the enduring contributions of
important Greek figures in the arts
and sciences (e.g., Hypatia, Socrates,
Greek Historians Plato, Aristotle, Euclid, Thucydides).
Writing history is not easy. The ancient Greeks wrote many

histories, but their approach changed over time. Three of the most
famous Greek writers are Homer, Herodotus, and Thucydides.
They wrote at different times, and each explained historical events
in a different way.
Read the passages on pages 368 and 369, and answer the
questions that follow. Pay attention to how each writer
explains events.
Homer
Reader’s Dictionary
Hector: a prince of Troy Helen: a beautiful Greek woman who
Deïphobus (day • ee • FOH • buhs): a was kidnapped by Paris, causing the
powerful fighter from Troy Trojan War.
Paris: brother of Hector and a prince of Medea (meh • DEE • uh): a woman the
Troy Greeks had kidnapped from the
Persians
Priam (PREE • uhm): father of Hector
and Paris
Homer’s Iliad
Homer’s Iliad tells the story of the Trojan But Deïphobus was nowhere in sight.
War and shows how early Greeks explained It was then that Hector knew in his heart
events. In this excerpt, the Trojan warrior What had happened, and said to himself:
Hector realizes that he will be killed by
Achilles. “I hear the gods calling me to my death.
I thought I had a good man here with me,
And Hector let his heavy javelin fly,
Deïphobus, but he’s still on the wall.
A good throw, too, hitting Achilles’ shield
Athena tricked me. Death is closing in
Dead center, but it only rebounded away.
And there’s no escape. Zeus and Apollo
Angry that his throw was wasted, Hector
Must have chosen this long ago, even though
Fumbled about for a moment, reaching
They used to be on my side. My fate is here,
For another spear. He shouted to
But I will not perish without some great deed
Deïphobus,
That future generations will remember.”
—Homer, Iliad
The Histories Thucydides’ History of the
by Herodotus Peloponnesian War
H erodotus often tried to provide sources for his T hucydides took great care to analyze the causes
history. Here he gives one of the reasons he of events and the sources for his history. In this
believes the Greeks and the Persians did not like passage, he discusses a terrible plague that hit
each other: the mythological story about how the Athens in 430 B.C.
Greeks had kidnapped the woman Medea from The most terrible thing
people in the land near Troy. of all was the despair into
Paris, the son of Priam, was inspired . . . to which people fell when
steal a wife for himself out of Greece, being they realized that they had
confident that he would not have to pay for the caught the plague; for they
venture any more than the Greeks had done. would immediately adopt
And that was how he came to carry off Helen. an attitude of utter hope-
The first idea of the Greeks . . . was to send a lessness, and, by giving in
demand for satisfaction and for Helen’s return. this way, would lose their
The demand was met by a reference to the powers of resistance. Terri- Thucydides
seizure of Medea and the injustice of expecting ble, too, was the sight of people dying like
satisfaction from people to whom they them- sheep through having caught the disease as a
selves had refused it, not to mention the fact result of nursing others. This indeed caused
that they had kept the girl. more deaths than anything else. For when peo-
. . . [T]he Greeks, merely on account of a girl ple were afraid to visit the sick, then they died
from Sparta, raised a big army, invaded Asia with no one to look after them; indeed, there
and destroyed the empire of Priam. From that were many houses in which all the inhabitants
root sprang their belief in the perpetual enmity perished through lack of any attention. When,
of the Grecian world towards them—Asia with on the other hand, they did visit the sick, they
its various foreign-speaking peoples belonging lost their own lives.
to the Persians, Europe and the Greek states
—Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War
being, in their opinion, quite separate and dis-
tinct from them.
Such then is the Persian story. In their view
it was the capture of Troy that first made them
the enemies of the Greeks.
—Herodotus, The Histories
Homer’s Iliad Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War

1. What does Hector think Athena did? 5. According to Thucydides, what caused more
2. Why does Hector believe he is going to die? deaths than anything else during the plague?
6. What caused people to lose their powers of
The Histories by Herodotus resistance?
3. Why does Paris think he can get away with
kidnapping Helen? Read to Write
7. Which passage seems the most reliable?
4. What does Herodotus’s use of myths say
Why? How is Thucydides’ approach to history
about how he wrote his history?
different from the way Homer and Herodotus
explain events? CA 6RC2.6 CA HR5.

Nimatallah/Art Resource, NY
Standard WH6.4
Review Content Vocabulary Section 4 • The Age of Pericles

Write the vocabulary word that completes each 15. How was democracy expanded during the
sentence. Write a sentence for each word not Age of Pericles?
used. 16. What were the main duties of women in
a. satrap d. direct democracy Athens?
b. agora e. oligarchy 17. What was the result of the Peloponnesian
War?
c. democracy f. peninsula
1. In a(n) ___, a few wealthy people hold
power.
Critical Thinking
18. Cause and Effect How did the geography
2. The Greek mainland is a(n) ___, a body of of Greece help to encourage trade? CA CS3.
land with water on three sides.
19. Conclude Did the people of ancient Athens
3. In a(n) ___, people at mass meetings make have a full democracy? Explain. CA 6RC2.0
decisions for the government.
20. Explain Do you think people would enjoy
4. A(n) ___ acted as tax collector, judge, chief more freedom in an oligarchy or a tyranny?
of police, and army recruiter. Explain. CA 6RC2.2
Review the Geography Skills

Section 1 • The Early Greeks Study the map below and answer the follow-
5. How did the geography of Greece influ- ing questions.
ence where people settled and how they 21. Place What sea lies along the west coast
made a living? of Greece? CA CS3.
6. How did the building of ships affect 22. Location Where was Knossos? CA CS3.
Minoan civilization?
23. Movement If you traveled from Athens to
7. Which group built the first Greek king-
Troy, in what direction would you be going?
doms?
CA CS3.
8. How did the Greek colonies help industry
to grow?
9. What are Greek city-states also known as?
Ancient Greece
Section 2 • Sparta and Athens
10. Why were tyrants able to seize control
from Greek nobles? N
40°N
Troy
11. Who did the Spartans fear most within E
their city-states? GREECE Aegean W
Ionian Sea S
12. Describe the differences between Athens Sea Athens
and Sparta. Mycenae
M
Section 3 • Persia Attacks the Greeks ed Sparta
ite
13. What system did Darius use to unite his r ra
nea
large empire under one government? n Se a
Knossos
14. Why did Sparta and Athens unite during 20°E
Crete 30°E
the Persian Wars?

Read to Write Self-Check Quiz To help you prepare for
the Chapter Test, visit ca.hss.glencoe.com
24. Writing Research Reports
Write an essay explaining how democracy
helped create a strong and stable society
in Athens. CA 6WA2.3 Reviewing Skills
25. Using Your Use the information
from your completed chapter opener fold- 29. Comparing and
ables to create a brief study guide for the Contrasting Write an essay comparing
chapter. Your study guide should include at and contrasting the Persian Empire to the
least five questions for each section. Greek city-states. Explain how these
Questions should focus on the main ideas. similarities and differences affected the
Exchange your study guide with a partner result of the Persian Wars. CA 6WS1.3
and answer each of the questions. CA HR1.
30. Facts and Opinions Reread
Using Academic Vocabulary the quotations from Xenophon (page 364)
26. Separate the words below into three cate- and Pericles (page 366). Determine whether
gories: Verbs, Nouns, and Adjectives. Keep these statements are facts or opinions.
in mind that some of the words can be Write a paragraph about each quotation
placed in more than one column. explaining your decision. CA HR2.; HR5.
region participate
culture economy
overseas vision
community internal
enforce framework
Read the passage below and
answer the following question.
Linking Past and Present
27. Making Comparisons Choose a person “My intent is to . . . march an army
mentioned in Chapter 7. Write a descrip- through Europe against Greece, that
tion of someone in the news today who has thereby I may obtain vengeance
similar ideas or has acted in similar ways. from the Athenians for the wrongs
List some of their similarities. CA 6WA2.0 committed by them . . .”
Building Citizenship 31 The above words were spoken

28. Analyze Democracy is not easy to achieve by the leader of which group
or maintain. Make a chart like the one
of people?
below to identify things that challenged or
threatened democracy in Athens. CA HI2. A the Romans
B the Athenians
C the Persians
Challenges
to Democracy
D the Minoans

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The Greeks

1500 B.C. 750 B.C. 550 B.C. 350 B.C.

Ancient 650 B.C. 509 B.C. 312 B.C.

Etruscan mural Roman soldiers

EUROPE Caspian Sea S

150 B.C. A.D. 50 A.D. 250 A.D. 450 A.D. 650

146 B.C. 44 B.C. A.D. 180 A.D. 312

A.D. 30 C. A.D. 100 C. A.D. 600

Orthodox Church incense

(t)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (c)Hugh Sitton/Getty Images, (b)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY

See Ancient Greece

2 Alexandria Lighthouse Mediterranean Sea

c. 750 B.C. c. 495–429 B.C. c. 356–323 B.C.

See Ancient Rome

See Rise of Christianity

700 B.C. 600 B.C. 500 B.C. 400 B.C.

The Early Greeks

Sparta and Athens

Persia Attacks the Greeks

The Age of Pericles

Summarizing Information Make this foldable to help you organize and

Step 1 Mark the Step 2 Fold Reading and Writing

Good readers compare and contrast information as they read. This

1) Persian religion is being

— from page 353

As you compare and contrast, ask these questions:

Read Section 2 and use a chart like the one below to

Characteristic Sparta Athens

As you read the chapter, choose three

• The idea of citizenship developed in Reading Strategy

2000 B.C. 1250 B.C. 500 B.C.

336 CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks

peninsula (puh • NIHN • suh • luh)—a body of

Ancient Greece c. 750 B.C.

Sea of Crete Mediterranean

was probably most useful to the

and storerooms packed with oil, wine, and

This wall painting from Knossos shows Minoans

338 CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks

The First Greek Kingdoms

The Mycenaeans were originally from

What Were Mycenaean Kingdoms Like? The ruins at

CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks 339

340 CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks

CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks 341

Greek Colonies and Trade 750–550 B.C.

ITALY Black Sea

0 500 miles EGYPT

Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection

2. Location On which continents

342 CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks

Colonists traded regularly with their

Study Central Need help understanding the

What Did You Learn?

CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks 343

700 B.C. 600 B.C. 500 B.C.

344 CHAPTER 7 • The Ancient Greeks

they could harvest and sell their crops.

Many borrowed money from the nobles,