Polypeptide Synthesis: Transcription

DNA contains the deoxyribose sugar instead of
ribose as seen in RNA model the process

of polypeptide
RNA contains the base uracil instead of thymine synthesis,
including:
Polypeptide Synthesis ~ transcription

and
DNA cannot leave the nucleus as it is too large to
pass through the pores. Since DNA must remain in translation
the nucleus, an intermediate molecule called ~ assessing
messenger RNA (mRNA) carries a transcribed copy. the importance of
In order for a cell to make the proteins it needs, mRNA and tRNA
not all DNA is needed, only the relevant in transcription
instructions for proteins required in that cell are and translation
accessed in the DNA nucleotide sequence. ~ analysing
The mRNA carriers the relevant instructions from the the function and
nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm that importance of
translate the message carried by the mRNA into a cell polypeptide
product such as protein. synthesis
~ assessing
Polypeptide synthesis is split into two main steps:
how genes and
Transcription in which a gene is copied into a environment effect
temporary, portable copy known as an mRNA phenotypic
transcript in the nucleus expression
Translation is the deciphering of the information in
the mRNA transcript into an actual chain of amino
acids with the help of a ribosome and tRNA taking
place in the cytoplasm.
Transcription
RNA polymerase binds to a part of the DNA called

the promoter and breaks the hydrogen bonds
between the two strands to separate the strands over
a short length.
DNA and Polypeptide Synthesis 4

This occurs in the part of the DNA that contains
the gene needed.
Only the non-coding strand contains the genetic

information to make a protein as the codon strand
has the same code as thh mRNA being made
(except the T and U bases).
The non-coding strand acts as a template and RNA

nucleotides are assembled, forming a complementary
single stranded m RNA molecule.
A cap is added to the 5 prime end and a poly A tail is

added to the 3 prime end.
These help the mRNA leave the nucleus and

protect it from being broken up by exonuclease
enzymes.
The mRNA then moves out of the nucleus and into the
cytoplasm in which multiple chains of the same
polypeptide produce are produced from one mRNA
template molecule.
Translation
Translation occurs when the ribosomes move along

the mRNA molecules and as they do attach tRNA
molecules to mRNA by temporarily pairing the bases
of the tRNA anticodons with their complimentary
codons (triplets of bases) on the mRNA.
The ribosomes brings together all necessary

components required and is composed of proteins
and ribosomal RNA.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms the ribosome

subunits needed to translate mRNA into a
polypeptide chain.

tRNA molecules have an anticodon at one end
and an amino acid on the other end.
Each amino acid is spliced off its tRNA carrier and

moves away from the mRNA passing its amino acid to
the previous amino acid in line and moves back to the
cytoplasm to be reused.
The codons on the mRNA strand determine the

corresponding amino acid.
Amino acids are covalently bonded (peptide bond)

and linked to one another by an enzyme to form a
polypeptide chain.
The order of the amino acids in the polypeptide

chain are determined by the order of the bases in
the codons.
The polypeptide chain is then processed in the cell

and may be joined by one or more polypeptides and
folded into the correct 3D shape for its functioning and
forming the final protein end product.
The mRNA is broken down into its individual

nucleotides, which can be reused
RNA Processing
Pre-mRNA is a term to describe mRNA just

transcribed from the DNA but this is further edited.
Since, the strand also contains introns which do not

code for protein assembly. The strand must be edited
and introns are removed by a spliceosome molecule.
This results in a mature mRNA which will then move

to the cytoplasm.
Alternative ways of splicing mRNA give rise to

different versions of the same protein.

Polypeptide Synthesis: Transcription

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Polypeptide Synthesis: Transcription

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DNA contains the deoxyribose sugar instead of

ribose as seen in RNA model the process

Polypeptide Synthesis ~ transcription

RNA polymerase binds to a part of the DNA called

DNA and Polypeptide Synthesis 4

Only the non-coding strand contains the genetic

The non-coding strand acts as a template and RNA

A cap is added to the 5 prime end and a poly A tail is

These help the mRNA leave the nucleus and

Translation occurs when the ribosomes move along

The ribosomes brings together all necessary

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms the ribosome

DNA and Polypeptide Synthesis 5

Each amino acid is spliced off its tRNA carrier and

The codons on the mRNA strand determine the

Amino acids are covalently bonded (peptide bond)

The order of the amino acids in the polypeptide

The polypeptide chain is then processed in the cell

The mRNA is broken down into its individual

Pre-mRNA is a term to describe mRNA just

Since, the strand also contains introns which do not

This results in a mature mRNA which will then move

Alternative ways of splicing mRNA give rise to

DNA and Polypeptide Synthesis 6

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