Vocabulary Studies

Parts of the Face
I. Read the following passage and translate it paying special attention to the underlined
words:
People who cannot hear often learn to understand a spoken language not with their ears but
with their eyes. They watch the mouth of the person talking and follow the movement of their
lips. This is called lip-reading.
One of the most difficult sounds for a foreign student to make in English is the ‘th’ sound,
as in the word ‘tooth’. To make this sound, you put the tip of the tongue under your top teeth.
Then you push the tongue up a little and the air comes out at the sides of the mouth.
Some people think that the distance between your hair and your eyebrows is a sign of how
intelligent you are. The bigger your forehead is, the more intelligent you are supposed to be.
Nowadays, a person who doesn’t like their nose can have it changed with plastic surgery.
Plastic surgeons can change your face in many other ways too. They can make your cheeks a
little rounder or higher under the eyes. If you don’t like your chin, a plastic surgeon can break
your jaw and re-make the whole lower half of your face. If you think your skin looks too old and
full of wrinkles, they can take the wrinkles away and make you look twenty years younger.
Women often disagree about men having beards and moustaches. Some women think that
hair on a man’s chin makes him look friendly and attractive. Other women think beards look all
right but they don’t like to touch them. As for moustaches, there are some women who think they
are very attractive, and others who think that a moustache makes a man look cold and mean.
Usually, only women wear make-up. They are lucky. They can put a little black mascara on
their eyelashes and some eyeshadow on their eyelids, and look fresh and attractive, even when
they are really tired. But the morning after a very late night, a man just has to look terrible!
II. Look at facial features. On the left are some adjectives often used to describe a
particular part of the face or head. Read, translate and learn them:
high, wide (broad), lined (wrinkled), furrowed Forehead
rosy, pale, hollow, with a beauty spot, with a mole, shaven/unshaven Cheeks
double, pointed, dimpled, protruded, with stubble on Chin
false, long Eyelashes
bushy, pencil-thin, plucked (shaped) Eyebrows
snub, hook (Roman), button, aquiline, Grecian Nose
cauliflower, pierced, pointed Ears
thick, cherry, delicate, full Lips
wide, mean, delicate Mouth
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amber, hazel, sunken, protuberant, five o’clock shadows Eyes
auburn, chestnut, jet-black, red, brunette, blond hair colour
wavy, curly, bobbed, bun, ponytail, plait (braid), crewcut, flattop, dreadlocks, Hairstyles
receding hair, bald
shiny, greasy, scruffy, disheveled hair quality
III. Translate into English:

1. Він відразу ж закохався в її бурштинові блискучі очі і кирпатий ніс.
2. Йому зазвичай подобалися блондинки. Але зараз припала до душі дівчина з
золотистим блискучим каштановим волоссям, з ямочкою на підборідді.
3. Щодо його носу, то він був не то грецьким, не то римським.
4. Злодій мав такі прикмети: чорне, мов смола, волосся, вкритий глибокими
борознами зморщок лоб, витрішкуваті очі, густі брови, великий рот, подвійне підборіддя,
загострені вуха.
5. Проблемою рудих є ластовиння.
6. Повні чуттєві губи робили її посмішку чарівною.
7. Довгі густі вії та підфарбовані повіки підкреслювали красу її очей.
8. Хоча йому лише 30 років, волосся на скронях уже посивіло, а на обличчі з’явилися
зморшки.
9. Важко забути її тендітні, тонкі губи, овальне обличчя, довгі вії, тонкі брови,
рум’яні щоки та карі очі.
10. Після довгого перебування у закритій кімнаті його щоки стали блідими і
неголеними.
11. До спортивних секцій приймають дітей будь-якого зросту: високих, невисоких та
середнього зросту.
12. Не всім подобаються вуса та бороди, деякі віддають перевагу поголеній шкірі.
IV. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words. The last letter of each word is written for
you:
1. I think his hair is …s. It is so fantastically …y.
2. Coming in from the rain, she went into the bathroom and …d her long …t hair.
3. He’s so tall he banged his …d against the top of the door, and now he has a cut above his
left …w.
4. How often do you …h your hair?
5. My girlfriend has asked me to shave off my …d. She says it feels funny against her …k
when we kiss.
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6. Is he naturally …d or has he shaved his head?
7. My eyes are killing. I think one of my …s has fallen into my eye.
8. I wish my hair wasn’t so …r and had more curls in it.
9. There are also some people who think that women who are exceptionally …y and men
who are particularly …e must be stupid.
10. Being …e is like being rich – it can help you find happiness, but it doesn’t always make
you happy.
V. Read the following passage which is divided into several paragraphs. Choose from the
list A-I the sentence which best summarizes each paragraph (1-7). There is one extra sentence
which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (0):
The Lady with Blue Nails
Sandy Lerner is founder of an unusual range of nail-polish colours
0 – I The links between computer and cosmetics are not obvious, but one of the most
successful self-made businesswomen in the USA, Sandy Lerner, has made her fortune in both.
1 - …. With her long purple hair and taste for blue nail polish, it is not surprising that
Sandy got fed up with not being able to find make-up she liked. After a brief spell of mixing her
own colours, Sandy decided to set up her own company.
2 - …. Since its launch in 1996, her company has taken the USA, Asia and Europe by
storm. ‘At the time everyone was still heavily into pinks and reds’, says Sandy, ‘and I thought
that given other developments going on in the fashion world, the time was ripe for an
alternative’.
3 - …. It’s one thing to like blue nail polish yourself, but quite another to set a company
making it however. The more money you have, the easier that decision is to make, she admits.
And she has plenty; Sandy made her fortune in a former career as a computer specialist. She set
up a company in 1984 after designing a piece of technology which is now used in 80% of
connections on the Internet.
4 - …. The new company is proving to be a nice little earner too. As founder and chief
executive of the company, Sandy was personally responsible for designing the eye-catching
advertising campaigns that helped at the beginning, although she now tends to leave the day-to-
day business to her partners.
5 - …. But establishing the business was not easy, particularly when the large cosmetics
companies realized there was a market for alternative colours and started selling them too. ‘As
an alternative, we’re never going to threaten the main market of the big companies’, says Sandy,
‘and although they now do similar colours, they only do a few of them. So people who want
intense and complicated colours will still come to us’.
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6 - ….Although shades of blue, purple, yellow and green sound like just the thing for
teenage girls and punks, the company actually aims its products at career women in their thirties
and forties. Sandy thinks make up is about a state of mind, ‘It’s for self-confident people who are
not afraid of something you can wash off’. Indeed the unusual colours and successful marketing
campaigns make the company’s products a hit amongst Hollywood celebrities.
7 - ….Although she keeps a close eye on the company, Sandy admits that she quickly loses
interest once a project is up and running. She is now turning her attention to her current projects:
a large country house in England, her farm in Virginia where she keeps horses and a new project
for promoting nineteenth-century literature on the Internet.
A – An up-market product
B – Attracted to her latest interests
C – Facing up to competition
D – Building a range of colours
E – Initial involvement pays off
F – Personal taste influences a decision
G – Building on previous success
H – The thinking behind a decision
I – An unusual combining of interests
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Seeing and Sight
I. Read the following passages and translate them paying special attention to the
underlined words:
The teacher glared at the two students sitting at the back of the class. She was very angry
and shouted at them, ‘Right, you two. Stop that immediately or I’ll give you extra work to do
after classes’.
The two spies talked on the telephone for the last time. ‘Boris, you are not to speak to me at
the embassy party, but you must watch my face carefully. I will wink at you. If I close my right
eye you are to kill the man, but if I wink with my left eye you are to kill the woman.
Understand?
The bookseller picked up the book and examined it for several minutes. Finally he looked
up at the woman and said, ‘OK, I’ll give you twenty pounds for it’.
The farmer’s wife heard a noise outside. She went to the front door and opened it. ‘Is that
you out there, Jack?’ she asked, peering into the darkness.
‘Johnnie, why are you staring at that lady?’ ‘I think she’s a famous film star”. “It does not
matter who she is. It’s not polite to stare like that’.
Sarah gazed out of the window. The streets were crowded with people who were busy
doing their Christmas shopping, but Sarah was not really looking at them. She was thinking
about Tom and where he was.
The camera flash went off and the girl blinked. ‘I’m sorry. You’d better take another
photograph. I think I blinked and I’m sure you don’t want a picture of me with my eyes closed,
do you?’
Detective Murdoch held a photograph in his hand. ‘Well’, he said, ‘was this the man you
saw?’ ‘I’m not sure’, said the young man. ‘I only glanced at him for a second’.
II. Longman Language Activator gives the following definitions. Read them and match
with appropriate ways of seeing:
blink glare examine glance stare
peer wink gaze gape peep squint
* to look at something or someone for a long time, for example because they are beautiful
or interesting, especially without realizing that you are doing it;
* to look angrily at someone for a long time without moving your eyes;
* to look at someone or something quickly, especially by raising your eyes and then
lowering them again;
* to close and open one eye quickly;
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* to look at someone or something for a long time, especially with your mouth open,
because you are very surprised or shocked;
* to look quickly at someone or something, especially secretly through a small space or
opening;
* to look with difficulty at someone or something especially because you cannot see very
well or there is not enough light;
* to look at someone or something extremely carefully, especially because you want to find
its faults or mistakes;
* to close and open both eyes quickly;
* to look deliberately at someone or something for a long time without moving your eyes,
for example, because you are angry, shocked, or very interested;
* to look hard at something that you find difficult to see, and make your eyes narrower to
try to see better [14, 797-798].
III. Put each of the following words in its correct place in the sentences below:
glance (2) peer squint (2) glare (2) examine (2)
peep (3) stare (2) gape (3) gaze (3)
1. I saw them … at each other as if they knew something I didn’t.
2. Don’t … at people, it’s very rude.
3. As soon as he heard this, Barry … fiercely in our direction.
4. Clare … the postmark on the letter. It had been posted 3 days ago in Germany.
5. She … at the paper but it was impossible to read what was written there.
6. They lay down and … at the clouds passing overhead.
7. Close your eyes, I have a surprise for you. No … !
8. Tina … steadily at the singer, unable to believe she was so close to him.
9. She stood there … at me, too shocked to speak.
10. As the fire destroyed the house we just stood and … in disbelief.
11. Roger … into the dark corridor to see what was making the noise.
12. Jimmy …, open-mouthed, trying to take in what they had told him.
13. Before buying an antique, … it closely to avoid buying a fake.
14. During the meal he kept … at the door, obviously expecting someone to walk in.
15. She felt tempted to have a … at her neighbour’s garden.
16. She sat down and … fiercely, knowing that the witness had beaten her.
17. She sat and … into the distance, lost in thought.
18. … through the frosted glass window, I could just make out my sister’s car in the
distance.
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19. The children could never attend their parents’ parties, but were allowed a … through
the door.
20. I could only … in astonishment as he picked up the gun and pointed at me.
IV. Translate into English:
1. Вони сіли на вершині пагорбу і милувалися долиною внизу.
2. ЇЇ довгий прискіпливий погляд змусив мене нервувати.
3. Ретельно оглянувши сумку, дівчина вирішила, що вона зі шкіри.
4. Зазирни тихенько у дитячу і подивися, чи спить малюк.
5. Ви не могли б переглянути мій звіт перед тим, як я його відправлю?
6. Він вдивлявся у темний коридор, але там нікого не було.
7. Цей чоловік виглядає дивно, але не треба так витріщатися на нього.
8. Хлопчаки часто зупинялися біля цього магазину і милувалися новими іграшками.
9. Якщо ви виходите з темного приміщення на сонце, ви часто щуритися.
10. Водій вийшов з машини і сердито подивився на дівчину, яка розбила його
автомобіль.
11. Я думала, що він говорить серйозно, але потім побачила, що він підморгував
мені.
12. Він просвердлив отвір у стіні, щоб підглядати за сусідами.
13. „Вибачте, але я моргнула, зробіть ще одне фото”, попрохала дівчина.
14. Дивись на мене, коли я розмовляю з тобою.
15. Ми зупинили машину, щоб поглянути на карту.
V. Read the article below. The headings have been removed from the text. Match the
headings A-G to the paragraphs 1-6. There is one extra heading that you don’t need to use:
A Move your body
B Become a dreamer
C Make new friends
D Have a chocolate
E Have a good read
F Talk to people
G Play that song
Six great ways to relax
You may be a student, a doctor or a businessperson – whatever your age or job, from time
to time you need to slow down and relax. But do you know how to relax successfully? In this
article, we’ve collected ideas from all over the world and formulated six great, effective ways to
relax.
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1-…
For a long time we have all known that sweets do us good: they calm us down and make us
smile. Well, it’s true that they are full of calories and sugar, but from time to time, when you’re
really unhappy, a small candy or ice cream won’t do you any harm.
2-…
Remember that every type of physical exercise helps you relax. You don’t need to run for
miles! Just try to walk a bit more often, or use the stairs at work instead of the lift. Or get
yourself a dog and take it for long walks every day. This will make both you and the dog happy!
3-…
Some people say that when they are doing this, they forget about the whole world. And
that’s the point! If you want to relax, you should be able to distance yourself from all the
everyday worries. An interesting book will really help you to take it easy.
4-…
In today’s world, many people think that they must be serious and rational. They often say,
‘Be realistic!’ But if you want to relax, you need to do just the opposite – you need to imagine
something absolutely unrealistic. Stop thinking for a while, and you’ll feel much better!
5-…
Tuning in to your favourite kind of music is one of the best ways to relax. It has a positive
influence on our brain. With some people, it’s like reading because when they are listening, they
forget about everything. Try to make it even more relaxing, and dance.
6-…
Finally, remember to contact somebody you care for – and I mean real contact, not just
texting or emailing them. You can tell them about your worries, but it’s even better to listen to
them. Listening to others will not only make you relaxed, but also a better person.
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Arms and Hands
words:
The arms and hands of our prehistoric ancestors were probably not very different from the
human arm and hand today. The upper and lower joints of the arm, elbow and wrist, were
probably very similar, and the basic structure of the hand with its five fingers was also the same.
But according to some scientists, there has been an important change – a change in the way we
hold things.
Many hundreds of thousands of years ago, our ancestors could hold things in only one way.
This is called the power grip. The power grip is used, for example, to hold a hammer or a piece
of wood. With this grip, you hold the object in the palm of the hand with four fingers on one
side and the thumb on the other.
Later, the human hand developed a second grip, which we call the precision grip. This
grip is used, for example, in holding a pen or a paintbrush. With this grip, you have much greater
control over what you are holding. The object is usually held by the soft parts of the fingertips
(below the fingernails) of the first three fingers – the thumb, the forefinger and the middle
finger. With this grip, the little finger and the ring finger do nothing.
The development of the precision grip was important. It made it possible for humans to
become tool makers, and so humans became the first and only animals to create and use
technology.
II. Read the conversation between two friends. Find eight phrases which can be replaced
with the appropriate body idioms from the box:
put my foot in it a shoulder to cry on not from this neck of the woods
have his fingers in a lot of pies up to my eyes in work made up my mind yet
get it off my chest play it by ear
Laura: Hey, Phil, how are you doing?

Phil: Oh hi Laura – not too bad thanks. How are you?
Laura: Oh, extremely busy as usual. I’m on my way to my third meeting today. How’s that
lovely girlfriend of yours?
Phil: Oh, we split up three weeks ago. She’s on holiday with her new boyfriend.
Laura: Oh no – trust me to say something to make you feel worse. I’m really sorry.
Phil: No, it’s okay. I need to talk about it.
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Laura: Who’s her new boyfriend?
Phil: It’s her boss. You wouldn’t know him. He’s not from around here.
Laura: What kind of work does he do?
Phil: I don’t know really. He seems to be involved in a lot of things. He owns several
companies anyway, including the one Mandy was working for.
Laura: Oh Phil, I don’t know what to say.
Phil: Yeah – it’s hard. I mean, we were supposed to be going on holiday together in a
couple of weeks.
Laura: So, what are you going to do?
Phil: I don’t know – I haven’t decided yet. I might go anyway, or I might not feel like it
when the time comes. I don’t know. I’ll just have to see how I feel at the time.
Laura: Look Phil, I’m afraid I’ve got to run – but if you need some sympathy, you know
where to find me.
Phil: Thanks, Laura – I’ll be fine.
III. Read the following passage and translate it paying special attention to the underlined
idioms:
From the Horse’s Mouth (1)
John and Jack, freshmen, shared a room and a skeleton in the cupboard (2): they were
head over heels in love (3) with a girl – their bone of discord (4). Being quite wet behind their
ears (5) they were jumping out of their skin (6) to impress her. No wonder that in a blink of
an eye (7) they found themselves in debts up to the neck (8).
They finally had to make a clean breast (9) of it to their parents, who reluctantly agreed to
foot their bills (10). And they promised to tear the boys limb to limb (11) should they do it
again.
The university tutor gave them the cold shoulder (12), too. Having put the finger (13) on
the problem, he told the boys to knuckle down (14) at once to save the face (15).
John took it on the chin (16), ready to fight tooth and nail (17) and toe the line (18), got
to the top of his class, and in twenty years’ time made a full professor at university.
Unlike John, Jack had no stomach (19) for it, paid only lip service (20) to hard work,
thumbed his nose (21) at the classes, kept complaining of the tutor’s splitting hairs (22) and
was finally expelled. Jack was drafted to the army, had a spectacular career there, and in twenty
years’ time made a full general. Now he enjoys telling rib ticklers (23) about his university
experience.
Both John and Jack have lived happily ever after.
Morale: Always get the skeletons off your back (24) in time.
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IV. Match the following explanations with the idioms from the previous exercise:
A. doing their best I. not to have enough courage Q. struggle with all available
to do something means
B. say that you agree with J. a very short time R. start working hard
something without doing
anything to prove it
C. argue that there is a K. object of argument S. save the reputation
difference between two things
when this difference is too
small
D. get rid of something L. realize exactly what was T. owe very much money
wrong
E. embarrassing secret M. inexperienced U. accept something
unpleasant in a brave way
F. from a reliable source N. show that you have no V. very funny story
respect for something
G. pay the debt O. to do what you should do W. punish in a very violent
whether you like it or not way
H. be unfriendly to someone P. tell the truth X. loving someone very much
because they have upset you
V. Paraphrase the following sentences using idioms from exercise III:

1. If you want to work here, you should play by our rules.
2. In a split of a second the car reappeared.
3. She’s got huge debts, I can’t see any chance for her.
4. Nothing’s going to save his reputation now.
5. She accepted the bad news with courage.
6. I got it from the most reliable source.
7. She was not going to give up, she would struggle with all means available.
8. Suddenly he realized the nature of the problem in a very clear way.
9. After the accident his teachers were quite unfriendly to him.
10. She kept telling her funny jokes one by one.
11. He kept telling he supported the idea but was not doing anything to prove it.
12. She was crazy in love with him.
13. They all used to be very inexperienced then.
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14. He did not have enough courage to open the envelope.
15. At last she managed to pay all the bills.
16. He completely ignored the teacher’s recommendations.
17. If they fail again, they might be punished in a very violent way.
18. You have to get rid of those people – the sooner, the better.
19. They were doing their best to get the job.
20. You have to tell the whole truth, it would be better for everybody.
21. She was advised to start working hard to pass the exam.
22. He would always argue when there is nothing to argue about – it’s so boring!
23. They had some unpleasant secret nobody wants to talk about.
24. The way to solve this problem is the object of argument between the two experts.
VI. Translate the following sentences using idioms from exercise III:
1. Не встиг він і оком моргнути, як вони вже були тут.
2. Йому не вистачило духу сказати це.
3. Нарешті їй вдалося зрозуміти суть проблеми.
4. Вона одержала гарну нагоду покаятися.
5. Чого тільки не роблять, аби зберегти репутацію.
6. Де б взяти гроші, аби сплатити усі ті рахунки?
7. Він завжди мав у запасі кілька козирних анекдотів.
8. Зараз знову почне вдаватися у тонкощі – такий педант!
9. Це питання – справжнє яблуко розбрату!
10. Він закохався в неї шалено, а вона – нуль уваги на нього.
11. Маєте позбавитися цих ваших сімейних таємниць.
12. Ці новини – з абсолютно надійного джерела.
13. Цю неприємну звістку вона сприйняла на диво мужньо.
14. Ще раз побачу з ним – ноги повисмикую!
15. Політики продовжували облудні запевняння у підтримці економічних реформ.
16. Пора вже працювати по-справжньому, сесія наближається.
17. Вона по вуха в боргах – і то не в перше.
18. Він начхав на заняття і подався на футбол.
19. Вона зустріла його прохолодно, бо нічого не забула.
20. В них ще й молоко на губах не пообсихало, а туди ж – на танці!
21. Вони будуть битися зубами й ногами, аби не випустити цю справу з рук.
22. Вона ледве з шкіри не вискакувала, аби тільки її помітили.
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VII. Translate the following sentences into English using your active vocabulary:
1. Тулуб людини має: потилицю, шию, грудну клітку та груди, соски, живіт, пуп,
талію, пах, стегно.
2. Нога людини має такі частини: стегно, коліно, литку, гомілку, щиколотку.
3. Ступня має підйом, склепіння, п’яту, підошву, пальці.
4. Верхні кінцівки людини складаються з плеча (ключиці та верхньої частини руки),
руки (від кисті до плеча), лопатки, пахви, біцепса, ліктя, передпліччя, зап’ястка, кулака.
5. Рука має долоню, суглоби пальців, великий палець, вказівний палець, середній
палець, безіменний палець, мізинець, нігті.
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Ways of Touching and Holding
words:
Detective Jones sat at her desk and studied the three photographs. In the first picture, a man
was playing tennis. The second picture showed the same man eating in a restaurant. In the third
picture, the man was lying on the floor, holding a gun in his hand. He was dead and it looked as
if he had shot himself. But was it really suicide? There was something wrong with this picture
and Detective Jones didn’t know what it was.
You could always tell when detective Jones was thinking hard because her hands never
stopped moving. She was thinking now, as she studied the three photos carefully.
She scratched the top of her head with her long fingernails. She stroked her chin with her
thumb and forefinger as though she were stroking a long beard. She put both her hands on the
back of her neck and massaged it, rubbing hard into the muscle, trying to make herself relax.
‘Now what is wrong with these photographs?’ she kept asking herself. ‘What is it?’
She tapped the desk with her fingers as she thought. Then, suddenly, she could see what
was wrong. She slapped the side of her leg with her open hand, raised her right hand in a fist and
punched the air. ‘Of course’, she said. ‘Of course. I’ve got it’.
She grabbed the telephone and called detective Sharpe. ‘He’s going to be very surprised’,
she said to herself, as she gripped the telephone with excitement, waiting for him to answer.
‘Detective Sharpe’, she said. ‘Hello. It’s me, Detective Jones. Listen. The man was
murdered. Look at the hands in the three photographs. Can you see what’s wrong?’
II. Put each of the following words in its correct place in the sentences below:
punch (2) grab (2) stretch stroke (2) slap (2) squeeze (2)
scratch press grope nudge beckon pat
tap grip massage rub pull tickle
1. Somebody trying to get your attention might … you on the shoulder.
2. She … him across the face and ran out of the room.
3. A boxer in a fight will try to … his opponent.
4. After driving his taxi all day, Teddy likes to get out and … his arms and legs.
5. When I was small, my father used to … me on the head when he was pleased with me.
6. When it’s your turn for a luggage check, the customs officer will … you to come
forward.
7. A tired footballer may want someone to … his legs.
8. A parent who is very angry with a child might … him on the bottom.
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9. Somebody trying to make a cat feel good might … its back.
10. Several people saw two men smash the shop window, … some diamonds, get into their
car and drive away.
11. If he says that to me again, I’ll … him on the nose.
12. My brother went to sleep during the church service and I had to … him with my elbow
to wake him.
13. A tennis player has to … his tennis racket.
14. A hungry cat will … its back against your legs.
15. He was slim so he was just able to … between the two tables.
16. A greedy child will … the last piece of cake.
17. It was absolutely dark and I had to … in front of me to find the door.
18. She loved cats, and always used to stop and … any cats she saw.
19. I had several mosquito bites, and it was difficult not to … them.
20. It’s no use trying to … your feet into the shoes that are too small for you.
21. Most people hate having their feet ….
22. She … the table into a corner of the classroom and arranged the chairs in a circle.
23. When you see this number on the screen, … the button.
III. Here are some collocations on body movement. Read and translate them and then
learn by heart.
1. He shook his head in disagreement.
2. She nodded in agreement.
3. He trembled with fear.
4. He shivered with cold.
5. He bowed when he was introduced to the Queen.
6. She curtseyed when she was introduced to the Queen.
7. He clenched his fists angrily.
8. He snapped his fingers to get attention.
9. She waved when she saw her friend getting off the bus.
10. He pointed to show the shop assistant what he wanted.
11. He scratched his head thoughtfully.
12. He flexed his muscles proudly.
13. He craned his neck to see better.
14. He shrugged his shoulders.
15. He held his breath under water.
16. He wiped his forehead with a handkerchief.
16
17. He folded his arms and relaxed.
18. He dozed in his armchair.
19. He tapped his foot in time to music.
20. He rubbed his knee because it was painful.
21. He sweated in the hot sun.
22. He blushed with embarrassment.
23. He sobbed when he heard the sad news.
24. He startled in surprise at a sudden noise.
25. He fainted after going without food for three days.
26. He saluted when his commanding officer entered the room.
27. She fidgeted after sitting in the same position for so long.
1. Грабіжник схопив сумку жінки і зник.
2. Дівчатка ненавидять, коли хлопчаки тягнуть їх за косички.
3. Поліцейський міцно тримав мою руку, коли ми переходили через дорогу.
4. Коли кішка треться об мої ноги, я знаю, що вона хоче їсти.
5. На фотографії був зображений юнак, який тримав прапор у руках.
6. Він намагався намацати ключ у темряві і відчинити двері.
7. Він знизав плечима, оскільки не знав, що сказати, у такій ситуації.
8. Почувши такі образливі слова, вона дала йому ляпас.
9. Коли бабуся була задоволена внуком, вона завжди гладила його по голові.
10. „Не потягайся на уроках”, зробив зауваження вчитель.
11. Він гладив її по руці, намагаючись заспокоїти.
12. Боксер отримав сильний удар кулаком у підборіддя.
13. Намагаючись привернути увагу учнів, вчитель постукав лінійкою по столі.
14. Після тривалого марафону багатьом спортсменам необхідно було зробити масаж
ніг.
15. Будь обережна, цей кіт досить непривітний і може пошкрябати тебе.
V. You are going to read a magazine article about a young mother whose house was
burgled. For questions 1-8, choose the correct answer A, B, C or D:
Lisa Tyler was weary after a long, hard day at the pottery factory where she works. But as
she approached her home in the English city of Stoke-on-Trent, her heart lightened; soon she
would be having a nice cup of tea, putting her feet up and watching Friends, her favourite TV
series. But first, she needed to change out of her work clothes and pick up her three-year-old son
from his grandmother’s house nearby.
17
As Lisa walked up her garden path, she noticed a light flashing on and off in an upstairs
bedroom. A shiver went down her back. What if it was a burglar? Quietly, she crept round to the
back of the house to see if there was any sign of a break-in. Sure enough, a window was open
and someone’s coat was hanging on the gatepost!
Well, 26-year-old Lisa didn’t fancy coming face to face with a burglar, so she ran to a
neighbour’s house and rang the police. But as she sat waiting for the police to arrive, Lisa’s
curiosity got the better of her and she decided to go back and see what was going on. That’s
when she saw a leg coming out of the downstairs front window. It was a man climbing out. Lisa
gasped in shock. The burglar was carrying her portable television!
At this point, Lisa saw red. She didn’t have many possessions and she’d saved long and
hard to buy that set. Besides, nobody was going to stop her watching Friends.
‘Oh no you don’t’, she muttered under her breath, as the fury swelled inside her. Without
even stopping to think, she tore across the garden and started shouting at the burglar. ‘Give me
my TV – drop it now!’ she screamed.
Ignoring her, the man fled across the garden. So Lisa threw herself at him and successfully
rugby-tackled him to the ground. The burglar struggled to escape, but Lisa hung on like the best
kind of guard dog despite being punched and kicked. As she looked up, she realized that she
recognized the burglar’s face. She was so surprised that she lost her grip and the burglar got
away, leaving the TV behind in the garden.
By the time the police and her father arrived, Lisa was in tears. ‘I can’t believe you were so
foolish, Lisa’ scolded her father. ‘You could have been killed’. ‘I know, but at least he didn’t get
my TV’, she replied.
Lisa later remembered the name of the burglar, who had been in the same year as her at
school. He was later caught and jailed for 15 months after admitting burglary and assault. In
May last year, Lisa was given a Certificate of Appreciation by Staffordshire Police, for her
‘outstanding courage and public action’. But in the future she intends to leave household security
to a new member of her family, Chan, who is a real guard dog.
1. How was Lisa feeling as she walked home from work?
A tired
B anxious
C depressed
D relieved
2. What does ‘pick up’ mean in line 5?
A contact
B visit
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C collect
D check
3. What first led Lisa to think there was a burglar in her house?
A Something had been broken.
B Something had been left outside.
C Something was in the wrong place.
D Something was moving inside.
4. Why didn’t Lisa wait in her neighbour’s house until the police arrived?
A She was worried about losing her television.
B She wanted to know what was happening.
C She noticed something from her neighbour’s window.
D She realized that the burglar was leaving.
5. What does ‘Lisa saw red’ (line 18) mean?
A She got impatient.
B She felt frightened.
C She got angry.
D She felt brave.
6. What happened when Lisa shouted at the burglar?
A He tried to explain why he was there.
B He fell over as he ran towards her.
C He pretended not to have heard her.
D He dropped the TV and attacked her.
7. What did Lisa’s father do when he arrived?
A He told her off.
B He comforted her.
C He praised her.
D He argued with her.
8. How was the burglar caught?
A Lisa was able to describe him.
B He was found at another burglary.
C Lisa realized she could identify him.
D He was already known to the police.
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Ways of Moving
underlined words:
Robert couldn’t get to sleep. He didn’t know why. At two o’clock in the morning he
decided to go downstairs and get some food from the fridge. Everyone in the house was asleep
so he tiptoed down the stairs, making as little noise as possible.
Tim and Sandy had met on holidays and were very much in love. This was their last day
together. Now, as the sun went down over the sea, they strolled hand in hand along the beach,
looking into each other’s eyes, saying nothing.
‘Oh no’, shouted Mike, ‘my contact lens has fallen out’. Soon everyone was on their hands
and knees, crawling around looking for it. ‘You can all stand up now’, someone said. ‘I’ve
found it’.
From the hotel window, you could see the green hills covered with tall trees, and in the
distance was a little lake. ‘Let’s put on some strong shoes, take some sandwiches and spend the
day hiking in the mountains’, their father said.
The boys were sixteen years old and they were in the army. Every day they had to practice
marching as the sergeant called out, ‘Left, right. Left, right. Left’.
It was a dark day and it looked as if it might rain. From the hotel window, you could see
the beach. No one was there. ‘Let’s wander round the town and get to know this place a little
better’, their father suggested.
The boxer took a hard punch on the chin. He stood still for a second and then his legs
became weak. Almost falling, he started to stagger like a drunken man. One more punch and he
was down… seven, eight, nine, ten. It was a knockout.
In the village, most people were happily getting ready to go skiing. There were only a few
people who looked unhappy. They could not go skiing. They had each injured a leg, a knee or an
ankle, and were now limping around the village with nothing to do.
with appropriate ways of moving:
march sneak wander hike pace limp stagger stray dash
stroll creep walk tiptoe stride trudge crawl trip
* to walk for pleasure in a slow and relaxed way;
* to walk slowly, with heavy steps because you are tired and have been walking for a long
time;
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* to walk slowly and with difficulty, putting more weight on one leg because the other is
too painful or has been injured;
* to move forward at an ordinary speed, putting one foot in front of the other;
* to walk quickly, taking large steps, especially because you feel confident, angry, or
determined, or because you are in a hurry;
* to walk away from the place where you should be for no particular reason;
* to go or run suddenly and quickly;
* to walk very unsteadily, with your body moving from side to side and almost falling,
especially because you are injured, very tired, or drunk;
* to walk on the front part of your feet but not on your heels, because you want to avoid
making any noise;
* to walk backwards and forwards within a small area, especially because you are nervous,
bored, or angry;
* to walk quietly, slowly, and carefully, especially so that no one notices you;
* to walk around with no particular aim and in no particular direction, especially in a place
you do not know or when you are lost;
* to walk together at the same speed, taking long, firm, regular steps;
* to walk a long way in the country, hills etc for enjoyment;
* to move on hands and knees;
* to knock your foot against something when you are walking and fall or nearly fall over;
* to walk quietly, trying to hide from someone, especially because you are doing
something wrong and do not want to be caught [14, 1521-1524].
stroll (2) creep (2) walk tiptoe stride trudge (2) crawl (2) trip (3)
march sneak wander (2) hike pace limp (2) stagger (2) stray (2) dash (2) slip
(2)
1. He was completely drunk. I watched him … across the road and fall down.
2. It’s very pleasant for a tourist to … round a new city with no particular purpose or
destination.
3. It was a lovely day so we decided to … in the park for an hour.
4. His injured foot made him … badly.
5. Be careful or you’ll … on this icy bit of pavement.
6. Everyone was asleep when I returned so I had to … to my room without making a noise.
7. If you join the army, you’ll have to learn to ….
8. Please, don’t … away from the main group or you’ll get lost.
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9. Before babies can walk, they can only … on their hands and knees.
10. I’m afraid someone will … over that piece of wood and fall.
11. It began to rain and we had to … into a shop to keep dry.
12. The exhausted men had to … for five miles through the snow.
13. Shall we … or take a taxi?
14. The interviewer … confidently towards me and shook my hand.
15. Sarah … back and forth along the corridor, waiting for the doctor to come back.
16. The thieves … in when the guard had his back turned.
17. Sara … carefully down the stairs in the middle of the night and left the house.
18. Bobby … past his daughter’s bedroom so as not to wake her.
19. I … along the beach with warm sun on my face.
20. Mother walked the four miles to the nearest store, … back home with bags of
groceries.
21. Doris … painfully over to a chair and sat down.
22. I was hit on the head and just managed to … out of the room.
23. After dinner Carol left hotel to … the crowded streets.
24. We’re going to … to the top of that hill over there.
25. We sat in the car with the radio on, … along behind a long line of other cars.
26. They … across the road in order to get to the bank before it closed.
27. ‘What happened? – He … and fell. I think he’s broken his arm.
28. Pick up that box – someone might … over it.
29. The referee gave a penalty after the goalkeeper accidentally … another player in the
60th minute.
30. When you are explaining your reasons, be careful not to … from the point.
1. Півтори години він блукав старим містом, обмірковуючи її пропозицію.
2. Солдати пройшли маршем через місто двома колонами.
3. Я спостерігала, як кішка кралася за пташкою.
4. Аварія сталася два роки тому, але я все ще шкутильгаю.
5. По вечорам Мадрид наповнюється людьми, які прогулюються від бару до бару.
6. Йти по піску дуже виснажливо.
7. Лев був голодний і крокував туди-сюди по клітці.
8. В останній день ми пройшли близько 10 миль.
9. Замість того, щоб працювати, він крадькома пішов грати у футбол.
10. Вона навшпиньках спустилася вниз, намагаючись не розбудити нікого.
22
11. Він отримав важкий удар кулаком і вийшов з кімнати, похитуючись.
12. Не залишай свою сумку на підлозі, хтось може перечепитися через неї.
13. Транспорт дуже повільно рухається у центрі міста в годину пік.
14. Їх малюк лише почав повзати.
15. Він рішуче пройшов до будинку і постукав у двері.
16. Коли вона почула крик дитини, вона кинулася прожогом із кімнати.
17. Будьте обережні, ви можете послизнутися на цьому місці.
V. Read the following passage. Seven sentences have been removed from the article.
Choose from the sentences A-H the one which fits each gap (1-6). There is one extra sentence
which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (0).
Marathon Running – a Recipe for Health?
If ever there was living proof that marathon running keeps you fit, Jenny Wood Allen from
Dundee is it. 0 – H. She was 71 and she did not even have proper training shoes then.
At first she could only run to the end of her avenue, which is about three quarters of a mile.
She had problems getting back and had to either take a bus or ask somebody for a lift. 1 ….
Scientifically speaking, human beings are perfectly tuned for jumping and running and
walking long distances. 2 …. One of them, Professor Craig Sharp says that if you are reasonably
fit, you can probably run for two hours at a medium pace and feel OK. At this point your
muscles run out of glycogen – the best source of energy we have.
This means you start using fat for energy, and your body has to work harder to transform
fat into energy. This happens at a time when you are starting to feel exhausted. 3 …. All this
proof – he believes – that the body isn’t designed for long-distance running.
Other specialists have a very different opinion. Dr Percy Brown believes that if you train
sensibly and prepare several months in advance, it could even help you live longer. 4 ….
He believes the only problem you may have when running a marathon is exhaustion or a
small injury caused by falling or tripping over things. 5 …. Only 1 in 1,000 actually makes it to
hospital.
Another problem may be post-race exhaustion. Surveys show most runners are much more
likely to catch colds or develop chest infections in the week after running a race. 6 …. There is
no evidence of lasting disease or an increased risk of illness.
At 87, Jenny Wood Allen will be doing the London marathon for the 13 th time this Sunday.
And she plans to go on taking part for many years to come.
A – He argues that after 16-20 miles, you have to slow down and running gets really hard.
B – After a quick top up of water and a rest, most go home and make a full recovery.
23
C – When it comes to marathon running, however, the experts are divided.
D – In spite of this, marathon running is bad for your health.
E – But this weakening effect on the system is short-lived.
F – Within a couple of months, however, she was managing two or three miles.
G – This is because running halves your risk of getting heart disease.
H – She started by running to the shops, wearing an anorak and carrying her shopping bag.
24
Age
words:
‘How old are you?’ It’s a simple question, and there is usually a simple answer: ‘sixteen
years old’, ‘twenty years old’, ‘fifty-five’, etc. But if someone is described as ‘young’ or
‘middle-aged’ or ‘old’, then how old are they? It’s difficult to know because these are words
that have different meanings for different people.
Except for the word teenager which describes someone whose age ends in the syllable
‘teen’ (such as fourteen, fifteen or sixteen), words which describe age are not exact. When, for
example, does a baby stop being called a baby and become a young child? When does a boy
become a young man and a little girl become a young woman? At what age does middle age
begin? When do we call someone elderly and not simply old? At what age does someone
become an adult? In some countries, like Britain, France and the United States, it is when the
government says a person is old enough to vote. Is that really the difference between a child and
an adult?
The answers to these questions partly depend on how old you are. There is saying that old
age is always ten years older than yourself. If you are a youth of fifteen then you think someone
of twenty-five is old. At thirty, forty seems old. If you are seventy, then you probably think
someone of eighty is old. A recent survey showed that there was some truth in the old saying.
People were asked, ‘When is middle age?’ Those in their early twenties usually answered,
‘Between thirty-five and fifty’, and people in their thirties answered, ‘Between forty-five and
sixty’.
II. Match the age with the stage:
Age Stage
0-1 approximately a child – this period is your childhood
1-2 an adult
2-12 approximately old age (you can also use elderly)
13-17 approximately a baby
18+ in your twenties (24-28 – mid twenties)
20-30 retirement (people are retired)
30-40 a toddler
40+ a teenager (adolescent)
60 or 65 in your thirties (38 – late thirties)
75+ people are middle-aged, in middle age
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III. Put each of the following words in its correct place in the passages below:
Birth
pregnant born maternity ward midwife prams
cots deliver call expecting parents crawl
When a woman is (a) … a baby, we say that she is (b) …. Babies are (c) … either at home
or in the (d) … of a hospital. It is the job of a doctor or a (e) … to (f) … new babies. The proud
(g) … must soon decide what to (h) … the child. For the first six months of their lives most
babies are taken out in (i) … and sleep in (j) …. At eight months or so they learn to (k) … along
the floor, and they can usually walk soon after their birthday.
Childhood and Adolescence
hobbies development extroverts adult relationships
daydreams adults introverts idolize teens
Children live in their own world, from which (a) … are largely excluded. The (b) … world
is strange and exciting to them. They have (c) … of success, adventure, romance and fame. They
(d) … their big brothers and sisters, pop singers or film stars. (e) … such as stamp-collecting,
music or dancing are important to them. Children, especially when they are in their (f) …, go
through physical and emotional (g) …, which can be frightening. Their characters also begin to
develop. Some adolescents are (h) … and keep themselves to themselves, while others are (i) …
and like to share their thoughts and form (j) … with other people. It’s a wonderful and terrible
time.
IV. Translate into Ukrainian or Russian:
1. Stores are forbidden to sell alcohol and cigarettes to minors.
2. Recent surveys reveal three out of ten adolescents drink too much.
3. These days most of the houses in the Hollywood Hills are owned by aging
movie stars and rich businessmen.
4. Jane’s aged mother spends most of the time complaining.
5. Your grandmother is well preserved, I must say. She looks about fifty to
me.
6. Jim is small for his age, but quite strong.
7. I tried to guess her age.
8. When you reach my age, you don’t need so much sleep.
9. Police are looking for a man, aged forty.
10. He appeared to be thirty-five years of age.
V. Translate into English:
1. очікувати на дитину, акушерка, приймати пологи, спати у дитячому
ліжку, повзати по підлозі, світ дорослих, мрії про славу й успіх, характер
починає проявлятися, ділитися думками, неповнолітні, опитування.
2. Їй за тридцять.
3. Він – середніх років.
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4. Вона – жінка похилого віку.
5. Він – молодий чоловік двадцяти п’яти років.
6. Йому вже давно за п’ятдесят.
7. Їй лише виповнилося сорок.
8. Відповіді на ці питання частково залежать від вашого віку.
9. Коли людина стає дорослою?
10. Недавнє опитування підтвердило вислів, що старий той, хто на десять
років старший за вас.
VI. Read the article and do some tasks:

Ageism turned her into a liar
For most of my life, age has seemed unimportant. My friends of both sexes have been
younger, older or the same age. When I was in my early thirties I had a very enjoyable and
fulfilling relationship with a man of 23. One of the most attractive men I know is in his mid
fifties.
The first time I experienced a problem with age was on my forties birthday. Much to my
surprise, it was a deeply traumatic event. Forty seemed to be so much older than 39. I used to
like it when people told me I looked young for my age, but then I realized that they were just
telling me how old I was. Anyway, I slowly got over the shock and tried to convince myself
that life begins at 40…
I met him playing badminton. He was impressed with my exciting lifestyle – lots of
travelling and some writing. I found him fun, kind, amusing and very attractive. He’s 31 and
looks about 19. He has no idea how old I am.
All my life I’ve been totally honest. I return extra change to astonished shopkeepers, I’ve
never traveled without a ticket and in job interviews I always come out with all the reasons why I
should not be employed.
Early on in the relationship I told him the truth about my disastrous existence – my divorce,
my financial difficulties, the relationship that destroyed my faith in men. I even admitted that I
dye my hair. The sky did not fall in and he didn’t run screaming from the house. I did tell him
I’m older than he is, but something stopped me from coming clean about my actual age.
And now I’m in trouble – serious trouble. Silence has made the problem much greater. If I
had told him before, it wouldn’t have become such a big issue. If I had been brave enough to
admit that I was 11 years older than him, I wouldn’t be in this crazy situation now. I lie about
jobs, years abroad and education; he wonders how I’ve managed to fit so much living into my
life; I conveniently can’t remember the music of my teenage years. The other day, I even hid my
passport under pile of papers. I’m worried about organizing a get-together with my friends in
case one of them says something like, ‘Doesn’t she look good for her age’.
27
The longer I remain silent, the more likely he is to find out and I’m frightened. For once in
a very long time I’ve found someone who makes me happy and I don’t want to lose it.
I know that if I was a man, I would never have got into this mess. Eleven years’ difference
is nothing for a man. But it’s the other way round and the world judges older women harshly,
and I’m afraid he would do the same.
I have become an ageist and a liar and I have no one to blame but myself.
Decide which statements are true for the writer:
1. I wish I’d never met him.
2. I should have been honest about my age.
3. If I’d told him my age at the beginning, he might have left me.
4. I shouldn’t have told him about my disastrous existence.
5. If I was a man, the age difference wouldn’t be a problem.
6. It’s all his fault: if I hadn’t met him I wouldn’t have turned into an ageist and a liar.
28
At Home
I. Do you know any types of houses? Can you name them? Read the following passage
and translate it:
A detached house stands alone and is not joined to any other building.
A semi-detached house is joined to another house on one side.
A terraced house is a part of a line of houses that are all joined together.
A block of flats is a tall modern building that is divided into flats.
A cottage is a small house in a village or in the country. Cottages are usually old buildings
and often very attractive.
A bungalow is a house with only one floor and no upstairs. Bungalows are usually modern
buildings.
Villa – a large house with big gardens or a rented house in a holiday resort/tourist area.
Time-share – holiday flat or house where you have the right to live one or two weeks a
year.
Most people in Britain live in houses, except in big cities where more people live in flats.
A lot of people own their own homes. If you want to buy or sell a house, you go to an estate
agent. People usually borrow money from the building society in order to pay for their house –
this money is called mortgage.
If you rent your house or flat, you pay money (=the rent) to a landlord or landlady (you
are the tenant). You can also rent a council house or flat very cheaply from the local council.
II. Put each of the following words in its correct place in the passages below:
deposit fee flat advertisements references landlord
rent block self-contained accommodation agency
The first thing I had to do in Belfast was find somewhere to live, if possible a small, one-
bedroom (a) …. I didn’t want to share a kitchen or toilet, I wanted to be independent in my own
(b) … place. I decided I could pay a (c) … of 50$ a week. I couldn’t find what I wanted in the
newspaper (d) … so I went to an (e) …. They offered a nice place. It was in a modern (f) … on
the third floor. I had to pay the agency a (g) …, and the (h) … wanted a big (i) … and (j) … from
my employer and bank manager.
condition detached removals cramped semi-detached builder
spacious surveyor architect terraced estate-agent
Tony and Sheila’s first home was a (a) … house, one of a line of houses all connected. But
several years later when they had a small child, they found it rather (b) … for three people. They
wanted something more (c) … and so decided to move. They went to an (d) … and looked at
29
details of the houses he had to offer. They looked at a (e) … house (one of a pair attached to each
other), liked it, and asked a (f) … to inspect it for them. He said that it was in good (g) …, and
they therefore decided to buy it. Luckily they sold their house quickly and soon a (h) … firm was
taking all furniture and other possessions to their new home. But already, after a couple of years,
they are hoping to move again. Tony’s business is doing well and they want to get an (i) … to
design a modern, (j) … house for them, and a (k) … to build it.
III. Fill in the gaps with necessary prepositions:
1. The fireplaces were taken … when the central heating was put ….
2. … your right is the lounge.
3. This door leads … a small dining room.
4. The garden has a strong wooden fence … it.
5. The house is … excellent condition.
6. He’ll move … tomorrow.
7. He’ll move … his new flat tomorrow.
8. I share the kitchen … three other people.
9. The landlord asked the tenant … more rent.
10. My flat is … the top floor.
11. My flat is … a modern block.
12. I looked … advertisements … the newspaper.
IV. Read the following descriptions of seven houses and flats and then do some tasks:
London Town Estate Agents
Property for Sale
A. &265,000 – Studio flat in Chelsea
Bright modern first floor studio flat in very good condition. It comprises a spacious living
room/ bedroom, modern kitchen, bathroom with shower. Conveniently located close to the shops
and amenities on King’s Road.
B. &575,000 – Two-bedroom terraced house in Camden
Beautifully roomy house, situated in a quite tree-lined road. Gas-fired central heating.
The property has two bedrooms, a large living room, kitchen, bathroom and a pretty south-facing
garden.
C. &239,995 – Two-bedroom terraced house in Wood Green
Stunning two bedroom terraced house situated in a quite estate in Wood Green. This
property has been recently renovated and includes a modern fitted kitchen. Easy access to all
local shopping and transport facilities.
D. &550,000 – Two-bedroom flat in Shoreditch
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Elegant apartment with a beautiful roof terrace. On the 7-th floor of a prestigious
residential building with lift and off-street parking, near the City of London financial district.
Includes designer kitchen, bedroom with fitted wardrobe and bathroom with power shower.
E. &439,950 – Three-bedroom semi-detached house in Ealing.
Located in a quiet residential area, this spacious house has been extended and
modernized. It comprises living room, dining room, study, modern fitted kitchen, downstairs
shower room, stylish bathroom and rear and front gardens.
Property to Let
F. &210 per week – furnished one-bedroom apartment in Bow
Compact 1 bedroom flat with living/ dining room, fully fitted kitchen, bathroom and
underground garage. Fully furnished including leather sofa, glass coffee table and antique
bookcase. 5 minutes walk to Underground station.
G. &360 per calendar month – unfurnished bedsit in Brixton
Room on fifth floor of tower block near Brixton tube station. Unfurnished. The kitchen and
bathroom are to be shared with the landlord. Available immediately.
Tasks:
Match the questions 1-6 to a correct description A-G. There is one extra description that
you do not need to use.
Which house or flat…
1. was redecorated not long ago and is close to public transport?
2. has no furniture in it, and you don’t have your own bathroom?
3. consists of just one big room with a bathroom and kitchen?
4. has gardens both at the front and at the back?
5. has somewhere to keep your car and lots of room for your clothes?
6. has some high quality furniture in the living room and a complete kitchen?
Find the words in the text which name (a) types of houses and flats; (b) furniture and
furnishing; (c) the conditions of houses and flats.
V. Do you know the difference?
home – place – house – residence
flat – apartment
utility room – shed
attic – loft
cellar – basement
Longman Language Activator explains the difference:
home – the place where you live [14, 625]. People like to feel secure in their own homes.
31
place – a word used especially in spoken English meaning the house, flat etc where
someone lives [14, 625]. Why don’t you come around to our place for a drink on Saturday?
house – a building for people to live in, that has more than one level, and may stand either
separately or be joined to other buildings [14, 626]. Our house is the one with the pink door.
residence – someone’s home, especially the home of an important person such as a
President, which is sometimes used for official dinners, meetings etc [14, 625]. 10 Downing
Street is the British Prime Minister’s official residence.
flat – a British word meaning a separate set of rooms within a large building, usually on
one level, where someone lives [14, 626]. From the windows of our flat you can see the whole of
London?
apartment – a word used especially in American English meaning a separate set of rooms
within a larger building, usually on one level, where someone lives [14, 626]. Gemma has moved
into a business apartment block in Manhattan.
utility room – a small room in a house, often next to the kitchen, where people sometimes
keep a washing-machine, etc.
shed – a small building separated from the house usually for storing garden tools.
attic – a room in the roof space of a house where you can live.
loft – space in the roof of a house usually used only for storage.
cellar – an underground room that is used for storing things, has no windows.
basement – rooms below ground level, windows, for living or working [2].
VI. Translate into English:
1. сходи, стежка, дах, камін, антена, супутникова антена, жалюзі, ставні, вхідні двері,
ворота, комин, нагорі, внизу.
2. Купівля вашого першого будинку – це дуже важливий крок.
3. Твій будинок дуже малий для вечірки, давай проведемо її у моєму.
4. Ми вперше зустрілися на вечірці у резиденції французького посла.
5. На жаль ліфт знову зламався у нашій багатоповерхівці.
6. Ти ніколи не була у моєї сестри, чи не так?
7. Ці дві сім’ї товаришують вже шість років, тому вони вирішали винаймати будинок
на два господаря, щоб скоротити витрати.
8. Де ти поділа лопату? Я не можу знайти її. Вона у сараї.
9. Якщо я буду купувати будинок, то обов’язково з вбудованими меблями.
10. Цей окремий будинок не належить йому, він його орендує.
11. Як на мене, то цей погріб сирий, щоб у ньому зберігати картоплю.
12. Він взяв іпотеку в банку і планує виплатити її протягом 15 років.
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13. Будинок містить десять кімнат.
14. Ти не будеш використовувати камін, будинок має дуже гарне газове центральне
опалення.
15. Я не довіряю агенціям з продажу нерухомості, тому я звернулася до приватного
ріелтора.
VII. Read the following passage and translate it paying special attention to the
underlined words:
Housework
Mr and Mrs Turvey both hated housework. They were a very untidy couple who never put
things away. When they went to bed, for example, they always left their clothes in a mess on the
floor. Their kitchen was a mess, too. Even though they had a dishwasher, they always left the
dirty dishes in the kitchen sink and only did the washing-up when there wasn’t a clean plate to
be found in the house. It was the same with their clothes. They never put them into the washing
machine until there was nothing else left to wear. The living room always looked as though a
bomb had just gone off. There were things everywhere. There was thick dust on every piece of
furniture and the carpet had not been cleaned for weeks. And the bathroom! One day, when Mr
Turvey couldn’t find one of his shoes, and Mrs Turvey couldn’t see her face in the bathroom
mirror, they decided it was time to get the house cleaned. So they found Marie, a foreign student
at a local language school, who needed some extra money.
Marie came to the house and worked all day long. She washed and dried all the clothes.
Then she got out the iron. She ironed the clothes, folded them neatly and put them away. She
swept all the dust off the floors with a large broom. She took a wet cloth and wiped the dust off
every surface in the house and then polished the furniture until it was shining. She got out the
vacuum cleaner and cleaned all the carpets. In the kitchen the floor was filthy. It was too dirty
to wash with a mop, so Marie got on her hands and knees and scrubbed the dirt off with a
scrubbing brush. Finally she made the bed and, when she had finished, the house looked
spotless.
Mr and Mrs Turvey came home that evening. There was nothing on the floor. There was
no dust on the furniture. The wood was shining and you could smell the polish. In their bedroom
all their clothes were neat, clean and tidy. ‘So what do you think?’ Mrs Turvey asked her
husband.
‘It looks nice and tidy,’ he said, ‘but how are we ever going to find anything?’
VIII. Can you name the objects that are around you at home? Complete the following
sentences with the appropriate words:
1. We hang trousers, jackets and dresses in the ….
33
2. We keep shirts and underwear in the ….
3. I sleep with my head on the ….
4. I wash my hands in the ….
5. We sleep between the … under a warm ….
6. I take my … off before I go to bed.
7. I hang my clothes on ….
8. I watch TV while I am sitting on the … or in an ….
9. I don’t keep letters I put them in the ….
10. I put a … on the sofa to make it comfortable.
11. I put on my …, get into bed, set the ….
12. Have you got a shower … or a shower …?
IX. Translate into English:
1. Ми відкриваємо кран і вода тече в умивальник.
2. Ви відкидаєте одіяло, лягаєте у ліжко і кладете голову на подушку.
3. Ви берете рушник і витираєте лице і руки.
4. Ви видавлюєте зубну пасту на зубну щітку і чистите зуби.
5. Якого кольору плитка у вашій ванній кімнаті?
6. Він вже прокинувся, але ще не встав.
7. Цей килимок дуже брудний, потрібно його почистити.
8. Де пульт від телевізора?
9. Пилосос зламався, потрібно викликати майстра.
10. На кухні достатньо місця, щоб встановити машинку для миття посуду.
X. Read the following text about a new kind of house and do some tasks:
The Heliotrope
A unique eco-house in Freiburg, Germany
Freiburg is a town of 200,000 inhabitants located in beautiful countryside on the edge of
the Black Forest in southern Germany.
It’s a university town, an important industrial and commercial centre, and a tourist resort.
But today it is best known as the ecological capital of Germany. The old town is completely
pedestrianised, recycling is a way of life and people use bicycles and public transport to
commute. In one part of the town cars are forbidden: drivers must park on the edge of the
suburb in a special car park with solar panels on the roof. The result is that very few residents
own cars.
On the outskirts of the town there is a special district where all the houses are solar-
powered. Here there is a detached house which at first sight looks rather strange. It is an
34
experimental eco-house called the Heliotrope. It looks like a smallish tower block sitting on a
narrow platform. In the centre of the house there is a spiral staircase, and as you go upstairs, you
see large bright rooms with triple-glazed windows and spacious balconies. Enormous solar
panels provide energy for the heating, the cooker, the fridge, the light bulbs and all other
domestic appliances. But the most amazing thing about the house is that it turns round. It follows
the sun from morning to night to maximize the energy it produces. Although it rotates very
slowly, the movement is noticeable. It feels a bit like being on a ship in a calm sea or in a house
high up in a tree. The good news is that the technology works: the house produces five times
more electricity than it consumes.
Freiburg is a window to the future which shows how urban life may change. Perhaps one
day we’ll all live in houses like the Heliotrope. If we do, we’ll never have to worry about
electricity bills at all. And we’ll never get bored with the view.
Tasks:
Decide if the statements 1-6 are true (T) or False (F).
1. Freiburg is well-known for several reasons.
2. Nobody in Freiburg owns a car.
3. The ecological houses are in the center of town.
4. Everything in the house is powered by solar energy.
5. The house rotates to give the best view at every time of day.
6. When you are inside the house, you can feel it turning.
Translate into English:
Пішохід, життя у місті, їздити на роботу з передмістя в місто, будинок на околиці
міста, жити на околиці міста, забезпечувати енергією, споживати енергію.
XI. Read and take into consideration the following piece of information:
Коттедж
До недавнего времени русское коттедж и английское cottage не были «ложными
друзьями переводчика». Сравним определения в старом словаре Ожегова и в Oxford
American Dictionary. Коттедж – небольшой жилой благоустроенный дом в пригороде,
рабочем поселке. Cottage – a small simple house in the country. Похоже. Правда, и раньше
словари давали варианты, которые несколько разводили русское и английское слово.
Например, Webster’s Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary: 1. the dwelling of a rural laborer or
small farmer; 2. a small usu. frame one-family house; 3. a small detached dwelling unit at an
institution; 4. a small house for vacation use. Здесь много элементов, отсутствующих в
значении русского коттедж. И все же «общий модуль» у русского и английского слова
был. Но он был буквально уничтожен «новорусским» употреблением слова коттедж для
35
обозначения строящихся с 1990-х годов жилищ, напоминающих скорее виллы и дворцы,
чем скромные домики (кстати, слово домик, наверное, наиболее подходящее соответствие
для английского cottage). Поэтому, конечно, вариант ABBYY Lingvo (коттедж=cottage)
– неадекватен. Гораздо удачнее вариант в Oxford Russian Dictionary – small (detached)
house. Мне больше по вкусу single family house (или «по-американски» home). У нас
продолжают переводить коттедж как cottage. Недавно в неплохом рекламном материале
о деятельности строительной фирмы встретилось: Several large projects are in the works,
including an elite cottage settlement. Имеется в виду, конечно, элитный коттеджный
поселок. Это можно перевести как elite/upscale/luxury (single home/single-family home)
housing development.
(Павел Палажченко. Несистематический словарь – 2005) [12, 25-26].
36
Tools and their Uses
words:
Imagine that you have two pieces of wood and some tools in your hands. How many
different ways of joining them together can you think of? Before you read any further, spend a
few moments trying to answer this question. There are, in fact, many possible ways. Here are six.
The simplest method of all is probably to take some string and tie one piece of wood to the
other. This method will probably not keep the two pieces together for very long.
Another simple way is to take some wood glue and put it on both pieces of wood. You will
have to press the two pieces together very hard and if you are lucky your two pieces will stick
together.
Another way is to use nails. You’ll need a hammer. Then bang the nails into the wood.
The nails must not be too big or they will crack the wood. And they must not be too small or the
wood will not stay together.
If you want to use screws to put two pieces of wood together, you first have to drill a hole
through one of the pieces. You also have to start a hole in the second piece of wood. Then push
the screw through the first hole and use a screwdriver to screw it in until it is tightly in the
second piece of wood. Using screws is usually a very strong way of joining two pieces of wood.
Instead of using screws you could use a nut and bolt. This time you have to drill a hole
through both pieces of wood. Then you push the bolt through both holes and tighten a nut onto
the end of the bolt using a spanner.
The most complicated way of joining two pieces of wood together is to make a joint. To
do this you need a saw. There are many different types of joints, but the basic idea is to cut a
shape in one piece of wood and to saw out a matching piece in the other piece of wood. Then
you fit the two pieces together and stick them with glue.
II. Do you know the difference?
tool – implement – utensil – device – instrument
tool – a simple piece of equipment that you hold in your hand and use to do a particular job
[14, 1433]. Sheila got home to find the plumber under the kitchen sink, surrounded by tools and
bits of piping.
implement – a tool or simple machine used for a particular job, especially when working
in the garden or on a farm [14, 1443]. The native women grind the wheat with heavy stone
implements.
37
utensil – a piece of equipment, especially one used in the kitchen to prepare food [14,
1443]. Peter found the potato peeler in a drawer full of utensils.
device – a more general word for a piece of equipment that you consider to be useful and
helpful [14, 665]. This clever little device can be carried in a handbag or pocket.
instrument – a tool, especially a small and delicate one, that is used for a particular job,
usually one for which a lot of skill is needed [14, 1443]. A row of shining surgical instruments
lay on a tray to the left of the dentist’s chair.
jack hammer penknife saw drill spanner mallet fork
spade axe rake scissors chisel screwdriver pliers
1. We cut paper or cloth with a pair of ….
2. We put in and take out screws with a ….
3. We dig holes in the ground with a ….
4. We make holes in wood, metal, stone with a ….
5. We raise a car to change a wheel with a ….
6. We knock nails into the wood with a ….
7. We cut down/chop trees with an ….
8. We carve wood or stone with a ….
9. We hit a chisel with a ….
10. We collect dry leaves and make earth level with a ….
11. To cut string and other things, we carry in our pocket a folding ….
12. We turn earth over the garden with a spade or a ….
13. We saw wood with a ….
14. We tighten or loosen nuts and bolts with a ….
15. We cut the wire with ….
IV. Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Він не міг відремонтувати машину, оскільки у нього не було необхідних
інструментів.
2. Компанія займається продажем сільськогосподарського знаряддя.
3. Він неохоче взяв вила і пішов обкопувати дерева у садку.
4. Ми спакували весь необхідний посуд для подорожі.
5. Якщо ти хочеш почепити цю картину, візьми дриль і просвердли отвори, потім
вкрути шурупи викруткою.
6. Я приготую вечерю, але ти повинен нарубати дрова і розтопити плиту.
7. Компанія спеціалізується на виробництві високоякісних хірургічних інструментів.
38
8. Цей стілець хитається. Візьми ключ і підкрути гайки на болтах.
9. Колесо спустило, тому він був змушений дістати домкрат і поміняти колесо.
10. Вони пиляють дрова вже три години, але зробили лише половину роботи.
11. Ці ножиці не допоможуть, візьми плоскогубці і розріж провід.
12. Ви можете придбати різні види лопат і граблів у магазині господарських товарів.
V. You are going to read a magazine article about a woman who makes mirrors
decorated with seashells. Six sentences have been removed from the article. Choose from the
sentences A-I the one which fits each gap (1-7). There is one extra sentence which you do not
need to use. There is an example at the beginning (0):
Making Mirrors
Viv Thomas used her exotic shell collection to embark on a new career making the
decorated mirrors which she now sells all over the world.
Viv Thomas, together with her husband Clive, returned to Britain after nearly 30 years of
living abroad with wonderful memories. (0) I.
Determined to use them rather than just keep them in a box or throw them out, Viv made a
shell mirror for her bathroom. This was very much admired by friends and neighbours who came
to visit her. (1) ….
That was two years ago. Viv now runs her own small mirror-making business. She buys
shell from all over the world through a wholesale company and has converted a spare bedroom
in her house into an office-cum-studio. (2) ….
A local carpenter makes frames for her and a glazier then fits the glass inside. Viv does
everything else herself: the design, the initial painting of the frame and then the final making up.
(3) ….
Clive is a banker and was able to advise Viv on deciding how much money should be
invested when she decided to set up the business. Around &3000 was spent on shells alone. (4)
…. Viv’s main problem was knowing how to market her work more widely.
Local shops could only sell a small number because once they had added their profit
margin, the mirrors became rather expensive. However, Viv has now made contact with another
company that makes and sells mirrors of a different type. (5) …. At such events, the right sort of
people get to see the mirrors and can order them directly.
Venturing into other areas, Viv plans to approach restaurants and hotels directly as she
thinks her mirrors might be attractive to them. She has also taken a website on the Internet. (6)
…. It means Viv doesn’t have the expense of traveling around with her range of mirrors in the
back of the car.
39
Viv reckons it will take another year before her business starts to make money. (7) …. She
would like to employ someone to help her with the administration and preparation of the frames,
for example, which would allow her to devote more time to the artistic side.
A Together they can afford to take stands at specialist exhibition and craft fairs.
B This represents about one week’s work and each mirror brings in anything between
&100 and &400 for the business.
C As Viv discovered, it’s a good idea to find a company willing to sell goods on your
behalf.
D Before long, she was being asked to make mirrors for other people.
E But it didn’t end there, Viv also had to think about equipment such as the heavy-duty
boxes needed to send the mirrors abroad.
F She works there, surrounded by shells of every shape and colour and the other materials
needed to make the mirrors.
G Once this happens, she feels she will be able to concentrate on the side of the business
she enjoys.
H This is a very economical way of selling.
I She also brought back a huge collection of sea shells collected from beaches around the
Indian Ocean.
40
Farm Work
words:
Spring
Spring is the time to prepare the earth for planting. First, the farmer fertilizes his fields
with cow or horse manure or a chemical fertilizer. Then he ploughs the earth, turning it over
and mixing in the fertilizer to provide a rich soil for the crops. Later, when the days are a little
longer and the sun has warmed the earth, it is time to plant the seeds. Meanwhile, if the farmer
keeps animals, spring is the time when the animals are giving birth, and both mothers and their
young ones have to be watched and cared for.
Summer
After planting, the farmer waits and watches. He watches the weather, hoping for enough
rain and enough sun. He waters the young plants and watches carefully for signs of plant disease
and the attacks of insects. Many farmers spray their fields with chemicals to keep away disease
and harmful insects. With water, sun, care and protection the plants grow strong and healthy.
Autumn
This is the busiest time of the year. Now the crops in the fields are ready to harvest. The
fruit is ready to pick. It is time to gather in the vegetable crops and to reap the grass crops, such
as wheat and corn. The farmers have to work quickly. Often it is necessary to call in extra
workers to work in their fields and bring in the crops. Work starts when the sun rises and finishes
when the sun sets. The days are hard and long. But when the job is done, it is time for
celebrating, for dancing, eating, drinking and having fun.
Winter
The days are getting shorter and shorter. The harvested crops are sold in the markets or
stored in the barns, ready to feed the animals through the winter months. The farmer chops
wood, preparing to keep his house warm through the long cold winter nights. And when winter
finally comes, it is time for planning, for deciding where and what to plant next year. For soon it
will be spring again and the cycle of planting, growing and harvesting will start again.
to grow – to cultivate
to plant – to sow
crop – harvest
fertile - rich
poor – barren
41
to cultivate – to grow plants, vegetables, grain etc especially in order to sell them [14,
579]. Gradually it was found more profitable to cultivate vines and olives rather than grain. Why
don’t you grow vegetables in your garden?
to plant – to put seeds or young plants into the ground so that they can grow [14, 580].
Her grandfather planted large numbers of fruit trees at the back of the house.
to sow – to plant seeds in the soil, especially in a planned way and at the best time of year
for them to grow well [14, 580]. Sow the seeds in a line about 20 centimeters apart.
crop – the quantity of grain, vegetables, or fruit that is grown one season [14, 580]. The
rain was so bad this year that he lost the whole crop of barley.
harvest – the crops that are ready to be gathered or that have been gathered at a particular
time of the year [14, 580]. We have to get the harvest in before the bad weather arrives.
fertile (soil, land) – good for growing plants [14, 580]. If the price of wheat increases, the
less fertile land up the hillside will have to be cultivated.
rich (soil, land) – good for growing plants, especially because it contains plenty of the
substances that plants need [14, 580]. It’s easy to grow good crops on the rich farmland of
Ukraine.
poor (soil, land) – not good for growing plants, especially because it lacks the substances
that plants need [14, 580]. The land around here is very poor because of years of intensive
farming.
barren (soil, land) – useless for growing crops on and is usually dry and bare [14, 580].
There are few more barren places on earth than the area surrounding a volcano.
III. Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Цей ґрунт дуже бідний на мінерали, ми змушені будемо додати хімічні добрива.
2. Цвітній капусті потрібен збагачений ґрунт, і вона ніколи не росте у сухому
кліматі.
3. Колись ця земля була родючою, але з роками вона перетворилася на посушливе
місце.
4. Завдяки сонячній погоді у нас рекордний урожай персиків цього року.
5. Цьогорічний урожай оливок найкращий з часів війни.
6. Якщо ти хочеш отримати ранній урожай, ти повинен посіяти у вересні.
7. Багато квітів, що ми посадили у нашому саду, постраждали від морозів цієї зими.
8. Перед садінням насіння приготуйте ґрунт ретельно.
9. Цей ґрунт чудовий для вирощування моркви.
10. Зараз ця земля неродюча, але колись на ній вирощували тютюн.
42
IV. Put each of the following words in its correct place in the passage below:
livestock harvest crops irrigate agricultural
self-sufficient dams rich fertilizers farmers
A country which wishes to be (a) … in food will encourage its (b) … to produce as much
as possible so that it will not be dependent on food imports. If there is not much rain, (c) … must
be built on rivers to provide water to (d) … the land. If the land is not naturally fertile, chemical
(e) … must be used to make it (f) …. Then (g) … (of wheat, rice etc) will grow, the (h) … will
be good, and in addition the (i) … (cattle, sheep etc) will have grass to eat. If this does not
happen, the (j) … sector of the country’s economy will suffer and the country will have to import
food from abroad.
farms unpolluted relaxed rural wildlife pace
national parks cultivated remote villages
Away from the urban problems of the city lies the (a) … peace and quiet of the
countryside. The air is more likely to be clear and (b) …, the (c) … of life is slower, and the
people living in small (d) … are more (e) … and friendly. Some land is (f) … and you’ll see
crops growing, as well as animals grazing, on the (g) …. Some areas of particular natural beauty
are designated as (h) … … by the government, and here (i) … can live and move about safely. It
is in place (j) … from the noisy cities that you can experience the true beauty of nature.
V. Do you know the English equivalents of the following names of crops? If not, consult
the dictionary and translate them.
Пшениця, гречка, кукурудза, рис, ячмінь, овес, жито.
VI. Read the following text about the future of our world and do some tasks:
My Secret Diary
Last night I dreamt…
… of the future. There was a map of the world, but the countries looked different. The land
had shrunk and the seas had grown. Britain was smaller, and so was France. And Holland had
disappeared.
In my dream I could fly, and I saw that the land that had been green was now brown. The
snow had melted long ago from the black mountain tops. A drought had left the earth dry and
thirsty. The forests had become a dessert.
Near a village, there was a man, thin and silent, trying to grow plants in the dead soil. The
heat was tremendous. I could hardly breathe. Then suddenly, a tornado came. Raindrops hit my
face, the air was humid and heavy. A flood rushed down the valley towards the man and his
village.
43
The storm carried me across an angry ocean and I came to a strange city without streets.
Canals ran between high buildings. There was a statue of a giant woman, a torch above her head,
water up to her knees.
Needing to rest, I flew into a building, a library. A woman was reading. ‘You want to
know what happened,’ she said. I nodded. Her voice was dry and quiet like dead leaves.
‘You knew about global warming, you knew it was real. You knew about the greenhouse
effect and acid rain and what air pollution was doing the environment. But you didn’t care.’
‘Some people tried. They warned you what would happen if you didn’t protect your planet.
They said, ‘stop burning petrol, save energy, consume less, recycle, use solar energy, use
wind power…’ But you wouldn’t change your lifestyle: your car exhaust fumes, your cheap
flights, your polluting factories, your carbon dioxide.’
‘And the climate changed and the temperature rose, and the glaciers and the polar ice caps
melted. Seas covered your island and coastal towns. There were hurricanes and floods and
forest fires. Innumerable species died out. First polar bears became extinct, and then bees. And
now you are alone with the rats and the cockroaches. And there are too many refuges, and not
enough food or water, and you’re just fighting for survival.’
She touched my face with her warm dry fingers and I woke from my dream.
But it wasn’t a dream. It was a nightmare.
(Ann Wilkinson).
Tasks:
For questions 1-5 choose the correct answer A-D.
1. The writer dreamt of a world where
A the shape of the continents had changed
B some countries had lost their independence
C there had been a war
D Britain did not exist any more
2. Flying above the earth, the writer saw the effects of
A floods
B hurricanes
C an increasingly hot climate
D a volcanic eruption
3. She saw the devastating effect of the change on
A industry
B agriculture
C travel
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D animals
4. The city had been
A burnt
B destroyed by a tornado
C destroyed by a nuclear bomb
D flooded
5. The woman told the writer
A to stop burning petrol
B to change her lifestyle
C that the situation was also her fault
D that worse things were going to happen.
Find in the text the words meaning (a) natural disasters, (b) environmental problems.
45
Materials
words:
In Britain, the waste material that people throw out of their houses is called rubbish or
refuse. In the United States, it is called trash or garbage. The words may be different but the
dictionary definitions are the same: stuff that is useless and not wanted. But is household waste
really useless, or is there money to be made from it?
In 1971, Max Spendlove, an American, came up with the idea that ‘there is gold in
garbage’. Spendlove was particularly interested in the amount of useful metal we throw away.
Every day we throw away bits of metal that could be saved and used again. We throw away the
tin from food cans. We throw away the aluminium from soft drink and beer cans. We get rid of
old machines and household products that contain iron and steel, such as old coat hangers and
cooking pots. Since Spendlove came up with his idea, many companies have found ways to
remove the metals from our rubbish.
Today, many people think more carefully about what they throw away, and many things
are saved and used again. Each year, for example, forty-six billion glass bottles or jars are
produced. One in fifteen of these bottles will be used again. Almost fifty per cent of all
aliminium cans come from recycled aluminium. Much of the cardboard used in supermarkets
for packing food and goods comes from recycled paper (thirty per cent of all household waste is
paper). So next time you pick up cardboard box, look inside it. If the cardboard is grey, it is
probably made from recycled newspaper. Who knows – maybe the one you threw out last year!
rubbish – garbage – trash – litter – waste
rubbish – a British word meaning unwanted objects or substances, such as paper, empty
containers, or pieces of food which are thrown away [14, 1144]. Rubbish is collected once a
week.
garbage – an American word meaning unwanted objects or substances, such as paper,
empty containers, or pieces of food which are thrown away [14, 1144]. The city clearly has a
garbage problem, and it’s getting worse.
trash – an American word meaning waste such as paper, and empty containers [14, 1144].
The trash can is full. I’ll have to empty it.
litter – waste such as empty packets, bottles, and pieces of paper that people have dropped
on the street or in a public place [14, 1144]. You can be fined up to &100 for dropping litter.
46
refuse – a word used especially in official contexts meaning the waste that is produced by
people’s way of living, factories, shops etc [14, 1144]. Refuse collection has been seriously
affected by the strike.
waste – unwanted materials or substances that are thrown away, especially after they have
been used for an industrial process (industrial/ chemical/ nuclear/ radioactive waste) [14, 1144].
Several companies are now trying to recycle waste in an effort to save money.
III. Complete each sentence below, using the correct material from the following list:
metal denim silk silver nylon iron plastic china steel brick
rubber cotton wood wool glass paper stone leather
1. Pullovers are made of ….
2. A mirror is made of ….
3. Books are made of ….
4. Underwear (vests, pants) is often made of ….
5. Jeans, and often jackets and skirts, are made of ….
6. The Pyramids of Egypt are made of ….
7. Shoes are usually made of ….
8. Coins are made of ….
9. Houses in Britain are often made of ….
10. A cheap ruler is made of ….
11. Doors are usually made of ….
12. The Eiffel Tower is made of ….
13. Cutlery (knives, forks, spoons) is made of … or ….
14. Crockery (plates, cups, saucers) is made of ….
15. Car tyres are made of ….
16. Curtains are usually made of … or ….
IV. Do you know the recent changes in materials? Read the first column (materials used
mostly in the past) and translate. Then try to fill the gaps in the second column (materials used
mostly nowadays):
polyester corduroy paper enamel denim vinyl smoked glass
plastic nylon acrylic chipboard stainless steel polythene
The Old The New
lace handkerchiefs … tissues
satin bed linen … sheets
cotton pyjamas … shirts
tweed jackets … tops
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woolen cardigans … sweaters
flannel trousers … slacks
velvet curtains … upholstery
solid wood furniture … units
cast iron pots and pans … saucepans
china tea service … cups
porcelain dinner plates … mugs
steel cutlery … spoons
brown paper … bags
1. Цей светр складається на п’ятдесят відсотків з вовни і на п’ятдесят відсотків з
акрилу.
2. Грабіжники вкрали дорогоцінне каміння і столове срібло.
3. Тобі подобається ця шовкова блуза?
4. Шини виготовляють з каучуку.
5. Квартина у бетонному будинку коштує менше, ніж квартира у будинку з цегли.
6. Меблі, виготовлені з натурального дерева, набагато дорожчі за ДСП.
7. Ця спідниця складається на шістдесят відсотків з бавовни і на сорок відсотків з
поліестеру.
8. Пластик та інші синтетичні матеріали широко використовуються у наші дні.
9. Алюміній – дуже легкий метал, але досить дорогий.
10. Де ти придбала таку чудову шкіряну сумку?
11. Продукти доставили у великих картонних коробках.
12. Атласна постільна білизна приємна, коли ти її торкаєшся.
13. Ці простирадла складаються наполовину з бавовни, наполовину з поліестеру.
14. Я повернулася до супермаркету, оскільки я забула купити поліетиленові пакети
15. Китайський фарфор досить тонкий.
16. Ми використовуємо найкращий фарфоровий посуд, коли ми приймаємо гостей.
17. Яким штанам ти надаєш перевагу: джинсовим чи вельветовим?
VI. Most materials can add a letter or two to make another adjective with a different,
more figurative meaning. Read, compare and translate the following expressions:
a leather belt – leathery steak rubber gloves – rubbery legs
a glass roof – a glassy look a silk scarf – silky hair
a stone wall – stony silence an ice cube – an icy stare, icy hands
a wire coat-hanger – wiry hair an oil well – oily hands
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a silver chain – silvery hair a gold ring – a golden heart
a metal container – a metallic voice a wooden fence – a wooden face
woolen fabric – wooly clouds
VII. Read the following text and do some tasks:
Everything you always wanted to know about … science
How does lemon juice help fruit stay fresh?
If you cut up apples or bananas and leave them in the air, they become brown. Why?
Because chemicals in the fruit react with oxygen and are oxidized. The Vitamin C in lemons,
however, can make this reaction happen more slowly, preserving the taste and the colour of the
fruit.
Why is there salt in the sea?
As rivers flow over rocks and earth, small quantities of minerals enter the water and make
it taste a little bit salty. This salty water then runs into the sea. There are two ways for water to
escape from the sea: it can evaporate into the air or it can freeze into ice around the poles.
However, the salt which is dissolved in the water can’t escape, and so the seas just get saltier.
Can volcanoes erupt under water?
Yes. Normally, fire needs oxygen in order to burn. If you tried to put a fire under water, it
would receive no oxygen and could not burn. But underwater volcanoes don’t need oxygen to
burn because they’re already so incredibly hot. The water can’t extinguish the eruption because
the heat immediately transforms it to steam.
Is the iron found in cereals and machines the same?
It is the same chemical and it comes from the same mineral. However, the iron which is
added to cereals in the food-making process is in a form which our bodies can assimilate easily.
And the largest organ of the human body is…?
It’s not the heart and it’s not the stomach. Believe it or not, it’s the skin. On every square
centimeter of a human body there are approximately three million skin cells. All together the
weight of your skin probably comes to about three kilos.
Why does your mouth become dry when you’re nervous?
When you’re nervous, your body automatically prepares to fight or to run away. This is an
automatic reaction to danger. The nerves in your body are activated only if they help you fight or
escape. Because eating is not considered to be important at this time (you don’t feel like eating if
a lion is trying to eat you), nerve signals are sent to your mouth telling it to stop producing saliva
and so your mouth becomes dry.
Tasks:
Decide if the statements 1-6 are true (T) or false (F).
49
1. Vitamin C stops fruit becoming oxidized.
2. Water remains in the ocean, but salt doesn’t.
3. Water can stop an underwater volcano burning.
4. It is easy for our bodies to use the iron in breakfast cereals.
5. There are about three million skin cells on your body.
6. In danger, nervous reactions start in the body which can help you save yourself.
Find in the text the words meaning
A become part of something else B the smallest living unit
C put out (the fire) D change into a gas or steam
E combine with oxygen F mix with a liquid and become a part of it
Fill in the gaps with the words from the previous task
1. Forest fires can be very difficult to ….
2. Some living organisms are so small that they consist of just one ….
3. On a hot day, rain water … very quickly.
4. Babies can only eat food which is easy for them to ….
5. Sugar … in water.
6. When metal ruts, it becomes ….
50
Cooking
words:
Here are five simple ways to cook an egg.
Boiled egg
One of the easiest things to make is a boiled egg. Put an egg into a saucepan full of cold
water. Put the saucepan on top of stove. Turn on the heat. When the water starts to boil, look at
your watch. You must boil the water fast for about three to four minutes only. Then remove the
egg immediately from the water and serve.
Egg salad
If you want your boiled egg to be hard, then boil the egg in water for about eight to ten
minutes. When the egg is cold, peel off the egg shell and cut up the egg. Chop a little piece of
onion with a sharp knife. Then mix the egg and onion with some mayonnaise. Now you have egg
salad. Put this in some fresh bread with some thinly sliced tomato and you have a great
sandwich.
Fried egg
Melt a little butter or oil in a frying pan. Break the egg into the pan without breaking its
yellow center. Fry it quickly. This is a very popular breakfast dish in Britain and the United
States, where it is often served with toast and slices of fried bacon.
Scrambled eggs
Scrambled eggs are also popular. First, beat two eggs together with a little milk. Melt
some butter in a frying pan and pour in the mixture. Stir with a wooden spoon and cook until
the egg starts to get thick. Make sure you have some buttered toast ready to serve the eggs on.
Baked eggs
Eggs can be baked in the oven. Heat the oven first. Break the egg and pour it into special
oven dish. Add a small spoonful of melted butter or cream, or grate some cheese over it, and
bake it in the oven for eight to ten minutes.
II. Can you name different ways of cutting? Read the following definitions that
Longman Language Activator gives and match with the appropriate words:
cut dice slice mince/grind shred grate
skewer peel carve fillet snip chop
to cut food, such as bread, meat, or vegetables into thin flat pieces;
to cut a large piece of cooked meat into pieces for a meal with a big knife;
51
to cut something such as vegetables or wood into smaller pieces;
to cut something such as food, paper, or wood into several pieces;
to cut food such as cheese or vegetables into a lot of very small thin pieces by rubbing it
against a special tool which has holes in it;
to cut food, especially raw meat, into very small pieces by putting it through a special
machine;
to cut food, especially vegetables, into long thin pieces before cooking it or eating it;
to cut food, especially raw vegetables, into small square pieces;
to take the skin off a fruit or vegetable;
to cut the ends of something;
to cut and take the bones out of meat;
to put the meat or other food on a metal or wooden stick [14, 299-300].
III. Translate into English:
1. Наріжте тоненькими скибочками лимон гострим ножем.
2. Поріжте цю цибулю для салату.
3. Перша машина тонко нарізає хлібці, друга загортає їх.
4. Дістаньте м'ясо з духовки, наріжте його на порції і подайте, додавши соус.
5. Натріть сир і додайте його до салату.
6. Зніміть верхні листочки і пошинкуйте капусту.
7. Розтопіть три столових ложки масла на сковорідці і додайте нарізані кубиками
овочі.
8. Почистіть огірки та наріжте їх кубиками.
9. Щоб приготувати фарш, тобі потрібно перемолоти м'ясо і цибулю, потім додати
трохи сухарів і яйце.
10. Обріжте кінчики баклажанів і запечіть їх у духовці.
11. Хто поріже пиріг?
12. Відділіть м'ясо від кісток і пропустіть його через м’ясорубку.
IV. Put each of the following words or phrases in its correct place in the passages below:
Fry boil stir clear away add pour lay spread
(a)… the table (with the tablecloth, knives, forks, spoons, plates, glasses, napkins etc.).
To make tea, first (b) … the water in a kettle. Put a tea-bag in a cup and (c) … the boiling
water on it. (This is quicker than using a teapot). (d) … milk (from a jug) and sugar (from a
bowl), and (e) … with a spoon. Make some toast, using the toaster, and (f) … butter on it. (g) …
eggs and bacon in a frying pan. Put it on a plate with the toast, and eat it with a little salt and
pepper. When you’ve finished your breakfast, (h) … all the breakfast things.
52
recipe fast food eat out dish bill cookery books

menu take-away waiter snack tip ingredients
I’m a terrible cook. I’ve tried hard but it’s no use. I’ve got lots of (a) …, I choose a (b) … I
want to cook, I read the (c) …, I prepare all the necessary (d) … and follow the instructions. But
the result is terrible, and I just have a sandwich or some other quick (e) …. So I often (f) …. I
don’t like grand restaurants. It’s not the expense, it’s just I don’t feel at ease in them. First the (g)
… gives me a (h) … which I can’t understand because it’s complicated and has lots of foreign
words. At the end of the meal when I pay the (i) … I never know how much to leave as a (j)…. I
prefer (k) … places, like hamburger shops where you pay at once, sit down, and eat
straightaway. And I like (l) … places, where you buy a meal in a special container and take it
home.
vegetarian crockery side dish diet main course napkin
sink starter washing up dessert cutlery entertaining
Maureen often gives dinner parties at home. She loves (a) …. She lays the table: puts the
(b) … in the right places, sets out the plates and puts a clean white (c) … at each place. For the
meal itself, she usually gives her guests some kind of (d) … first, for example soup or melon.
Next comes the (e) …, which is usually meat (unless some of her guests are (f) … or if they’re
on a special (g) …) with a (h) … of salad. For (i) … it’s usually fruit or ice-cream, and then
coffee. When everyone has gone home, she must think about doing the (j) …, as in the kitchen
the (k) … is full of dirty (l) ….
V. Fill in the gaps with necessary prepositions:
1. I asked … the menu. 2. I like to eat …. 3. He took … my order.
4. I prefer a simple café … a big restaurant.
5. I like to go … self-service places.
6. Let’s invite the Smiths … dinner.
7. I looked … the menu.
8. I’m very fond … Chinese food.
9. Could you help me set … the plates?
10. Put the used cutlery … the sink.
11. I’ll wash them … later.
12. I put a napkin … each place.
VI. Can you name different ways of cooking? Read the following definitions that
Longman Language Activator gives and match with the appropriate words:
boil smoke curry sauté simmer poach fry
53
deep-fry bake roast grill/broil steam stew braise
to cook food in a lot of spices;
to cook eggs or fish in water or milk below the boiling point;
to cook food in boiling water;
to cook food in oil or fat;
to cook food slowly in water that is boiling very gently;
a British/American word meaning to cook food by putting it close to very strong heat;
to cook food in an oven (especially bread and bread products);
to cook food in a lot of oil or fat;
to cook something in the oven, especially a large piece of meat until it has golden crust;
to cook food in hot oil or butter before next preparation;
to give a special taste to food by hanging it over the open fire;
to cook food in steam;
to cook something slowly in liquid for a long time;
to cook food in oil/fat and liquid [14, 270-271].
VII. Translate into English:
1. По понеділкам вона зазвичай пекла хліб на цілий тиждень.
2. Змішайте всі інгредієнти та варіть на малому вогні 30-40 хвилин.
3. Готувати їжу на грилі набагато корисніше, ніж жарити її.
4. Пожарте цибулю до золотистого кольору.
5. Тобі подобається узвар?
6. Обжарте овочі, додайте бульйон, спеції і тушіть протягом години.
7. Якщо ви варите овочі, вони втрачають свої поживні речовини, краще готувати їх
на пару.
8. Ви коли-небудь куштували яйця-пашот?
9. Це м'ясо коптили, використовуючи дерево вишні, тому воно має приємний запах.
10. Перед тим, як зажарити птицю, я додаю спеції та ароматні трави.
11. Поки цибуля жариться, додай томати і перемішай.
12. Фарширована риба зазвичай готується на водяній бані.
VIII. Read the following passage and translate it paying special attention to the
underlined words:
Food which is left open to the air will go bad unless something is done to keep it fresh.
Some foods go bad very quickly. Milk and other milk products will go sour in a few hours. Raw
meat will go off in about a day. Bread, cake and other similar foods will go stale in a couple of
54
days. Even many fruits and vegetables will go rotten in less than a week. It has always been
important, therefore, to find ways of preserving food in order to keep it fresh and delicious.
Some methods of preserving food are very old. For example, food was dried, smoked or
salted thousands of years ago. But it was in the early nineteenth century that many methods that
we use today were invented.
In 1810 a Frenchmen Nicholas Appert, discovered a way of keeping food fresh by putting
it in bottles and glass jars. The bottled food was heated and no air was allowed to get in. In
1834, Peter Durand, an Englishman, invented the process of canning. He managed to preserve
food in air-free metal tins (or cans). Finally, in 1851, an American called John Gorrie invented
the refrigerator, so that food could be kept cold or frozen. Together, these three men and their
inventions (bottled, tinned, and frozen food) have had an enormous effect on what we eat and
the way food is bought and sold today.
IX. Do you know the containers in which different food can be kept? Match the
containers with the food:
Bag wine, beer, honey
Bar champagne, wine, milk
Barrel honey, jam
Bottle peas, beans, corn
Bowl cream, yoghurt, sour-milk, sour cream
Box chocolate
Can sweets, chocolates
Carton apples, onions, oranges
Cup cream, milk, juice
Glass tea, coffee
Jar tea, coffee
Jug biscuits, cereal, tea
Mug water, juice, milk
Packet coca cola, beer
Tin rice, soup, cereal
X. Translate into English:
Плитка шоколаду, бочка вина, пакет сметани, чашка кави, коробка цукерок, банка
горошку, банка меду, сітка цибулі, сахарниця, супниця, пачка печива, банка пепсі, стакан
соку, глечик молока, пляшка кефіру.
1. Ти хочеш перекусити? 2. Він вміє вести себе за столом?
3. Не кладіть лікті на стіл під час їжі. 4. Ніколи не облизуйте ніж і вашу тарілку.
55
5. Пережовуйте їжу повільно.
56
Travelling by Air
words:
I knew it was going to be a bad day when, on the way to the airport, the taxi driver told me
he was lost.
I had booked my flight over the telephone, so when we finally arrived, I had to rush to the
reservations desk to pay for my ticket. The woman at the desk told me that my name was not on
the passenger list. It took fifteen minutes for her to realize that she had spelled my name
incorrectly. She gave me my ticket and told me I’d better check in my luggage quickly or I’d
miss my flight.
I was the last person to get on the plane.
I found my seat and discovered that I was sitting next to a four-year-old boy who had a
cold. I sat down and wondered if anything else could go wrong.
I hate flying, especially take off, but the plane took off and everything seemed to be all
right. Then, a few minutes later, there was a funny noise and everything started to shake. I
looked out of the window and – oh my God – there was smoke coming out of the wing. All I
could think was ‘The engine is on fire. We’re going to crash. I’m too young to die’.
Almost immediately, the captain spoke to us in a very calm voice, ‘Ladies and gentlemen.
This is your captain speaking. We are having a slight technical problem with one of our engines.
There is absolutely no need to panic. We will have to return to the airport. Please remain seated
and keep your seat belts fastened’.
Well you can imagine how frightened I was, but the crew were fantastic. The flight
attendants were really calm and told us not to worry. One of them told me to relax and said that
everything would be all right.
A few minutes later, we were coming in to land. The pilot made a perfect landing on the
runway. It was over. We were safe.
That day, I decided not to fly again. I caught another taxi and went home. But as I closed
the front door, I looked down at my case. Somehow I had picked up the wrong suitcase.
journey – trip – flight – voyage – cruise – drive – ride – tour – expedition – excursion
journey – an act of traveling from one place to another, especially to a place that is far
away. He had plenty of time to think of excuses during his journey to Tokyo [14, 1442].
57
trip – the act of travelling to a place and coming back, especially when you only stay in the
place for a short time. She’s gone on a business trip and won’t be back until Tuesday [14, 1442].
flight – a journey in a plane. Our flight was delayed, so we were stuck at the airport all
night [14, 1442].
voyage – a long journey in a boat or ship. Valerie did not like long voyages because she
suffered from seasickness [14, 1443].
cruise – a holiday in which you travel on a ship and visit a number of different places.
After they retired they went on a world cruise [15, 154].
drive – a journey in a car. The six-hour drive was worth it to spend the weekend with him
[14, 1443].
ride – a short journey in a vehicle such as a car, or on a bicycle or a horse. It’s a very fast
bike. Do you want to go for a ride? [14, 1443].
tour – a planned journey during which a politician, entertainer, or sports team visits several
different places, usually within a fixed period of time. The King has left for a six-week tour of
Australia and New Zealand [14, 1443].
expedition – a long journey, especially one made by a group of people, to visit a dangerous
place or a place that has never been visited before. He was last seen on a hunting expedition in
Burma [14, 1443].
excursion – a short journey arranged so that a group of people can visit a place of interest,
especially while they are already on holiday. One day he took an excursion to the other end of
the island for a change of scene [14, 1443].
trip (2) journey cruise excursion flight (2) traveling tour voyage
1. For general advice about …, go to a travel agent.
2. One day I would like to make the … by train and ship across Russia to Japan.
3. We’re going on a … of Europe, visiting 11 countries in five weeks.
4. We went on a three-week … round the Mediterranean. The ship called at Venice,
Athens, Istanbul and Alexandria.
5. He once went by ship to Australia. The … took 3 weeks.
6. I’m going on a business … to Paris next weekend.
7. Air France … 507 from Paris to New York will be taking off in ten minutes.
8. On our first day in New York we went on a three-hour … of the city by bus, which
showed us the main sights.
9. During our stay in Paris we went on a day … to Disneyland.
10. How long does the … from New York to Rio take?
58
IV. Put each of the following words in its correct place in the passages below:
departure lounge immigration officer check runway
departure gate security guard board on board
departure board excess baggage taxi check in
hand luggage conveyor belt trolley duty free
check-in-desk security check take off passengers
announcement
When you travel by air, you have to get to the airport early in order to (a) … about an hour
before your flight. If you have a lot of luggage, you can put it in a (b) … and push it in to the (c)
…., where someone will (d) … your ticket and weigh your luggage. If you have (e) …, it can be
expensive. Your heavy luggage is put on a (f) … and carried away. A light bag is classed as (g)
… and you can take it with you on to the plane. An (h) … looks at your passport and a (i) …
checks your hand luggage before you go into the (j) … to wait till your flight is called. If you
want to, you can buy some cheap (k) … goods here. Then you see on the (l) … or you hear an
(m) … that you must (n) … your plane. You go through the (o) …, then there is sometimes a (p)
… before you actually enter the plane. When all the (q) … are (r) …, and when the captain and
his crew are ready in the cockpit, the plane begins to (s) … to the end of the (t) …. Finally,
permission is received from the control tower and the plane moves faster and faster in order to
(u) ….
headphones seat belts aisle land turbulence crew airliner
Flying is fun. I like being in a big (a) … with the (b) … (stewards and stewardesses)
looking after me. They walk up and down the (c) … bringing meals and drinks; and if the flight
is going through some (d) …, they warn everybody that it might be bumpy and ask us to fasten
our (e) …. On a long flight I like listening to music through the (f) … available to all passengers,
and sometimes I have a sleep. I enjoy it all so much that I never want the plane to (g) ….
V. Fill in the gaps with necessary prepositions:
1. We decided to go … plane.
2. When do we take …?
3. First you must go … customs and immigration.
4. You’d better ask … the information desk.
5. His friend went … the airport with him to see him ….
6. You must check … at 10.30.
7. Put your luggage … a trolley.
8. He looked … my passport.
9. We are now cruising (flying) … an altitude (height) of 10000 metres.
59
VI. Translate the following sentences into English:
1. забронювати квиток, бути у списку пасажирів, зареєструвати багаж, не встигнути
на рейс, сісти/вийти з літака, зважити багаж, пройти митний контроль, місце повернення
багажу, мотор горить.
2. Ви виходите з літака, проходите через будівлю терміналу і підходите до місця
видачі багажу.
3. Вам необхідно пройти митний контроль.
4. Краще запитайте у столі довідок.
5. Вона підійшла до стола попередніх замовлень, але її прізвища не було у списку.
6. У будівлі терміналу не палять.
7. Зараз ми летимо на висоті 15000 метрів.
8. Пристебніть паски безпеки та верніть ваші крісла у вертикальне положення.
9.Вам дозволено провозити 20 кілограм. Якщо ваш багаж важить більше, ви повинні
заплатити за надлишок.
10. За бажанням ви можете придбати дешеві товари у магазині дьюті фрі.
11. Ви можете покласти ваш ручний багаж під або над сидінням.
12. Ви повинні підійти до стола реєстрації і зважити ваш багаж.
13. Екіпаж літака був досить ввічливий і уважний.
14. Ви можете почути оголошення про посадку на літак у залі очікування.
15. Літак вирулює на злітну смугу, отримує дозвіл, прискорюється і злітає.
VII. You are going to read an article about a woman pilot. Eight sentences have been
removed from the article. Choose from the sentences A-I the one which fits each gap (1-7).
There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. There is an example at the
beginning (0):
Flying into the record books
Polly Vacher is no ordinary woman pilot. (0) I.
(1) …. It ended only three days behind schedule when she landed her Piper Dakota at
Birmingham in central England in May, five months later.
(2) …. This included storms and a cyclone in Fiji, a country in the South Pacific Ocean.
Nor was the journey without incident for Polly, who only learned to fly at the age of forty-nine.
One of the trip’s most frightening moments came, worryingly, on the same route where
Amelia Earhart, the American pilot, went missing when she was attempting to fly around the
world in 1937. (3)…. In fact, she allowed herself to be photographed as she stood beside a
Banyan tree, which Amelia Earhart had planted in 1935, before setting off for the 16-hour
section of her flight from Hawaii to California.
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According to Polly all went well for the first part of her journey. (4) …. Then suddenly it
started to get very bumpy. Checking the outside air temperature Polly discovered it was zero
degrees. To her horror she found streams of ice-cold rain running back along the wings and
starting to freeze. (5) ….
Though Polly immediately dropped her height to prevent the weight of ice pulling her
plane into the ocean, there was more drama when the cabin suddenly went quite. (6) …. As a
result the main tank had run dry an hour early, but fortunately the emergency tank went into
action and she was able to land safely.
The lonely hours spent flying were a great contrast to the warm welcome she received
wherever she landed. (7) …. The publicity she attracted also raised money for a charity which
provides flying scholarships for disabled people.
A Polly’s 46000 km record-breaking journey began in January.
B This is the most dangerous kind of ice as it is difficult to see it forming.
C Polly, however, was determined not to let what had happened in the past cause her
anxiety.
D Strong winds meant that she had used more fuel than expected.
E Up there in the sky you are completely free.
F The delay was the result of uncooperative weather.
G There was tremendous media interest and on one occasion she gave up to seven
interviews in a single day.
H The moon and the stars appeared and she even had time to do some sewing.
I In 2001 she flew to the ends of the Earth and into the record books by becoming the first
woman to fly the smallest aircraft around the world via Australia and the Pacific.
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Driving a Car
words:
Here is a list of good driving habits.
1. It is dangerous to drive too close to the car in front of you. If it stops suddenly, you may
not be able to brake in time and then you will crash into it.
2. Overtake the car in front of you with great care. When you are absolutely sure that the
road ahead is clear, change lanes, accelerate and overtake quickly.
3. The speed limit is for normal conditions. If the weather is bad, you should drive under
the speed limit. Never drive over the speed limit.
4. Children get run over because they run out into the street without looking. When you
see children playing, you should slow down and drive very carefully.
5. If you have to park on a hill, put the handbrake on. Also, put the car in gear (not
neutral) and turn the front wheels towards the side of the road.
6. Use your rear-view mirror frequently to see what the traffic is doing on the road behind
you. Good drivers look in their rear-view mirrors at least once every five seconds.
7. Keep your car in good condition. Check often to see whether you have enough oil in
your engine, enough air in your tyres and enough water in your radiator. Make sure all your
lights (headlights, sidelights and indicators) are working. Only drive with brakes that are in
good condition.
8. Always wear your seat belt. You do not want to go through the windscreen if the car
stops suddenly.
II. Match the driving action with its definition:
1. accelerate a) make your car go less faster
2. overtake b) make your car go faster
3. drive over speed limit c) make your car go too fast
4. park d) knock a person down
5. crash e) go past the car in front of you
6. look in your rear-view mirror f) stop your car by the side of the road
7. slow down g) hit another car, wall, tree, etc.
8. run someone over h) make your car stop
9. brake j) watch the traffic behind you
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overtake indicate fuel consumption rear petrol tank vehicle
body performance instruments reverse mpg (miles per gallon)
1. The amount of petrol a car uses is called the … … and it is measured in …. The petrol
goes in the … ….
2. The way a car behaves (speed, brakes, acceleration etc.) is called the car ….
3. We can talk about the back of a car, bus, lorry etc., but more often we use the word
rear….
4. The speedometer, fuel gauge, and so on are called ….
5. To … means to pass another … going in the same direction.
6. If you have to go backwards, you ….
7. The outside surface of the car made of metal or fiberglass is called the ….
8. Make sure you … before turning left or right.
IV. Do you know the English equivalents of the following parts of the car? If not,
consult the dictionary and translate them.
Капот hood, бампер bumper, номерний знак plate number, багажник trunk, бокове
дзеркало side mirror , педаль зчеплення clutch pedal, запалювання ignition, двірники wipers.
V. Put each of the following words in its correct place in the passages below:
sliding doors double-decker destination single-decker
escalator platform bus stop inspector taxi-rank
conductor rush hour subway driver fare tube
hail coach crew metro check meter cab lift tip rack
A taxi, sometimes called a (a) …, is the most comfortable way to travel. You simply (b) …
the taxi in the street or go to a (c) …, where there are several taxis waiting, for example at a
station. At the end of your journey, you can see how much the (d) … is by looking at the (e) ….
You add a (f) … to this, and that’s it. Very simple. But expensive!
What about taking a bus? If it has two floors, it’s called a (g) … and you can get a good
view from the top. If it has only one floor, it’s called a (h) …. Most buses have a two-person (i)
… : the (j) …, who drives, of course, and the (k) …, who takes your money. Keep your ticket
because an (l) … might want to (m) … it. You catch a bus by waiting at a (n) …. You can see
where a bus is going because the (o) … is written on the front. But try to avoid the (p) ….
Quicker than the bus is the underground (called the (q) … in London, the (r) … in New
York and the (s) … in Paris and many other cities). You buy your ticket at the ticket-office. Go
down to the (t) … on the (u) … or in the (v) …. The train comes. The (w) … open. You get on.
You look at the map of the underground system. Very simple.
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For longer distances take a train or a long distance bus, usually called a (x) …, which is
slower but cheaper. The train is very fast. Put your luggage on the (y) … and sit and wait till you
arrive.
VI. Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Я віддаю машину до сервісу сьогодні – щось не так з гальмами.
2. Суцільна біла лінія посередині дороги означає, що ти не маєш права обганяти на
цій ділянці.
3. Він загальмував занадто пізно і врізався у машину попереду.
4. Ви не можете паркувати машину у центрі міста.
5. Вантажівка показала поворот наліво, але повернула вправо.
6. Машина має чотири або п’ять передач вперед і одну назад.
7. Скільки становить витрата пального цієї машини?
8. Нарешті я досяг місця призначення, але на три години пізніше.
9. Машина збила хлопчика, коли він переходив дорогу на червоне світло.
10. Ціни на проїзд у поїздах зростають наступного місяця.
11. Він був змушений заплатити великий штраф за перевищення швидкості.
12. Їдь повільніше. Невже ти не помітив знак?
VII. Read the following text and do some tasks:
Travel round Europe
A Trains
With the Inter-rail Global pass you can spend a month exploring thirty European countries
from Ireland to Greece for $399 for a second-class ticket. It’s also valid on some ferry routes.
Inter-rail pass holders are entitled to discounts on museums, hotels, etc. And if you can sleep
sitting up, you can save money on accommodation, too.
Some drawbacks:
* you’ve got to be under 26.
* the pass is not valid for travel in your country of residence, but you do get a discount on
the rail ticket to the border.
* you have to pay a supplement on some high-speed trains and night trains.
B Buses
Coach travel is comfortable and relatively inexpensive. The Eurolines thirty-day pass for
young people (under twenty-six) allows you to make international journeys between 40
European cities for prices ranging from $439 in the high season to $299 in the low season. In the
UK, Megabus offers single tickets between major cities for under $2 plus a booking fee. And in
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Scotland, a Citylink Explorer Pass, which allows unlimited travel on any eight days in a sixteen-
day-period, costs less than $120.
C Air Travel
If you book ahead, you can get incredibly good deals with the budget airlines. For example,
flights from as low as $1! But you must reserve your seats early. Basically, start planning your
summer trip just after Christmas! And watch out for the airport taxes! They can easily add $30 to
your fare.
D Hitch-hiking
As a result of cheap air fares and bus tickets, there are not so many hitchhikers carrying
their rucksacks along European roads nowadays. It’s romantic and cheap, but it might be
dangerous, and can take a long time.
E Accommodation
In some countries, such as Spain and Greece, you can stay in low-priced hotels, but in the
UK and Ireland B&Bs (Bed and Breakfast) are a more reasonable option (about $60 for a double
room including a cooked breakfast). A good idea is to join the Youth Hostels Association. A
membership fee of about $15 a year allows you to stay in thousands of youth hostels across
Europe for under $15 a night, generally in shared single-sex rooms.
Tasks:
1. Using the information in the text, complete the gaps in the sentences with one word or
number only:
The Inter-rail pass is valid for one ….
If you have an Inter-rail pass, your ticket to exhibitions will be ….
Sometimes you have to pay … money if you travel on a high-speed train.
If, for example, you travel on Eurolines in November, you will have to pay … dollars.
You can get a really cheap ticket with a budget airline if you … it well in advance.
Hitch-hiking has some advantages, but, for example it can be ….
For $15 you can be a (n) … of the Youth Hostels Association for a year.
2. Find the words in the text which mean:
a kind of ticket that is valid for many trips;
a type of luggage that you carry on your back;
the line separating two countries;
the money you pay to travel;
the time of year when there are a lot of tourists.
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Sounds and Noises
Sound – something that is heard or something that can be heard [14, 1267].
What was that? I thought I heard a sound.
Noise – a sound, especially a loud or unpleasant one, that is made by a thing, not a person
[14, 1267].
What’s that funny noise coming from the back of the car?
words:
Mrs Carter was a rich woman who lived in a big house. She had a video security system,
but on the night she was murdered, the camera was not working. Only the sounds were recorded.
A group of detectives are now listening to the tape of the murder. This is what they can hear.
A dog barks… a ring at the door… a person snores… then a knock at the door… a
click… a second click… the sound of drawers opening and closing… a cat cries… a sneeze… a
yawn… the creak of a door… a gasp… a scream… a shot… the crash of glass breaking…
groaning… the bang of the door… the roar of a car engine… the dog growls.
Chief Detective Smythe gets up and says. ‘OK. From the information on the tape, we have
a good idea of what happened in the house. Let me explain. First, we hear the dog bark, but only
for a couple of seconds. Then we hear someone ring the doorbell and knock on the door. But Mrs
Carter doesn’t wake up. We can hear her snoring in the bedroom.
The person at the door (who we are almost certain is a man) probably thinks the house is
empty. There is one click as he unlocks the front door. That’s the first click. Then, almost
immediately, he turns on the lights, and that’s the second click on the tape. The man then walks
straight over to Mrs Carter’s study, which is opposite her bedroom, and starts opening and
closing drawers. He is looking for something – maybe money.
At this point the cat starts crying and the man sneezes. Maybe he is allergic to cats. I think
the sneeze must have woken Mrs Carter up because you can hear her yawn sleepily. The next
thing you hear is a creak, which is almost certainly Mrs Carter slowly opening her bedroom
door. She then sees the man in her study and gasps with surprise. He realizes that she has seen
him and pulls out a gun. She screams in terror and he shoots her. There is a crash as Mrs Carter
falls to the ground, knocking over a vase of flowers. She does not die immediately, but groans in
pain.
The man leaves the house quickly. He bangs the front door, gets into his car and drives
away with a loud roar. The dog growls angrily.
66
Well, what do you think? Was Mrs Carter killed by a man she knew or a stranger? I think
we can tell from the tape, don’t you?
with appropriate sounds and noises:
crash bang clatter gasp squeak creak rumble sniff rustle yawn
crack hiss roar hum snore pant splash tick sigh puff ring scream
* a loud sound caused when something hard or heavy hits something else or falls on a
surface / a short sudden loud noise made by a gun, bomb;
* to breathe in suddenly and sharply, making a slight noise, especially because you are
very surprised or shocked’
* something wooden such as a door, bed, or stairs can make a long, high noise when
someone puts pressure on it;
* to breathe in noisily through your nose, for example because you have a cold or because
you are crying;
* a loud sudden very sharp sound like the sound of a stick being broken;
* a car or a plane engine makes a very loud noise when it is near full power;
* to breathe noisily through your nose or mouth while you are asleep;
* the sound that a liquid makes when it falls from a height, hits something hard, or is
moved rapidly around;
* to breathe in and out deeply and loudly, making a long sound, especially when you are
disappointed, bored, or tired;
* to make a sound like that of a bell;
* to breathe loudly and with difficulty, because you are doing something which needs a lot
of physical effort;
* a clock or other machine makes a quiet, regular, repeated sound;
* to breathe quickly and noisily with your mouth open, because you are running or because
you feel excited;
* to make a soft, low continuous sound like the sound made by some electronic equipment;
* a tyre, a ball or something else can make this continuous high sound as air escapes from;
* such things as paper, leaves or clothes make a continuous quiet sound as they rub against
each other;
* to make a very low sound, like the sound of distant thunder;
* to make a very high noise while moving, pushing, especially because two parts of it
cannot rub smoothly together;
* the loud unpleasant sound produced when a lot of hard things fall on a hard surface;
67
* the very loud sound produced when something hard such as glass hits something else or
falls on the surface, especially when the damage is caused;
* to make a loud, high noise with your voice because you are in pain, frightened, very
angry etc;
* to open your mouth very wide and breathe deeply because you are tired [14, 1267-1270].
rumble whistle crash squeak roar
creak rustle bang clatter splash
1. We heard a … of tyres. It was a police-car turning a corner at top speed.
2. The plates and glasses fell to the floor with a ….
3. We live near the airport and there’s a terrible … every time a plane goes overhead.
4. The day was very quiet and we could hear the … of leaves in the wind.
5. He fell into the water with a great ….
6. I heard a …. It sounded like a gunshot.
7. It was an enormous heavy old wooden door and it used to … loudly when anyone
opened it.
8. It was the best football match I’ve ever seen. Both teams played hard until the final ….
9. The metal tray fell down the stone stairs with a ….
10. I could hear the … of thunder in the distance.
hum peal crack tick squeak pop pips jingle
1. There was no sound except the quiet … of the air-conditioning.
2. At every hour on the radio there are six … so that people can check the precise time.
3. The champagne cork finally came out with a loud ….
4. Be careful. The ice is very thin and I think I heard it ….
5. To celebrate the happy event, all the church bells in the town began to ….
6. I must oil my bike. There’s a … somewhere in the back wheel.
7. The engine of a Rolls Royce is so quiet that even the car is going fast you can hear the
clock ….
8. The animals had small bells round their necks, which used to … when they moved.
sniff cough puff pant yawn hiccup
stammer snore sigh whisper sneeze groan
1. He was so nervous he could only …. ‘I…I…I’m pleased to meet you’.
2. Don’t … all the time. Use a handkerchief and blow your nose.
3. If we are out of breath after running we … and ….
4. It is said that people … if they sleep with their mouths open and on their backs.
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5. He drank a lot of beer quickly and began to ….
6. If you have a cold and you …, we often say ‘Bless you’.
7. Don’t speak so loud! Just …. The children are asleep.
8. I always used to … at history lessons. They were so boring.
9. He can’t stop talking. We always … with relief when he goes away.
10. Smoking always makes me ….
11. My children … when I tell them they must go to bed.
IV. Translate the following sentences into English:
1. У мене перехопило дух (я задихнулася), коли я почула, скільки коштувала
обручка.
2. Я не усвідомлювала, наскільки близько ми підійшли до річки, поки не почула
сплески води.
3. Холодильник тихо гудів у кутку.
4. Неможливо було говорити з водієм через те, що мотор машини несамовито ревів.
5. Перестань сопіти і видуй носа.
6. Мій чоловік хропить так голосно, що мені важно заснути.
7. Френк глибоко зітхнув і почав дивитися у вікно.
8. Якщо ти прислухаєшся, то почуєш як годинник цокає.
9. Коли я піднявся на верхній поверх, я важко дихав.
10. Листя шелестіло на вітрі.
11. Почувся дзвін, то ножі і виделки впали на підлогу.
12. Ми чуємо скрип дверей, це місіс Картер відчиняє двері спальні.
13. Вона важко дихала, несучи корзину з білизною.
14. Він покинув кімнату, грюкнувши дверима.
15. Кожного разу, як колеса поверталися, було чути голосне скрипіння.
16. Раптом почувся звук вистрілив, і жінка почала пронизливо кричати.
17. Він тримався за живіт і стогнав від болю.
V. You are going to read a magazine article in which four different women talk about
the importance of their own personal space. For questions 1-14, choose from the people A-D.
The people may be chosen more than once. There is an example at the beginning (0):
My own personal space
A Katrin
I always need to get away from other people at some point during the day. It’s not that I
don’t get on with others, I’ve loads of friends. But I work in a really busy office in the center of
town and from the moment I leave home each morning it’s non-stop. Crowds on the buses, busy
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streets, office bustle, phones, e-mail, do this, do that… By the time the end of the day comes, I’m
desperate for some peace and quite. Even if I’m going out later in the evening, I always make
sure I have at least an hour to myself without anyone being able to disturb me. I arrive home,
make myself a drink and lie on the sofa. I close my eyes and relax by concentrating on each part
of my body in turn, beginning with my neck. Even if I’m away from home, I try to find the time
just to be alone in order to unwind and recharge my batteries. If I don’t make this space for
myself, I feel really tense and irritable.
B Lia
I share a student flat with three others, so there’s never a quite moment. When I come back
from college in the evenings it’s quite likely that there’ll be other people there as well and we’ll
all have supper together. It’s great fun but towards the end of the evening I feel really tired and
so I like to disappear by myself for a while. It’s hopeless to try and find any privacy in the flat,
so I go out for a walk. Whatever the weather, I walk through the park which is quite close. Late
at night it’s usually empty. There are just shadows and the rustle of animals and birds. It’s very
peaceful and it gives me the opportunity to reflect on the day and to think about what I have to
do the next day. When I get back to the flat I like to go straight to bed. Usually I fall asleep
pretty quickly even if the others are still up and chatting or listening to music. If I don’t get this
time to myself, I’ll be like a bear with a sore head the next morning and not nice to know!
C Beatriz
I’m a night owl and I absolutely hate getting up in the mornings. If people try and talk to
me before midday, I really snap at them. Being an actress means that I work late so it’s important
that I create space for myself at the beginning of each day. And because I use my voice so much,
in fact totally depend on it, I like to rest my voice and just listen to music when I wake up. I
don’t even want to hear other people’s voices. Some people find this very hard to understand and
get quite cross when I tell them not to contact me before noon. I tell them it’s nothing personal
but they still sound offended. I’m sure it must be the same for singers and, who knows, maybe
teachers and lectures get fed with hearing the sound of their own voice and simply long to be by
themselves somewhere, in complete silence.
D Natalie
I work in a call center, which means I’m constantly on the phone. Apart from lunch and
two short breaks during the day I’m speaking to people all day long. And of course you never get
to see who you’re speaking to! By the end of my shift I’m exhausted, not because I’m rushing
around or I’m on my feet all day but simply because I’ve spent the day talking and listening. The
breaks are so short that there’s no time to do anything other than get a drink and something to
eat. I’d love to be able to go for a walk but there’s nowhere to escape to within easy walking
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distance. The building where I work is in the middle of an industrial estate, you can’t even see a
single tree. So my flat is full of house plants and when I get home it’s wonderful to be able to
relax, surrounded by all the greenery. I lie on the floor, stretch out, look up at the plants and try
to imagine I’m in tropical rain forest miles away!
Which of the women
spends her day in conversation with others? 0-D
would like to take exercise during the day? 1 -…
worries she might upset the people? 2 -…
builds in a special time to be alone at home? 3 -… 4 -…
escapes outside to find peace and quite? 5 -…
likes to prepare mentally for what is to come? 6-…
gets annoyed if she has no time to herself? 7 -… 8 -…
thinks other people may feel equally stressed? 9 -…
relies entirely on her home environment for space? 10 - …
feels pressurized by too many demands at work? 11 -…
relies on personal space early in the day? 12 -…
creates space for herself even if she is not at home? 13 -…
has no time to relax during her working day? 14 -…
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Character and Emotions (I)
words:
Every day you read in newspapers, books and magazines that it is important to avoid stress.
Stress can kill, they say. Stay calm. Be relaxed. Slow down. Don’t worry so much and don’t
work so hard. Unfortunately, this is difficult. There are always money problems and family
problems. Our cities are full of traffic and noise. Stressful situations seem to be everywhere.
When people are under stress they react in different ways. Some people find it difficult to
stay calm and often become tense. Little things, like baby crying, can make them irritated, they
get very annoyed if they have to wait just a few minutes too long in a shop or a restaurant. These
people are usually moody. One minute they are fine and the next they can be really angry –
absolutely furious. Other people seem to stay calm almost all the time, and rarely get angry. For
example, if they are caught in bad traffic, they don’t get frustrated. They sit calmly in their cars,
telling themselves that there is nothing they can do about the situation. These people are not
moody at all. They don’t change from moment to moment, but always seem to be in control of
their emotions.
Some doctors give names to these two personality types: Type A people and Type B
people. Type As work very hard, worry a lot, and are often bad-tempered. Type Bs are the
opposite. They don’t worry. Work is not so important to them and they don’t get angry easily.
They like to relax a lot and have fun. These doctors say it is better for your health and your heart
if you are a Type B person. So what are you? Type A or Type B?
II. Read the questionnaire and choose A or B according to which you think is true for
you.
How relaxed are you?
1. A I start worrying about Monday on Friday evening.
B I find it easy to switch off from work and relax at the weekend.
2. A I’m always fidgeting.
B I find it easy to keep still.
3. A When I visit people’s home, I sit on the edge of the seat for the first hour.
B When I visit people’s home, I sit back and relax straightaway.
4. A I’m always fiddling with something.
B I don’t need to have something in my hands.
5. A I bite my nails.
B I never, or almost never, bite my nails.
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6. A I worry all the time.
B If I have a problem, I deal with it. If I can’t do anything, I don’t worry about it.
7. A When I make an appointment, I start worrying that I’m going to forget it.
B When I make an appointment, I write it down.
8. A I hate waiting in queues. I’m too impatient. If I can I push.
B I accept waiting in queues because it’s fair.
9. A I lose my temper two or three times a week.
B I hardly ever lose my temper.
10. A I usually arrive at appointments too early or too late.
B I usually arrive at appointments on time.
irritated(2) annoyed(2) cross(2) mad(2) angry(2) furious(2) frustrated(2)
1. Tim feels really … because, despite his qualifications, he can’t get a job.
2. Sally gets … if things are left messy or dirty.
3. John was … with his sister because she forgot his birthday.
4. Teachers are … about cuts in government spending on education.
5. I’ve broken the window. Do you think Dad will be …?
6. She was … with him for doing a deal with a rival company.
7. Tom will be … at you when he finds out what you’ve done to his car.
8. There has been a … argument about where the new school should be built.
9. She was really … with them, but tried not to show it.
10. Miss Ellis gets …with anyone who comes to school scruffily dressed.
11. Sitting in traffic jams … her so much that she decided to buy a bicycle.
12. The dumb expression on her face always … him.
13. Tom was very … at finding me asleep instead of working.
14. Why are you … at me? Have I upset you?
IV. Put each of the following words in its correct place in the passages below:
sob heartbroken tears grief recover
loss withdrawn miss comfort sleepless
When Susan’s cat was killed by a car she burst into (a) … and began to (b) … so loudly
that the neighbours next door heard her. She was (c) … by the (d) …. Her mother tried to (e) …
her but Susan’s (f) … was so great that it was three days (and three (g) … nights) before she
began to (h) … to eat normally. Even then she talked to no one and was silent and (i) … for
weeks. I think she’ll always (j) … her pet.
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blush sweat tongue-tied embarrassment shy
nerves stammer tremble tranquilizer faint
I have to tell you that my (a) … aren’t very good. Last week I went for a job interview and
my hands began to (b) …, my palms started to (c) … and my face was red because I always (d)
… with (e) … on these occasions. I’ve always been very (f) … with other people. When I was
asked questions I was completely (g) … and could only (h) …. I felt (i) … and wished I had a (j)
… to calm me down. I didn’t get the job. A pity. I would like to have been a television news
reader.
V. Read the following text and decide whether the given statements are true or false:
Sally sees herself as she really is
I was under the impression that I was quite a relaxed sort of person until I watched the
video of my sister’s wedding. As I watched myself, I realized that I am not the cool, calm,
sophisticated woman I thought I was. In fact I’m the opposite. I fidget. I talk non-stop, fiddle
with my hair, scratch my nose, wave my hands around like a lunatic, bite my nails, and I never
sit back and relax on a seat, I sit on the edge of it, ready to jump up and go somewhere else.
So it was no surprise when a friend gave me The Little Book of Calm for my last birthday.
I read the blurb on the back cover. ‘Feeling stressed?’ it asked. ‘Need some help to regain
balance in your life? The Little Book of Calm is full of advice to follow and thoughts to inspire.
Open it at any page and you will find a path to inner peace’.
So I opened it at any page and read the advice: ‘Wear white”. Wear white! I haven’t worn
white since my first child was born. This is not good advice for someone who has to deal with
young children and their dirty fingers every day.
I turned to another page. ‘Take a lesson in calmness from children. Watch how children
live every moment for pleasure of the moment’. Do you know my children? When one of them is
screaming, ‘Aargh! He’s pulling my hair!’ and the other is screaming, ‘She’s taken my sweets!’,
the feeling I get is not calmness.
‘Make an appointment with yourself to deal with worries at a specific time in the future’.
Make an appointment! I’ve already got too many appointments. I don’t need another
appointment to worry about.
‘Get up early and watch the sunrise’. Well that’s nothing new. I wake up at the crack of
dawn every day, thanks to the children. I haven’t had a lie-in for years.
‘For every ninety minutes of work, take a twenty-minute break’. Yes, I like that. But
there’s a problem. Who’s going to tell my children ‘Don’t disturb Mummy now, she’s having a
break?’.
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‘Use a soft voice’. With fighting children? I don’t think so. In fact, my voice is getting
louder every day. I decided to try once more. ‘Rediscover milk’. No problem. I love milk and I
drink it all the time… with a shot of strong Italian espresso coffee in it, of course.
1. Before seeing the video, Sally thought she was a calm sort of person.
2. She wasn’t surprised when she saw herself on video.
3. She discovered that she’s the sort of person who never keeps still.
4. She read The Little Book of Calm from cover to cover.
5. The advice in The Little Book of Calm changed her life.
VI. Translate into English:
1. Не запрошуй її. Її настрій змінюється щохвилини, і вона навіть непривітна.
2. Не дивно, що цей чоловік убитий горем. Його сини подалися на чужину заробляти
гроші і обидва загинули.
3. Люди, народжені у квітні, - енергійні, рішучі та безкомпромісні.
4. Кожний хотів би мати такого вірного і врівноваженого товариша.
5. Перекладач повинен мати широкий кругозір, гнучкий розум, він також має бути
працьовитим.
6. Мій брат не схильний до пригод, але коли у нього відпустка, він не може жити
спокійно.
7. Вона дуже практична і кмітлива, з нею завжди цікаво.
8. Вибачте, але вона настільки брехлива.
9. Він нетактовний, обмежений і консервативний. Навряд чи пропрацює тут довго.
10. Коли діти приходять до школи, деякі з них пасивні, інші – ліниві і неуважні, а
іноді – навіть агресивні. Але в школі їх вчать бути охайними, уважними і пунктуальними.
11. Він нереалістичний чоловік як для підприємця. Він інвестує шалені гроші у
сумнівні проекти.
12. Нам потрібна пряма, рішуча, реалістична людина, щоб захищати права студентів
в адміністрації університету.
13. Якщо ви хочете працювати тут, ви повинні бути оптимістичною, бадьорою
людиною, ніколи не втрачати надію та мати досвід роботи.
14. У молодості він був радісною, цікавою, незалежною людиною.
15. Вона дуже пригнічена. У неї немає грошей, щоб заплатити за семестр навчання.
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Character and Emotions (II)
words:
Mean Scarface Billy rode into Dodge City late one night. He was the most ruthless
cowboy in the wild, wild West and many a man, woman and child had met their death from his
smoking gun. He was a cruel man, who enjoyed hurting people. He was a selfish and greedy
man, who would take the money from a blind man’s plate. He was a dishonest man, who would
lie to his own mother.
Billy rode up to the Lucky Horse Saloon and went in. The room went quiet as he walked up
to the bar where Gooodtime Lil was serving the drinks. ‘Hi, Lil. Give me a whisky’, he said.
‘Make it a bottle of whisky’.
Goodtime Lil was Billy’s girl. She was a vain girl, always looking at herself in mirrors and
thinking how fine she looked. Because she was Billy’s girl, she was a little proud, and thought
she was more important than other people. But she was basically good and kind. She was always
sympathetic when the customers told her their problems. And sometimes she was even
generous and bought them a drink or two.
Meanwhile back at the Sheriff’s office, a little boy came running in. ‘Come quick’, he said
to the Sheriff. ‘Mean Scarface Billy is back in town. He’s over in the saloon right now’.
Sheriff Parker was the new Sheriff. He was young, brave and honest. He was also sincere
in his wish to be helpful to the people of Dodge City, so he took his gun and went off to the
saloon.
The Sheriff walked into the saloon holding his gun. “Mean Scarface Billy’, he called. ‘I’m
the new Sheriff around here. Put down your gun. You’re coming with me’.
Billy laughed. ‘You young fool’, he said. And as he spoke he grabbed a young girl who
was near him and held her in front of him. ‘You’d better be careful, Sheriff. If you try to kill me,
you may kill this nice innocent young girl’.
Then Mean Scarface Billy felt a piece of metal in the back of his neck. It was the gun of
Goodtime Lil. ‘I’m sorry, honey’, she said, ‘but this is the end for you and me. I’ve found a good
man. I’ve found an unselfish man who thinks about other people before himself. As for you and
me, we’re finished’.
Sheriff Parker looked across at Lil. ‘Thanks baby”, he said. ‘I guess I’m your man now…’
II. Circle the correct word:
1. Mary’s very sensible/ sensitive. She tends to think everything over and she doesn’t often
make stupid decisions.
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2. He’s a bit talkative/ bossy. He likes telling people what to do.
3. Bill’s wonderfully calm and relaxed/ reserved. I don’t think I’ve ever seen him lose his
temper!
4. My sister’s very sensible/ sensitive. She always cries when she hears something bad has
happened to someone.
5. Andrew’s too generous/ ambitious. He’s never satisfied unless he’s the best.
6. Diane is very friendly/ nasty. She’s usually the first one to talk to newcomers at school
and help them.
7. Chris is a loyal, polite/ reliable friend. I trust him completely.
8. They say I’m rebellious/ responsible. I say I’m independent. I just don’t like other
people telling me what to do all the time!
9. Millie’s very cheerful/ helpful by nature. She’s never sad for long.
10. He’s so dreadfully selfless/ selfish. He never thinks of anyone but himself.
III. How would you describe the person in each of these sentences?
1. He never bought me a drink all the time we were together.
2. I have to tell her what to do every minute of the working day. She wouldn’t even open a
window without someone’s permission.
3. He often promises to do things but half the time he forgets.
4. She’s always here on time.
5. I don’t think he’s done any work since he’s been here.
6. She finds it difficult to meet people and talk to strangers.
7. He could work in any of the departments, and it doesn’t matter to him if he’s on his own
or part of a team.
8. One of the great things about her is that she’s so aware of what other people think or
feel.
9. Bob, on the other hand, is completely opposite. He is always making people angry or
upset because he just doesn’t consider their feelings.
10. The other thing about Bob is that he really wants to get the supervisor’s job and then
become boss for the whole department.
IV. What prefix forms the opposite of each of these words?
kind, flexible, friendly, honest, selfish, reasonable, reliable, sensitive, patient, ambitious,
pleasant, polite, punctual, respectful, popular, grateful, logical, responsible.
V. What nouns can be formed form these adjectives?
kind, punctual, confident, sensitive, intelligent, bald, ugly, optimistic, generous, strong,
reliable, patient, vain, attractive, ambitious, flexible, lazy, stupid, tolerant, anxious, tense, shy,
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wealthy, grateful, dead, cruel, loyal, excited, cowardly, heroic, angry, wise, innocent, jealous,
perfect, famous, horrible, proud, terrible, arrogant, envious, naughty.
VI. Put each of the following words in its correct place in the sentences below:
polite imaginative tidy impatient sociable
adventurous sensible selfish optimistic ambitious
easy-going adventurous lazy naughty cheerful
1. She loves meeting people and going to parties, she is a very … person.
2. She likes new things and new places, even if they are difficult or dangerous. She’s ….
3. He gets annoyed if he has to wait for anything. He doesn’t like waiting, he’s ….
4. He never gets upset or annoyed when the things go wrong. He’s a very … man.
5. He loves to talk to people and tell them what he thinks and what he’s done. He’s ….
6. She wants to get an important job in a high position, she’s ….
7. Little Rosie is always breaking things and doing what her mother tells her not to do.
She’s a … girl.
8. He doesn’t like work. He prefers to do nothing. He’s ….
9. He’s always happy and smiling, he’s very ….
10. She only thinks about herself. She doesn’t care about other people. She’s ….
11. He has a lot of common sense. He always knows the correct thing to do. He’s a … boy.
12. He always has good hopes for the future. He thinks everything will be fine. He’s
very….
13. She’s very careful about her appearance and how she arranges her desk and her room.
She’s a … young lady.
14. He always remembers to say ‘please’ and ‘thank you’. He’s very ….
15. He has ideas like no one else’s. He can write wonderful stories, draw unusual pictures
and suggest unusual ideas. He’s extremely ….
VII. Put each of the following words in its correct place in the passages below:
boast proud vain thick-skinned
conceited pride snob contemptuous
Mrs Watson next door thinks she is better than other people. She thinks she is superior,
‘high-class’. In other words, she’s a (a) …. She is very (b) … of herself and very (c) … of other
‘ordinary’ people. I’ve heard her (d) … to neighbours about her lovely house, her big car, her
husband’s high salary. She’s a very (e) … person too, always admiring herself in mirror. Mr
Watson also has a very high opinion of himself. His neighbours think that he is a very (f) …
person, but the Watsons are both so (g) … that other people’s criticism of them has no effect on
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them at all. I think that one day they will find that they have no friends left, and then they will be
sorry. (h) … comes before a fall.
achieve confidence ladder ambitious exploit
achievement determined power ruthless ability
I’ve never been (a) … in the normal sense. I’ve never wanted to be a manager or director.
I’ve never wanted to reach the top of the (b) … or to have (c) …. But I’ve always had a wish to
(d) … something, to write a book, climb a mountain, win a prize. This is not because I want fame
or money but just simple feeling of (e) … you get when you’ve done something difficult. I’m not
very sure of myself and it would be good for my (f) … to succeed in something. Some people
will lie, (g) … other people, be dishonest, do anything in order to succeed. They will be
absolutely (h) …. But I think the people who deserve to succeed are those who are (i) … and
have (j) ….
VIII. Translate into English:
1. Кажуть, що британці досить стримані, проте коли ви взнаєте їх краще, вони
можуть бути таким ж емоційними як будь-хто інший.
2. У хлопця відсутній здоровий глузд. Він робить дурниці і не думає про те, що він
робить.
3. Коли ви вперше знайомитеся з ним, він здається сором’язливим, проте коли він
знає людей добре, він набагато впевненіший у собі.
4. Джейн напружена в даний момент через іспити. Зазвичай вона досить розслаблена
і безтурботна.
5. Я переконаний, що погода значно впливає на мене: коли сонячно, я почуваюся
радісно й оптимістично, проте коли холодно і йде дощ, я стаю нещасним.
6. Вона нарешті заспокоїлася. Вона завжди переживає за свого сина. Їй здається, що
він стривожений, убитий горем, навіть збитий з пантелику.
7. Він – боягуз, він навіть слова не сказав, щоб захистити мене від цього підлого,
грубого, пихатого чоловіка.
8. Його побоюються: він владний, впертий, фанатичний начальник.
9. Студенти змушені бути терплячими з агресивними і навіть істеричними
викладачами.
10. Невже вона вийде заміж за цього жадібного й нудного чоловіка?
VII. You are going to read a magazine article about the kinds of fear which people can
experience. Seven sentences have been removed from the article. Choose from the sentences
A-H the one which fits each gap (1-6). There is one extra sentence which you do not need to
use. There is an example at the beginning (0):
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Fears and Phobias
It’s not easy trying to cope with fear. Most people at some stage in their lives feel afraid of
something; fear of the dark as children, afraid of spiders or flying. 0 – B. However, some people are
afraid of something to such an extent that it prevents them from leading a normal life. 1 - …. It means
that you cannot open a fridge door in case you get an electric shock, you cannot go into a brightly lit
clothing store, you cannot go near any electric equipment. In fact, you can be afraid of anything and there
is almost certainly a name for it. 2 - …. Apparently, the list of phobias gets longer every day but for
people who have a real terror of something, help is at hand. Researches are making enormous progress
in understanding what a phobia is and what causes it. 3 - ….It is surprising how many people think they
suffer from a phobia when actually all they are really experiencing is a strong dislike or distaste for
something. 4 - …. But that’s not the same as being really ‘mechanophobic’, suffering from a racing heart
and being short of breath at the mere sight of a computer. 5 - …. If you can’t run away from whatever is
causing fear, you feel that death is inevitable. On the other hand, it’s natural for most people to feel
afraid if they’re aboard an aeroplane which is flying into a storm. Most psychologists agree that phobias
can be described in three main ways. 6 - …. Then there are panic disorders in which the person is
terrified temporarily for no apparent reason and thirdly, specific phobias – the fear of snake, mice,
heights and suchlike.
A Progress in treating anxiety is providing help for many people.
B For the most part, these fears are normal and do not interfere with our ability to get on with our
lives.
C You may think you are computer phobic and want to throw your machine out of the nearest
window.
D For example, ‘electrophobia’ – being afraid of electricity – makes life in today’s world extremely
difficult.
E Experts say that you can’t mistake a true phobia as it affects the whole of your central nervous
system.
F With this understanding has come a range of treatments which can completely cure a person’s
phobia or gradually reduce a person’s fear.
G There are social phobias in which the sufferer is afraid of any kind of social or professional
occasions.
H You can be afraid of clouds, certain colours, bicycles, rain, mushrooms and even sitting down.
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Love and Marriage
underlined words:
Twenty-first century dating
Couple I
I’ve finally found the man of my dreams. We have so much in common, we laugh at the
same things and talk for hours. There’s one problem. We’ve never met. Tom lives in the US. I
live in Ireland. We met on the Net.
I wasn’t looking for Mr Right, I was just hoping to chat to some interesting people. The
American singles dating site didn’t charge a fee so I filled in a form with my likes and dislikes
and a short paragraph about myself. By the end of the week I had about 25 responses. Over the
next five months, I went on eight dates with men I met on the Net. One I dated for about two
months, others I saw a couple of times before I realized there was no real spark. Then, two
months ago, just as I was about to take my details off the Net, I received an e-mail from a guy in
America called Tom. His note was amusing and he sounded interesting so I decided to write
back.
Soon I found myself rushing back home after work to check my e-mails. Tom made me
laugh, he challenged my opinions. We talked about everything. My friends weren’t particularly
impressed when I told them about him, but I knew this one was different.
We exchanged pictures by e-mail and we liked what we saw, but at this stage looks didn’t
matter. Then Tom and I had what we consider our first ‘date’. We spoke for 11 hours and that
phone call changed the course of our relationship. We’ve decided to meet.
Couple II
It was love at first sight for Joel Emerson and Lisa Bunyan, which was lucky because they
met for the first time on their wedding day!
As a publicity stunt, a local Australian radio station ran a seven-week competition which
they called ‘Two Strangers and a Wedding’. The radio station voted Joel Emerson, 24 and a
marketing consultant, the ‘most eligible bachelor’. Lisa Bunyan, 22, who works at a
management training center, was one of 300 single women who rushed to the phone to offer
herself as his bride.
The only direct contact they had before their wedding day was when Joel proposed over
the telephone on the radio. An estimated 50000 listeners witnessed the romantic (but not
particularly intimate) moment when Lisa said ‘yes’.
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The groom’s mother was not amused and told a local newspaper that she was shocked and
appalled. As the couple left for their honeymoon in Paris, they told the same newspaper, ‘We
know that we’re doing the right thing’.
II. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate words from exercise I:
1. I don’t believe in … at first ….
2. Somewhere in the world there’s Mr or Miss … for everybody.
3. People don’t usually marry man or woman of their ….
4. … women enjoy their independence whereas … men tend to be keen to get married.
5. A man should … to a woman. It isn’t natural for a woman to ask man to marry her.
6. A marriage is more likely to succeed if both partners have had … before getting married.
7. If the bride and … are in love then it doesn’t really matter what the parents think.
8. It’s better to save money than spend it on an expensive … in some exotic location.
III. Put each of the following words in its correct place in the passages below:
date approve mature attracted romantic
keen break off go out relationship drift apart
Ann was a very (a) … girl who often dreamed of love and marriage. She was especially (b)
… to a young man called Michael, who worked in the same office as she did, and he was very
(c) … on her too. They became friendly and one day Michael asked her to go out with him. Their
first (d) … was a visit to the cinema, and they both enjoyed the evening so much that they
decided to (e) … together regularly. Michael was a bit untidy and rather young, and Ann’s
parents didn’t (f) … of him at first, but Ann was a sensible, (g) … girl and they had confidence
in her. For a year or so everything went well, but then somehow they slowly began to (h) …,
until they finally decided to (i) … their (j) ….
bride engaged bridegroom consent wedding
civil reception honeymoon propose toast
One evening, although he was nervous, Joe decided to (a) … to his girl friend, Linda. She
accepted his proposal, they became (b) … and he gave her a ring. After a year they had saved
enough money to get married (they were both over 18 so they did not need their parents’ (c) … ).
Some people have a religious ceremony with a priest, but Joe and Linda decided on a (d) …
ceremony in a registry office. On the day of the (e) … Linda, the (f) …, was very calm, but Joe,
the (g) …, was nervous. Afterwards, at the (h) …, speeches were made and the guests drank a (i)
… to the happy couple, who finally left for a (j) … in Spain.
IV. Fill in the gaps with prepositions where necessary:
1. I didn’t really know the old man but my wife was very fond … him.
2. Bob is going … … Leanne.
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3. I’m very lucky to have a husband, family and friends who care … me.
4. We drank a toast … their future happiness.
5. She adores … her grandchildren and is always buying them presents.
6. He’s getting married … Liz next month.
7. How can you marry … Adam if you are … love … someone else?
8. She’s engaged … a policeman.
9. When I met Tracy it was love … first sight.
10. His parents don’t approve … her.
11. Have confidence … me!
12. You can tell from the way she acts that she’s crazy … him.
1. бути закоханим, захоплюватися людиною, піклуватися про когось, мати цікавість
до когось (цікавитися), обожнювати когось, закохатися, розлюбити, зустрічатися, кохання
з першого погляду, справжнє кохання, знайомство наосліп, зробити пропозицію руки і
серця, бути зарученим, наречена, наречений (до одруження, у день одруження),
одружитися, свідок (боярин), подружки нареченої, громадянська церемонія, вінчання у
церкві, РАГС.
2. Я чула, що твій син одружується.
3. Все більше і більше людей вирішують не одружуватися, а просто жити разом.
4. Це було так романтично. Він зробив мені пропозицію руки і серця під час танцю.
5. Про їх заручини було оголошено у місцевих газетах.
6. Коли дівчина дізналася, що її хлопець зустрічається з іншою, вона вирішила
розірвати заручини.
7. Ви вже розіслали запрошення на весілля?
8. Після церемонії у РАГСІ ми отримали свідоцтво про одруження.
9. Обидві сестри мого батька „старі діви”.
10. Більше третини одружень завершуються розлученням.
V. You are going to read a magazine article in which four young people from different
countries talk about falling in love. For questions 1-14, choose from the people A-D. The
people may be chosen more than once. There is an example at the beginning (0):
Who Broke your Heart?
A Pablo (20)
Mexico
Everybody my age has had their heart broken. A girl called Maria broke my heart when I
first went to university. I hadn’t had many girlfriends and I thought Maria was the love of my
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life. She was a beautiful girl with lovely eyes, and I still don’t really understand why she finished
with me. We had been out for the evening with some friends and on the way back my car broke
down. Our friends decided they would walk back to town but Maria didn’t want to. I tried to fix
the car myself but it was dark and I couldn’t see what I was doing. Anyway, in the end I had to
leave her alone in the car while I walked to the nearest phone. When the car was eventually
mended and we drove back to her flat she told me she didn’t want to see me again. I mean it’s
not as if it was my fault that the car broke down – these things happen.
B Heidi (17)
Switzerland
After leaving school, my boyfriend worked in the local supermarket. It wasn’t very well
paid, but he wasn’t sure he wanted to go to university. I got a job as a trainee in a large bank and
so I was earning more than him. We decided we’d go on holiday with a group of friends and my
parents agreed as we would all be staying in a youth hotel. I paid for my boyfriend and we all
had a fantastic time. However, when we got back he started behaving strangely and said he felt
depressed and wanted to be alone. I did everything I could to support him but he said: ‘I’m not
good enough to be your boyfriend any more’. I tried to persuade him to change his mind, but he
wouldn’t and I was really upset for ages after we stopped going out together.
C Steve (18)
South Africa
I went to Germany with my parents for a holiday a couple of years ago. And it was while
we were there that I met Sonya. She was Swedish and the same age as me. We had a great time
together and when the holiday came to an end we decided we’d keep in touch and she’d come to
South Africa at Christmas. We wrote, e-mailed and telephoned each other, sometimes two or
three times a day. I missed her dreadfully and the three months until Christmas seemed ages
away. I guess it must’ve been some time during November when I didn’t hear from her for a
couple of days. I rang her home and in the end her mother answered the phone. She said Sonya
didn’t want to speak to me as she was too busy, I didn’t believe her so I wrote a long letter
asking Sonya to explain what was going on. I never heard back and of course she never came to
South Africa. I still think about her and wonder what she’s doing.
D Miranda (17)
Australia
I was 16 when I met Scott. He was really good-looking guy and he was new to our college
as his parents had emigrated from England. For me it was love at first sight. The second I saw
him it was like a shot of electricity. My parents told me not to be silly, but when there was a
college disco I went up to him and asked him to dance. After that we started going out once or
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twice a week, but looking back it was probably more to do with me asking him than the other
way round. I didn’t mind so long as we could be together. He was so cool: tall, blond, sporty
and, most impressively of all, he had a big motorbike. He was a year older than me and very
popular with everyone. Then one day, after about three months, he just said: ‘It’s finished. It’s all
over’. I was very sad and quite angry. I just stood there not knowing what to say and he turned
around and walked off. It was ages before I could get through a day without thinking about him.
Who…
fell in love while on holiday? 0–C
was speechless when the relationship ended? 1-…
seems to have made a mistake by being generous? 2-…
was the younger person in the relationship? 3-…
finds it difficult to forget about the other person? 4-…
thinks most people experience disappointment? 5-…
planned to meet up later in the year? 6-…
fell in love at university? 7-…
is still unsure about what went wrong with the relationship? 8-… 9-…
fell in love in an instant? 10 - …
didn’t agree with what was said? 11 - …
says they took the lead in the relationship? 12 - …
thinks they were told a lie? 13 - …
went away with other people during the relationship? 14 - …
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Plants and Animals
words:
Without plants, people could not live. We eat plants. We breathe the oxygen that plants
produce. And we need plants for another, very different reason: we need them for their beauty.
Imagine a world with no plants. Imagine no flowers with their sweet smells, their beautiful
colours and their lovely shapes. Imagine, when the wind blows, not being able to hear the leaves
in the trees or watch the branches swing from side to side. Imagine not being able to see the
buds on the trees open and turn to colourful blossom.
Everywhere people need the beauty of plants. That is why even in big modern cities, we
have parks full of trees, bushes and flowers. That is why architects always try to design houses
with room for some grass and a garden. That is why in every city apartment you are sure to find
some green houseplants growing in pots, or freshly cut flowers in a vase of water.
Do you talk to your plants? Do you give them love and attention? According to Peter
Tompkins and Christopher Bird, authors of a book called ‘The Secret Life of Plants’, you should
talk to them and give them love.
Tompkins and Bird describe an experiment in which two seeds were planted in different
places. While the plants were growing, one plant was given love and positive ideas. The other
plant was given only negative ideas. After six months, the loved plant was bigger. Under the
earth, it had more and linger roots; above the earth, it had a thicker stem and more leaves.
So be careful when you are talking in front of your plants. They may be listening to you!
II. Put each of the following words in its correct place in the sentences below:
bud thorns twigs stalk grow hay trunk
roots seaweed bark oak blossom weed branch
1. A tree’s … go a long way under ground.
2. A cat sharpens its claws against the … of a tree.
3. Most fruit trees … in spring.
4. Plants will not … unless they get enough water and light.
5. Flowers last longer in a vase if you crush the end of their ….
6. A flower that is just about to open is called a ….
7. Take care not to prick yourself. That plant has sharp….
8. If we pick up those …, we can use them to start the fire.
9. Dried grass which is used to feed cows and horses is called ….
10. An unwanted wild plant is called ….
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11. A tree whose wood is often used for furniture is called ….
12. A plant that grows near or in the sea is called ….
13. An oak tree has a very broad …, sometimes two meters thick.
14. She managed to reach the … of a tree and climb up to the window.
III. Think over the answers to the following questions:
1. Are the following trees deciduous or evergreen – poplar, yew, birch, willow, fir, elm,
pine, cedar, chestnut, plane tree?
2. What does the bee take from flowers to make honey?
3. What does a British boy or girl traditionally say while pulling the petals off a daisy one
by one? What flower is used in Ukraine for this purpose?
4. What plants or animals are the symbols of Ukraine, England, Scotland, Wales, Northern
Ireland, Canada, New Zealand?
5. Can you name an endangered species of plants or animals?
6. There are, of course, hundreds of different flowers: some wild, some cultivated, some
both. Which of these are normally garden flowers, and which wild?
Iris, orchid, crocus, carnation, lily, snowdrop, hyacinth, dandelion, daffodil, primrose,
bluebell, pansy, poppy, daisy, rose, marigold, narcissus, camomile.
IV. Read the following passages and translate them paying special attention to the
underlined words:
What is an animal? For many people, an animal has four legs, a head at the front and a tail
at the back. There are, in fact, many different kinds of animals. Some are so small that you
cannot see them with the human eye. Some have no head, no mouth, no legs. Some live in the
sea. Some can fly. They come in thousands of different shapes, sizes and colours.
Insects. One of the largest groups of animals is the insect group. These animals have six
legs and three parts to their bodies. Many insects cause humans problems. Some carry diseases.
Others are a problem because they eat the food that farmers grow. But there are insects, like bees
and butterflies, that we need because they help flowers and fruit to grow.
Birds. Like many of the insects, birds have wings and can fly. There are many different
types of birds. Some eat fish and are happy living near rivers or the sea. Others like to live in the
town and countryside in flocks of many hundreds and eat mostly insects, and there are birds
which like to live alone high in the mountains. These birds, like the mountain eagle, eat meat
with their strong sharp beaks. They also have sharp claws on their feet, which are perfect for
hunting.
Fish and Reptiles. Fish and reptiles are cold-blooded animals. Fish live in the sea, but
reptiles usually live on the land. Reptiles are probably the least popular animals. They include
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the long thin snakes that many people are afraid of. However, some people keep snakes in their
homes as pets!
Mammals. Like birds, mammals are warm-blooded, and just as all birds have feathers, all
mammals have hair on their bodies. Sometimes you can hardly see the hair. Sometimes the hair
is very thick, and then it is called fur. There are several different groups of mammals. There are
the cats. Which include lions and tigers; there are mammals with large front teeth, which
include mice and rats; there are sea mammals, which include the whale, the largest animal in
the world. Then there are animals which have two arms and can walk on two legs like monkeys
and, of course, humans.
Now, how would you answer the question: what is an animal?
V. Young animals. For each animal below give the name of its young from the following
list:
Piglet, kitten, cub, chick, lamb, calf, foal, duckling, puppy, kid, caterpillar, tadpole
1.wolf 2.horse 3.pig 4.fox 5.dog 6.cow 7.cat 8.lion 9.duck 10.sheep 11.goat 12.hen
13.butterfly 14.frog
VI. Animal Sounds. Match each animal with the sound it makes:
Monkey, lion, dog, cat, horse, hen, cock, bee, cow, sheep, elephant, pig, donkey, frog,
snake, duck, wolf, mouse
1.to roar 2.to cluck 3.to miaow, purr 4.to chatter 5.to crow 6.to bark, growl
7.to moo 8.to neigh 9.to buzz 10.to bleat 11.to bray 12.to hiss 13.to trumpet 14.to grunt,
squeal 15.to squeak 16.to howl 17.to quack 18.to croak
VII. All animals have got to live somewhere. Work out which animals live where:
Cows, dogs, lions, tame rabbits, canaries, pigs, bees, horses, wild rabbits, most birds
a sty, a nest, a den (or lair), a hole (or burrow), a hive, a cage, a kennel, a shed (or
stall), a stable, a hutch
VIII. Complete the following text, putting the appropriate missing verb into the correct
form:
It is not really all that peaceful out in the country. Yesterday I was woken at dawn when the
cock started (a) …. The calves soon began (b) … and this woke the dogs who (c) … until the
horses started (d) …. Lots of hens (e) … right outside my window and so I got up. I tripped over
the cat who was lying in the sun at the front door but she didn’t even stop (f) ….
IX. Look at the following examples of notices and fill in the names of the appropriate
young animal in each case:
1. New-born … for sale. Pedigree spaniel.
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2. Good home wanted for six …. All toms. Already house-trained. Part-Siamese. Very
intelligent.
3. Come and see the brand new polar bear … at the zoo.
4. Hadley Farm open this weekend. All children will enjoy the chance to hold the baby …
and to stroke their soft wool.
5. Spend the weekend at Sun Park. Hundreds of new …. Just hatched but already able to
swim happily behind their mums.
X. Sometimes male and female animals have different names. Complete the following
table below:
Female Male
Mare
Fox
Duck
Goose
Dog
Cow
Lion
Tiger
Ram
Hen
Cat
XI. Translate into English:

1. Назвіть три тварини, які впадають у сплячку зимою.
2. Кит – це риба чи ссавець?
3. Гепард – найшвидша тварина у світі.
4. Голуб – символ миру.
5. Оси можуть бути небезпечними для людей, які страждають від алергії, через їхні
укуси.
6. Для чого рибам потрібні зябра?
7. Деякі гризуни переносять хвороби.
8. Яка рептилія сьогодні є нащадком динозаврів?
9. Все більше і більше видів тварин і рослин зникає на нашій планеті.
10. Анна працює як бджілка, в той час як Джон повільний як черепаха.
XII. You are going to read an article about a photographer who specializes in taking
photographs of birds called storks. Choose from the list A-H the heading which best
summarizes each part (1-6) of the article. There is one extra heading which you do not need to
use. There is an example at the beginning (0):
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White Storks
0–E
As I walked along the narrow streets of a small Spanish village, I felt excited at the
prospect of being allowed up onto the roof of a beautiful church. My purpose in being there was
to take photographs of the white storks which had been seen nesting in the bell tower high above
the village streets. In fact, storks had been my ticket into many similar adventures over the years.
1-…
Storks are large, beautiful birds with long necks and taking pictures of them is not easy. In
towns and villages storks build their nests, which are like platforms made out of twigs, high up
on rooftops or treetops. So my initial job was to collect a huge key, let myself into the church,
and climb up the bell tower so that I could at least see the white stork nest on the roof of the
tower.
2-…
I eventually reached the top and lifted the door above my head. After the hot, dry streets
below there was a wonderful cool breeze and staring at me from their nest about forty meters
away were three half-grown storks. It was a marvelous scene, especially in view of the fact that
towards the end of the twentieth century there was great concern about the future of the white
stork.
3-…
The numbers of storks had been decreasing for various reasons. The major cause for this
decrease was probably due to the lack of rain in West Africa. Storks traditionally escape the
European winter and depend on insects and other animals for their food supply. The severe
drought caused by hardly any rainfall for years in West Africa had reduced the storks’ supply of
food with disastrous consequences.
4-…
Human development has also affected the stork’s ability to survive, but in this case the bird
has proved to be very adaptable. In natural environment, the stork nests in trees and on rocks.
However, as buildings began to spread onto the storks’ natural nesting sites, the birds adjusted
to this loss by carrying their twigs even higher. Radio towers, road signs, statues, monuments,
chimneys and even pylons carrying electricity have become loaded with piles of twigs.
5-…
Another example of the stork’s amazing ability to adjust to changes in the environment is
its diet. If a stork can’t find sufficient food in its natural habitat, then it seems it will quite
happily feed off what it can find in rubbish tips. This reliable source of food is probably one of
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the reasons why a sizeable percentage of the stork population in Spain no longer migrate by
flying off to Africa for the winter.
6-…
However, there is a new threat to storks on the horizon. European Union rules and
regulations may affect the source of food found on rubbish tips, as governments are now being
asked to clean up rubbish tips by covering them over. This will obviously cut off a valuable food
supply for the storks. Nevertheless, like any animal or bird which has so successfully adapted to
human development, the stork will no doubt find a way to ensure it will survive long into the
future.
A Storks will nest anywhere
B An impressive sight
C Storks unlikely to find new nesting areas
D An important factor affecting stork numbers
E The reason for the photographer’s visit
F Storks don’t mind where they feed
G The photographer’s first task
H Storks able to guarantee their existence
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Завдання для самостійної роботи
Meaty and Fishy Language
idioms:
Dong,
The boss called me up this morning and I could bet we were in a stew (1). I thought we
had hammed it up (2) again, and he’d make mincemeat (3) and beat the stuffing out of me
(4), and I gonna bring home no bacon (5) any more. I felt like dead meat (6) and raked by
brains to butter the boss up (7) – no way! When I got to the office at last, as red as a lobster
(8), there was a fine kettle of fish (9) there, with all the others packed like sardines (10) into
the small room. But when I heard that we’d both passed the tests so far, I was happy as a clam
(11). We must sure celebrate it. The world is our oyster (12) tonight!
II. Match the following explanations with the idioms from the previous exercise:
A. to please someone to get E. very happy I. useless or no longer needed
his or her favour people
B. a real mess F. very overcrowded J. to spoil the performance by
showing off
C. in a difficult situation G. beat very badly K. earn a salary
D. embarrassed and ashamed H. we rule the world! L. to destroy
somebody/something
III. Paraphrase the following sentences using idioms from exercise I:

1. You’ve got to find a job if you are going to make any money.
2. While he was at the kitchen, the puppy completely destroyed his morning paper.
3. ‘Come on, John’ we said. ‘Don’t show off’.
4. Don’t mention his name. He’s good for nothing, and good for nothing he stays until he’s
done something.
5. She did her best to please the teacher as she badly needed a good mark.
6. It’s a real mess – the frost outside and the heating is off.
7. He’s got a problem as he owes a lot of money.
8. She was standing ashamed and embarrassed not knowing what to do.
9. The bride and the bridegroom were extremely happy.
10. The last bus turned out to be very overcrowded, but they did not have a choice.
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11. She promised to destroy them if they did not do it.
12. The world was beneath her feet – she was in love.
IV. Translate the following sentences using idioms from exercise I:
1. Як тільки він дізнається про це – всю душу з нас витрясе!
2. Що то за створіння – дитина, весела, як весняний жайворонок.
3. Вони молоді та амбітні – світ належить їм.
4. Вона сама на себе не схожа, певно, має проблеми.
5. Ти собі не уявляєш, який тут безлад.
6. Він стояв мовчки, червоний, як рак, посеред натовпу.
7. Людей у вагоні було – як оселедців у бочці, ні зайти, ні вийти.
8. Підлещуватися до начальства стало її другою натурою, а може першою?
9. Цей новий офіціант – справжній нікчема, і де тільки таких беруть!
10. Коптіть грудинку всю ніч, аби заробити гроші.
11. Дивись, не перестарайся під час іспиту, бо провалишся.
12. Екзаменатор не залишив каменя на камені від його брезированої яловичини –
сказав, що все слід було робити інакше.
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Vegetable Language
idioms:
Dong,
That couch potato (1), Chuan, tried to spill the beans (2) about our celebration yesterday,
telling the boss we were dead meat, like two peas in a pod (3) and bla-bla-bla. I had to beat the
stuffing out of him. You should have seen him: red as a beet (4), a cauliflower ear (5). He tried
to butter the boss up, but it cut no ice (6). They say, the boss, in his salad days (7), used to like
a fine rhubarb (8) himself. So he remained as cool as a cucumber (9), and I was happy as a
clam.
A. to tell a secret too soon D. without result G. one’s time of youth and
inexperience
B. calm, cold-blooded E. embarrassed and ashamed H. a person who takes no
exercise, but spends most of
the time watching TV
C. an argument, a fight F. the same in all ways I. an ear, which is damaged
and of an odd shape as a result
of a blow to the head

1. He did not care who they were. It made no difference to him.
2. No sooner he had left, as she told the secret to her friend.
3. It happened when she was young and inexperienced.
4. Though it was her first experience, she remained very calm.
5. He had an oddly shaped ear after the fight.
6. They are totally the same in all ways.
7. After the game the fans had a fight, so the police had to interfere.
8. He does nothing but watches TV from morning till night.
9. They have never been treated like that, so they were embarrassed and ashamed.
1. Вона спробувала тушкувати пастернак – та все було даремно.
2. Поза всяким сумнівом, вона вже вибовкала таємницю.
3. Тоді він був ще „зелений” і мало що розумів.
94
4. Незважаючи на небезпеку, вона залишалася спокійною.
5. Йому добряче нам’яли вуха, і вони тепер висіли, як вареники.
6. Хоча вони й не сестри, але схожі, як дві краплини води.
7. Час від часу бейсбольний матч переривався сутичками.
8. Він сидить біля телевізора день і ніч, набрав зайвої ваги – справжня сидяча
бараболя.
9. Він вискочив прожогом з кімнати, червоний, як буряк.
95
Fruity Language
idioms:
I got it through the grapevine (1), and I can’t wait to spill the beans. I don’t give a fig (2)
about her, but she’s got all the luck! Just after the training course she got a plum of a job (3),
and by the end of the week she was the apple of the boss’s eye (4). She’s pretty, that’s for sure,
real peachy keen (5) – but she’s not exactly a genius.
Anyway, she starts a job, and in no time she’s been made head waitress, and the rest of us
are left just like lemons (6). Honestly, if I had enough courage, I’d give my boss a raspberry
(7), and tell him what I think of him. But he’s not worth it. He’s mad, he’s gone bananas (8) –
it’s so irritating.
A. to go wild or angry E. not to care
B. a favourite person or thing F. through gossip
C. make a rude noise with one’s lips G. prize or reward
D. fine, excellent H. get nothing
1. His prize for getting a good mark was a helping of stewed zucchinis.
2. If they win again, she’ll get mad.
3. She got all the oranges and the rest got nothing.
4. He is her dearest person in the whole world.
5. He heard it through the company’s gossip – nothing official.
6. The restaurant guests made a rude noise with their lips, when the chef came up – it made
him think about the choice of his career.
7. Bob did not care whether the others had finished their desserts, he just left.
8. What a wonderful idea!
1. Коли він почує, що полуницю вже з’їли, то зовсім розсердиться!
2. Усім дали абрикоси та персики, а ми піймали облизня.
3. Бережи цю книжку, як зіницю ока.
4. Ця робота – справжня винагорода для неї.
5. Глядачі засвистали футболістів – гра не сподобалася.
6. Він дізнався про все з чуток.
7. Де ти придбала таку чудову пароварку?
8. Гості не прийшли, стільки їжі пропало, а йому начхати.
96
Sweet Language
idioms:
Have you heard? The boss has kicked his peach off the gravy train (1). The honeymoon
(2) is over. He thought she was a smart cookie (3), the job was a piece of cake (4) for her, she’d
bring apple-pie-order (5), and the restaurant would be selling like hotcakes (6). But the proof
of the pudding is in the eating (7). She’s as slow as molasses (8) and she can’t cut the
mustard (9) at all. It’s just not her cup of tea (10), a pie in the sky (11). And now she’s sitting
in my room for hours, crying in her beer (12), begging for the milk of human kindness (13).
And I have to hug her to sugar-coat the truth (12). I have already wasted all my cheese cloth
(15) drying her tears!
A. to feel sorry for oneself and F. very slow K. unreachable reward
keep complaining about it
B. ideal order G. sell very well L. compassion and warm-
heartedness
C. the quality is checked H. thin cotton cloth used to M. very easy
through experience wrap cheese
D. make the facts easier to I. it’s not the sort of things she N. something you can get
take likes (or can do) much money from without
much effort
E. a short period of agreement J. a clever person O. to be totally unsuitable
at the start of a new period

1. This kind of job is a real treasure – lots of money, little work.
2. He is completely unsuitable for this job, so his chances to get it are zero.
3. Jazz is not what he likes, he prefers disco.
4. Get rid of your unrealistic ideas, get down to earth.
5. He got so tired of all that compassion and warm-heartedness, that got bored and decided
to leave.
6. She is really clever, and you’ll see it if you give her a chance.
7. It’s elementary to use this machine, look – very simple.
8. She called up, complaining, and kept talking about her problems.
97
9. They had to put a semi-transparent cloth on the window to keep the insects out.
10. All things were in ideal order, luckily for them.
11. The newspapers with the sensational news were selling very quickly.
12. Any theory can only be checked through experience.
13. They have always been very slow, you’d better do it yourself.
14. She had no choice but lying to make the facts easier to take.
15. The short period of agreement is over, people started criticizing the new government.
1. Йому краще нічого не доручати – його за смертю посилати!
2. Нове взуття розкуповували нарозхват.
3. Візьміть марлю, аби процідити воду.
4. Та це ж елементарно, навіть школяр зможе!
5. Він такий башковитий – справиться.
6. Навіщо тобі той Мерседес? Журавель в небі! Придбай собі щось простіше.
7. Медовий місяць вони провели на морському узбережжі.
8. Аби підсолодити пігулку, довелося замовчати деякі подробиці.
9. Критерієм істини є практика.
10. Дякувати богу, все в ажурі.
11. Досить уже канючити, візьми себе в руки.
12. Ти не доброти та сердечності потребуєш, а твердого характеру.
13. Я так скажу: „Це його справа, та й край!”
14. Не розказуй про молочні ріки з кисільними берегами – не повірю.
15. Він нікуди не годиться і не зможе виконати цю роботу.
98
Waiters’ Language
idioms:
That couch potato, Chuan, came to the restaurant with his peach without a reservation (1).
The restaurant was packed like sardines, and I was in a stew looking for two seats. His peach is a
smart cookie, you know. I had hardly managed to take their order (2) as she started a rhubarb
over the steak. She said it was overdone, and refused to pay. It was a fine kettle of fish. The boss
finally told me not to charge (3) her for it. But then she refused the dutch treat (4) as well, and
Chuan was left like lemon. In the end she agreed to share the bill (5) but refused to go dutch (6)
on the tip (7). So Chuan had to pay it himself, red as a lobster. But she did not forget the
leftovers (8) and asked for a doggie bag (9). And when she got it, she was as happy as a clam!
A. to write down what the D. the custom of each person G. to divide the amount of
customer asked for paying for himself money to be paid evenly
among the participants
B. a container to take uneaten E. ask someone to pay for the H. the amount of money to be
food from a restaurant goods or services paid for the goods or services
C. a booking, an arrangement F. uneaten food I. a small amount of money a
made so that a place etc. is customer gives to a waiter
kept for you

1. When the customers decide what they want, the waiter writes it down.
2. You can send back the food you did not like, and the waiter won’t ask you to pay for it.
3. If you have changed your mind, you may cancel your booking.
4. When you pay the money for the food, don’t forget to leave a 15 per cent extra money
for the waiter.
5. Americans often share the bill, or have the bill shared.
6. If you can’t finish your meal, you may ask for a special bag or box to take your uneaten
food home.
1. Якщо ви збираєтеся до модного ресторану, краще зробити попереднє замовлення.
2. Аби зменшити витрати, краще організувати вечерю в складчину.
99
3. Якщо ви не певні щодо будь-яких страв, запитайте офіціанта, коли той буде брати
замовлення.
4. Дружити з Джейн дорогувато, вона ніколи не бажає платити свою частку в
ресторані.
5. Скільки тут правлять за комплексний обід?
6. Хто кінець-кінцем поприбирає всі ці недоїдки?
7. Не турбуйтеся, компанія оплатить ваш рахунок.
8. Якщо вам обслуговування не сподобалося, чайові можна не давати.
9. Американці зазвичай забирають з ресторану незакінчену їжу у так звану „коробку
для пса”, яку пакують офіціанти.
100
Список використаної літератури
1. English Vocabulary in use. Pre-Intermediate. – Cambridge University Press, 1994. – 296

p.
2. English Vocabulary in use. Upper-Intermediate. – Cambridge University Press, 1994. –
296 p.
3. Exam Activator. Classroom and self-study exam preparation. – Longman, 2010. – 145 p.
4. First Certificate Gold. Practice exams. Part I. – Cambridge University Press, 2005. –
189 p.
5. First Certificate Gold. Practice exams. Part II. – Cambridge University Press, 2005. –
189 p.
6. Inside Out. Intermediate. – Macmillan Heinemann, 2001. – 160 p.
7. Inside Out. Upper-Intermediate. – Macmillan Heinemann, 2001. – 160 p.
8. Vocabulary Builder. Part I. – Longman, 1997. – 96 p.
9. Vocabulary Builder. Part II. – Longman, 1997. – 96 p.
10. Кобылянская А.Д. Практикум по лексике английского языка для студентов-
переводчиков. Часть 2. – Одесса: Латстар, 2000. – 92 с.
11. Матузкова Е.П. Практикум по лексике английского языка для студентов-
переводчиков. Часть 1. – Одесса: Латстар, 1999. – 68 с.
12. Палажченко П.Р. Несистематический словарь – 2005. – М.: Валент, 2005. – 248 с.
13. Черноватий Л.М., Карабан В.І. Практичний курс англійської мови. Частина 1. –
Вінниця: Нова Книга, 2005. – 432 с.
14. Longman Language Activator. – Longman, 2000. – 1697 p.
15. Oxford Wordpower Dictionary. – Oxford University Press, 1998. – 750 p.
16. Великий англо-український словник / За редакцією М.В. Адамчика.- К.: Вища
школа, 1999.- 1597 с.
17. Новый большой англо-русский словарь в 3-х томах / Под общим руководством
Ю.Д.Апресяна.- М.: Русский язык, 2001.
101
ЗМІСТ
Передмова 4
Parts of the Face 6
Seeing and Sight 10
Arms and Hands 14
Ways of Touching and Holding 19
Ways of Moving 24
Age 29
At Home 33
Tools and their Uses 41
Farm Work 45
Materials 50
Cooking 55
Travelling by Air 60
Driving a Car 66
Sounds and Noises 70
Character and Emotions (I) 76
Character and Emotions (II) 80
Love and Marriage 85
Plants and Animals 90
Завдання для самостійної роботи 96
Список використаної літератури 105

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Parts of the Face

III. Translate into English:

Laura: Hey, Phil, how are you doing?

V. Paraphrase the following sentences using idioms from exercise III:

VI. Read the article and do some tasks:

recipe fast food eat out dish bill cookery books

XI. Translate into English:

Meaty and Fishy Language

III. Paraphrase the following sentences using idioms from exercise I:

III. Paraphrase the following sentences using idioms from exercise I:

III. Paraphrase the following sentences using idioms from exercise I:

III. Paraphrase the following sentences using idioms from exercise I:

1. English Vocabulary in use. Pre-Intermediate. – Cambridge University Press, 1994. – 296

Parts of the Face 6

Seeing and Sight 10

Arms and Hands 14

Ways of Touching and Holding 19

Tools and their Uses 41

Sounds and Noises 70

Character and Emotions (I) 76

Character and Emotions (II) 80

Love and Marriage 85

Plants and Animals 90

Завдання для самостійної роботи 96

Список використаної літератури 105

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