M Sol Ch-13 Mathematical Reasoning

Chapter 13
Mathematical Reasoning
1. Answer (2) 6. Answer (3)
~(p l ~ q)
p q ~q p l (~q) ~[p l (~q)] plq
T T F F T T p q ~q p l ~q ~ (p l ~q)
T F T T F F F F T F T
F T F T F F F T F T F
F F T F T T T F T T F
T T F F T
? Statement (1) is true and statement (2) is false.
2. Answer (3) Clearly equivalent to p l q
A B A B A ( A B) ( A B) A ( A B) ( s ( r s ))
T T T T T T = s (r s )
T F T T F T
= (s r ) (s s )
F T T F F F
= sr
F F F F F F
8. Answer (2)
(3) and (4) are not tautology according to above table.
( p q ) q ( p q )
A B AoB A (A o B) A ( A o B ) o B B o ( A ( A o B ))
T T T T T T = ( p q ) ( q q ) ( p q )
T F F F T T
F T T F T F = ( p q ) t ( p q )
F F T F T T
= ( p q) (p q )
A ( A o B ) o B is tautology according to above
= ( p q p) ( p q q )
table
= t (p q)
4. Answer (4)
= pq
5. Answer (2)
9. Answer (4)
p q ~ p ~ q a = (p o q) b = (~ q o ~ p)
p q p o q (~p o q) (~p o q) o q (p o q) o [(~p o q) o q]
T T F F T T
T T T T T T
T F F T F F T F F T F T
F T T T T T
F T T F T T
F F T F T T
F F T T T T (a tautology)
a l b (p ~ q) (~ p q) 10. Answer (1)

T F ( p q ) ( p q )
T F
T F By property, ( p q ) ( p q )
T F = ~p
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ARCHIVE - JEE (Main) MATHEMATICS

Check by options Contrapositive of “If A then B” is “If ~B then ~A”
(1) (p q) (~p q) = (~p q) Hence contrapositive of “If two numbers are not
equal, then their squares are not equal” is “If
(2) (p q) (~p q) = q squares of two numbers are equal, then the two
(3) (p q) (~p q) = F numbers are equal”.
(4) (p q) (~p q) = p q 16. Answer (2)
12. Answer (1) ( p q ) ( pv q ) ( p q )

[~ (~ p q) (p r)] (~ q r)
{ ( p q ) ( p q )
= [(p ~ q) (p r)] (~ q r)
= [(p ~ q) (~ q r)] [(p r) (~ q r)] { ( p q ) p ( p q ) q
= [p ~ q r] [p r ~ q]
{ p p ( q p) q
= (p ~ q ) r
= (p r) ~ q { ( p q ) q { ( p q )
P is True ~ (~ p o q) { ~ (p q) { ~ p ~ q
Q is False 18. Answer (4)
R is True S: “If you are born in India, then you are a citizen
(1) (~ P) (~ Q R) { F (T T) { F T F of India.”
(2) (~ P) (Q R) { F (F T) { F F F Contrapositive of p o q is ~q o ~p
(3) P (~Q R) { T (T T) { T T T So contrapositive of statement S will be :
(4) (P Q) (~R) { (T F) (F) {F F = F “If you are not a citizen of India, then you are not
born in India.”
14. Answer (2)
19. Answer (3)
q is false
By help of truth table :
[(p q) l r] is true
p q ~q pv~q ~p p~q pvq po pvq pq (pq )op ~pvq
As (p q) is false
T T F T F F T T T T T
[False l r] is true
T F T T F T T T F T F
Hence r is false F T F F T F T T F T T
Option (1): says p r, As r is false F F T T T F F T F T T
Hence (p r) can either be true or false

p q o ~ p vq pvq o pv ~ q
Option (2): says (p r) o (p r)
T T
(p r) is false T T
As F o T is true and T F
F o F is also true T T
Hence it is a tautology
20. Answer (1)
Option (3): (p r) o (p r)
~(p (~p q)) = ~(~p q) ~p
i.e. (p r) o F
= (~q p) ~p
It can either be true or false
= ~p (p ~q)
Option (4): (p r), As r is false = (~q ~p) (p ~p)
Hence (p r) is false = (~p ~q)
MATHEMATICS ARCHIVE - JEE (Main)

For p o q r to be F ' poq{q~P
r must be F & p o q must be F ? Checking option 3 ~ (p a q) o (p q) is
For p o q to be F poT & qoF equivalent to
p, q, r { T, F, F (p q) (p ~q)
22. Answer (1) p T { T
(p q) (p ~ q) 29. Answer (1)
= p q p ~q Let p : 5 is an integer
= (p p) (q ~ q) q : 5 is irrational
=pT Given statement is (p q)
= T so first statement is tautology Negation of given statement will be ~(p q)
23. Answer (1) = ~p ~q
s (r s) 5 is not an integer and 5 is not irrational

{ (s r) (s s) 30. Answer (1)
{ (s r) (' (s s) is tautology)
p o ( p ~ q ) is false
{ (s r)
Hence its negation is s r Than p o T
24. Answer (2) ( p ~ q ) is false

P o ~q r is a fallacy So when P is true and p ~ q is false so there is
P is True and ~ q r is False only one possibility when q is also true.
P is True and ~ q is False and r is False So truth value of p and q will be TT.
Truth values of p, q, r are 31. Answer (4)
T, T, F respectively. Contrapositive of if P then Q is
25. Answer (3) if not Q then not P
~(p (~ q)) {' p q is same as ~p q} ? If I will not catch the train then I do not reach
the station in time
{ ~((~p) (~ q))
32. Answer (1)
{ p q
Truth table
26. Answer (4)
P q ~p p q (~p) (p q) (~p) (p q) q
(~p q) (~q ~p)
T T F T F T
{ ~p (q ~q) T F F T F T
As q ~q is a fallacy F T T T T T
{ ~p F F T F F T
? ~p (p q) o q be a tautology
27. Answer (4)
33. Answer (4)
P P
P Q PQ PQ (PQ) (PQ) PoQ Qo(P p q p ~(p ~q) ~p q
(PoQ)) T T T T
T T T T T T T T T T T F F F
T F T F T T F F T T
F T T T
F T T F T F T F T F
F F T T
F F F F F F T F T T
? Hence P (P o Q) o Q is a tautology. ? p o~(p ~q) is equivalent to ~p q

(p q) o (~q r) Contrapositive statement will be
= ~(p q) (~q r) “For an integer n, if n is not odd then n3 – 1 is not
= (~p ~q) (~q r) even”.
= (~p ~q r) OR
' ~p ~q r is false, then “For an integer n, if n is even then n3 – 1 is odd.
~p, ~q and r all three must be false. 41. Answer (3)
p is true, q is true and r is false.
(1) A (A B) = A
35. Answer (4)
(2) ' A (A o B) = A (a A B) = A B
p q ~p ~q q p p ~q (S1) ~p q (S2 ) So, B o (A B) = a B (A B) = a B A
T T F F T F F F F
(3) (A (A o B)) o B = (A B) o B = a (A
T F F T T T T T T
B) B = a A a B B (Tautology)
F T T F T T T T F
(4) A (A B) = A
F F T T F F T F F
42. Answer (1)
not not
tautology fallacy Truth table for required statements
? Both (S1) and (S2) are incorrect.

( q ((p q)
( q) (p q)
36. Answer (2) p q p q poq
(p o q)
(p o q)) pq
p
p)
o p oq
Contrapositive statement will be T T F F T F T T F T
“ If a function is not continuous at ‘a’, then it is not T F

F T
F
T
T
F
F
T
F
F
T
T
T
T T
F T
T
differentiable at ‘a’. F F T T T T T (a) is tautology F F T (b) is tautology
37. Answer (2)

43. Answer (4)
p : x l ay (x o a y ) (a y o x )
( a x a y ) (y x ) ~ ~p pq = p ~ (p q)
a(x y ) (x y ) = p (~ p ~ q)
Negation of p is a p (x y ) a (x y )
= (p ~ p) (p ~ q)
(x y ) ( a x a y )
= p ~ q
38. Answer (1)
44. Answer (4)
(p o (q o p)) o (p o (p q)) is
B o A = ~B A
By truth table
Also A o (B o A) = A o (~B A) = ~ A (~B
p q pq po (p q) qo p po (q o p) (po (q o p))
o (p o ( p q))
A)
T T T T T T T =~A ~B A=~AA ~B = t ~B = t
T F T T T T T A o (A B)
F T T T F T T
F F F T T T T
= ~ A (A B)
= (~ A A) B
So it is tautology.
= t B = t
39. Answer (4)
45. Answer (3)
a p a pq
Contrapositive of A o B is ~B o ~A
= a p p a q ? Contrapositive of the given statement will be
~(you will earn money) o ~(you will work)
= a pp a p aq
i.e., if you will not earn money, you will not
= ap aq work
p q q * ( p) is a tautology
A
B
? p q and q* ( p) have same truth value
for all logical possibility
? q * ( p) { p q
C
And therefore, p* q { q p
A ~B
49. Answer (1)
' p o q = ~p q
(p q) o (p o q) = ~(p q) (p o q)
= (~p ~ q) (~p q)
= ~p q ~q is a tautology.
50. Answer (3)
~C (AB ) P o Q ~ Q o ~P
~ P Q ~ Q o ~P
~ P ~ Q C o ~P
~ P ~ Q o ~P
~ ~ P ~ Q ~P
~A P Q ~P
P ~ P Q
t Q
= t (tautology)
51. Answer (2)
B o~ A ~ B ~ A ' p q is ~ p q
? (p ~ q) (q ~p)
= ~ (p ~ q) (q ~ p)
= (~ p q) (~ p q)

= F2 =~pq
=pq
52. Answer (3)
A B ~B ~A = ~(A B)
' 3 + 3 = 7 is false and 4 + 3 = 8 is false
F2 is a tautology
47. Answer (1) then statement (A) is true
' p o q = ~ p q For (B) 5 + 3 = 8 is true and earth is flat is false.

so (p q) o (p o q) = ~ (p q) (p o q) Then statement (B) is false
= (~ p ~ q) (~ p q) For (C) if A and B are true then 5 + 6 = 17 is false,
=~pq~q then (C) is true.
is a tautology ? (A) and (C) are true and (B) is false.

1. (ap o q) (aq op){(p q) (q p) Statement : For all M > 0, there exists xS such
that x t M.
{p q { T
Negation : There exist M > 0, such that x t M for
2. (ap q) (q p){a(p aq) (p q) {T all xS.
3. (aq p) (q p){a(ap q) (p q) {T 58. Answer (3)

' ((p q) (q o r) (~r)) o (p q) is false
4. (ap aq) (q p){a(p q) (p q) {T
(p q) (q o r) (~r) is true and (p q) is
54. Answer (1) false
Making truth table, we get (p q) is true, (q o r) is true, (~r) is true and
(p q) is false
r is false and exactly one out of p and q is
p q p q ~ p q ~ p (p q) (q ~ p) false
T T T F F F ' q o r is true and r is false, so q is also false
T F F F T F hence p must be true.
F T T T T T 59. Answer (3)
F F T T T T For S1 and S2
? (p q) (q ~p) is equivalent to ~p (p o q)

(p q)
p q p q poq qop § q · p ~ q (~ p q)
¨ ¸ (~ p q)
55. Answer (2) ©o p¹
Consider the statements, T T F F T T T F T F

m : match will be played T F F T F T T T F F
F T T F T T T F T F
w : weather is good F F T T T F T F T F
g : ground is not wet tautology S1 fallacy S2
' p : m l (w g) In Venn diagram it will be

? Hence both S1 and S2 are true
represented by [m '(w g)]c
60. Answer (4)
m w m w p q r poq qor p p ( p o q ) p (p o q )
(p o q ) (q o r) (q o r) o r
T T T T T T T T
T T F T F T F T
g g T F T F T F F T
p ~p T F F F T F F T
F T T T T F F T
So ~p : m (~w ~g) also ~p : (w g) F T F T F F F T
(~m) F F T T T F F T
F F F T T F F T
~p : match will be played and weather is not
good or ground is wet.
Clearly it is a tautology
56. Answer (2)
61. Answer (1)
(P Q) (~P) o Q
= ~(P Q) P Q p q
p q r q p
= ~(P Q) (P Q) It is a tautology.
Only option (2) is a tautology because r
~(P o Q) = ~(~P Q) = P ~Q This is equivalent to (p q) (r q)

62. Answer (4) When ' is same as

(p * ~q) (p q)
Then (p q) (p ~ q) (~ p q)
= ~ (p * ~q) (p q)
= (~ p q) (p q) p q is true when p and q have same truth values,
=T then p ~ q and ~p q both are false. Hence x
= cannot be a tautology.
and * = ~ = So finally x can be or .
63 Answer (2)
66. Answer (2)
~(p r) (q r)
' given statement is
= (p r) ~(q r)
(A C) o B
p q
Then its negation is
~ {(A C) o B}
or ~ {~ (A C) B}
r
? (A C) (~ B)
? p ~q ~r
or (~ B) (A C)
64. Answer (3)
67. Answer (3)
p ~q = ~(~p q)
= ~(p o q) Given p o (~ p q) is false
65. Answer (2)
~ p q is false and p is true
Let x : ( p'q ) ( p' ~ q ) (~ p'q ) Now p = True.
Case-I ~ Tq = F
When ' is same as F q = F q is false
Then ( p' ~ q ) (~ p'q ) becomes P1 : ~ (T o ~ F) { ~ (T o T) { False.
P2 : (T ~ F) (~ T F) { (T T) { (F F)
( p ~ q ) (~ p q ) which is always true, so x
becomes a tautology. { T F { False
Case-II 68. Answer (3)
When ' is same as Let S : ((~ q) p) ((~ p) q)

S : ~ ((~ q) p) ((~ p) q)
Then ( p q ) ( p ~ q ) (~ p q )
S : (q (~ p)) ((~ p) q)
If p q is T, then (p ~ q) (~ p q) is F S : (~ p) q
so x cannot be a tautology. S:pq

So, negation of S will be ~ (p q)
Case-III
69. Answer (1)
When ' is same as
Case-I
Then (p ~ q) (~ p q) is same at (~ p ~ q)
If is same as
(p q), which is always true, so x becomes a
tautology. Then (p q) ((p ' q) r) is equivalent to ~ (p q)
((p ' q) r) is equivalent to (~ (p q) (p ' q))
Case-IV
(~ (p q) r)
Which cannot be a tautology In remaining 3 compound propositions, two contain

For both ' (i.e. or ) p and the third contains ~r. So if we assign p and r
Case-II as true and false respectively, these 3 propositions

will also be true.
If is same as
Hence maximum number of propositions that can
Then (p q) ((p ' q) r) is equivalent to
be true are 9.
~(p q) (p ' q) r which can be a tautology if '
75. Answer (3)
is also same as .
Hence both ' and are same as . pq q
Now (p q) ' r is equivalent to (p q r).
~ pq q
70. Answer (3)
~ p ~ q q
Clearly r must be equal to ~ p
' ~p~p=~p ~ pq ~qq
and (p q) ~ p = p ~ p q T
? ~ p p = tautology. ~ pq
71. Answer (4) Now p q ' ~ p q
Making truth table
p q ~ p pq ~ pq pq ' ~ pq
p q p q ~ p q (~ ( p q )) q pq poq p o (p q)
T T F T T T
T T T F T T T T
T F F T T T F T T F F F F T
F T F T T T T T F T T F T T
F F F T T F T T F F T F T T
Tautology Tautology
? '=
? (~ ( p q )) q { p o ( p q )
76. Answer (3)
72. Answer (3)
p q (~ r p)
' ((~ q) p) (p (~ p))
{ ~ (p q) (~ r p)
= (~ q p) t (t is tautology)
{ (~ p ~ q) (p ~ r)
{t
? option (3) is correct. { [(~ p p) (~ q p)] ~ r
73. Answer (3) { (~ q p) ~ r
S1: (~p q) (~ p r) Its negation is ~ p q r.
# (~ p q r) 77. Answer (4)

S2: ~p (q r)
Truth Table
Both are same
So, option (3) is incorrect.
74. Answer (9)
There are total 9 compound propositions, out of

which 6 contain ~s. So if we assign s as false, these
6 propositions will be true.

~ (p ~ q) q
, : ^, `
= (p q) q
Now for p q : p: ~ q is tautology
(1) () : (p q) (p ~q) not a tautology

(2) () : (p q) (p ~q)
= P T is tautology
(3) () : (p q) (p ~q)
? (~ ( p ~ q )) q is equivalent to (p q) p. = (p p) (q ~q) = p F not a
tautology (Fallasy)
79. Answer (3)
(4) () : (p q) (p ~q) not a tautology
The truth table
82. Answer (4)
p q ~p ~q pq p ~ q p q p ~ q
T T F F T F F p : Ramesh listens to music
T F F T F T F q : Ramesh is out of his village
F T T F F F T r : It is Sunday
F F T T F F T
s : It is Saturday
Clearly p q p ~ q { ~ p
p o q conveys the same p only if q
? r=q
Statement “Ramesh listens to music only if he is in
80. Answer (4) his village and it is Sunday or Saturday”
P ~ R o ~ R Q False p ((~ q) (r s))

X Y
83. Answer (2)
X o Y = False
(1) (p (~ r)) q
X Y XoY
~ (p ~ r) q
F F T
{ (~ p r) q
T T T
{ ~ p (r q)
F T T
T F F { p o (q r)
P ~ R = T and (~R ) Q = F { (p q) (p r)
P=T (3) p (q r)
~R = T R= F { ~ p (q r)
P = T, Q = F and R = F { (~ p q) (~ p r)
T Q = F
{ (p o q) (p o r)
Q = F
(4) (p ~ q) r
Now ~(R Q) o ~P
{ p (q r)
~(F F) o F
{ (p q) (p r)
F o F = False
84. Answer (4)

(p q) (p r) is equivalent to (p q) r
P : Ramu is intelligent
Q : Ramu is rich 86. Answer (4)
R : Ramu is not honest

p (q p)
Given statement, “Ramu is intelligent and honest if
and only if Ramu is not rich” ~ (p (q p))
= (P ~ R) ~ Q
{ p ~ (q p)
So, negation of the statement is
~ [(P ~ R) ~ Q] { p (q ~ p)
= ~ [{~ (P ~ R) ~ Q} {Q (P ~ R)}]
{ (p (q ~ p)) ((q ~ p) p))
= ((P ~ R) Q) (~ Q (~ P R))
85. Answer (4) { (~ p (q ~ p)) ((~ q p) p))
{ ((~ p q) ~ p) (~ q p)
{ ~ p (~ q p)
{ (~ p ~ q) (~ p p)
{ (~ p ~ q) c
{ (~ p ~ q)


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Chapter 13

a l b (p  ~ q)  (~ p  q) 10. Answer (1)

11. Answer (4) 15. Answer (1)

12. Answer (1) ( p  q )  ( pv  q )  (  p  q )

Hence (p  r) can either be true or false

21. Answer (1) 28. Answer (3)

22. Answer (1)  p T { T

(p  q) (p  ~ q) 29. Answer (1)

= p q  p ~q Let p : 5 is an integer

=pT Given statement is (p  q)

= T so first statement is tautology Negation of given statement will be ~(p  q)

23. Answer (1) = ~p  ~q

s  (r  s) 5 is not an integer and 5 is not irrational

24. Answer (2) ( p  ~ q ) is false

 Truth values of p, q, r are 31. Answer (4)

T, T, F respectively. Contrapositive of if P then Q is

25. Answer (3) if not Q then not P

? Hence P (P o Q) o Q is a tautology. ? p o~(p ~q) is equivalent to ~p q

34. Answer (4) 40. Answer (3)

? Both (S1) and (S2) are incorrect.

“ If a function is not continuous at ‘a’, then it is not T F

37. Answer (2)

46. Answer (4) 48. Answer (2)

' p o q = ~ p q For (B) 5 + 3 = 8 is true and earth is flat is false.

53. Answer (1) 57. Answer (3)

3. (aq  p)  (q p){a(ap  q) (p  q) {T 58. Answer (3)

? (p  q) (q  ~p) is equivalent to ~p (p o q)

Consider the statements, T T F F T T T F T F

' p : m l (w  g)  In Venn diagram it will be

So ~p : m  (~w  ~g) also ~p : (w  g)  F T F T F F F T

~(P o Q) = ~(~P  Q) = P  ~Q This is equivalent to (p  q)  (r  q)

62. Answer (4) When ' is same as 

When ' is same as  F  q = F  q is false

Then ( p' ~ q )  (~ p'q ) becomes P1 : ~ (T o ~ F) { ~ (T o T) { False.

Case-II 68. Answer (3)

When ' is same as  Let S : ((~ q)  p)  ((~ p)  q)

so x cannot be a tautology.  S:pq

Which cannot be a tautology In remaining 3 compound propositions, two contain

Case-II as true and false respectively, these 3 propositions

' ~p~p=~p ~ pq  ~qq

73. Answer (3) { (~ q  p)  ~ r

S1: (~p  q)  (~ p  r) Its negation is ~ p  q  r.

# (~ p  q  r) 77. Answer (4)

There are total 9 compound propositions, out of

78. Answer (4) 81. Answer (2)

(1) () : (p  q)  (p  ~q) not a tautology

P ~ R = T and (~R ) Q = F { (p  q)  (p  r)

84. Answer (4)

R : Ramu is not honest

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a l b (p ~ q) (~ p q) 10. Answer (1)

12. Answer (1) ( p q ) ( pv q ) ( p q )

Hence (p r) can either be true or false

22. Answer (1) p T { T

(p q) (p ~ q) 29. Answer (1)

= p q p ~q Let p : 5 is an integer

=pT Given statement is (p q)

= T so first statement is tautology Negation of given statement will be ~(p q)

23. Answer (1) = ~p ~q

s (r s) 5 is not an integer and 5 is not irrational

24. Answer (2) ( p ~ q ) is false

Truth values of p, q, r are 31. Answer (4)

? Hence P (P o Q) o Q is a tautology. ? p o~(p ~q) is equivalent to ~p q

' p o q = ~ p q For (B) 5 + 3 = 8 is true and earth is flat is false.

3. (aq p) (q p){a(ap q) (p q) {T 58. Answer (3)

? (p q) (q ~p) is equivalent to ~p (p o q)

' p : m l (w g) In Venn diagram it will be

So ~p : m (~w ~g) also ~p : (w g) F T F T F F F T

~(P o Q) = ~(~P Q) = P ~Q This is equivalent to (p q) (r q)

62. Answer (4) When ' is same as

When ' is same as F q = F q is false

Then ( p' ~ q ) (~ p'q ) becomes P1 : ~ (T o ~ F) { ~ (T o T) { False.

When ' is same as Let S : ((~ q) p) ((~ p) q)

so x cannot be a tautology. S:pq

' ~p~p=~p ~ pq ~qq

73. Answer (3) { (~ q p) ~ r

S1: (~p q) (~ p r) Its negation is ~ p q r.

# (~ p q r) 77. Answer (4)

(1) () : (p q) (p ~q) not a tautology

P ~ R = T and (~R ) Q = F { (p q) (p r)