1

CHAPTER 2
SPEAKING MATHEMATICALLY

EXERCISE SET 2.1

In each of 1-6, fill in the blanks using a variable or variables to rewrite the given statement.
1. Is there a real number whose square is -1?
a. Is there a real number x such that x2 = -1?
b. Does there exist x such that x2 = -1?
2. Is there an integer that has a remainder of 2 when it is divided by 5 and a remainder
of 3 when it is divided by 6?
a. Is there an integer n such that n has a remainder of 2?
b. Does there exist n such that if n is divided by 5 the remainder is 2 and if n is
divided by 6 the remainder is 3?
3. Given any two real numbers, there is a real number in between.
a. Given any two real numbers a and b, there is a real number c such that c is
greater than a but less than b.
b. For any two real numbers a and b, there is a real number c such that a < c
<b.
4. Given any real number, there is a real number that is greater.
a. Given any real number r, there is a real number s such that is s is greater
than r.
b. For any real number, there is a real number such that s > r.
5. The reciprocal of any positive real number is positive.
a. Given any positive real number r, the reciprocal of r is positive.
b. For any real number r, if r is positive, then reciprocal of r is positive.
c. If a real number r is positive, then reciprocal of r is positive.

6. The cube root of any negative real number is negative.

a. Given any negative real number s , the cube root of s is negative.
b. For any real number s , if s is negative, then the cube root of s is negative.
c. If a real number s is negative, then the cube root of s is negative.
7. Rewrite the following statements less formally, without using variables. Determine, as
best as you can, whether the statements are true of false.
a. There are real numbers u and v with the property that u + v < u – v.
 2

There are real numbers u and v with the property that the sum of u
and v is less than the difference of u and v. True.
b. There is a real number x such that x2 < x.
There is a real number x such that x square is less than x. True.
c. For all positive integers n, n2 ≥ n.
For all positive integers n, n square is greater than or equal n. True.
d. For all real numbers a and b, /a + b/ ≤ /a/ + /b/.
For all real number a and b, the absolute value of the sum of a and b
is less than or equal the sum of the absolute values of a and b. True.

In each of 8-13, fill in the blanks to rewrite the given statement.

8. For all objects J, if J is a square the J has four sides.
a. All squares have four sides.
b. Every square has four sides.
c. If an object is a square, then it has four sides.
d. If J is a square, then J has four sides.
e. For all squares J, J have four sides.
9. For all equations E, if E is quadratic then E has at most two real solutions.
a. All quadratic equations have the most two real solutions.
b. Every quadratic equation has at most two real solutions.
c. If an equation is quadratic, then it has at most two real solutions.
d. If E is a quadratic equation, then E has at most two real solutions.
e. For all quadratic equations E, E has at most two real solutions.
10. Every nonzero real number has a reciprocal.
a. All nonzero real numbers has a reciprocal.
b. For all nonzero real numbers r, there is a reciprocal for r.
c. For all nonzero real numbers r, there is a real number s such that s is a
reciprocal of r.
11. Every positive number has a positive square root.
a. All positive numbers have a positive square root.
b. For any positive number e, there is a positive square root for e.
 3

c. For all positive numbers e, there is a positive number r such that r is the
positive square root for e.
12. There is a real number whose product with every number leaves the number
unchanged.

a. Some real number has the property that its product with every number
leaves the number unchanged.
b. There is a real number r such that the product of r with every number leaves
the number unchanged.
c. There is a real number r with the property that for every real number s leaves
the number unchanged.
13. There is a real number whose product with every real number equals zero.

a. Some real number has the property that its product with every real number
equals zero.
b. There is a real number a such that the product of a with every real number is
zero.
c. There is a real number a with the property that for every real number b, ab = 0.

EXERCISE SET 2.2

1. Which of the following sets are equal?
A = {a, b, c, d} is equal to C = {d, b, a, c}
2. Write in words how to read each of the following out loud.

a. { x ϵ R+¿ l 0< x<1 ¿} Set of all x, where x is an element of positive real number
such that x is greater than zero and x is less than one.
b. { x ϵ R l x ≤ 0∨x ≥1} Set of all x, where x is an element of real number such
that x is less than or equal to zero or x is greater than or equal to one.
c. {n ϵ Z ln is a factor of 6 } Set of all n where n is an element of integer such
that n is a factor of six.

d. {n ϵ Z +¿l nis a factor of 6 ¿} Set of all n where n is an element of positive integer

such that n is a factor of six.
3. a. Is 4 = {4}? Yes.
b. How many elements are in the set {3, 4, 3, 5}?
The set has 3 elements which is the {3, 4, 5}.
c. How many elements are in the set {1,{1},{1,{1}}}?
The set {1,{1},{1},{1}}} contains 3 elements: 1 {1}, and {1}}} considered to be
an element of the outer set, as set are considered to be distinct object.
 4

4. a. 2ϵ {2}? Yes.

b. How many elements are in the set {2, 2, 2, 2}?

There is only 1 element that is 2, because an element cannot be repeated

more than once.
c. How many elements are in the set {0, {0}}?
There are 2 element set {0, {0}}: the 0 and the set containing only the
number 0.
d. Is {0} ϵ {{0}, {1}}?

Yes, {0} is an element of the set {{0}, {1}}. The set {{0}, {1}} contains two
elements: {0} and {1}, and {0} is one of those elements.
e. Is 0 ϵ {{0}, {1}}?

No, 0 is not an element of the set {{0}, {{1}. This set contains two elements,
which are the sets {0} and {1}, but it does not directly contain the number 0.
5. Which of the following sets are equal? A = D = C
A = { 0,1,2 }
B = { x ϵ R l−1 ≤ x <3 }

C = { x ϵ R l−1< x <3}

D = { x ϵ Z l−1< x <3 }

E = { x ϵ Z +¿l−1< x<3 ¿}

6. For each integer n, let Tn = {n,n2}. How many elements are in each of T 2, T-3, T1 and
T0? Justify your answers.
T2 = (n2, n4) there is 2 element
T-3 = (n-3, n-6) there is 2 element
T1 = (n, n2) there is 2 element
T0 = (n0, n0) = 0 there is one element
7. Use the set-roster notation to indicate the elements in each of the following sets.

a. S = {n ϵ Z ln=(−1) k, for some integer k}. S = 0, + 1, + 2, + 3

b. T = {m ∈ Z| m = 1 + (-1)i , for some integer i}. T = 1 - 1, 1 + 1, 1 - 1, 1 + 1

c. U = {r ∈ Z| 2 < r < -2} U = 2, 1, 0 , -1, -2

d. V = {s ∈ Z| s > 2 or s < 3} V = None

e. W = {t ∈ Z| 1 < t < -3} W = -2, -1, 0

 5

f. X = {u ∈ Z| u < 4 or u >1} X = 1, 2, 3, 4

8. Let A = {c, d, f, g}, B = {f, j}, and C = {d, g}. Answer each of the following questions.
Give reasons for your answers.
a. Is B ⊆ A? False, the element j is in B but not in A.

b. Is C ⊆ A? True, the element d and g is in A.

c. Is C ⊆ C? True, every element of C is in C. In general, the definition of

subject implies that all sets are subset of themselves.
d. Is C a proper subset of A? True, because all element of C is present in A.
9. a. Is 3∈ {1,2,3}? True

b. Is 1 ⊆ {1}? False

c. Is {2}∈ {1,2}? False

d. Is {3}∈ {1,{2}, {3}}? False

e. Is 1∈ {1}? True

f. Is {2}⊆ {1, {2}, {3}}? True

g. Is {1} ⊆ {1, 2}? True

h. Is {1} ∈ {{1}, 2}? True

i. Is {1} ⊆ {1, {2}}? True

j. Is {1} ⊆ {1}? True

10. a. Is ((-2)2, -22) = (-22 , (-2)2) ?

Yes,(( -2)2, -22) = (-22 , (-2)2) because (-2)2 = -22 and -22 = (-2)2.
b. Is (5, -5) = (-5, 5) ?
No, by definition of equal pair (5,-5) = (5,5) if, and only if, 5,-5 = -5,5.
c. Is (8 – 9, √
3
−1) = (-1, -1)
Yes, by definition of equal pair (8 – 9, √ 3
−1 = (-1, -1): 8-9= -1 which is equal
to "-1" and ∛(-1 if we simplify it, we get -1 = -1

d. Is ( −2
−4
, (−2 ) )=( , )?
3 3
6 −8

Yes, by definition of equality of order pairs ( −2

−4
, (−2 ) )=( , ) if, and only if
3 3
6 −8

(-2/-4) = 3/6 and (-2)3 = -8

11. Let A = {w, x, y, z} and B = {a, b}. Use the set-roster notation to write each of the
following sets, and indicate the number of elements that are in each set:
a. A x B = { (w, a), (x, a), (y, a), (z, a), (w, b), (x, b), (y, b), (z, b) }
b. B x A = { (a, w), (a, x), (a, y), (a, z), (b, w), (b, x), (b, y), (b, z) }
 6

c. A x A = { (w, w), (w, x), (w, y), (w, z), (x, w), (x, x), (x, y), (x, z), (y, w), (y, x), (y, y),
(y, z), (z, w), (z, x), (z, y), (z, z) }
d. B x B = { (a, a), (a, b), (b, a), (b, b) }
12. Let S = {2, 4, 6} and T = {1, 3, 5}. Use the set-roster notation to write each of the
following sets, and indicate the number of elements that are in each set:
a. S x T = { (2, 1), (4, 1), (6, 1), (2, 3), (4, 3), (6, 3), (2, 5), (4, 5), (6, 5) }
b. T x S = { (1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 6), (3, 2), (3, 4), (3, 6), (5, 2), (5, 4), (5, 6) }
c. S x S = { (2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (4, 2), (4, 4), (4, 6), (6, 2), (6, 4), (6, 6) }
d. T x T = { (1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 5), (3, 1), (3, 3), (3, 5), (5, 1), (5, 3), (5, 5) }

EXERCISE SET 2.3

1. Let A = {2, 3, 4} and B = {6, 8, 10} and define a relation R from A to B as follows:
For all (x, y) ∈ A x B ,
y
(x, y) ∈ R means that is an integer
x

6
a. Is 4R6? No, = 1.5 is not an integer.
4
8
Is 4R8? Yes, = 2 is an integer.
4
8
Is (3, 8) ∈R? No, = 2.67 is not an integer.
3
10
Is (2, 10) ∈ R ? Yes, = 5 is an integer.
2
b. Write S as set of ordered pairs.
S = { (2, 6), (2, 8),(2, 10),(3, 6),(4, 8) }
c. Write domain and co-domain of R.
Domain of R: {2, 3, 4}
Co- domain of R: {6, 8, 10}
d. Draw an arrow diagram for R.
X Y

2• •6
3• •8
4• • 10

2. Let C = D = {-3, -2, -1, 1, 2, 3} and define a relation S from C to D as follows:

For all (x, y) ∈ C x D ,
1 1
(x, y) ∈ S means that − is an integer.
x y
 7

1 1
a. Is 2S2? Yes, − = 0 is an integer.
2 2
1 1
Is -1S -1? Yes, − = 0 is an integer.
−1 −1
1 1
Is (2, 2) ∈ S? Yes, − = 0 is an integer.
2 2
1 1
Is (2, -2) ∈ S? Yes, − = 1 is an integer.
2 −2

b. Write S as a set of ordered pairs.

S = { (-3, -3), (-2, -2), (-2, 2), (-1, -1), (-1, 1), (1, -1), (2, -2), (2, 2), (3, 3) }
c. Write the domain and co-domain of S.
Domain of S: {-3, -2, -1, 1, 2, 3}
Co-domain of S: {-3, -2, -1, 1, 2, 3}
d. Draw an arrow diagram for S.
X Y

-3• •-3
-2• •-2
-1• •-1
1 • •1
2 • •2
3 • •3

3. Let E {1, 2, 3} and F = {-2, -1, 0} and define a relation T from E to F as follows:
For all (x, y) ∈ E x F,
x− y
(x, y) ∈ T means that is an integer.
3

x− y 3−1
a. Is 3T0 ? Yes, = = 1 is an integer.
3 3
x− y 1−(−1)
Is 1T (-1) ? No, = = 0.66 is not an integer.
3 3
x− y
Is (2, -1) ∈ T ? No, =2−1 ¿ ¿ = 0.33 is not an integer.
3 3
x− y 3−(−2)
Is (3, -2) ∈ T? No, = = 1.66 is not an integer.
3 3
b. Write T as a set of ordered pairs T = { (1, -2), (2, -1), (3, 0) }
c. Write the domain and co-domain of T.
Domain of T: {1, 2, 3}
Co-domain of T: {-2, -1, 0}
d. Draw an arrow diagram for T.
 8

X Y

1• •-2
2• •-1
3• •0

4. Let G {-2, 0, 2, } and H = {4, 6, 8} and define a relation V from G to H as follows:

For all (x, y) ∈ G x H ,
x− y
(x, y) ∈ V means that is an integer.
4

x− y 2−6
a. Is 2V6? Yes, = = -1 is an integer.
4 4
x− y −2−(−6)
Is (-2)V(-6) ? Yes, = = 1 is an integer.
4 4
x− y 0−6
Is (0, 6) ∈ V ? No, = = 1.5 is not an integer.
4 4
x− y 2−4
Is (2, 4) ∈ V ? No, = = 0.5 is not an integer.
4 4
b. Write V as a set of ordered pairs.
V = { (-2, 6), (0, 4), (0, 8), (2, 6) }
c. Write the domain and co-domain of V.
Domain of V: {-2, 0, 2}
Co-domain of V: {4, 6, 8}
d. Draw an arrow diagram for V.
X Y

-2 • •4
0• •6
2• •8

5. Define a relation S from R to R as follow: For all (x, y) ∈ R x R ,

(x, y) ∈ S means that x > y.

a. Is (2, 1) ∈ S ? Yes, 2 is greater than 1, so (2, 1) ∈ S .

Is (2, 2) ∈ S ? Yes, they are equal, therefore, (2, 2) ∈ S .
Is 2S3 ? No, 2 is not greater than 3, (2, 3) ∈ S .
Is (-1)S(-2) ? Yes, since -1 is greater than -2, (-1, -2) ∈ S .
b. Draw the graph S in the Cartesian plane.
 9

6. Define a relation R from R to R as follows: For all (x, y) ∈ R x R ,

(x, y) ∈ R means that y = x2

a. Is (2, 4) ∈R? Yes

Solution: y = x2 When x = 2, y equals 22, which is 4,
y = 22 so (2, 4) ∈ R .
y=4
Is (4, 2) ∈ R ? No
Solution: y = x2 When x = 4, y equals 16, not 2.
y = 42 Hence, (4, 2) ∈ R .
y = 16
Is (-3)R9? Yes
Solution: y = x2 When x = 3, y equals 9, which statistics the
y = (-3)2 relation R. Therefore, (-3, 9) ∈ R .
y=9
Is 9R(-3)? No
Solution: y = x2 When x = 9, y equals to 81, not -3.
y = 92 Therefore, (9, -3) ∈ R .
y = 81

b. Draw the graph of R in the Cartesian plane.

7. Let A = {4, 5, 6} and B = {5, 6, 7} and define relation R, S, and T from A as follow:
For all (x, y) ∈ A x B ,

(x, y) ∈R means that x > y

x− y
(x, y) ∈ S means that is an integer
2
T = {(4, 7), (6, 5), (6, 7)}.
a. Draw arrow diagrams for R, S, and T.
 10

Arrow diagram for R

X Y

4• •5
5• •6
6• •7

Arrow diagram for S

X Y

4• •5
5• •6
6• •7

Arrow diagram for T

X Y

4• •5
5• •6
6• •7

b. Indicate whether and of the relation R, S, and T are functions.

R – is not a function because it associated with 2 different elements in the
co-domain
S – is not a function because it associated with 2 different elements in the
co-domain
T – is not a function because it associated with 2 different elements in the
co-domain
8. let A = (2, 4) and B = (1, 3, 5) and define relation U, V, and W from A to B as follows:
For all (x, y) ∈ A x B,

(x, y) ∈ U means that y – x > 2.

x
(x, y) ∈ V means that y–1= .
2
W = {(2, 5), (4, 1), ( 2, 3)}.
 11

a. Draw arrow diagram for U, V, and W.

Arrow diagram for U

X Y

2• •1
4• •3
•5

Arrow diagram for V

X Y

2• •1
4• •3
•5

Arrow diagram for W

X Y

2• •1
4• •3
•5

b. Indicate whether and of the relations U, V, and W are functions.

U and V are not functions because some elements in A have more than one
corresponding element in B. W is a function because each element in A has
only one corresponding element in B.
9. a. Find all relation from {0, 1} to {1}.
There are 2^(1*2) = 4 relations from (0,1) to (1). They are:
- {}
- {(0,1)}
- {(1,1)}
- {(0,1), (1,1)}
b. Find all function from {0, 1} to {1}.
 12

There are infinitely many functions from (0,1) to (1). They are all of form f(x)
= c, where 0 < c ≤ 1.
c. What fraction of the relation from {0, 1} to {1} are functions?
Half of the relations from (0,1) to (1) are functions. This can be seen from
the fact that there are 2 possible outputs for each input, and only one of
them can be chosen for a function.

10. Find four relations from {a, b} to {x, y} that are not function from {a, b} to {x, y}.
- {(a, x), (a, y), (b, x), (b, y)}
- {(a, x), (b, y)}
- {(a, y), (b, x)}
- {(a, x), (b, x), (b, y)}
11. Define a relation P from R+ to R as follows: For all real numbers x and y with x > 0,
(x, y) ∈ P means that x = y2

Is P a function? Explain.
(x, y) ∈ P, x = y2

(4, 2) ∈ P and (4, -2) ∈ R

The element of domain (y) is mapped to two different elements of co-

domain, 2 and -2. Hence, P is not a function.
12. Define a relation T from R to R as follows: For all real numbers x and y,
(x, y) ∈ T means that y2 – x2 = 1.

Is T a function? Explain.
T is defined as y2 – x2 = 1, this can be factored as (y - x) (y + x) = 1, this
means that for a given value of x, there can be two possible values of y
(one positive and one negative) that satisfy the relation. Hence, T is not a
function.
13. Let A = {-1, 0, 1} and B = {t, u, v, w}. Define a function F: A → B by the following
arrow diagram:
` a
••
-1 • •,
0• • ,,
1• •″
 13

a. Write the domain and co-domain of F.

Domain of F: {-1, 0, 1}
Co-domain of F: {t, u, v, w}
b. Find F (-1), F (0), F (1).
F(-1) = u F(0) = w F(1) = u
14. Let C = {1, 2, 3, 4} and D = {a, b, c, d}. Define a function G: C → D by the following
arrow diagram:

1• •c
2• •£
3• •/
4• •¥

a. Write the domain and co-domain of G.

Domain of G: {1, 2, 3, 4}
Co-domain of G: {a, b, c, d}
b. Find G (1), G (2), G (3), and G (4).
G (1) = a G (2) = b G (3) = c G (4) = d
15. Let X = {2, 4, 5} and Y = {1, 2, 4, 6}. Which of the following arrow diagrams
determine functions from X to Y?
d.
X Y
•1
2• •2
4• •4
5• •6

16. Let f be the squaring function defined as f (x) = x2. Find f (-1), f (0), and f (12).

f (-1) = (-1)^2 = 1

f (0) = 0^2 = 0
 14

f (12) = 12^2 = 144

17. Let g be the successor function defined as g(n) = n + 1. Find g(-1000), g(0), and
g(999).
g (-1000) = - 9999
g (0) = 1
g (999) = 1000

18. Let h be the constant function defined as h(r) = 2.

Find h ( −125 ), h ( 01 ), and h ( 179 ).

h(
5 )
−12
=2

h( )=2
0
1

h( )=2
9
17
19. Define functions f and g from R to R by the following formulas: For all x ∈ R,
3
2 x +2 x
f (x) = 2x and g(x) = 2 .
x +1
Does f = g? Explain.
For functions f(x) and g(x) defined from R to R, it can substitute any real
number for x and execute the operations according to the stated formulas
to obtain the relevant output y. Therefore, f = g.
20. Define functions H and K from R to R by the following formulas: For all x ∈ R ,
H (x) = (x-2)2 and K (x) = (x-1)(x-3) + 1.
Does H = K ? Explain.
Yes, to determine if H (x) and K (x) are equal, we need to check if their
difference is zero for all x in R. After simplifying the difference H (x) – K (x),
we find that the result are 0. This means that H (x) and K (x) are equal for all
x in R. Therefore, H = K.

CHAPTER 2 TEST
 Fill in the blanks using a variable or variables to rewrite the given statement.
1. Is there a real number whose square root is –1?
 15

a. Is there a real number x such that x2 is -1?

b. Does there exist a real number x such that √ x=−1?
2. Give any real number, there is a real number that is lesser.
a. Give any real number r, there is a real number s such that s is greater than r.
b. For any real number r, there exist a real number s such that s < r.
 Fill in the blanks to rewrite the given statement.
3. For all real numbers x, if x is an integer then x is a rational number.
a. If a real number is an integer, then x is a rational number.
b. For all integers x, x is a real number.
c. If x is a rational number, then x is an integer.
d. All integers x are real number.
4. All real numbers have squares that are not equal to –1.
a. Every real number has square that is not equal to -1.
b. For all real numbers r, there is a square that is not equal to -1 for r.
c. For all real numbers r, there is a real number s such that the square of r is
not equal to -1.
5. There is a positive integer whose square is equal to itself.
a. Some real number has the property that its square is equal to itself.
b. There is a real number r such that the square of r is equal to r.
c. There is a real number r with the property that for every real number s is equal
to r satisfying s2 is equal to r.
6. a. Let A be the set containing all prime numbers less than 30. List down the elements
of A.
A = { 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29 }
b. Is {2, 2} = {2, {2}}?
No, {2, 2} is not equal to {2, {2}}.
c. How many elements are in the set {a, a, a, a,}?
The set have one element which is “a”.
7. Given that Z denotes the set of all integers and N the set of all natural numbers,
describe each of the following sets.
a. {x ∈ N | x < 10 and x is divisible by 3} {3, 6, 9}
Since x is in N, the set of natural numbers is less than or equal to 10 and is
divisible by 3. The possible value for x are 3,6, and 9.
 16

b. {x ∈ Z | x is prime, and x is divisible by 2} {2}

For x to be in Z, the set of integers be prime number and be divisible by 2,
the only possible number is 2 itself as it’s the only even prime number.
c. {x ⊆ Z | x2 = 4} {-2, 2}
To find all x which square is equal to 4, we know that both 2 and -2 when
squared, result in 4. Therefore, the set is {-2, 2}.

8. Let B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, C = {4, 8, 10}, and D = {x | x is even}. Answer the following
questions. Give reasons for your answers.
a. Is D ⊆ B? True
All elements of D consists even numbers. We can see that all the elements
of D are also present in B which also consists even numbers. Therefore, D
is a subset of B.
b. Is C ⊆ D? True
All element of C are in B. Hence, C is a proper subset of B.
c. Is C ⊆ B? True
All element of C which is 4, 8, 10 is in B.
d. Is B a proper subset of D? True
All element of B are in D, so B is a proper subset of D.

9. a. Is ((-1)2, 12) = (12, (-1)2)? Explain.

Yes, we can find that (-1) 2 = 1 and 12 = 1, so the left side equals to (1,1).
Similarly, 12 = 1 and (-1)2 = 1, so the right side also equals to (1, 1). Hence,
the two sets are equal.
b. Is (√ 16 , 14 )=( 4 , 123 )? Explain
1
Yes, we can find that √ 16 = 4 and
4
= 0.25, so the left side equals to (4,

3
0.25). Similarly, 4 = 4 and = 0.25, so the right side also equals to (4,
12
0.25). Hence, the two sets are equal.
c. Is (−22 , 0 ) =(−√ 16 , 0 )? Explain.
No, we can find that (-2)2 = 4 and 0 = 0, so the left side equals to (4.0).
Similarly, −√ 16 = - 4 and 0 = 0, so the right side equals to (-4, 0). Hence, the
two sets are not equal.

10. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {0, 1}. Use the set-roster notation to write each of the
following sets, ad indicate the number of elements that are in each set:
a. A x B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} 5
b. B x A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} 5
c. A x A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 10} 9
d. B x B = {0, 1} 2
 17

11. Let C = {0, 1, 2} and D = {2, 4, 6, 8} and define a relation R from A to B as follows:
For all (x, y) ∈ A x B,

y+ 2
(x, y) ∈ R means that is an integer.
x

a. Is 1 R 2? Yes
2+ 2
1R2= = 4 is an integer
1
Is 2 R 8? Yes
8+2 10
2R8= = = 5 is an integer
2 2
Is (1, 8) ∈ R? Yes
8+2
(1, 8) = = 10 is an integer
1
Is (2, 6) ∈ R? Yes
6+2 8
(2, 0) = = = 4 is an integer
2 2
b. Write R as a set of ordered pairs.
R = {(1, 2), (1,8), (2, 6), (2, 8)}
c. Write the domain and co-domain or R.
Domain of R: {0, 1, 2}
Co-domain of R: {2, 4, 6, 8}
d. Draw an arrow diagram for R.

X Y
•2
0• •4
1• •6
2• •8

12. Define a relation A from R to R as follows: For all (x, y) ∈ R x R, (x, y) ∈ A means
that x y
a. Is 57 A 53? False
Is (-17) A (-14)? True
Is (14, 14) ∈ A? False
Is (-35, 1) ∈ A? True
b. Draw the graph of A in the Cartesian plane.
 18

13. a. Find all relations from {a, b, c} to {u, v}.

a – u/v or (u, v)
b – u/v or (u, v)
c – u/v or (u, v)
b. Find all functions from {a, b, c} to {u, v}
a→u b→v c→u
a→u b→u c→u
a→v b→u c→v
a→v b→v c→v
a→u b→u c→v
a→u b→v c→v
a→v b→v c→u
a→v b→u c→v
c. What fraction of the relations from {a, b, c} to {u, v} are functions?
8 mainly is the difference and connection between function and
mapping A function of x cannot correspond to two Ys.

14. Let X = {a, b, c} and Y = {1, 2, 3, 4}. Define a function F from X to Y by the arrow
diagram below.
X f Y
●1
a●
●2
b●
●3
c●
●4

a. Write the domain and co-domain of F.

Domain of F: {a, b, c}
Co-domain of F: {1, 2, 3, 4}
b. Find F(a), F(b), and F(c).
F(a) = 2 F(b) = 4 F(c) = 3
c. Represent F as a set of ordered pairs.
F = {(a, 2), (b, 4), (c, 3)
15. Let A = (0, 1, 2, 3] and define functions F and G from A to A by the following
formulas: For all x ∈A, F(x) = (x + 4)2 and G(x) = (x2 + 3x+1).

Is F = G? Explain. No.
Solution:
 19

A = {0, 1, 2, 3}, F(x) = (x + 4)2 , G(x) = (x2 + 3x+1), x ∈A then

F (0) = 16, F (1) = 52 = 25, F (2) = 62 = 36, F (3) = 72 = 49, G (0) = 1, G (1)
= 1+3+1 = 5, G (2) = 4+6+1 = 11, G (3) = 9+9+1 = 19. Therefore, F is
not equal to G.