Formulas From Algebra Geometry and Trigonometry

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APPENDIX

FORMULAS FROM
A G IBRA
G OMETRY, AND
TRIGONOMETRY

Algebra
(a + b)2 = a2 + lab + b2.
{a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2fc + 3aZ?2 + b3.
Quadratic formula: If a # 0 the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are

— Aac
X=
Ta •
569

https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511818493.026 Published online by Cambridge University Press


570 FORMULAS FROM ALGEBRA, GEOMETRY, AND TRIGONOMETRY

Geometry
The slope or the straight line passing through points (xj, y,) and (x2, y2) with xx ^ x2
is

slope =
X2 -

*(x2,y2)

Equation of a straight line of slope m is


y = mx + by
where b is the y intercept (the value of v when x = 0).
A circle of radius r has circumference 27rr and area TIT2.
A sphere of radius r has surface area 4irr 2 and volume |irr 3 .

Trigonometry
If r is the distance from the origin to a point (x, y) and 0 is the polar coordinate
angle, then

cos 6 = jc/r, sin 6 = y/r, tan 6 = ylx.

x,y)

esc 6 = 1/sin 6, sec 6 = 1/cos 0, cot 0 = 1/tan 0.


sin2 0 + cos 2 0 = 1 .
sin(0 ± a) = sin 0 cos a ± cos 0 sin a,
cos(0 ± a) = cos 0 cos a + sin 0 sin a.
On a circular sector of radius r subtending an angle 0 (measured in radians) the arc length
of the circle is s = r0:

0(in radians) = 0(in degrees) — -


loO
180
0 (in degrees) = 0 (in radians) .
77

https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511818493.026 Published online by Cambridge University Press

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