ANALYSIS OF MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF DIFFERENT ROCK

SAMPLE IN KWALI AREA COUNCIL, ABUJA

BY

AUGUSTINE MARTHA

(18284043)

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS,

FACULTY OF SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF ABUJA, F.C.T

ABUJA, NIGERIA

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

AWARD OF

THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.Sc.) IN PHYSICS

2023

i
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this project report titled ” ANALYSIS OF MAGNETIC

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF DIFFERENT ROCK SAMPLE IN KWALI AREA

COUNCIL, ABUJA” was carried out by me and all sources of information are duly

acknowledge by means of reference.

……………………………… …………….....
AUGUSTINE MARTHA DATE
18284043

ii
 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this project report titled “ANALYSIS OF MAGNETIC

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF DIFFERENT ROCK SAMPLE IN KWALI AREA

COUNCIL, ABUJA” has been examined and approved for the reward of Bachelor

of Science (B. Sc.) Degree in Physics, University of Abuja, Nigeria.

……………………………….. ….…………………….
DR. ADEEKO TAJUDEEN OLUGBENGA DATE.
(Project Supervisor)

……………………………….. ………………………..
DR. GALA GEORGE NYAM DATE.
(Head of Department)

……………………………… …………………….
EXTERNAL EXAMINER. DATE.

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 DEDICATION
This project work is dedicated to Almighty God my creator, my pillar, my guide, my
source of inspiration, wisdom and understanding.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My most profound gratitude goes to Almighty God who has provided all that was
needed to complete this project and program for which it was undertaken for. There
was never lack or want throughout this entire study, He took care of everything that
would have stopped me in my tracks and strengthened me even in my most difficult
time.
My gratitude goes to my wonderful supervisor Dr. Adeeko Tajudeen Olugbenga,
thank you so much for everything that you have done. I feel I can’t appreciate you
enough but all I can do is to offer my gratitude and appreciation to you and all the
department lecturers for leadership.
To my beloved parents Late Mr. Augustine Onuh and Mrs. Felicia Augustine and also
my siblings for their love and support. I really appreciate and pray Almighty God
continue to provide and bless you all abundantly.
Finally, my appreciation goes to my lovely friends Akaneme Sarah, Egbo Victor,
Adebisi Similoluwa and others I couldn’t mention here for their support and care
throughout our stay in University of Abuja campus. I pray for God blessings and
protection as we go into the wide world.

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 ABSTRACT

In electromagnetism, the magnetic susceptibility is a measure of how strongly a

material is magnetized in an applied magnetic field. Over the years kwali area
council has been ignored which brought about unawareness of it magnetic rock that
provides insight into structure of material, bonding and energy levels. The magnetic
susceptibility of the area is determined using a magnetometer through a field work
survey and collection, identification, measurement and calculation of rocks samples
susceptibility. Noticeable variation of magnetic susceptibilities were discovered
among the rock sample as sandstone ranges from 0-1660, dolomite 0-75, basalt 20-
14500, gabbro 80-7200, granite 0-5000, gnesis 10-2000 and schist 25-240 and a
total average of 1130 cm. The susceptibility was low for sedimentary rocks
(Sandstone and Dolomite) and there was a clear trend that the metamorphic (Gneiss
and Schist) have more and the igneous rocks (Basalt, Gabbro and Granite) have the
highest susceptibility due to weather condition and mining activities.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page…………………………………………………………………………….i

Declaration ………………………………………………………………….…...…ii

Certification …………………………………………………………………….….iii

Dedication …………………………………………………………………….....…iv

Acknowledgement ……………………………………………………………….…v

Abtract…………………………………………………………………………..….vi

Table of Contents……………………………………………………………….....vii

List of plate ………………………………………………..…………………..…..ix

List of Table …………………………………………………………………….…x

CHAPTER ONE:INTRODUCTION
1.1BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ..........................................................................................1
1.2 APPLICATIONS OF ROCK MAGNETISM ......................................................................3
1.3 SCOPE OF RESEARCH ..............................................................................................................4
1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT ..........................................................................................................4
1.5 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY .......................................................................5
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

CHAPTER TWO:LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................6
2.2 RELATED LITERATURES .......................................................................................................6
2.3 THE EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD ....................................................................................10
2.4 FORMS OF ROCK MAGNETISM .......................................................................................10

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CHAPTER THREE:METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................14
3.2 LOCATION OF THE FIELD STUDY .................................................................................14
3.3 MATERIAL FOR THE STUDY .............................................................................................16
3.4 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................18

CHAPTER FOUR:RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 RESULT OF THE STUDY .......................................................................................................19
4.2 DATA REPRESENTATION ....................................................................................................20
4.3 DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................................................22

CHAPTER FIVE:CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................................23
5.2 RECOMMENDATION ...............................................................................................................23
REFERENCE ..........................................................................................................................................24

viii
 LIST OF PLATE

PLATE 3.1: LOCATION OF STUDY AREA………………………………...15

PLATE 3.2: COLLECTION OF ROCK SAMPLES……………………….….15

PLATE 3.3 MAGNETOMETER……………………………………...………16

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 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 4.1 ROCK SAMPLED DATA RESENTATION…………………...19

x
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In electromagnetism, the magnetic susceptibility Χ is a measure of how

strongly a material is magnetized in an applied magnetic field (Roger, 2005). It is the

ratio of the magnetization M (magnetic moment per unit volume) to the applied

magnetic field strength H (Roger, 2005). This allows me to easily classify the

response of most materials to an applied magnetic field into two categories. , Χ > 0,

called paramagnetism, or aligned with a magnetic field, called diamagnetism, Χ < 0.

(Roger, 2005).

Magnetic susceptibility indicates whether a material is attracted or repelled by

a magnetic field. Paramagnetic bodies align with the applied magnetic field and are

attracted to regions of stronger magnetic field. Diamagnetic materials are anti-aligned

and are pushed towards areas of lower magnetic field. In addition to the applied

magnetic field, the magnetization of the material adds its own magnetic field, thereby

concentrating magnetic field lines with paramagnetism or be excluded in

diamagnetism (Roger, 2005).

Quantitative measurements of magnetic susceptibility provide insight into the

structure of materials, revealing binding and energy levels (Tauxe, 2019). In addition,

1
it is widely used in pale magnetic studies and structural geology (Tauxe, 2019).

Usually this is dominated by the electron's magnetic moment. Electrons exist in all

matter, but in the absence of an external magnetic field, the magnetic moments of

electrons are usually paired or random, resulting in zero net magnetism (the exception

to this general case is ferromagnetism) (Pettrucci et al., 2007). The underlying reasons

why electron magnetic moments align or not align are very complex and cannot be

explained by classical physics (Pettrucci et al., 2007). However, a useful

simplification is to measure the magnetic susceptibility of the material and apply the

macroscopic form of Maxwell's equations (Pettrucci et al., 2007). This allows us to

make useful predictions in classical physics while avoiding the underlying quantum-

mechanical details. (Pettrucci et al., 2007).

Magnetic minerals in rocks can store records of the direction and strength of

magnetic fields that form. This record provides information about the past behavior

of the Earth's magnetic field and the past position of the tectonic plates. Records of

geomagnetic reversals preserved in sequences of volcanic and sedimentary rocks

(magnetic stratigraphy) provide timescales used as geochronological tools.

(Freeman, 2019). Geophysicists who specialize in paleomagnetism are called

paleomagnetologists.

Paleomagnetologists led the revival of the continental drift hypothesis and its

conversion to plate he tectonics (Schmeling, 2004). Apparent polar drift tracks

2
provided the first clear geophysical evidence of continental drift, but ocean magnetic

anomalies did the same for seafloor spreading (Schmeling, 2004). Paleomagnetism

data can be used to constrain the ancient positions and movements of continents and

continental fragments (terraines), thus extending the tectonic history of the plate he

further into the past.

1.2 APPLICATIONS OF ROCK MAGNETISM

Paleomagnetic evidence, both reversal and pole shift data, has helped test

theories of continental drift and plate tectonics in the 1960s and 1970s. Some

applications of paleomagnetic evidence to reconstruct the history of the terrain

continue to provoke controversy. Paleomagnetic evidence is also used to constrain the

possible ages of rocks and processes and to reconstruct the deformation history of

parts of the crust (McElhinny & McFadden, 2000).

Inverse magnetostratigraphy is commonly used to date sites containing fossils

and hominins (Herries et al., 2007). Conversely, for fossils of known age,

paleomagnetic data can determine the latitude at which the fossil originated. Such

paleoaltitudes provide information about the geological setting at the time of

deposition.

Paleomagnetic studies are combined with geochronological methods to

determine the absolute ages of rocks in which magnetic records are preserved. For

3
igneous rocks such as basalt, commonly used methods include potassium-argon and

argon-argon geochronology.

A New Zealand scientist has discovered that by examining the 700- to 800-

year-old steam his ovens and the hangi used by the Maori for cooking, they can

identify changes in the Earth's magnetic field in the past (Amos 2012).

1.3 SCOPE OF RESEARCH

The response of rocks to changing magnetic fields is a magnetic anomaly that

quantifies the magnetic susceptibility of rock formations (magnetostratigraphy).

These anomalies are indicative of Earth's magnetism, facilitating further research on

petrology, mineralogy, hydrocarbon prospecting, and environmental magnetism. This

study is an academic geophysical survey of rock magnetism and rock physics in the

Kwali region of Abuja, Federal Capital Territory (F.C.T.). This research includes

geological, petrological, and magnetic stratigraphic studies on the geomagnetic field

of the Kwali region.

1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Over the years kwali area council has been ignored which brought about the

unawareness of it magnetic rock which provides insight into structure of materials,

bonding and energy levels. Due to this it has not been used in geology for

paleomagnetic studies and structural geology.

4
1.5 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this survey is to determine the magnetic susceptibility of rock

samples in the Kwali area of the Abuja FCT. With the following objectives:

• Collect and identify different rock samples.

• Measurement and calculation of magnetic susceptibility of rock samples.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The composition of the Earth and its geomagnetic properties are many factors

of our planet due to its tectonic plates. Advanced geomagnetic research branches into

many research areas including paleomagnetism, biomagnetism, volcanology, and

magnetotaxis. Magnetism is also the main cause of continental drift, geomagnetic

reversal, and seafloor spreading.

Similarly, ambient magnetism has been well studied due to rock magnetism.

Environmental magnetism has been shown to be truly effective in impacting climate,

volcanism, sediment transport, and pollution.

Magnetic susceptibility indicates whether a material is attracted into or repelled

out of a magnetic field. Paramagnetic materials align with the applied field and are

attracted to regions of greater magnetic field. Diamagnetic materials are anti-aligned

and are pushed away, toward regions of lower magnetic fields.

5
 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Magnetic surveys are geophysical techniques for mapping anomalies in the

Earth's magnetic field caused by subsurface sources. Magnetics are often used in

combination with gravity as a cheap way to understand subsurface structures in the

early stages of exploration. The more you know about the subsoil, the more you can

refine your geological model. Magnetic prospecting applications include mineral

prospecting, pipe, buried objects and archaeological finds. Regional and detailed

magnetic surveys used for mineral exploration showed that results from the field

indicated the presence of various commodities such as iron, base metals, precious

metals, diamonds, molybdenum and titanium (Irving, 1956).

2.2 RELATED LITERATURES

Fajri and Putra (2019) said that the magnetic characteristics of the rocks have

different magnetic properties of each kind. If this rock experiences weathering, then

the rock material will be carried around the area such as the lake, through the wind,

the water is then sedimentated. These sediments can also come from dust from

volcanic eruptions (volcanic ash) where the magnetic properties that come from

surrounding rocks are different from the magnetic properties derived from dust from

6
volcanic eruptions. This study was used to determine the magnetic characteristics of

rocks around the Danau Diatas West Sumatra, which is one source of sediment. This

magnetic properties can be determined using rocks magnetism method that are

commonly used to determine the magnetic properties of a material nature.

Characteristics magnetics was determined through magnetic susceptibility test using

Bartington MS2B (Magnetic Susceptibility sensor B) dual frequency of 470 Hz and

4.7 kHz.

Frantisek et al., (2013) said that the magnetic susceptibility measured in

alternating field can in general be resolved into a component that is in-phase with the

applied field and a component that is out-of-phase. While in non-conductive

diamagnetic, paramagnetic and many ferromagnetic materials the phase is effectively

zero, in some ferromagnetic minerals, such as pyrrhotite, hematite, titanomagnetite or

small magnetically viscous grains of magnetite, it is clearly non-zero. The anisotropy

of out-of-phase susceptibility can then be used as a tool for the direct determination

of the magnetic subfabrics of the minerals with non-zero phase. The error in

determination of out-of-phase susceptibility non-linearly increases with decreasing

phase angle. This may result in imprecise determination of the out-of-phase

susceptibility in specimens with very low phase angle. The degree of out-of-phase

susceptibility is higher than that of in-of-phase susceptibility, which may in contrast

result in slightly increasing precision n the out-of-phase susceptibility determination.

7
It is highly recommended to inspect the results of the statistical tests of each specimen

and to exclude the specimens whose out-of-phase susceptibility is determined with

insufficient precision from further processing. In rocks, whose magnetism is

dominated by the mineral with non-zero out-of-phase susceptibility, the principal

directions of the out-of-phase susceptibility and in-of-phase susceptibility are

virtually coaxial, while the degree of out-of-phase susceptibility is higher than that of

in-of-phase susceptibility. In some specific cases, the out-of-phase susceptibility

provides us with similar data to those provided by anisotropies of low-field dependent

susceptibility and frequency-dependent susceptibility. The advantage of the out-of-

phase susceptibility compared to the other two anisotropies is its simultaneous

measurement with the in-of-phase susceptibility during one measuring process, while

the other two anisotropies require the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility

measurements in several fields or at least at two operating frequencies.

Zulaikah (2016) pointed out that in order to explain the origin and mechanism

of the sedimentation process in the Selorejo reservoir, we employ the anisotropy of

magnetic susceptibility (AMS) approach. In order to trace the pattern of

sedimentation in the horizontal portion, six sediment cores were conventionally

collected by coring and cut into sub samples. We are able to differentiate between the

source of the silt and the water inflow into the reservoir based on the average magnetic

susceptibility of each core. The data reveals that two inputs have a large difference of
8
around one order of magnitude. The horizontal section's averages layer-by-layer

eigen-values for the susceptibility are consistent, demonstrating consistency along the

vertical direction.

Gerhard Heij (2016), in his research indicate Magnetic susceptibility values

and high-field experiments suggest paramagnetic minerals (e.g. phyllosilicates,

ferroan carbonates) control the AMS signals. Microstructural observations suggest

the origin of sub-vertical fabrics in the Marcellus are caused by particulate flow and

brecciation. The Woodford shale shows near vertical fabrics associated with

pervasive mineralized fracture horizons. X- ray computed tomography (XRCT)

confirm the origin of these fabrics are largely controlled by these microstructures. A

high resolution AMS and hand-held `X-ray fluorescence (HHXRF) dataset from cores

in Wolfcamp Shale suggest strong compositional controls on AMS fabrics. High

anisotropy fabrics generally contain elevated K and Al, suggesting these fabrics are

controlled by clay minerals. A good correlation is observed between bulk

susceptibility and Fe/S ratio indicating that sulfides do not significantly control the

AMS fabric. Sub-vertical fabrics correspond to diagenetically altered facies showing

widespread chertification and dolimitization. XRCT scans show pervasive barite

filled fracture networks associated with sub vertical AMS signatures. These

mineralized fractures are interpreted to have displaced the precursor fabrics.

9
2.3 THE EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD

The Earth's magnetic field is dipole. That is, it has positive and negative

magnetic poles (Richard, 1998). Magnetic field lines run from the positive pole (South

Pole) to the negative pole (North Pole). The Earth's magnetic field induces magnetism

within the Earth's surface and dominates the rock magnetic field (Richard, 1998).

Rock magnetism is represented by the dimensionless magnetic susceptibility

(k). Magnetic susceptibility describes the ability of a rock to become magnetized and

varies with rock quality. Magnetic susceptibility is what we are trying to get from the

magnetic data. Ferromagnetism and remnant magnetization account for less than 1%

of the total magnetic field strength measured in magnetic susceptibility (Richard,

1998).

2.4 FORMS OF ROCK MAGNETISM

Paramagnetism

Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism in which some materials are weakly

attracted to an externally applied magnetic field, forming an internal induced

magnetic field in the direction of the applied field. In contrast to this behavior,

diamagnetic materials are repelled by a magnetic field, forming an induced magnetic

field in the opposite direction to the applied field (Miessler & Tarr, 2010).

10
 Paramagnetic substances include most chemical elements and some chemical

compounds. They are attracted to magnetic fields because they have a relative

permeability slightly above 1 (i.e. a small positive susceptibility) (Nave, 2008).

Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism is a property of all materials and always makes a small

contribution to the material's response to a magnetic field. A diamagnetic material is

repelled by a magnetic field. The applied magnetic field creates an induced magnetic

field in the opposite direction on them, creating a repulsive force.

Diamagnetism is a quantum mechanical effect that occurs in all materials. A

material is said to be diamagnetic if it is the only contribution to magnetism. The

permeability of a diamagnetic material is less than the permeability of a vacuum, μ0.

In most materials, diamagnetism is a weak effect that can only be detected by sensitive

experimental equipment, whereas superconductors completely repel magnetic fields

from within, thus acting as strong diamagnetism (Kustler, 2007).

Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism is the fundamental mechanism by which certain materials

(such as iron) form permanent magnets or are attracted to magnets. In physics,

different types of magnetism are distinguished. Ferromagnetism (with ferrimagnetism

acting similarly) is the strongest type and is responsible for the common magnetic
11
phenomenon of magnets encountered in everyday life (Cikazumi, 1997). A common

example of ferromagnetism is refrigerator magnets used to hold notes on refrigerator

doors. The attraction between magnets and ferromagnetic materials is the first

property of magnetism revealed to us in the ancient world and today (Bozorth, 1993).

Ferromagnetism is of great importance in industry and modern technology,

forming the basis of many electrical and electromechanical devices such as

electromagnets, electric motors, generators, transformers, and magnetic storage

devices such as tape recorders and hard drives doing iron material.

Ferrimagnetism

Ferrimagnetic materials are materials that have atomic populations with

opposite magnetic moments, such as antiferromagnetism. However, in ferrimagnetic

materials the opposing moments are unequal and spontaneous magnetization persists

(Spaldin, 2010). This happens when the population is made up of different substances

or ions (such as Fe2+ and Fe3+).

Ferrimagnetism indicates ferrite and magnetic garnet. Magnetite (iron oxide

(II, III); Fe3O4), the oldest known magnetic material, is ferrimagnetic. It was

originally classified as a ferromagnet before Néel's 1948 discovery of ferrimagnetism

and antiferromagnetism (Neel, 1948).

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Antiferromagnetism

In antiferromagnetic materials, the magnetic moments of atoms or molecules,

usually associated with the spins of electrons, are transformed into regular magnetic

moments in which adjacent spins (on different sub lattices) point in opposite

directions align in a pattern. This is a manifestation of ordered magnetism, similar to

ferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism.

In general, antiferromagnetic order can exist at sufficiently low temperatures,

but vanishes above the Neel temperature. It is named after Neel (1948), who first

identified this type of magnetic order. Above the Neel temperature, the material

usually becomes paramagnetic.

13
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Magnetic Susceptibility values are important in interpreting regional magnetic

anomalies and in crustal modeling. Magnetic data can be collected with both absolute

and relative magnetometers

3.2 LOCATION OF THE FIELD STUDY

Kwali is one of the major settlements in the Federal Capital Territory. It is located at

the intercept of latitudes 8⁰30' N and 8⁰55' N and longitudes 6⁰45' E and 7⁰05' E of the

equator and about 70km away from the federal capital city. The area covers a total of

1,700,400 square kilometers or 8,895 hectares, located at the centre of very fertile

agricultural area with abundant clay deposits. It is located along Kaduna - Lokoja road

opposite main market, Kwali has represented in plate 3.1 and 3.2 below.

14
 Legends

Sandstone

Dolomite

Basalt

Gabbro

Granite

Gneiss

Schist

Plate 3.1: Location of Study Area

Plate 3.2: Collection of rock samples.

15
The rock types include schist, gneiss and some older granite. The study area is high

grade metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Precambrian age. The area under study

is part of the basement complex of Nigeria considered by various worker which is

occupied by mainly hills and dissected terrain, while some rock outcrops are found in

various places around, some are concealed by a thin weathered layer. The granites

vary from medium to coarse grained types.

3.3 MATERIAL FOR THE STUDY

MAGNETOMETER

Magnetometer is an instrument for measuring the strength and sometimes the

direction of magnetic fields, including those on or near the Earth and in space.

Magnetometers are also used to calibrate electromagnets and permanent magnets and

to determine the magnetization of materials.

Plate 3.3: Magnetometer

16
The rock samples were analyzed using a magnetometer. Each sample was measured

one after the other and the measurement were done at the National Geoscience

Research Laboratory in Kaduna, Nigeria. In order to fulfill the requirement to be

stored in the National Geophysical Database, the samples must exceed 50g and

contain UTM co-ordinate. The practical work include compiling background data and

preparation of sample list, sample identification and sample preparation,

Identification of UTM co-ordinate from location map, laboratory measurement of

density and magnetic susceptibility.

FIELD STUDY

1. The field site were properly surveyed so as to ensure there are various types of

rock to sample.

2. Rock samples were collected randomly at different point on the site.

3. The rock samples collected were 7 in numbers, with each weighing 15 kg and

each one was matched with each other for correspondence and so as to sort out.

4. The seven rock samples are taken away from the site, so as to determine their

geological name and susceptibility values.

17
3.4 METHODOLOGY

THE MEASURING WEIGHT

After checking that the weight reads zero, the sample is then placed on top of the

weight, for dry-weight measurement saturated with water.

The sample is then put in the water container under the wet weight measurement.

VOLUME SUSCEPTIBILITY

Measurement where performed using a frequency oscillator and a frequency counter,

the susceptibility of a sample is calculated from the frequency difference between

empty coil and the inserted sample coil. The best suitable pick-up coil (92mm, 64mm

or 103mm) is selected depending on the size of the sample. A measurement of empty

coil is done after pick-up coil is selected.

ANISOTROPY OF MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY (AMS)

Since independent components must be determined to define the susceptibility

ellipsoid. AMS measures the shape, the preferred cryptographic orientation, preferred

particle orientation and preferred distribution of ferromagnetic and paramagnetic

grains. Analysis and interpretation of AMS data requires a detailed characterization

of the source of AMS.

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 CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 RESULT OF THE STUDY

Noticeable variations of magnetic susceptibilities were discovered among the

rock samples. The basalt, generally had the highest susceptibilities while the

dolomite, sandstone and schist had the lowest susceptibilities value as shown in the

table 4.1 below.

TABLE 4.1 ROCK SAMPLED DATA PRESENTATION

MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ROCK SAMPLE

CLASS OF ROCK MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY (x 106 cgs AVERAGE(cm
ROCK TYPE unit) )
Sedimentary Sandstone 0-1660 30
Sedimentary Dolomite 0-75 5
Igneous Basalt 20-14500 500
Igneous Gabbro 80-7200 250
Igneous Granite 0-5000 195
Metamorphic Gneiss 10-2000 130
Metamorphic Schist 25-240 20

19
 4.2 DATA REPRESENTATION

The results (upper value) and average value of magnetic susceptibility from the

field study, carried out at Kwali Area Council are represented in Figure 4.1 and

Figure 4.2 respectively.

16000

14000

12000
Magnetic Susceptibility

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
Sandstone Dolomite Basalt Gabbro Granite Gneiss Schist

Rock types

Figure 4.1: Upper value of magnetic susceptibility of rock samples

collected from Kwali Area Council.

20
 800

700

600
Average value of Magnetic Susceptibility

500

400

300

200

100

0
Sandstone Dolomite Basalt Gabbro Granite Gneiss Schist

Rock types

Figure 4.2: Average value of magnetic susceptibility of rock samples

collected from Kwali Area Council.

21
4.3 DISCUSSION

For dolomite which is a sedimentary rock, the minimum value obtained was

found to be 0 and the maximum value obtained was found to be 75 which make its

range of value to be from 0-75. Also, the range of value has been shown for

sandstone, schist, gneiss, granites, gabbro, and basalt respectively, indicating their

susceptibility value. Magnetometer was used to examine the susceptibilities of

selected samples, the results revealed noticeable variation among the samples.

Although the susceptibility was low for sedimentary rocks and there was a

clear trend that the metamorphic have more and the igneous rocks have the highest

susceptibility. Basalt has the highest susceptibility and follow by gabbro which has

magnetic susceptibility of 80-7200.

22
 CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION

Rock samples from kwali Area Council were duly collected and identified as

sandstone, dolomite, gabbro, granite, basalt, gnesis and schist and their magnetic

susceptibility were measured and calculated as follows sandstone ranges from 0-

1660 x 106, dolomite 0-75 x 106, basalt 20-14500 x 106, gabbro 80-7200 x 106,

granite 0-5000 x 106, gnesis 10-2000 x 106 and schist 25-240 x 106.

Notably, it was analyzed that basalt has the highest susceptibility value which

ranges from 20- 14500 x 106 and dolomite having the lowest susceptibility value

which ranges from 0-75 x 106.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

Due to the notable sensitivity of the magnetic susceptibility in the area, it is

recommended that further research and experimentation are carried out in the area

and also extensively as whole of Federal Capital Territory is concerned.

Additionally, Magnetometer availability should be improved so as to facilitate

accurate data publications. The measurement of magnetic susceptibilities of rocks

is therefore recommended in the area of specialization like geophysics, geology etc.

For the purpose of proper interpretation of magnetic anomaly.

23
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assistance of C.D. Graham, Jr (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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of-phase magnetic susceptibility of rocks as a tool for direct determination of

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Interirs, 16293-4): 199-216

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