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A Comprehensive Review of Engineering, Procurement, and Construction in

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Article in Journal of Management Studies and Development · December 2023

DOI: 10.56741/jmsd.v2i03.382

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 Journal of Management Studies and Development
Vol. 2, No. 03, pp. 202-225
journal.iistr.org/index.php/JMSD
DOI: 10.56741/jmsd.v2i03.382

A Comprehensive Review of Engineering,

Procurement, and Construction in Nigeria
1Samson Imoni, 2Orseer Ama, 3Ebenezer Ogırıma Akande, 4Victoria Hassana
Jiya, 4Collins Onuzulike, 4Terlumun Sesugh, 5Tiza Michael*
Corresponding Author: * [email protected]
1 Department of Monitoring and Evaluation, Tertiary Education Trust Fund, Nigeria
2 Procurement Officer, Federal Polytechnic Wannune, Nigeria
3 Bells University, Ota, Nigeria
4 Air Force Institute of Technology, Kaduna, Nigeria
5 University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history This study focuses on the challenges and prospects of

Received 26 June 2023 engineering procurement in Nigeria. The research examines
Revised 11 August 2022 the existing literature on engineering procurement practices,
Accepted 16 August 2022 identifies gaps in knowledge, and explores potential areas for
improvement. Through a comprehensive review, key
findings emerge, highlighting limited research specific to
engineering procurement in Nigeria and a lack of empirical
studies on project performance and outcomes. Moreover, the
literature review reveals a need for more research on
engineering procurement projects' socio-economic and
environmental impacts. The implications of these findings
underscore the need for targeted research, enhanced data
collection, and monitoring mechanisms to evaluate project
performance accurately. Additionally, the study emphasises
the importance of considering the broader socio-economic
and environmental implications for sustainable
development. Overall, this study serves as a foundation for
advancing the understanding of engineering procurement in
Nigeria and offers insights for policy-makers, researchers,
and practitioners in the field.

Keywords This is an open-access article under the CC–BY-SA license.

Engineering Procurement
Environmental Impacts
Project Performance
Socio-Economic Impacts
Sustainable Development
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Introduction

The literature review is essential in researching Engineering, Procurement, and

Construction in Nigeria as it provides a deep understanding of challenges and possibilities. It
identifies gaps, informs the study's direction, and shapes research goals. By analysing relevant
literature, researchers gain insights into complexities, trends, and influences on procurement.
This informs methodologies, objectives, and recommendations. The review also examines the
history, regulations, and stakeholders' perspectives, building on existing research to avoid
redundancy. It uncovers best practices from other regions, enabling context-specific strategies
to improve Nigeria's procurement. Addressing potential barriers creates a conducive
environment for successful procurement. Research objectives and questions guide the review's
scope and depth, ensuring alignment with the study's aim of comprehending Nigeria's
Engineering, Procurement, and Construction challenges and prospects.
Engineering, Procurement, and Construction in Nigeria refers to acquiring materials,
equipment, and services necessary for engineering projects [1]. It involves identifying,
selecting, sourcing, negotiating, and developing resources needed to support engineering
activities, such as construction, infrastructure development, oil and gas projects, power
generation, telecommunications, and other related industries [2]. In the Nigerian context,
Engineering, Procurement, and Construction encompass various activities, including procuring
engineering designs [3], construction materials, machinery, equipment, specialised services,
and skilled labour [4].
The research objectives and research questions guiding the literature review serve as
guiding principles for the scope and depth of the review. They provide a clear focus and
direction to ensure the assessment addresses the study’s objectives. The research objectives
were aligned with the overall aim of understanding the challenges and prospects of
engineering procurement in Nigeria.
Methodology

The methodology employed in this literature review centres on examining challenges

and prospects within Nigeria's Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC). The
research involves a comprehensive analysis of existing literature, aiming to identify gaps in
knowledge and potential areas for enhancement. Through an in-depth review process, notable
findings emerge, highlighting the scarcity of research specific to EPC practices in Nigeria,
particularly about empirical studies on project performance and outcomes. Moreover, the
review must include more research concerning EPC projects' socio-economic and
environmental impacts.

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These findings underscore the significance of undertaking focused research efforts,

improving data collection mechanisms, and establishing effective monitoring protocols for
precise project performance assessment. Furthermore, the study emphasises the importance
of encompassing broader socio-economic and environmental considerations for sustainable
development.
The research objectives and questions closely align with the literature review,
effectively setting the stage for future inquiries addressing the identified gaps and challenges.
By addressing these knowledge gaps, conducting empirical studies, nurturing collaborations,
and executing recommended strategies, Nigeria can elevate its EPC practices, encourage
sustainable development, and foster the success of infrastructure projects across the nation. In
its entirety, this study establishes a solid groundwork for advancing the comprehension of EPC
in Nigeria. It extends invaluable insights to policy-makers, researchers, and practitioners
within the domain, contributing to informed decision-making and enhanced practices that can
ultimately drive the progression of EPC endeavours in the country.
The Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) process involves several key
components and steps, as explained in Table 1.

Table 1. Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) Process Steps

Step Description Key Activities Ref.

1. Needs Assessment Feasibility studies, project scoping, defining requirements, [5]
specifying technical details, resource quantity, quality needs,
and timing.
2. Planning and Budgeting Accurate cost estimates, funding source identification, financial [6]
planning, risk assessment, procurement strategy development,
and setting project timelines.
3. Tendering and Bidding Preparing bid documents and evaluation criteria and assessing [7]
bids based on technical competence, pricing, and past
performance.
4. Contracting and Contract negotiations, discussing terms, conditions, pricing for [8]
Negotiation mutually beneficial agreements, and adhering to laws like the
Public Procurement Act.
5. Supplier/Contractor We choose suppliers/contractors based on project [9]
Selection requirements, technical expertise, financial stability, track
record, and transparent and fair selection processes.
6. Procurement Execution We are placing orders, contract management, tracking [9]
deliveries, coordinating logistics, monitoring, and quality
control.
7. Supplier/Contractor Continuous assessment using predefined key performance [10]
Performance Evaluation indicators, contract milestones, enabling improvement,
accountability, and guiding future decisions.

Practical Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) practices are crucial for
successful project execution and desired outcomes in Nigeria, contributing significantly in
various ways, as explained in Table 2.

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Table 2. Significance of Effective Procurement in Engineering Projects

Significance Description Ref.

Cost Control and Proper procurement practices help manage project costs, optimise budget [11]
Budget Efficiency allocation, and prevent cost overruns. By ensuring competitive pricing,
value for money, and efficient resource allocation, effective procurement
leads to cost-effective project delivery.
Timely Project Efficient procurement processes ensure the timely acquisition of materials, [12]
Completion equipment, and services, leading to projects being completed within
specified timelines. Delays in procurement can result in setbacks, increased
costs, and missed deadlines.
Quality Assurance Effective procurement ensures the availability of quality materials and the [12] [13]
involvement of reputable suppliers and contractors. This contributes to
delivering projects that meet or exceed standards, enhancing infrastructure
quality and durability in Nigeria.

Local Content Effective procurement practices encourage local participation by involving [13]
Development suppliers, contractors, and labour. This builds local capacity, creates jobs,
and fosters economic growth and sustainability.
Transparency and Transparent and accountable procurement processes mitigate corruption [13] [14]
Accountability risks, ensure fair competition, and enhance public trust. They create an
equitable platform for suppliers, contractors and efficient use of public
funds.
Stakeholder Effective procurement practices facilitate stakeholder collaboration, [14]
Engagement including government, project owners, contractors, suppliers, and
communities. Involving stakeholders aligns expectations, addresses
concerns, and ensures project success.
Sustainable EPC practices prioritising sustainability, such as considering environmental [14]
Development impact, social responsibility, and ethical sourcing, contribute to sustainable
development in Nigeria. This involves promoting eco-friendly materials,
supporting local communities, and complying with regulations.

Results

A. Historical Development and Evolution of Engineering, Procurement, and

Construction
The historical development of Engineering, Procurement, and Construction in Nigeria can
be traced back to the colonial era when foreign companies primarily executed infrastructure
projects. During this period, procurement processes were often biased towards the interests
of colonial powers, and local participation was limited [14][15]. Following Nigeria's
independence in 1960, the government recognised the need for infrastructure development
and established various institutions and agencies to oversee procurement activities. The
evolution of Engineering, Procurement, and Construction in Nigeria has been influenced by
economic, political, and social factors [15].
In the early years, procurement practices in Nigeria were characterised by centralised
decision-making, bureaucratic procedures, and limited transparency [15]. However, with the
introduction of democratic governance and the establishment of regulatory bodies, such as the
Bureau of Public Procurement (BPP), in 2007 [15], efforts have been made to reform and

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improve procurement processes [16]. Over time, Nigeria has witnessed the adoption of
international best practices in Engineering, Procurement, and Construction, such as
competitive bidding, value-for-money principles, and standard contract templates [16]. The
country has also embraced technological advancements, including implementing e-
procurement systems, to enhance efficiency, transparency, and accountability in procurement
processes [16].
B. Regulatory and Legal Frameworks Governing Engineering, Procurement, and
Construction
The regulatory and legal frameworks governing Engineering, Procurement, and
Construction in Nigeria provide the foundation for transparent, efficient, and accountable
procurement practices. Key legislation and regulations include:
• Public Procurement Act (PPA) 2007 establishes Nigeria's legal framework for public
procurement. It provides procurement processes, contract awards, transparency, and
dispute resolution guidelines. The PPA aims to promote competition, value for money,
and the participation of Nigerian companies in procurement activities
• State Laws and Regulations: In addition to federal legislation, individual states in
Nigeria have their procurement laws and regulations. These laws may provide specific
guidelines and procedures for Engineering, Procurement, and Construction activities
within their respective jurisdictions.
It is important to note that compliance with these legal and regulatory frameworks is
crucial to ensure fairness, transparency, and accountability in Engineering, Procurement, and
Construction processes in Nigeria.
C. Key Stakeholders Involved in the Procurement Process
The procurement process in Nigeria involves multiple stakeholders, each with specific
roles and responsibilities. These stakeholders may include:
• Government Agencies: Various government agencies are crucial in Engineering,
Procurement, and Construction. This includes the Federal Ministry of Works and
Housing, the Federal Ministry of Power, Works, and Housing, state ministries, and
parastatal organisations responsible for project implementation and procurement
oversight [17].
• Bureau of Public Procurement (BPP): The BPP is Nigeria's apex regulatory body for
public procurement. It is responsible for formulating policies, guidelines, and
regulations and providing oversight, capacity building, and support to procuring
entities. The BPP ensures compliance with procurement laws and regulations and
promotes transparency and efficiency in the procurement process (17).

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• Procuring Entities: These government agencies or departments are responsible for

initiating and implementing engineering projects. They identify project needs, prepare
bidding documents, evaluate bids, and award contracts. Procuring entities must adhere
to procurement regulations and ensure fairness, transparency, and value for money in
the procurement process [18].
• Contractors and Suppliers: Contractors and suppliers are critical stakeholders in
Engineering, Procurement, and Construction. They participate in the procurement
process by submitting bids or proposals for the supply of goods, provision of services,
or execution of construction works. These stakeholders play a critical role in project
execution and delivery, and their expertise, capabilities, and track record are essential
considerations in the selection process [18].
• Professional Bodies and Associations: Professional bodies and associations, such as the
Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE), the Council for the Regulation of Engineering in
Nigeria (COREN), and industry-specific associations, represent the interests of
engineers, architects, and other professionals involved in Engineering, Procurement,
and Construction. These bodies provide guidance, promote professional standards, and
advocate for the development and advancement of the engineering profession in
Nigeria.
• Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs): CSOs
and NGOs play a vital role in promoting transparency, accountability, and good
governance in Engineering, Procurement, and Construction. They monitor
procurement processes, advocate for transparency and fair competition, and raise
awareness about the importance of efficient and ethical procurement practices.
• Financial Institutions: Financial institutions like banks and development finance
institutions provide financing options for engineering projects. They may be involved
in assessing the financial viability of projects, offering project financing solutions, and
ensuring compliance with financial regulations.
• Local Communities and Beneficiaries: Local communities and beneficiaries of
engineering projects are important stakeholders in procurement processes. Their
input and engagement are essential to ensure that projects meet the needs of the local
population, address social and environmental concerns, and contribute to community
development [19].
Effective collaboration and coordination among these stakeholders are essential for
successful Engineering, Procurement, and Construction in Nigeria [19]. It requires clear
communication, transparency, and mutual trust to ensure that projects are delivered on time,

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within budget, and to the desired quality standards. Engaging stakeholders at various stages of
the procurement process can help identify potential challenges, address concerns, and foster a
sense of ownership and accountability for project outcomes [20].
In conclusion, understanding the historical development, regulatory frameworks, and key
stakeholders involved in Engineering, Procurement, and Construction in Nigeria is crucial for
promoting transparency, accountability, and efficiency in the procurement process. By
recognising the roles and responsibilities of each stakeholder, policymakers, practitioners, and
researchers can work together to address challenges, strengthen procurement practices, and
maximise the benefits of engineering projects for Nigeria's development. See Table 3 for the
critical stakeholders in the procurement process for engineering projects in Nigeria.

Table 3. Key Stakeholders in the Procurement Process for Engineering Projects

Stakeholder Role and Responsibilities Ref.

Government • Responsible for project implementation and procurement oversight. [17]
Agencies • Formulate policies, guidelines, and regulations.
• Ensure compliance with procurement laws and regulations.
• Promote transparency and efficiency.
Bureau of Public • Apex regulatory body for public procurement. [17]
Procurement • Formulate policies, guidelines, and regulations.
(BPP) • Provide oversight, capacity building, and support.
• Ensure compliance with procurement laws.
• Promote transparency.
Procuring • Initiate and implement engineering projects. [18]
Entities • Prepare bidding documents.
• Evaluate bids and award contracts.
• Adhere to procurement regulations.
• Ensure fairness, transparency, and value for money.
Contractors and • Participate in the procurement process by submitting bids or proposals. [18]
Suppliers • Supply goods, provide services, or execute construction works.
• Contribute to project execution and delivery.
• Expertise and capabilities.
Professional • Represent the interests of engineers, architects, and professionals.
Bodies and • Provide guidance and promote professional standards.
Associations • Advocate for the development and advancement of the engineering
profession.
CSOs and NGOs • Promote transparency, accountability, and good governance.
• Monitor procurement processes.
• Advocate for transparency and fair competition.
• Raise awareness about efficient and ethical procurement practices.
Financial • Provide financing options for engineering projects.
Institutions • Assess the financial viability of projects.
• Offer project financing solutions.
• Ensure compliance with financial regulations.
Local • Essential stakeholders to ensure projects meet local needs. [19]
Communities • Provide input and engagement.
and Beneficiaries • Address social and environmental concerns.
• Contribute to community development.

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D. Challenges in Engineering, Procurement, and Construction

1. Infrastructure Deficiencies and Their Impact on Procurement Processes
Infrastructure deficiencies significantly challenge Nigeria's Engineering, Procurement,
and Construction. Inadequate transportation networks, unreliable power supply, and
limited access to basic amenities can hinder procurement activities' efficient and timely
delivery [21]. The lack of well-maintained infrastructure makes transporting materials and
equipment to project sites difficult, resulting in delays and increased costs. It also limits the
availability of local suppliers and contractors, leading to a reliance on imported goods and
services, which further escalates project costs [21]. Additionally, more infrastructure is
needed to maintain the overall productivity and competitiveness of the Nigerian economy.
It hampers local industries' development and domestic suppliers' growth, increasing
dependency on foreign suppliers [22]. The limited availability of skilled labour and
specialised technical expertise further exacerbates Engineering, Procurement, and
Construction challenges. Addressing infrastructure deficiencies and investing in the
development of robust transportation networks, reliable power systems, and other
essential infrastructure is crucial to overcoming these challenges and improving
procurement processes in Nigeria.
2. Inadequate Legal and Regulatory Frameworks and Their Implications
The legal and regulatory frameworks governing Engineering, Procurement, and
Construction in Nigeria face several challenges that impact the effectiveness and efficiency
of procurement processes. Inconsistencies, gaps, and outdated legislation can create
ambiguity and hinder the implementation of transparent and standardised procurement
practices [22]. Furthermore, the interpretation and enforcement of procurement laws and
regulations may vary across different government agencies and levels, leading to
inconsistencies and potential opportunities for corruption. The lack of coordination and
harmonisation among relevant authorities can result in inefficiencies, delays, and increased
costs [23]. Inadequate legal and regulatory frameworks also contribute to the challenges of
bid-rigging, contract inflation, and non-compliance with procurement procedures. These
issues undermine fair competition, transparency, and accountability in Nigeria's
Engineering, Procurement, and Construction. To address these challenges, it is essential to
review and update existing legislation, establish clear guidelines and procedures, enhance
enforcement mechanisms, and promote harmonisation and coordination among
procurement authorities [23].

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3. Corruption and Lack of Transparency in Procurement Practices

Corruption and lack of transparency pose significant challenges to Nigeria's
Engineering, Procurement, and Construction. They undermine the integrity of the
procurement process, distort competition, and lead to the misallocation of resources.
Corruption can occur at various stages, including bid preparation, evaluation, contract
award, and project implementation [24]. Procurement-related corruption in Nigeria often
involves bribery, kickbacks, nepotism, and favouritism. These practices compromise the
quality of infrastructure projects, inflate costs, and undermine public trust. They also
discourage competent and reputable contractors and suppliers from participating in
procurement processes, limiting the pool of qualified bidders [24]. To address these
challenges, anti-corruption measures must be strengthened. This includes establishing
robust monitoring and oversight mechanisms, increased procurement process
transparency, and strict penalties for corrupt practices. Embracing technology, such as e-
procurement systems, can help improve transparency and reduce opportunities for
corruption in Engineering, Procurement, and Construction in Nigeria.
4. Limited Local Capacity and Capability in Engineering, Procurement, and Construction
Limited local capacity and capability challenges Nigeria's Engineering, Procurement,
and Construction. The country often relies on foreign contractors, suppliers, and
consultants to execute engineering projects, resulting in capital flight and limited local
economic benefits [25]. The country's lack of skilled labour, technical expertise, and
specialised equipment leads to a dependence on foreign expertise, which increases project
costs and limits the transfer of knowledge and skills to local professionals [25]. This
dependence also hampers the development of local industries and the growth of domestic
suppliers. To overcome these challenges, efforts should focus on building and strengthening
local capacity and capability in Engineering, Procurement, and Construction. This includes
investing in technical education and vocational training programs, promoting collaboration
between academic institutions and industry, and supporting initiatives that enhance the
skills of local professionals. Encouraging the participation of local contractors and suppliers
in procurement processes and providing them with opportunities to gain experience and
build their capacity is also crucial [26].
5. Funding and Financial Constraints Faced in Procurement
Funding and financial constraints are significant challenges in Nigeria's Engineering,
Procurement, and Construction. There need to be more budget allocations, delays in fund
disbursement, and limited access to affordable financing options can impede the
implementation of procurement activities and hinder project execution [26][27].
Inadequate funding leads to project delays, cost overruns, and compromises on project

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quality. It also affects the ability to attract qualified contractors and suppliers, who may
hesitate to participate in projects with certainty or insufficient funding. Moreover, limited
access to affordable financing options, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises
(SMEs), further exacerbates the challenges. SMEs, vital in promoting local content and
economic development, often need help accessing capital and securing financing for project
implementation [27]. Addressing funding and financial constraints requires increased
investment in infrastructure development, improved budget planning and execution, and
exploring innovative financing mechanisms. Public-private partnerships (PPPs),
development finance institutions, and initiatives that facilitate access to affordable
financing for SMEs can help address these challenges and support the successful
implementation of Engineering, Procurement, and Construction projects.
6. Political and Bureaucratic Challenges Influencing Procurement Outcomes
Political and bureaucratic challenges significantly impact procurement outcomes in
Nigeria. These challenges include political interference, undue influence, bureaucratic red
tape, and inefficiencies in decision-making processes [27]; political interference in
procurement processes can lead to biased decision-making, favouritism, and the awarding
of contracts based on political considerations rather than merit. This undermines fair
competition, transparency, and accountability and results in selecting contractors and
suppliers who may need the qualifications or experience [28]. Bureaucratic challenges, such
as complex and lengthy approval processes, excessive paperwork, and cumbersome
procedures, contribute to delays and inefficiencies in procurement activities. These
challenges increase project costs, deter potential bidders, and hinder the timely execution
of projects [29]. Addressing political and bureaucratic challenges requires political will,
institutional reforms, and establishing clear lines of authority and accountability.
Strengthening governance structures, streamlining approval processes, and promoting
transparency and merit-based decision-making is crucial to improving procurement
outcomes in Nigeria [29].

In conclusion, Nigeria's Engineering, Procurement, and Construction challenges are

multifaceted and require comprehensive and strategic interventions. Overcoming these
challenges necessitates addressing infrastructure deficiencies, enhancing legal and regulatory
frameworks, combating corruption, building local capacity, addressing funding constraints,
and tackling political and bureaucratic obstacles. By addressing these challenges, Nigeria can
foster an environment conducive to efficient, transparent, and accountable procurement
practices, ultimately leading to the successful execution of engineering projects and promoting

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sustainable development. See Table 4 for a summary of Nigeria's engineering, procurement,

and construction challenges.

Table 4. Challenges in Engineering, Procurement, and Construction

Challenge Description and Implications Ref.

Infrastructure • Inadequate transportation, power supply, and basic amenities. - [21][22]
Deficiencies Delays, increased costs, and reliance on imported goods and
services.
• Limits local suppliers and contractors. – Hamper’s economic
growth.
Inadequate Legal and • Inconsistencies, gaps, and outdated legislation. [22][23]
Regulatory • Ambiguity and non-standardized practices.
Frameworks • Variability in interpretation and enforcement.
• Inefficiencies and potential corruption opportunities.
Corruption and Lack of • Undermines integrity of the procurement process. [24]
Transparency • Distorts competition and misallocates resources.
• Compromises project quality and inflates costs.
• Undermines public trust.
• Discourages reputable bidders.
Limited Local Capacity • Reliance on foreign expertise and limited local economic benefits. [25][26]
and Capability • Capital flight and skills gap.
• Dependence on foreign contractors and suppliers.
• Hinders local industry growth and skills transfer.
Funding and Financial • Insufficient budget allocations and delays in fund disbursement. [26][27]
Constraints • Cost overruns, project delays, and compromised quality.
• Limited access to affordable financing options.
• Challenges for SMEs.
Political and • Political interference, biased decision-making, and favouritism. [27][28][29]
Bureaucratic • Bureaucratic red tape and inefficiencies.
Challenges • Delays and increased costs.
• Hinders transparent and merit-based procurement practices.

E. Analysis of Challenges in Engineering, Procurement, and Construction

Infrastructure deficiencies significantly affect Nigeria's Engineering, Procurement, and
Construction. Inadequate infrastructure, such as poor road networks, insufficient power
supply, and limited access to water, significantly impacts procurement processes and hinders
project execution [30]. For instance, transporting materials and equipment to project sites can
be difficult and expensive due to poor road networks. This can result in delays in project
execution and increased costs. Additionally, limited access to reliable power can affect
equipment operation, decreasing productivity and increasing maintenance costs [30][31].
Furthermore, the limited availability of water can impact project execution, particularly in
construction projects that require large quantities of water. Inadequate water supply can also
affect equipment functioning, resulting in downtime and increased costs [31]. Addressing
infrastructure deficiencies requires significant investment in the development of
infrastructure. This includes constructing and rehabilitating roads, bridges, and other
transportation networks, providing reliable power, and improving water supply systems.

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Infrastructure development will facilitate the transportation of materials and equipment,

reduce project costs, and improve project execution.
The legal and regulatory frameworks governing Engineering, Procurement, and
Construction in Nigeria are essential to ensure fair competition, transparency, and
accountability. However, these frameworks have been plagued by challenges such as
inadequate enforcement and compliance, ambiguous provisions, and overlapping
responsibilities [32]. For instance, the Public Procurement Act (PPA) was introduced to
provide a legal framework for procurement activities in Nigeria. However, the implementation
of the Act has been hindered by inadequate funding, poor enforcement, and the absence of an
effective monitoring and evaluation mechanism. Similarly, the Bureau of Public Procurement
(BPP), responsible for overseeing procurement activities in Nigeria, has been criticised for its
need for more transparency, efficient decision-making processes, and limited capacity.
Addressing these challenges requires a review of the legal and regulatory frameworks to
ensure they are clear, comprehensive, and effective. Additionally, there is a need for increased
funding, improved enforcement mechanisms, and enhanced monitoring and evaluation
mechanisms.
The assessment of corruption and transparency issues in procurement practices in Nigeria
is of significant importance due to the potential impact on public funds, effective service
delivery, and sustainable development. Nigeria, like many other countries, faces challenges
related to corruption and transparency in its procurement processes [32]. The assessment in
Nigeria would involve a thorough evaluation and analysis of the existing procurement system,
identifying potential corruption risks, and examining transparency measures. It would aim to
understand the extent of corrupt practices and determine the level of transparency achieved
in procurement activities [32]. One key assessment aspect would be identifying and analysing
corruption risks in Nigeria's procurement processes. This includes examining bid rigging,
bribery, kickbacks, and favouritism. It would involve a review of procurement laws, regulations,
and practices to assess their susceptibility to corruption and identify areas where
improvements are needed [32][33]. Transparency measures would also be a crucial focus of
the assessment. This includes evaluating the transparency mechanisms, such as open and
competitive bidding processes, disclosure of procurement information, and fairness in
selecting contractors. The review would examine the effectiveness and implementation of
these measures to identify any gaps or challenges that hinder transparency in procurement
practices. To conduct a comprehensive evaluation, engagement with key stakeholders is
essential. This includes government agencies responsible for procurement, civil society
organisations, the private sector, and the general public. By incorporating diverse perspectives,

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experiences, and feedback from these stakeholders, the assessment can provide a more
accurate and holistic understanding of corruption and transparency issues in procurement
practices [34]. The assessment findings would serve as a basis for developing targeted
recommendations and strategies to address corruption and enhance transparency in Nigeria's
procurement practices. These may include strengthening anti-corruption frameworks,
implementing robust monitoring and enforcement mechanisms, improving transparency and
accountability measures, strengthening the capacity of procurement officials, and promoting
ethical practices across all stages of the procurement process [34]. Ultimately, assessing
corruption and transparency issues in procurement practices in Nigeria aims to foster a culture
of integrity, accountability, and transparency, leading to efficient and effective procurement
processes that promote public trust and contribute to sustainable development in the country.
Examining local capacity and capability gaps in Engineering, Procurement, and
Construction focuses on evaluating the readiness and capabilities of local entities involved in
procuring engineering services and projects. This examination aims to identify areas where
deficiencies or limitations in skills, resources, and infrastructure could impact the successful
implementation of Engineering, Procurement, and Construction processes [34][35]. One
aspect of this examination involves assessing the availability and expertise of local Engineering,
Procurement, and Construction professionals. This includes evaluating the qualifications,
technical skills, and experience of engineers, procurement officers, and other relevant
personnel. The examination seeks to identify gaps in knowledge or expertise that may hinder
the effective management and execution of Engineering, Procurement, and Construction
projects [35]. Another important consideration is the availability of resources required for
Engineering, Procurement, and Construction. This includes evaluating the adequacy and
quality of infrastructure, equipment, and technology necessary for successful project
implementation. The examination aims to identify resource gaps or limitations that impede the
smooth execution of Engineering, Procurement, and Construction processes [35]. Additionally,
the study assesses the capacity of local entities to manage and oversee Engineering,
Procurement, and Construction projects. This involves evaluating the coordination,
communication, and project management skills among local stakeholders, including
government agencies, contractors, and consultants. The examination aims to identify any
capability gaps that may affect the efficient and timely delivery of Engineering, Procurement,
and Construction projects [36]. Engaging with stakeholders is crucial for conducting this
examination effectively. Collaborating with local government agencies, professional
associations, industry experts, and other relevant stakeholders provides a comprehensive
understanding of the local capacity and capability gaps. It facilitates gathering insights,
perspectives, and experiences to accurately assess the situation and identify improvement

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areas [36]. Based on the examination's findings, recommendations can be developed to address
the identified gaps and enhance local capacity and capability in Engineering, Procurement, and
Construction. These recommendations may include targeted capacity-building initiatives,
training programs, knowledge-sharing platforms, infrastructure investments, and policy
interventions. By addressing the identified gaps, local entities can enhance their ability to
successfully undertake and manage Engineering, Procurement, and Construction projects,
ultimately contributing to improved project outcomes and overall regional development.
The analysis of funding and financial constraints faced in procurement involves examining
the financial aspects and challenges associated with the procurement process. This analysis
aims to identify and understand the funding constraints that procurement entities and
stakeholders may face and how these constraints impact the procurement process and
outcomes [37]. One aspect of the analysis focuses on assessing the availability and adequacy of
funding for procurement activities. This includes evaluating the budget allocated for
procurement purposes and determining if it is sufficient to meet the demands and
requirements of the procurement projects. The analysis also considers the stability and
predictability of funding sources and any existing limitations or restrictions [37]. Another
important consideration is the impact of financial constraints on the procurement timeline.
The analysis examines whether funding constraints lead to delays or disruptions in the
procurement process, potentially affecting project implementation. It also explores the
potential consequences of inadequate funding on the quality and scope of the procured goods
or services [38]. The analysis further assesses the financial sustainability of procurement
entities. This involves evaluating their ability to manage financial resources effectively and
efficiently, ensuring transparency and accountability in financial management. It may also
include examining procurement entities' financial risks and vulnerabilities, such as budgetary
constraints, debt obligations, or reliance on external funding sources [38]. Engaging with
stakeholders is crucial for conducting a comprehensive analysis of funding and financial
constraints in procurement. This includes collaborating with procurement officials, finance
departments, project managers, and other relevant stakeholders. By gathering insights and
perspectives from these stakeholders, the analysis can provide a more accurate understanding
of the funding challenges and financial constraints faced in procurement [39]. Based on the
analysis findings, recommendations can be developed to address funding and economic
constraints in procurement. These may include advocating for increased funding, exploring
alternative financing mechanisms, improving financial planning and management practices,
enhancing transparency and accountability in economic processes, and seeking partnerships
or collaborations to leverage additional resources [39]. Ultimately, analysing funding and

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economic constraints in procurement aims to ensure adequate financial resources are

available to support the procurement process effectively. By addressing these constraints,
procurement entities can enhance their ability to deliver quality goods and services on time
and within budget, contributing to the overall success of procurement projects and achieving
value for money.
Understanding the influence of political and bureaucratic challenges is crucial in analysing
the complexities and dynamics that can impact procurement processes. Political and
bureaucratic difficulties refer to the various obstacles and influences stemming from political
systems and bureaucratic structures that can affect procurement decisions, practices, and
outcomes [40]. Political challenges in procurement involve the influence of political interests,
pressures, and considerations on the procurement process. This can include political
interference, favouritism, or nepotism in selecting suppliers or contractors. Political challenges
may also arise from changes in government administrations, policy shifts, or the alignment of
procurement decisions with political agendas. Understanding these challenges helps identify
potential risks to the procurement process's integrity, transparency, and fairness [40].
Bureaucratic challenges pertain to the structures, regulations, and procedures governing
procurement activities. These challenges include lengthy and complex procurement processes,
bureaucratic red tape, lack of coordination between government departments, and inefficient
decision-making. Bureaucratic challenges can lead to delays, increased costs, and limited
flexibility in procurement operations. Analysing these challenges helps identify areas for
streamlining processes, improving efficiency, and enhancing the overall effectiveness of
procurement activities [41]. To understand the influence of political and bureaucratic
challenges, engaging with relevant stakeholders, including government officials, procurement
practitioners, and civil society organisations [42]. This engagement allows for gathering
insights into the specific political and bureaucratic dynamics that impact procurement and
identifying potential areas of concern. Understanding the influence of political and
bureaucratic challenges makes it possible to develop strategies to mitigate their adverse effects.
This may involve advocating for transparent and accountable procurement practices,
strengthening procurement regulations and guidelines, enhancing inter-departmental
coordination, and promoting technology and digital platforms to streamline processes. It may
also involve capacity-building initiatives to improve the skills and knowledge of procurement
officials in navigating political and bureaucratic challenges effectively [42]. A comprehensive
understanding of the influence of political and bureaucratic difficulties in procurement
ultimately helps design and implement strategies that promote fairness, transparency, and
efficiency. By addressing these challenges, procurement processes can better serve public

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interests, enhance accountability, and contribute to successfully implementing projects and

programs.
F. Prospects for Engineering, Procurement, and Construction
1. Government initiatives and reforms aimed at improving procurement processes
In recent years, the Nigerian government has recognised the importance of improving
procurement processes to enhance efficiency, transparency, and value for money in public
projects. To achieve these goals, several government initiatives and reforms have been
implemented to transform the landscape of Engineering, Procurement, and Construction
in Nigeria [43]. One significant initiative is the establishment of the Bureau of Public
Procurement (BPP) in 2007. The BPP serves as the apex regulatory body responsible for
formulating policies, guidelines, and procedures for public procurement in Nigeria. It has
played a crucial role in promoting transparency, fairness, and competitiveness in
procurement by enforcing standard practices and conducting pre- and post-procurement
audits.
Furthermore, the Nigerian government has embraced electronic procurement (e-
procurement) to enhance efficiency and transparency [44]. The introduction of the
Government Electronic Procurement System (GePS) has automated the procurement
process, making it more streamlined and accessible [44]. E-procurement has reduced
human intervention, minimised corruption risks, and improved the speed and accuracy of
procurement activities [44][45].
In addition to these initiatives, the government has focused on capacity-building and
training programs for procurement professionals [46]. This includes establishing the
National Institute for Procurement Management (NIPM) to provide specialised training,
certification, and professional development opportunities. These capacity-building efforts
have aimed to enhance the skills, knowledge, and professionalism of procurement
practitioners in Nigeria [46].
2. Strengthening of legal and regulatory frameworks to enhance procurement practices
Nigeria has significantly strengthened its procurement laws and regulations,
recognising the importance of a robust legal and regulatory framework [47]. These
initiatives have promoted transparency, accountability, and fair competition in
Engineering, Procurement, and Construction. One crucial development is enacting the
Public Procurement Act 2007 [47]. The Act provides a comprehensive legal framework for
public procurement in Nigeria, covering all stages of the procurement process. It sets out
the principles of transparency, competition, and value for money and establishes the roles
and responsibilities of various stakeholders involved in the procurement process [47].

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The government has also established the Public Procurement Regulatory Authority
(PPRA) to ensure the effective implementation of the Public Procurement Act. The PPRA
regulates and monitors procurement activities and provides guidance and support to
procuring entities [48]. Furthermore, efforts have been made to align Nigeria's
procurement practices with international best practices[8]. This includes adherence to the
World Trade Organization's Agreement on Government Procurement (WTO-AGP)
principles and the African Union's African Public Procurement Reform Program (APPRP).
By aligning with these standards, Nigeria aims to enhance transparency, promote fair
competition, and attract international investments.
Recently, there has been an increased emphasis on using alternative dispute resolution
mechanisms in procurement disputes [49]. This approach aims to expedite the resolution
of conflicts and reduce the burden on the judiciary. Arbitration, mediation, and other non-
litigious methods provide more efficient and cost-effective means of resolving
procurement-related disputes [49]. In conclusion, the prospects for Engineering,
Procurement, and Construction in Nigeria are promising due to the government's
initiatives and reforms. Through the establishment of regulatory bodies, implementation
of e-procurement systems, capacity-building programs, and strengthening of legal and
regulatory frameworks, Nigeria is working towards creating a transparent, efficient, and
competitive procurement environment. These efforts are expected to attract more
investment, improve project delivery, and contribute to the country’s overall development.
However, these initiatives continuous monitoring, evaluation, and improvement are
essential to ensure sustained progress in Nigeria's Engineering, Procurement, and
Construction practices [50].
3. Measures to promote transparency and accountability in procurement
Promoting transparency and accountability in procurement is crucial to ensuring
fairness, preventing corruption, and achieving optimal value for money. Several measures
have been implemented in Nigeria to promote transparency and accountability in
procurement practices [51]. One important measure is the use of electronic procurement
systems and online platforms. The adoption of e-procurement allows for greater
transparency by providing easy access to procurement information, including bid
documents, evaluation criteria, and award notices. This reduces the opportunity for
manual manipulation of procurement processes and enhances fairness and competition
[51].
Another measure is the implementation of open and competitive bidding processes.
Competitive bidding ensures that all qualified suppliers have an equal opportunity to
participate in procurement processes. This includes advertising procurement

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opportunities, establishing clear evaluation criteria, and conducting transparent bid

evaluations. These measures help prevent favouritism and promote fair competition. In
addition, selecting procurement audit units and anti-corruption agencies is crucial in
promoting transparency and accountability. These units and agencies are responsible for
conducting audits, investigations, and sanctions in cases of procurement fraud or
misconduct. Their presence is a deterrent and helps build a culture of accountability in
procurement practices [52].
4. Strategies for enhancing local content and capacity development
Enhancing local content and capacity development is vital for sustainable economic
growth and reducing dependence on foreign expertise and resources. In the context of
Engineering, Procurement, and Construction, several strategies can be employed to
promote the participation of local companies and develop their capabilities. One strategy
is the implementation of local content requirements in procurement processes. This can
involve setting minimum percentages of local participation in contracts or mandating the
use of locally manufactured or sourced materials. Such conditions help stimulate local
industries, create employment opportunities, and foster technology transfer [53].
Additionally, capacity development programs can be established to enhance the skills
and capabilities of local companies. These programs can include training, mentorship, and
knowledge-sharing initiatives. By improving technical and managerial skills, local
companies can compete more effectively in procurement processes and deliver high-
quality projects [53]. Collaboration between government agencies, industry associations,
and educational institutions is crucial for successful capacity development. Partnerships
can be formed to establish training centres, promote research and innovation, and provide
continuous professional development opportunities. These collaborations foster a
supportive ecosystem for local companies to thrive and contribute to the growth of the
Engineering, Procurement, and Construction sector [54].
5. Access to finance and funding mechanisms for procurement projects
Access to finance is essential for the successful execution of procurement projects.
Various funding mechanisms and initiatives have been introduced in Nigeria to ensure
adequate financial resources are available for procurement activities. One key mechanism
is the establishment of specialised funds dedicated to infrastructure development. These
funds, such as the Infrastructure Bank of Nigeria and the Nigeria Sovereign Investment
Authority, provide financial support for procurement projects through loans, guarantees,
and equity investments. They help bridge the funding gap and attract private sector
participation in infrastructure development [54].

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Furthermore, public-private partnerships (PPPs) have become a financing model for

procurement projects. PPPs involve collaboration between the public and private sectors,
where the private sector brings in investment and expertise while the public sector
provides the necessary infrastructure and regulatory framework. PPPs enable leveraging
of private sector capital and resources, reducing the burden on public finances [55].
To enhance access to finance, efforts have been made to improve the investment
climate in Nigeria. This includes implementing financial sector reforms, simplifying
regulatory processes, and improving business credit access. A favourable investment
climate encourages both domestic and foreign investors to participate in procurement
projects, facilitating the availability of funding [55].
6. Opportunities for international collaborations and partnerships
International collaborations and partnerships present significant opportunities for
Nigeria's Engineering, Procurement, and Construction sector. These collaborations
facilitate knowledge exchange, technology transfer, and access to global best practices [56].
One avenue for international collaboration is technical cooperation agreements with
foreign governments and organisations. These agreements involve sharing expertise,
conducting joint research, and implementing development projects. Through these
collaborations, Nigeria can benefit from other countries experiences and technical know-
how, which can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of Engineering, Procurement, and
Construction practices [57].
Participating in international organisations and forums related to Engineering,
Procurement, and Construction is another way to foster collaborations. Nigeria can engage
with regional and global bodies focusing on procurement standards, practices, and capacity
building. This allows networking opportunities, knowledge sharing, and staying updated
on the latest trends and innovations in the field.
Furthermore, forming partnerships with international companies and contractors can
bring valuable expertise and resources to procurement projects in Nigeria. Multinational
firms can contribute advanced technologies, specialised skills, and access to global supply
chains, resulting in improved project outcomes and delivery[58]. These partnerships can
also create opportunities for local companies to learn and develop through joint ventures
or subcontracting arrangements [58]. International collaborations can also facilitate access
to funding sources and investment opportunities. Foreign investors and development
finance institutions may be more inclined to support procurement projects in Nigeria when
there is evidence of strong international partnerships and collaborations. This can help
attract additional financial resources and increase the scale and impact of the country's
Engineering, Procurement, and Construction initiatives [59].

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Embracing international collaborations and partnerships in Engineering, Procurement, and

Construction can provide Nigeria numerous benefits. It enables knowledge transfer,
technology adoption, funding access, and global best practices exposure. By leveraging these
opportunities, Nigeria can strengthen its Engineering, Procurement, and Construction sector,
improve project delivery, and contribute to sustainable economic development [60]. See Table
5 for a summary of Nigeria's engineering, procurement, and construction prospects.

Table 5. Prospects for Engineering, Procurement, and Construction

Prospect Description and Implications Ref.

Government Initiatives • Establish the Bureau of Public Procurement (BPP) for [43][44][45]
and Reforms regulatory oversight. [46]
• Adoption of electronic procurement (e-procurement)
systems.
• Capacity building for procurement professionals.
Strengthening of Legal • Enactment of the Public Procurement Act in 2007. [47][48][49]
and Regulatory • Establishment of Public Procurement Regulatory Authority
Frameworks (PPRA).
• Alignment with international best practices.
• Emphasis on alternative dispute resolution.
Transparency and • Adoption of e-procurement systems for easy access to [51][52]
Accountability Measures procurement information.
• Implementation of open and competitive bidding processes.
• Establishment of procurement audit units and anti-
corruption agencies.
Enhancing Local Content • Implementation of local content requirements in [53][54]
and Capacity procurement.
Development • Capacity development programs and partnerships.
• Training, mentorship, and skills enhancement.
• Collaboration between government, academia, and industry.
Access to Finance and • Establishment of specialised funds for infrastructure [54][55]
Funding Mechanisms development.
• Promotion of public-private partnerships (PPPs) for
financing.
• Improving the investment climate and credit access for
businesses.
International • Technical cooperation agreements with foreign governments [56][57][58]
Collaborations and and organisations. [59][60]
Partnerships • Participation in international organisations and forums.
• Partnerships with international companies and contractors.

Conclusion

The literature review has provided a solid foundation for the research objectives and
questions. It has identified the gaps in knowledge, highlighted the challenges faced in
engineering procurement in Nigeria, and pointed out the areas for further research and
exploration. By addressing these gaps, conducting empirical studies, and fostering
collaborations, the analysis can contribute to filling the knowledge gaps, improving
procurement practices, and enhancing the prospects of engineering procurement in Nigeria. In

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conclusion, the literature review has shed light on Nigeria's challenges and opportunities in
engineering procurement. By addressing the identified gaps, conducting further research, and
implementing the suggested recommendations, Nigeria can strengthen its engineering
procurement practices, promote sustainable development, and contribute to the overall
growth and success of infrastructure projects in the country.
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Authors
Engr. Samson Imoni is a distinguished figure with an extensive background spanning
more than 25 years across academia, industry, and the public sector. His impressive
educational journey includes a range of degrees, notably a Second Class Honours (Upper
Division) degree from the University of Agriculture, Makurdi, in 1996, an M.Sc. in Civil
Engineering from Ahmadu Bello University (A.B.U.) Zaria, in 2012, an MBA from the
University of Mkar, an M.Sc. in Public Administration from NOUN, and Postgraduate
Diplomas (PGD) in Education, Management, and Public Administration. He currently
pursues a Doctorate Programme in Public Governance and Leadership at the University of
Abuja, alongside a PhD (Civil) at A.B.U. Zaria. (email: [email protected]).

Engr. Ama Moses Orseer is a highly accomplished Agricultural and Environmental

Engineering, Public Procurement, Entrepreneurship, and Administration professional. His
expertise in procurement is evident through his position as the Pioneer Procurement Officer
at the Federal Polytechnic Wannune. He is actively engaged in professional development and
community service, exemplified by his memberships in esteemed institutions and
involvement in strategic committees. (email: [email protected]).

Engr. Ebenezer Ogirima Akande is a senior Engineer at FEGEC Worldwide Ltd, No. 3,
Peace Street, Ijeododo Lagos State, Nigeria. He is a civil engineer specialising in building
construction. He is currently lecturing in the civil engineering department at Bells University.
He is a COREN registered engineer. (email: [email protected]).

224 P-ISSN 2962-5955 ● E-ISSN 2962-5467

 JMSD Vol. 2, No. 03, December 2023, pp. 202-225

Victoria Hassana Jiya is a lecturer with the Civil and Environmental Engineering
Department, Air Force Institute of Technology, Kaduna. She is a Member of the Nigerian
Institute of Quantity Surveyors (NIQS) and a Registered Quantity Surveyor (RQS) with the
QuantitySurveyors Registration Board of Nigeria (QSRBN). (email: [email protected]).

Engr. Collins Onuzulike is a lecturer in the Department of Civil and Environmental

Engineering at the Airforce Institute of Technology in Kaduna, Nigeria. He received his
higher education at the University of Port Harcourt, obtaining his Bachelor's and master’s
degrees. He is currently working on his PhD research thesis at the same university. He is a
fellow of the prestigious Institute of Disaster Management and Safety Science and the
Association of Climate Change Practitioners. He is also an Ambassador for ClimateChange
in the Federal Republic of Nigeria and has published several articles in national and
international journals. (email: [email protected]).

Engr. Michael Toryila Tiza is an experienced civil engineer with degrees in Civil
Engineering, Transportation Engineering, and Construction Management. He is pursuing a
PhD in Civil Engineering and holds memberships in professional organisations such as
Fellow-ISDS, registered with COREN, and NSE. He has authored books, published academic
articles, received awards, and attended various academic and professional conferences.
(email: [email protected]).

A Comprehensive Review of Engineering, Procurement, and Construction in Nigeria (Ama et al.)

225

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