(Source: AI-Rhodan (2006).

Definitions of Globalization: A Comprehensive

Overview and a Proposed Definition)
Source Definition

Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern “globalization represents the triumph

World System: Capitalist Agriculture of a capitalist world economy tied
and the Origins of the European World- together by a global division of
Economy in the Sixteenth Century labour.”
(New York: Academic Press, 1974), as
cited in R. J, Holton, Globalization and
the Nation-State (London: Macmillan
Press, 1998), p. 11.

David Harvey, The Condition of “...the compression of time and

Postmodernity (Oxford: Blackwell, space.”
1989), as cited in R. J. Holton,
Globalization and the Nation-State
(London: Macmillan Press, 1998), p. 8.

Martin Albrow, “Introduction” in M. “ ...all those processes by which the

Albrowand E. King(eds.), Globalization, peoples of the world are incorporated
Knowledge and Society (London: Sage, into a single world society.”
1990), p. 8> as cited in R. J. Holton,
Globalization and the Nation-State
(London: Macmillan Press, 1998), p. 15.

Anthony Giddens^ The Consequences “Globalization can thus be defined as

of Modernity (Cambridge: Polity Press, the intensification of worldwide social
1990), p. 64. relations which link distant localities
in such a way that local happenings
are shaped by events occurring many
miles away and vice versa.”

Arjun Appadurai, “Disjuncture and “The critical point is that both sides
Difference in the Global Cultural of the coin of global cultural process
Economy,” in M. Featherstone today are products of the infinitely
(ed.), Global Culture: Nationalism , varied mutual contest of sameness and
Globalization and Modernity (London: difference on a stage characterized by
Sage, 1990), p. 308, as cited in radical disjunctures between different
Chi-yu Chang, “How American sorts of global flows and the uncertain
Culture Correlates the Process of landscapes created in and through
Globalization,” Asian EFL Journal, Vol. these disjunctures.”
6j Issue 3, September 2004.
Peter Dicken, Global Shift: The “...globalization' is ‘qualitatively
Internationalization of Economic different’ from internationalization...
Activity (London: Guilford Press, it represents ‘a more advanced and
1992), p. 1, p. 87, as cited in 1 . Clark, complex form of internationalization
Globalization and International which implies a degree of functional
Relations Theory (New York: Oxford integration between internationally
University Press, 1999), p. 38 dispersed economic activities.”’ (p. 1)
... “‘the degree of interdependence
 and integration between national
economies.’” (p. 87)
Kenichi Ohmae, The Borderless World: “...globalization means the onset of
Power and Strategy in the Global the borderless world... ”
Marketplace (London: HarperCollins,
1992), as cited in RAWOO Netherlands
Development Assistance Research
Council, “Coping with Globalization:
The Need for Research Concerning
the Local Response to Globalization
in Developing Countries,” Publication
No. 20, 2000, p. 14.
Roland Robertson, Globalization: Social “...refers both to the compression
Theory and Global Culture (London: of the world and the intensification
Sage, 1992), p. 8. of consciousness of the world as a
whole.”
OECD, Intra-Firm Trade (Paris: OECD, “...understood as the phenomenon
1993), p. 7, as cited in R. Brinkman and by which markets and production
J. Brinkman, “Corporate Power and the in different countries are becoming
Globalization Process,” International increasingly interdependent due to
Journal of Social Economics, Vol. 29, the dynamics of trade in goods and
No. 9, 2002, pp. 730-752, pp. 730 - 731 - services and the flows of capital and
technology.”
Robert Cox, “Multilateralism and “The characteristics of the
the Democratization of World globalization trend include the
Order,” paper for the International internationalizing of production/the
Symposium on Sources of Innovation new international division of labor,
in Multilateralism, Lausanne, May new migratory movements from
26-28, 1994, as Cited in J. A. Scholte, South to North, the new competitive
“Th'e Globalization of World Politics,” environment that accelerates these
in J. Baylis and S. Smith (eds.), The processes, and the internationalizing
Globalization of World Politics, An of the' state... making states into
Introduction to International Relations agencies of the globalizing world.”
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).P.15
Mike Featherstone, Undoing Culture,
Globalization, Postmodernism and “The process of globalization suggests
Identity (London: Sage, 1995), PP- simultaneously two images of culture.
6-7, as cited in “Culture Communities: The first image entails the extension
Some Other Viewpoints,” Issues in outwards of a particular culture to
Global Education, Newsletter of the its limit, the globe. Heterogeneous
American Forum for Global Education, cultures become incorporated and
Issue No. 158, 2000. integrated into a dominant culture
which eventually covers the whole
world. The second image points to
the compression of cultures. Things
formerly held apart are now brought
into contact and juxtaposition
Hans-Henrik Holm and Georg “...the intensification of economic,
Sorensen (eds.), Whose World Order? political, social and cultural relations
Uneven Globalization and the End of the across borders.”
Cold War (Boulder: Westview Press,
1 995 )> P- 1, as cited in R. J. Holton,
Globalization and the Nation-State
(London: Macmillan Press, 1998), p. 11.

Rosabeth Moss Kanter, World Class: “The world is becoming a global

Thriving Locally in the Global Economy shopping mall in which ideas and
(New York: Simon and Schuster, products are available everywhere at
1995 ). as cited in J. A. Schoite, “The the same time.”
Globalization of World Politics,”
in J. Baylis and S. Smith (eds.), The
Globalization of World Politics, An
Introduction to International Relations
(New York: Oxford University Press,
1999 ), P- 15 -
Martin Khor, 1995, as cited in J. A. “Globalization isywhat we in the Third
Schoite, “The Globalization of World World have for several centuries called
Politics,” in J. Baylis and S. Smith (eds.), colonization.”
The Globalization of World Politics, An
Introduction to International Relations
(New York: Oxford University Press,
1999 ), P- 15 -

Robert Spich, “Globalization Folklore: “[I]t is a mind set, an idea set, an ideal
Problems of Myth and Ideology in the visualization, a popular metaphor and,
Discourse on Globalization,” Journal of finally, a stylized way of thinking about
Organizational Change Management, complex international developments.”
Vol. 8, No. 4,1995, pp. 6-29, pp. 10-11.

Robert Spich, “Globalization Folklore: “Globalization is a conceptualization

Problems of Myth and Ideology in the of the international political economy
Discourse on Globalization,” Journal of which suggests and believes essentially
Organizational Change Management, that all economic activity, whether
Vol. 8, No. 4,1995, pp. 6-29, p. 7. local, regional or national, must be
conducted within a perspective and'
attitude that constantly is global and
worldwide in its scope.”

David Steingard and Dale Fitzgibbons, “...globalization as an ideological

“Challenging the Juggernaut of construct devised to satisfy
Globalization: A Manifesto for Capitalism's need for new markets
Academic Praxis,” Journal of and labour sources and propelled
Organizational Change Management, by the uncritical ‘sycophancy’ of
Vol. 8, No. 4,1995, pp. 30-54, as cited the international academic business
in P. Kelly, “The Geographies and community.”
Politics of Globalization,” Progress in
Human Geography, Vol. 23, No. 3,1999,
pp. 379 - 400 , p. 383.
C. Walck and D. Bilimoria; “Editorial: “...globalization is not an output
Challenging ‘Globalization’ Discourses,” of the ‘real’ forces of markets and
Journal of Organizational Change technologies, but is rather an input in
Management, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1995, the form of rhetorical and discursive
pp. 3-5, p. 3, as cited in P. Kelly, constructs, practices and ideologies
“The Geographies and Politics of which some groups are imposing
Globalization,” Progress in Human on others for political and economic
Geography, Vol. 23, No. 3, 1999, pp. gain.”
379-400, p. 383.

Richard L. Harris, “The Global Context “ ‘Globalization refers in general to the

of Contemporary Latin American worldwide integration of humanity
Affairs,” in S. Halebsky and R. L. Harris and the compression of both the
(eds.), Capital, Power, and Inequality temporal and spatial dimensions of
in Latip America (Boulder: Westview planetwide human interaction.’ It
Press, 19^5), p. 279 and 80, as cited ‘has aggravated many of the region’s
in Truman State University (Marc most chronic problems—such as the
Becker), web resource accessed March pronounced degree of economic
21, 2006, see http://www2.truman. exploitation and social inequality that
edu/~marc/resources/terms.html. have characterized Latin America
since it came under European colonial
domination in the sixteenth century.’ ”

Malcolm Waters, Globalization “A social process in which the

(London: Routledge, 1995), P- 3 , as constraints of geography on social
cited in 1 . Clark, Globalization and and cultural arrangements recede and
International Relations Theory (New in which people become increasingly
York: Oxford University Press, 1999), aware that they are receding.”
P- 48 .
Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, “‘Globalization’ is a myth suitable
Globalization in Question, The for a world without illusions, but
International Economy and The it is also one that robs us of hope.
Possibilities of Governance (Cambridge: Global markets are dominant, and
Polity Press, 1996), p. 6. they face no threat from any viable
contrary political project, for it is held
that Western social democracy and
socialism of the Soviet bloc are both
finished.”
Arjun Appadurai, Modernity at “...globalization is a 'world of things'
Large: The Cultural Dimensions of that have ‘different speeds, axes,
Globalization (Minneapolis: University points of origin and termination, and
of Minnesota Press, 1996), p. 4, as varied relationships to institutional
cited in K. Chowdhury, “Interrogating structures in different regions, nations,
'Newness/ Globalization and or societies.”'
Postcolonial Theory in the Age of
Endless War,” Cultural Critique, No. 62,
Winter 2006, pp. 126-161, p. 137._
Paul Bairoch and Richard Kozul- “...process in which the production
Wright, “Globalization Myths: Some and financial structures of countries
Historical Reflections on Integration, are becoming interlinked by an
Industrialization and Growth in the increasing number of cross-border
World Economy,” Discussion Paper 113 transactions to create an international
(Geneva: UNCTAD, March 1996), p. 3, division of labour in which national
see http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/ wealth creation comes, increasingly,
dp_113.en.pdf. to depend on economic agents in
 other countries, and the ultimate
stage of economic integration where
such dependence has reached its
spatial limit.”
David Harvey, “Globalization “...a spatial fix for capitalism and an
in Question,” Unpublished MS, ideological tool with which to attack
Department of Geography and socialists.”
Environmental Engineering, The
John Hopkins University, Baltimore,
MD, 1996, as cited in P. Kelly,
“The Geographies and Politics of
Globalization,” Progress in Human Geography,
Vol.23, No. 3, 1999, pp. 379-400,p.385
James H. Mittelman, “Mow Does “A ‘rubric for a varied phenomena.’ ”
Globalization Really Work,” in J. H.
Mittelman (ed.), Globalization: Critical
Reflections (Boulder, Colorado: Lynne
Rienner Publishers, 1996), p. 2, as
cited in 1 . Clark, Globalization and
International Relations Theory (New
York: Oxford University Press, 1999),
P- 35 -

Charles Oman, “The Policy Challenges “ ‘Globalisation’ is the growth, or more

of Globalisation and Regionalisation,” precisely the accelerated growth, of
OECD Development Centre, Policy Brief economic activity across national and
No. 11, 1996, p. 5. regional political boundaries. It finds,
expression in the increased movement
of tangible and intangible goods and
services, including ownership rights,
via trade and investment, and often
of people, via migration. It can be
and often is facilitated by a lowering
of government impediments to that
movement, and/or by technological
progress, notably in transportation
and communications. The actions
of individual economic actors, firms,
banks, people, drive it, usually in
the pursuit of profit, often spurred
by the pressures of competition.
Globalisation is thus a centrifugal
process, a process of economic
outreach, and a microeconomic
phenomenon.”

Mark Ritchie, “Globalization vs. “I will, define globalization as the

Globalism/’ International Forum on process of corporations moving their
Globalization, 1996, see http://www. money, factories and products around
itciIo.it/english/actrav/telearn/giobal/ the planet at ever more rapid rates of
ilo/globe/kirs h.htm. speed in search of cheaper labor and
 raw materials and governments willing
to ignore or abandon consumer, labor
and environmental protection laws. As
an ideology, it is largely unfettered by
ethical or moral considerations.”

Jan Aart Scholte, “Globalisation and “...an ensemble of developments

Collective Identities,”; in J. Krause that make the world a single place,
and N. Renwick (eds.), Identities in changing the meaning and importance
International Relations (New York: Of distance and national identity in
St. Martin’s Press, 1996), p. 44, see world affairs.”
http://www.globaIizacija.com/doc_en/
eo.013glo.htm.

Anthony Giddens, “Anthony Giddens “Globalisation is not a single set of

on Globalization: Excerpts from a : processes and does not lead in a single
Keynote Address at the UNRISD direction. It produces solidarities
Conference on Globalization and in some places and destroys them
Citizenship,” UNRISD (United in others. It has quite different
Nations Research Institute for Social consequences on one side of the
Development) News, Vol. 15, Bulletin world from the other. In other words,
No. 15, 1996/7, PP- 4 - 5 , P- 5 , as cited it is a wholly contradictory process. It
in M. Findlay, The Globalisation of is not just about fragmentation;. I see
Crime, Understanding Transitional it more as a shake-out of institutions
Relationships in Context (Cambridge: in which new forms of unity go along
Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. with new forms of fragmentation.”
169.

Richard Kilminster, “Globalization as “...an emergent concept, which was

an Emergent Concept,” in Alan Scott created spontaneously to reflect
(ed.), The Limits of Globalization: Cases people’s experiences of the properties
and Arguments (London: Routledge, of an accelerating phase of the level of
1997 ), P- 272. social integration compromising the
bonds between nation states.”
Cesare Poppi, “Wider Horizons with “[Globalization must be understood
Larger Details: Subjectivity, Ethnicity as the condition whereby localizing
and Globalization,” in Alan Scott (ed.), strategies become systematically
The Limits of Globalization: Cases and connected to global concerns...Thus,
Arguments (London: Routledge, 1997), globalization appears as a dialectical
p. 285, as cited in V. S. A. Kumar, “A (and therefore contradictory)
Critical Methodology of Globalization: process: what is being globalized
Politics of the 21st Century?” Indiana is the tendency to stress ‘locality’
Journal of Global Legal Studies,'V ol. 10, and ‘difference,’ yet ‘locality’ and
Issue 2, Summer 2003, pp. 87-111, p.95 ‘difference’ presuppose the very
development of worldwide, dynamics
of institutional communication and
legitimation.”
C. “ Thomas, “Globalization and “...refers broadly to the process
the South,” in C. Thomas and P. whereby power is located in global
Wilkin (eds.), Globalization and the social formations and expressed
South (Houndmills, Basingstoke: through global networks rather than
Macmillan, 1997), p. 6, as cited in I. through territorially-based states.”
Clark, Globalization and International
Relations Theory (New York: Oxford
University Press, 1999), p. 10.
International Monetary Fund, “World “Globalization refers to the growing
Economic Outlook, A Survey by the economic interdependence of
StafF of the International Monetary countries worldwide through the
Fund,” “Meeting the Challenges increasing volume and variety of
of Globalization in the Advanced cross-border transactions in goods
Economies,” in the World Economic and services and of international
and Financial Surveys, 1997, P- 45 ; see capital flows, and also through the
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ more rapid and widespread diffusion
WEOMAY/Weocon.htm (Chapter 3). of technology.”

Fredric Jameson, “Notes on “As cultural process, globalization

Globalization as a Philosophical Issue,” names the explosion of a plurality
in F. Jameson and M. Miyoshi (eds.), of mutually intersecting, individually
The Cultures of Globalization (Durham: syncretic, local differences; the
Duke University Press, 1998), as cited emergence of new, hitherto
in Vilashini Cooppan, “World Literature suppressed identities; and . the
and Global Theory: Comparative expansion of a world-wide media and
Literature for the New Millennium,” technology culture with the promise
Symploke, Vol. 9, Issue 1-2, 2001, pp. of popular democratization. As
15 - 43 , P- 16 economic process...the assimilation
or integration of markets, of labor, of
nations.”
Gijsbert Van Liemt, “Labour in “...the growing interdependence of
the Global Economy: Challenges, national economies.”
Adjustment and Policy Responses
in the EU,” in O. Memedovic et al.
(eds.), Globalization of Labour Markets:
Challenges, Adjustment and Policy
Responses in the European Union and
Less Developed Countries (Dordrecht
and Boston: Kluwer Academic
Publishers, 1998), as cited■; in V. S.
A. Kumar, “A Critical Methodology
of Globalization: Politics of the 21st
Century?” Indiana Journal of Global
Legal Studies, Vol. 10, issue 2, Summer
2003, pp. 87-111, p. 97
George Modelski, “Globalization “...globalization is a* - process
Texts, Concepts and terms,” University along four dimensions:? economic
of Hawaii, compiled by Fred W. Riggs, globalization, formation of world
May 13,1998, see http://www2.hawaii. opinion, democratization, and political
edu/~fredr/glotexts.htm#MODELSKI. globalization. This was rounded
off with the assertion that changes
along one of these dimensions
(such as economic globalization)
elicited changes among the other
dimensions.”
Majid Tehranian, “Globalization Texts, “Globalization is a process that has
Concepts and Terms,” University of been going on for the past 5000 years,
Hawaii, compiled by Fred W. Riggs, but it has significantly accelerated
May 13,1998, see, http://www2.hawaii. since the demise of the Soviet Union
edu/~fredr/glotexts.htm#TEH RAN IAN. in 19-91. Elements of globalization
include transborder capital, labor,
management, .news, images, and
data flows. The main engines of
globalization are the transnational
corporations (TNCs), transnational
media organizations (TMCs),
intergovernmental organizations
(IGOs), nongovernmental
organizations (NGOs), and alternative
government organizations (AGOs).
From a humanist perspective,
globalization entails both positive
and negative consequences: it is both
narrowing and widening the income
gaps among and within nations,
intensifying and diminishing political
domination, and homogenizing and
pluralizing cultural identities.”
Ray Kiely and Phil Marfleet, "... a world in which societies, cultures,
Globalisation and the Third World politics and economics have, in some
(London: Routledge, 1998), p. 3. sense, come closer together.”

Anthony Giddens, The Third Way, The “Globalization, as I shall conceive

Renewal of Democracy (Cambridge: of it in what follows, at any rate, is
Polity Press, 1998), pp. 30-31. not only, or even primarily, about
economic interdependence, but about
the transformation of time and space
in our lives.”
Anthony C. McGrew, “Global Legal “[G]lobalization [is] a process which
Interaction and Present-Day Patterns generates flows and connections,
of Globalization,” in V.Gessner and A. C. not simply across nation-states and
Budak (eds.), Emerging Legal Certainty: national territorial boundaries, but
Empirical Studies on the Globalization of between global regions, continents
Law (Ashgate: Dartmouth Publishing and civilizations. This invites a
Company, 1998), p. 327, as cited in V. definition of globalization as: ‘an
S. A. Kumar, “A Critical Methodology historical process which engenders
of Globalization: Politics of the 21st a significant shift in the spatial
Century?” Indiana Journal of Global reach of networks and systems of
Legal Studies, Vol. 10, Issue 2, Summer social relations to transcontinental
2003, pp. 87-111, p. 98. or interregional patterns of human
organization/activity and the exercise
of power.’”

Herman E. Daly, “Globalization “Globalization refers to global

Versus Internationalization: Some economic integration of many
Implications,” Global Policy Forum > formerly national economies into one
1999, see http://www.globalpolicy. global economy, mainly by free trade
org/globaliz/econ/herman2.htm. and free capital mobility, but also
by easy or uncontrolled migration.

It is the effective erasure of national

boundaries for economic purposes.
International trade (governed by
comparative advantage) becomes
interregional trade (governed by
absolute advantage). What was many
becomes one.”
Thomas Friedman, The Lexus and the “[T]he inexorable integration
Olive Tree (New York: Farrar, Straus
and Giroux, 1999), pp. 7-8. of markets, nation-states and
technologies to a degree? never
witnessed before—in a way that is
enabling individuals, corporations
and nation-states to reach around
the world farther, faster, deeper and
cheaper than ever before, and in a
way that is also producing a powerful
backlash from those brutalized or
left behind by this new system...
Globalization means the spread of
free-market capitalism to virtually
every country in the world.”
David Held, Anthony McGrew, David “...the widening, deepening
Goldblatt, and Jonathan Perraton, and speeding up of worldwide
Global Transformations, Politics, interconnectedness in all aspects of
Economics and Culture (Stanford: contemporary social life, from the
Stanford University Press, 1999), p. 2. cultural to the criminal, the financial to
the spiritual.”

David Henderson, The MAI Affair: “...free movement of goods,

A Story and Its Lessons (London: services, labour and capital thereby
The Royal Institute of International creating a single market in inputs and
Affairs, 1999), as cited in M. Wolf, Why outputs; and full national treatment
Globalization Works (London: Yale for foreign investors (and nationals
University Press, 2004), p. 14. working abroad) so that, economically
speaking, there are no foreigners.”

Jari Aart Sicholte, “The Globalization “Globalization refers to processes

of World Politics,” in J. Baylis and whereby social relations acquire
S. Smith (eds.j, The Globalization of relatively distanceless and borderless
World Politics, An Introduction to qualities, so that human lives are
International Relations (New York: .increasingly played out in the world as
Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 14 a single place.”

Emanuel Richter, (n.d.), J. A. Scholte, “Die Globalisierung...global networking

“The Globalization of World Politics,” that has welded together previously
as cited in J. Baylis and S. Smith (eds.), disparate and isolated communities
The Globalization of World Politics, An on this planet into mutual dependence
Introduction to International Relations and unity of ‘one world.' ” (translated
(New York: Oxford University Press, from German)
1999 ), P- 15 -
Quanto Financial Technology, 12 “Tendency of integration of national
"Glossary - G,” 2000-2005, see http:// capital markets.”
www.equanto.com/glossary/g.html.

Jha Avinash, Background to “...integration of national economies

Globalisation (Bombay: Center for leading to the notion of a borderless
Education and Documentation, 2000), global or planetary economy... an
p. 3, see http://www.globalizacija.com/ interwoven net of factories, fields
doc_en/eooi3glo.htm. and forests, banks, governments,
labouring and farming populations,
cities and transport spread over the
surface of earth.”

Ulrich Beck, “The Cosmopolitan “Globalization—however the word is

Perspective: Sociology of the Second understood—implies the weakening
Age of Modernity,” British Journal of of state sovereignty and state
Sociology, Voi. 51, Issue No. 1, January/ structures.”
March 2000, pp. 79-105, p. 86.

Griffith University, “Software “The process of developing,

Internationalisation Glossary of manufacturing, and marketing
Unicode Terms,” Australia, March software products that are intended
2000, see http://www.cit.gu.edu. for worldwide distribution. This term
au/~davidt/cit36ii/glossafy.htm. combines two aspects of the work:
internationalization (enabling the
product to be used without language
or culture barriers) and localization
(translating and enabling the product
for a specific locale).”

Media Studies Learning Web, “A process in which activities are

“Glossary,” Brendan Richards, organised on a global not national
scale, in ways which involve some
September 26, 2000, see http:// interdependence, and which are often
freespace.virgin.net/brendan.richards/ instantaneous around the world.”
glossary/glossa ry.htm.

Anne Krueger, “Trading Phobias: “... a phenomenon by which economic

Governments, NGOs and the agents in any given part of the world
Multilateral System,” The Seventeenth are much more affected by events
Annual John Bonython Lecture, elsewhere in the world.”
Melbourne, October 10, 2000, see
http://www.cis.org.au/Events/JBL/
JBL00.htm.

Stuart Hall, “The Multicultural “... it is a hegemonizing process in the

Question,” Pavis Lecture, Walton Hall proper Gramscian sense.”
Campus of the Open University in
Milton Keynes, October^, 2000.13

P. McMichael, Development and Social “‘Globalization project’: an emerging

Change, A Global Perspective, 2nd ed. vision of the world and its resources
(London: Pine Forge Press, 2000), p. as a globally organized and managed
348. free trade / free enterprise economy
pursued by a largely unaccountable
political and economic elite.”

James H. Mittelman, The Globalisation “As experienced from below, the

Syndrome , Transformation and dominant form of globalization
Resistance (Princeton: Princeton means a historical transformation:
University Press, 2000), pp. 6-7. in the economy, of livelihoods and
modes of existence; in politics, a loss
in the degree of control exercised
locally... and in culture, a devaluation
of a collectivity’s achievements...
Globalization is emerging as a
political response to the expansion
of market power... [It] is a domain of
knowledge.”
Pavel V. Nikitin and John E. Elliott, “... globalization is the establishment
“Freedom and the Market (An Analysis of the global market free from
of the Anti-globalisation Movement sociopolitical control.”
from the Perspectiveof the Theoretical
Foundation of the Evaluation of the
Dynamics of Capitalism by Palaoyi,
Hayek and Keynes),” The Forum
for Social Economics* Fall 2000, pp.
1-16, p. 14, as cited in G. Gaburro and
E. O’Boyle, “Norms for Evaluating
Economic Globalization,” International
Journal of Social Economics, Vol. 30,
No. 1/2, 2003, pp. 95-118, p. 115.

Jan Aart Scholte, Globalization - “De-territorialization - or... the

A Critical Introduction (London:
Macmillan Press, 2000), p. 46. growth of ‘supraterritorial’ relations
between people.”

Eduardo Aninat, “China Globalization, “Globalization can be defined as the

and the IMF,” speech by the Deputy increasing interaction among and
•Managing Director of the IMF, integration of diverse humap societies
The Foundation for Globalization in all important dimensions of their
Cooperation's Second Globalization activities—economic, social, political,
Forum, January 14, 2001, see cultural, and religious.”
http://www.imf.org/external/np/
speeches/200i/oii40i.htm.
Vilashini Cooppan, “World Literature “...a process of cro cross-cultural
and Global Theory: Comparative interaction, exchange, and
Literature for the New Millennium," transformation.”
Symploke, Vol. 9, Issue 1-2, 2001, pp.
15-43, P-15.
Malcolm Waters, Globalization , 2nd “[T]he key idea by which we
ed. (London: Routledge, 2001), p. 1. understand the transition of human
society into the third millennium.”
Malcolm Waters, Globalization , 2nded. “Globalization is the direct
(London: Routledge, 2001), p. 6. consequence of the expansion of
European culture across the planet
via settlement, colonization and
cultural replication. It is also bound
up intrinsically with the pattern of
capitalist development as it has
ramified through political and cultural
arenas. However, it does not imply
that every corner of the planet must
become Westernized and capitalist
but rather that every set of social
arrangements must establish its
position in relation to the capitalist
West - to use Robertson's term, it must
relativize itself.”
Memorial University of Newfoundland, “...the integration of markets on a
“Canadian Business in the New worldwide scale and could eventually
Stakeholder Economy Glossary," mean worldwide standards or
Robert Sexty, Faculty of Business practices for product quality/pricing,
Administration, 2001, see http://www. service, and design.”
ucs.mun.ca/~rsexty/businessi 000/
glossary/G.htm.

Robert Gilpin, Global Political Economy “The integration of the world

(Princeton: Princeton University economy.
Press, 2001), p. 364, see http://www.
globalizacija.com/doc_en/eoo13glo.
htm.

Thomas Larsson, The Race to the Top: “[I]t is the process of world shrinkage,
The Real Story of Globalization (US: of distances getting shorter, things
Cato Institute, 2001), p. 9. moving closer. It pertains to the
increasing ease with which somebody
on one side of the world can interact,
to mutual benefit, with somebody on
the other side of the world.”

Jain Neeraj, Globalisation or “...it is nothing but ‘recolonisation’ in

Recolonisation (Pune: Elgar, 2001), a new garb.”
pp. 6-7, see http://www.globalizacija.
com/doc en/edoi3glo.htm.
United Nations Educational, Scientific “Globalization can be defined as a set
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), of economic, social, technological,
MOST Annual Report 2001, see http:// political and cultural structures
www.unesco.org/most/most_ar_ and processes arising from the
partic.pdf changing character of the production,
consumption and trade of goods and
assets that comprise the base of the
international political economy.”

Richard Langhorne, The Coming “Globalization is the latest stage in a

of Globalization: Its Evolution long accumulation of technological
and Contemporary Consequences advance which has given human beings
(Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave, the ability to conduct their affairs
2001), p. 2. across the world without reference
to nationality, government authority,
time of day or physical environment.”

Jan Aart Scholte, “The Globalization “...globalization refers to processes

of World Politics,” in J. Baylis and whereby many social relations become
S. Smith (eds.), The Globalization of relatively delinked from territorial
World Politics , An Introduction to geography, so that human lives are
International Relations (New York: increasingly played out in the world as
Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. a single place.”
14-15-

Wayne State University, Anthropology “...the intensification of worldwide

Department, April 4, 2001, see http:// social relations which, through
www.anthr0.wayne.edu/ant2100/ economic, technological and political
GlossaryCuItAnt.htm. forces, link distant localities in such a
way that distant events and powers
penetrate local events.”
The World Bank Group, 2001, see “Globalization- the, growing
http://wwwi.worldbank.org/economic integration of economies and societies
policy/globalization/. around the world.”

Alan Deardorff, “Glossary of “1. The increasing world-wide

International Economics,” University integration of markets for goods,
of Michigan, 2001, see http://www- services and capital that attracted
personal.umich.edu/-alandear/ special attention in the late 1990s. “2.
glossary/g.htmI. Also used to encompass a variety of
other changes that were perceived
to occur , at about the same time,
such as an increased role for large
corporations (MNCs) in the, world
economy and increased intervention
into domestic policies and affairs by
international institutions such as the
IMF, WTO, and World Bank. “3. Among
countries outside the United States,
especially developing countries,
the term sometimes refers to the
 domination of world economic affairs
and commerce by the United States.”
Peter Berger, “Introduction: The “...globalization is, au fond, a
Cultural Dynamics, of Globalization,” continuation, albeit in an intensified
in P. Berger and S. Huntington (eds.), and accelerated form, of the perduring
Many Globalizations: Cultural Diversity challenge' of modernization. On the
in the Contemporary World (Oxford: cultural level, this has been the great
Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 16. challenge of pluralism: tl^e breakdown
of taken-for-granted traditions and
the opening up of multiple options for
beliefs, values and lifestyles. It is not
a distortion to say that this amounts
to the great challenge of enhanced
freedom for both individuals and
collectivities.” (italics in original)
David Harvey, Spaces of Hope "...if the word‘globalization’signifies anything
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University about our recent historical geography, it is
of California Press, 2002), p. 54, as most likely to be a new phase of exactly the
cited in K. Chowdhury, “Interrogating same underlying process of the capitalist
‘Newness’ Globalization and production of space.’’
Postcolonial Theory in the Age of
Endless War,” Critical Critique, No. 62,
Winter 2006, p. 144.

Robert O. Keohane, Power and “...globalization describes a trend of

Governance in a Partially Globalized increasing transnational flows . and
World (London: Routledge, 2002), p 15 increasingly thick networks of , _
interdependence.” (italics in original)
Zaki LaYdi, “Democracy in Real Time,” “... a process of intensifying social
Jouroalj)f Democracy, Vol. 13, No. 3, July 2002, relations on a worldwide scale that
p'p. 68-79, p. 69. results in an increasing disjunction
between space and time.”

Brink Lindsey, Against the Dead Hand: The “...three distinct but interrelated
Uncertain Struggle for Global Capitalism (New senses: First, to describe the
York: John Wiley Sons, Inc., 2002), p. 275, n, & economic phenomenon of increasing
1., as cited integration of markets across boundaries (whether due to political
political or technological causes); second,
in M. Wolf, Why Globalization Works (London: to describe the strictly political
Yale University Press, 2004), pp. 14-15. phenomenon of falling government-
imposed barriers to international
flows of goods, services, and capital;
and, finally, to describe the much
broader political phenomenon of
the global spread of market-oriented
policies in both the domestic and
a international spheres. Since I contend
that globalization in the first sense is
due primarily to globalization in the
second sense, and that globalization
in the second sense is primarily due to
 globalization in the third sense, I do
not think it unduly confusing to use
the same word to mean three different
things.”

Bena Internet Publishing Services, “...a process of creating a product or

“Glossary,” March 2002, see http:// service that will be successful in many
www.bena.com/ewinters/Glossary. countries without modification.”
htrnl.

George Soros, On Globalization, 2002, “...development of global financial

p. 13, see http://www.globalizacija. markets, growth of transnational
com/doc_en/eooi3glo.htm. corporations and their growing
dominance over national economies.”

The International Monetary “Economic ‘globalization’ is a

historical process, the result of
Fund, “Globalization: Threat or human innovation and technological
Opportunity,” 2002, see http:// progress. It refers to the increasing
www.imf.org/external/np/exr/ integration of economies around the
ib/2ooo/o4i2oo.htm#il. world, particularly through trade and
financial flows. The term sometimes
also refers to the movement of people
(labor) and knowledge (technology)
across international borders. There
are also broader cultural, political
and environmental dimensions of
globalization that are not covered
here.”

Jacob van der Westhuizen, “Globalization can be defined as a

“Globalization and Global Trends in process by means of which most of
Criminal Behavior,” Biblioteque: World the world's developed countries and
Wide Society (BWW), Bi-monthly some of the developing countries
Journal^ 21 September 2003, see aim to improve inter ^alia . the free
http://www.bwwsociety.org/feature/ flow of information, money,- ideas,
criminalbehavior.htm. cooperation, detection, exchange, and
prosecution of criminals, technology,
and trade between nations.” (italics in
original)

Giuseppe Gaburro and Edward “By economic globalization we

O'Boyle, ‘"•“Norms for Evaluating mean the practice of economic
Economic Globalization,” International agents (business enterprises, banks,:
Journal of Social Economics, Vol. 30, and finance companies) working in
No. 1/2, 2003, pp. 95-118, p. 97. different countries and serving the
world, market without a prevailing
national base. These agents change
their location between national
territories on the basis of opportunities
for growth and profit, and they grow
 not because they are supported or
protected by the nation-state but
through their own efforts. They carry
out their economic affairs as if the
boundaries which define the nation¬
state do not exist.”
Melba Cuddy-Keane, “Modernism, “Cultural globalization is distinguished
Geopolitics, Globalization,” Modernism/ by a consciousness of dwelling in the
Modernity, Vol. 10, No. 3, 2003, pp. world, and a conception of that world
539 - 558 , p. 553 - as a fluid, interconnected, conflicted,
and dynamic whole.”

Imre Szeman, “Culture and “Globalization is the moment of

Globalization, or, The Humanities in mass migration, multiculturalism, and
Ruins,” CR: The New Centennial Review, cosmopolitanism.”
Vol. 3, No. 2, 2003, pp. 91-115, P- 94 -

H. J. J. G. Beerkens, “Global “The world-wide interconnectedness

Opportunities and Institutional between nation-states becomes
Embeddedness, Higher Education supplemented by globalisation
Consortia in Europe and Southeast as a process in which basic social
Asia,” University of Twente, 2004, arrangements (like power, culture,
see http://www.utwente.nl/cheps/ markets, politics, rights, values,
documenten/thesisbeerkens.pdf. norms, ideology, identity, citizenship,
solidarity) become disembedded
from their spatial context (mainly the
nation-state) due to the acceleration,
massification, flexibilisation, diffusion
and expansion of transnational flows of
people, products, finance, images and
information .” (italics in original)
William Easterly, “Channels “... the movement across international
from Globalization to Inequality: borders of goods and factors of
Productivity World Versus Factor production.”
World,” as cited in S. M. Collins and C.
Graham, “Editors’ Summary,” in S. M.
Collins and C. Graham (eds.), Brookings
Trade Forum, Globalization, Poverty
and Inequality (Brookings Institution,
2004), p. xiv, see http://www.
brookings.edu/press/books/chapter_i/
brookings tradeforum2004.pdf.

University of California, Riverside “Used for transnational influences

Library, “Approval Plan Glossary,” on culture, economics, politics, etc.,
January 17, 2004, see http://lib.ucr.edu/ especially illustrating global patterns
depts/acquisitions/YBP%20NSP%20GLO or trends.”
SSARY%20EXTERNAL%2orevised6-02.
php

BBC News, “Financial Terms EJ,” April “The world is shrinking thanks to
15, 2004, see http://news.bbc.co.Uk/i/ advancing technology. Depending
hi/programmes/working Junch/guid on what you read, this increasingly
es/glossary/i496844.stm. interconnected global marketplace is
either the best or the worst thing to
happen. Meetings of bodies such as
G8, the International Monetary Fund
and the World Bank often generate
large demonstrations.”
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, “The generalized expansion of
“Essay Contest Glossary,” U.S., 2004- international economic activity Which
2005, see http://minneapolisfed.org/ includes increased international trade,
econed/essay/topics/glossary05.cfm. growth of international investment
(foreign investment) and international
migration, and increased creation
of technology among countries.
Globalization is the increasing world¬
wide integration of markets for goods,
services, labor, and capital.”
Calgary Board of Education, Media “The process of making something
Services, 2005, see http://schools.cbe. worldwide in scope or application.”
ab.ca/Iogistics/g.html.

The Canadian Government, 2005, “The term ‘globalization’ describes

see http://canadianeconomy.gc.ca/ the increased mobility of goods,
english/economy/globalizati on.html. services, labour, technology and
capital throughout the world.
Although globalization is not a
new development, its pace has
increased with the advent of new
technologies, especially in the area of
telecommunications.”
OECD, OECD Handbook on Ec “The term ‘globalisation’ has been
Globalisation Indicators (OECD, 2005),P.11 widely used to describe the increasing
internationalisation of financial
markets and of markets for goods and
services. Globalisation refers above
all to a dynamic and multidimensional
process of economic integration
whereby national resources become
more and more internationally mobile
while national economies become
increasingly interdependent.”
Coventry Business School, Coventry “Generally defined as the network
University, "Glossary” from J. Beech of connections of organisations
and S. Chadwick (eds.), The Business and peoples are across national,
of Tourism Management (Prentice Hall geographic and cultural borders and
Publisher, 2005), see http://www.stile. boundaries. These global networks are
coventry.ac.uk/cbs/staff/beech/BOTM/ creating a shrinking world where local
GIossary.htm. differences and national boundaries
are being subsumed into global
identities. Within the field of tourism,
 globalisation is also viewed in terms of
the revolutions in telecommunications,
finance and transport that are key
factors currently influencing the
nature and pace of growth of tourism
in developing nations.”
Philip G. Altbach, “Globalization “[T]he broad economic, technological,
and the University: Realities in an and scientific trends that directly
Unequal World,” Occasional Papers affect higher education and are
on Globalization, Vol. 2, No. i, 2005, largely inevitable in the contemporary
Globalization Research Center, world. These phenomena include
University of South Florida, see http:// information technology in its various
www.cas.usf.edu/globalresearch/ manifestations, the use of a common
PDFs/Altbach.pdf. language for scientific communication,
and the imperatives of society’s mass
demand for higher education... ”
Open Internet Lexicon, 14 “Glossary of “In the translation/localization
Web Site Globalization Terminology,” business marketplace, it refers to the
January 13, 2006, see http://www. whole problem of making any product or
openinternetlexicon.com/Glossafy/ service global, with simultaneous release
GlobalGiossa ry.html. in all markets. Web site globalization
means more than just making one web
site respond to the different language
and regional requirements of the
browser. Globalization includes the
process by which ..site development,
update processes, and workflow are
engineered to provide a comprehensive
framework for cost-effective multilingual
site development and maintenance
incorporating overseas offices,
consultants, translators, etc. Sometimes
achieved by neutralizing^ the cultural
elements, superior globaP'sit'&s are
those that enrich the cultural elements
appropriately in each locale.”

Pascal Lamy, "Humanising "Globalization can be defined as

Globalization,” speech made on a historical stage of accelerated
January 30, 2006, for full text see expansion of market capitalism,
http://www.wto.6rg/English/news_e/ like the one experienced in the 19th
sppl_e/spp!i6_e.htm. century with the industrial revolution.
It is a fundamental transformation
in societies because of the recent
technological revolution which has
led to a recombining of the economic
and social forces on a new territorial
dimension.”

Webster's Online Dictionary, web “Growth to a global or worldwide

scale.”
resource accessed March 21, 2006,
see - ,* K http://www.websters-online-
dictionary!'org/definition/english/gl/
giobalisation.html.

Colours of Resistance, 15 web resource “Globalization is a term used to

accessed March 21, 2006, see http:// refer to the expansion of economies beyond
colours.mahost.org/faq/definitions.html national borders, in particular, the expansion
of production by a firm
to many countries around the world,
i.e., globalization of production, or
the 'global assembly 'line.’ This has
given transnational corporations
power beyond nation-states, and
has weakened any nation’s ability to
control corporate practices and flows
of capital, set regulations, control
balances of trade and exchange rates,
or manage domestic economic policy.
It has also weakened the ability of
workers to fight for better wages
and working conditions from fear
that employers may relocate to other areas.

Young Men’s Christian Association YMCA), 16 “It refers to international exchange or

web resource accessed March 21, 2006, see (sharing of labour force, production,
http://www. kwymca.org/nccq/giossary.htm ideas, knowledge, products and
. services across borders.”
Agricultural Trade Policies and Issues, “The increasing integration of World
markets for goods, services, and
17 web resource accessed March 21, capital. It has also been defined as a
2006, see http://www.agtrade.org/ process by which nationality becomes
glossary_search.cfm. increasingly irrelevant in global
production and consumption.”

Take Back Wisconsin, 18 page is “A relatively new word that is

published by Julie Kay Smithson, web commonly used to describe the
resource accessed March 21, 2006, see ongoing, multidimensional process of
http://www.takebackwisconsin.com/ worldwide change. It describes the
Documents/Glossary.htm. idea that the world is becoming a single
global market. It describes the idea that
time and space have been shrunk as a
result of modern telecommunications
technologies ' which allow almost
instantaneous communication between
people almost anywhere on (he
planet. It describes the idea that
cultures are blending and mixing
and where cultural icons and values
from dominant Northern cultures
 are being adopted \jp the South,
while at the same time unique ethnic
differences are being strengthened
and local identities are being exerted.
It describes that idea that the planet
as a whole, rather than individual
continents or landscapes, is considered
as ‘our home' and that some human
activities can have a negative efFect
on people and environments far from
their source or have an negative effect
on the planet as a whole (UNESCO).”
Harker Heights High School, Killenn, “The increasing economic, cultural,
Texas, USA, web resource accessed demographic, political, and
March 21, 2006, see http://hhhknights. environmental interdependence of
com/geo/4/agterms.htm. different places around the world.”

Scottish Enterprise, 19 web resource “Referring to the world economy and

accessed March 21, 2006, see http:// the world markets.”
www.scottish-enterprise.com/
sedotcom_home/help/help-glossary.
htm.

Pearson Education, Prentice Hall, “Globalisation is a more advanced form

20 web resource accessed March 21, of internationalisation that implies
2006, see http://wps.prenball.com/ a degree of functional integration
wps/media/objects/213/218150/gio between internationally dispersed
ssary^htfnl.^ economic activities.”

E Marketing, 21 web resource accessed “People around the globe are more
March 21 , 2006, see http://www. connected to each other than ever
emarketing.ie/resources/glossary. before. Information and money flow
htmi. more quickly than ever.- Goods and
services produced in one part of the
world are increasingly available in
all parts of the world. International
travel is more frequent. International
communication is commonplace.
This phenomenon has been titled
‘globalisation.’”
Staniake Search, 22 “Glossary,” web “Tendency toward a worldwide
resource accessed March 21, 2006, see investment and business environment,
http://www.stanlake.co.uk/recruitment and the integration of national capital
-candidates/recruitment-glossary.php. markets."

Investor WIz, 23 “Glossary,” web' “Development of extensive worldwide

resource accessed March 21, 2006, see patterns of economic relationships
http://www.investorwiz.com/glossary. between nations.”
htm.

HSE Web Depot, 24 web resource “A set of processes leading to the

accessed March 21, 2006, see http:// integration of economic, cultural,
www.hsewebdepot.org/imstool/ political, and social systems across
GEMl.nsf/WEBDocs/ Glossary. geographical boundaries.”

Washington Council on International "…the movement toward markets

Trade, 25 web resource accessed or policies that transcend national
March 21, 2006, see http://www.wcit. borders.”
org/tradeis/glossary.htm._

Bridgemary Community Sports “...an industry or corporation acting

College, “Glossary: Economic Systems on a global scale with manufacturing
and Development,” web resource bases' in several countries. E.g. Nike
accessed May 24, 2006, see http:// and McDonalds.”
www.bridgemary.hants.sch.uk/
folders/gcse_revision_ guide/glossary/
page_i.htm. ■_

“Globalization refers to ' [t]he

Ripon College, “Important Concepts widening, deepening and speeding up
in Global Studies,” web resource of worldwide interconnectedness in
accessed May 24, 2006, see http:// all aspects of contemporary life. (All
www.ripon.edu/academics/global/ aspects, including its nature, causes
CONCEPTS.HTML. and effects are hotly disputed, with
strange bfedfellows on all sides).”
SILK, Norwegian Language Technology, "[noun] Globalisation is the process
26 “Terminology,” web resource accessed of preparing software for use in any
May 24, 2006, see http://portal.biblio language and cultural environment
tekivest.no/terminology.htm. either by designing it to be usable in
software to facilitate subsequent
localization. |t is synonymous with
Internationalisation.”
Simon Marginson, “Notes on “Globalization’ means the enhancement
Globalization and Higher Education, of the worldwide or pan-European
with Some Reference to the Case spheres of action. It has potentially
of Australia,” Monash Centre for transformative efFects within nations,
Research in International Education, as well as remaking the common
Monash University, Australia, July i, environment in which they are suited
2006, Centre for the Study of Higher and they relate to each other.”
Education, University of Melbourne,
see http://www.yorku.ca/yorkint/global/
conference/canada/papers/Simon-
Marginson.pdf.

Nayef R. F. Al-Rodhan and Gerard “Globalization is a process that

Stoudmann, “Definitions of encompasses the causes, course, and
Globalisation’: A Comprehensive consequences of transnational and
Overview Ind a Proposed Definition,” transcultural integration of human
Geneva Centre for Security Policy, and non-human activities.”
2006, available at http://www.gcsp.
ch/e/publications/GIqbalisation/iVidex.
htm.