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Nursing Research & Statistics

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Suresh K Sharma
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To protect the rights of the author(s) and publisher we inform you that this PDF is an uncorrected proof for internal business use only by the author(s), editor(s),
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NURSING RESEARCH
AND STATISTICS
THIRD EDITION

Dr. Suresh K. Sharma

PhD, M.Sc.N, RN (USA)

Professor & Principal

College of Nursing
All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)
Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India

ISBN: 978-81-312-5269-7; PII: B978-81-312-5269-7.00016-2; Author: SHARMAENGLISH1; Document ID: 00016; Chapter ID: c0080

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To protect the rights of the author(s) and publisher we inform you that this PDF is an uncorrected proof for internal business use only by the author(s), editor(s),
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Preface to the Third Edition

p0010 Nursing is the oldest art and youngest sci- facilitate nursing research, several factors
ence, thus requires rapidly increasing body need to be understood separately and in in-
of professional knowledge. Present era of teraction: the vision and importance of nurs-
evidence-based nursing practices has im- ing research as a scientific basis for public
posed increasing demand on nurses to gener- health; the scope of nursing research; the cul-
ate sound evidence-based knowledge to im- tural environment and workforce required
prove nursing practice, shape health policy for cutting edge and high-impact nursing
and impact the health of people. National research; the importance of a research-in-
Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) de- tensive environment for nursing faculty and
fines the aim of nursing research as the de- students and the challenges and opportuni-
velopment of knowledge to (i) build scientific ties impacting the research mission of the
foundation for clinical practice; (ii) prevent discipline and the profession.
disease and disability; (iii) manage and elimi- Unlike the developed nations where clini- p0020
nate symptoms caused by illness and (iv) cal trials and nursing research have greatly
enhance end-of-life and palliative care. The advanced, research base in nursing is yet to
vision for nursing research is driven by the develop in India. Nursing faculty and stu-
profession’s mandate to society to optimize dents in South Asian region needed a com-
the health and well-being of people globally. prehensive textbook on nursing research,
Nurse researchers bring a holistic perspective which presents basic principles, processes
to study individuals, families and communi- and methods of research in easy, comprehen-
ties involving a bio-behavioural, interdisci- sive and lucid manner. Therefore, this title is
plinary and translational approach to science. a modest attempt to present a text with sim-
The priorities for nursing research reflect ple and relevant examples to enhance the un-
nursing’s commitment to the promotion of derstanding of research principles, processes
health and healthy lifestyles, the advance- and methods. The third edition offers addi-
ment of quality and excellence in healthcare tional expanded content of all the basic and
and the critical importance of basing profes- advanced concepts of nursing research meth-
sional nursing practice on research. ods with enhanced comprehension, lucid-
p0015 With India as one of the fastest growing ity, coherence and relevance of the content,
economies in the world, it is essential to cre- which will be a ready reference for nursing
ate a literature on methods and processes faculty, nurse researchers and undergradu-
of nursing research as per the South Asian ate, postgraduate and doctoral level nursing
perspectives as signified by the Nursing Re- students.
search Society of India (NRSI, 2017). In order
to enhance the science of the discipline and Dr. Suresh K. Sharma p0025

vii

ISBN: 978-81-312-5269-7; PII: B978-81-312-5269-7.00023-X; Author: SHARMAENGLISH1; Document ID: 00023; Chapter ID: c0115

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To protect the rights of the author(s) and publisher we inform you that this PDF is an uncorrected proof for internal business use only by the author(s), editor(s),
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lisher and is confidential until formal publication.

These proofs may contain colour figures. Those figures may print black and white in the final printed book if a colour print product has not been
planned. The colour figures will appear in colour in all electronic versions of this book.

Contents

Foreword v Ethics in Nursing Research 52

Preface to the Third Edition vii Summary 66
Review Questions 67
Preface to the First Edition ix
3. Research Problem
I Introduction 72
Definitions 72
FUNDAMENTALS Identification of Research Problem 73
OF NURSING RESEARCH Formulation of Research Problem 77
Identification of Variables 80
Writing Research Objectives 87
1. Foundation of Nursing Research
Summary 92
Introduction 4 Review Questions 93
Methods of Acquiring Knowledge in Nursing 4
Problem Solving 7 4. Hypothesis and Assumption
Scientific Methods 9
Meaning of Research and Nursing Research 10 Hypothesis 98
Need and Purposes of Nursing Research 13 Assumption 105
Importance and Significance of Nursing Delimitations 108
Research 13 Summary 111
Historical Evolution of Nursing Research 14 Review Questions 112
Characteristics of Good Research 20
Types of Research 22 5. Literature Review
Scope and Areas of Nursing Research 27
Problems in Nursing, Health, and Social Introduction 116
Research 30 Meaning of Literature Review 116
Concept of Evidence-Based Practice 31 Importance of Literature Review 117
Summary 36 Purposes of Literature Review 118
Review Questions 37 Types of Literature Review 118
Sources of Literature Review 120
2. Overview of Research Process Steps of Literature Review 124
Points to be Considered for Literature
Introduction 43 Review 130
Basic Research Terms 43 Annotated Bibliography 133
Quantitative Research Process: Overview 45 Summary 134
Qualitative Research Process: Overview 49 Review Questions 135

ISBN: 978-81-312-5269-7; PII: B978-81-312-5269-7.00018-6; Author: SHARMAENGLISH1; Document ID: 00018; Chapter ID: c0090

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To protect the rights of the author(s) and publisher we inform you that this PDF is an uncorrected proof for internal business use only by the author(s), editor(s),
reviewer(s), Elsevier and typesetter Thomson Digital. It is not allowed to publish this proof online or in print. This proof copy is the copyright property of the pub-
lisher and is confidential until formal publication.

xii Contents

6. Theories, Models, and Frameworks Summary 288

in Nursing Research Review Questions 289

Introduction 139 9. Tools and Methods of Data Collection

Meaning of Theory 140
Meaning of Conceptual Model 141 Introduction 294
Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks 141 Concept of Data Collection 294
Nature and Characteristics of Theories 146 Interview 298
Purposes and Uses of Theories, Models, Questionnaire 304
and Frameworks 149 Composite Scales/Attitude Scales 309
Using Theory in Research 151 Visual Analogous Scale 314
Testing and Developing Theories 152 Observations 315
Developing Conceptual or Theoretical Rating Scale 320
Framework and Models 155 Checklist 322
Summary 158 Biophysiologic Methods 324
Review Questions 159 Projective Technique 328
Q-Sorts 331
7. Research Approaches and Designs Vignettes 332
Procedure of data collection 335
Introduction 163 Validity of Research Tool 336
Definitions 163 Reliability of Research Tool 338
Elements of Research Design 164 Pilot Study 341
Selection of Research Design 165 Summary 344
Validity of Research Designs 167 Review Questions 345
Types of Research Design 169
Experimental Research Designs 170 10. Analysis of Data
True Experimental Designs 174
Quasi-Experimental Research Design 189 Introduction 351
Non-Experimental Research Design 193 Definitions 351
Specific Quantitative Research 209 Scales of Measurements 352
Qualitative Research Designs 218 Analysis of Quantitative Data 354
Mixed Method Research Design 236 Parametric Tests 362
Summary 243 Nonparametric Tests 364
Review Questions 244 Computer Analysis Of Quantitative Data 367
Analysis of Qualitative Data 368
8. Population, Sample, and Sampling Summary 381
Review Questions 382
Introduction 251
Terminology Used in Sampling 251 11. Communication and Utilization
Purposes of Sampling 252 of Research
Characteristics of Good Sample 253
Sampling Process 253 Introduction 387
Types of Sampling Techniques 256 Criteria for Communicating the Research 387
Probability Sampling Techniques 256 Methods of Communication of Research 388
Non-Probability Sampling 264 Writing a Research Report 390
Sampling in Qualitative Studies 273 Format of a Thesis or Dissertation 393
Sample Size Determination 274 Writing the References/Bibliography 397
Probability and Sampling Errors 285 Vancouver Style of Reference Writing 398
Problems of Sampling 287 Writing a Research Article 409

ISBN: 978-81-312-5269-7; PII: B978-81-312-5269-7.00018-6; Author: SHARMAENGLISH1; Document ID: 00018; Chapter ID: c0090

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To protect the rights of the author(s) and publisher we inform you that this PDF is an uncorrected proof for internal business use only by the author(s), editor(s),
reviewer(s), Elsevier and typesetter Thomson Digital. It is not allowed to publish this proof online or in print. This proof copy is the copyright property of the pub-
lisher and is confidential until formal publication.

Contents xiii
Critical Review of a Research Work 411 Scatter Diagram Method 481
Utilization of Research Findings 416 Product Moment Correlation 484
Intramural and Extramural Research Funding 422 Regression Analysis 488
Developing and Presenting a Research Proposal 423 Summary 492
Computer in Nursing Research 429 Review Questions 492
Summary 432
Review Questions 432 14. Inferential Statistics
Introduction 498
II Basic Terms 498
Parametric Tests 502
STATISTICS Nonparametric Tests 509
Summary 517
Review Questions 517
12. Introduction and Descriptive Statistics
Introduction 442 15. Application of Statistics
Definitions 442 in Health and Uses of Computer
Uses and Applications of Statistics 442 in Statistics
Terms Related to Statistics 443
Types of Data/Scales of Measurement 443 Introduction 523
Classification of Statistics 444 Rates, Ratios, and Trends 523
Frequency Distribution 444 Vital Health Statistics 523
Graphical Presentation of Data 448 Measures of Fertility 525
Measures of Central Tendency 454 Measures of Mortality 528
Measures of Dispersion 461 Measures of Morbidity 530
Risk Indexes: Relative Risk and Odd Ratio 463 Statistical Packages and Applications 532
Statistics for Diagnostic Test Evaluation 466 Summary 534
Summary 469 Review Questions 534
Review Questions 470
Appendices 537
13. Normal Distribution and Measures
of Relationship Glossary 577
Index 601
Normal Probability Curve (Z Score) 475
Correlation Coefficient 477

ISBN: 978-81-312-5269-7; PII: B978-81-312-5269-7.00018-6; Author: SHARMAENGLISH1; Document ID: 00018; Chapter ID: c0090

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