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    Gases 2

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    Anas Mohamed
    1. A sample of potassium chlorate (KClO3) was partially decomposed, producing oxygen gas (O2) that was collected over water in a bottle. 2. The volume of gas collected was 0.250 L at 26°C and 765 torr total pressure. 3. Calculations show the moles of O2 collected was 0.00333 mol, and the grams of KClO3 decomposed was 0.402 g. The dry volume of O2 at the same temperature and pressure would be 0.242 L.

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    Gases 2

    Uploaded by

    Anas Mohamed
    7 views13 pages
    1. A sample of potassium chlorate (KClO3) was partially decomposed, producing oxygen gas (O2) that was collected over water in a bottle. 2. The volume of gas collected was 0.250 L at 26°C and 765 torr total pressure. 3. Calculations show the moles of O2 collected was 0.00333 mol, and the grams of KClO3 decomposed was 0.402 g. The dry volume of O2 at the same temperature and pressure would be 0.242 L.

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    gases 2

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    1. A sample of potassium chlorate (KClO3) was partially decomposed, producing oxygen gas (O2) that was collected over water in a bottle. 2. The volume of gas collected was 0.250 L at 26°C and 765 torr total pressure. 3. Calculations show the moles of O2 collected was 0.00333 mol, and the grams of KClO3 decomposed was 0.402 g. The dry volume of O2 at the same temperature and pressure would be 0.242 L.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    7 views13 pages

    Gases 2

    Uploaded by

    Anas Mohamed
    1. A sample of potassium chlorate (KClO3) was partially decomposed, producing oxygen gas (O2) that was collected over water in a bottle. 2. The volume of gas collected was 0.250 L at 26°C and 765 torr total pressure. 3. Calculations show the moles of O2 collected was 0.00333 mol, and the grams of KClO3 decomposed was 0.402 g. The dry volume of O2 at the same temperature and pressure would be 0.242 L.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 13

    lecture (2)

    Followed gases
    by: Prof. Sherine Awad
    Collecting Gases over Water
    For example, solid potassium chlorate, KClO3, can be decomposed by heating it in a test tube. The balanced
    equation for the reaction is

     The oxygen gas is collected in a bottle that is initially filled with water and inverted in a water pan.
    The volume of gas collected is measured by raising or lowering the bottle as necessary until the water
    levels inside and outside the bottle are the same.
    The total pressure inside is the sum of the pressure of gas collected and the pressure of water vapor in
    equilibrium with liquid water:
    The pressure exerted by water vapor, PH2O, at various temperatures
     A sample of KClO3 is partially decomposed, producing O2 gas that is collected over water. The volume of
    gas collected is 0.250 L at 26°C and 765 torr total pressure. (a) How many moles of O2 are
    collected? (b) How many grams of KClO3 were decomposed? (c) When dry, what volume would the
    collected O2 gas occupy at the same temperature and pressure? a the pressure of the water vapor at 26°C,
    25 torr (Appendix )
     SOLUTION

    (b) The molar mass of KClO3 is 122.6 g/mol.

    © The original gas mixture contained both O2, at a partial pressure of 740 torr, and water vapor, with a partial
    pressure of 25 torr. We are now going to remove the water vapor, leaving dry O2. The dry O2will have a
    pressure of 765 torr at the same temperature as before.
     V2= P1V1/P2= 740*0.250/765= 0.242 L
    Molecular theory
     1. Gases consist of large numbers of molecules that are in
    continuous, random motion.
     2. The volume of all the molecules of the gas is negligible.

     3. Attractive and repulsive forces between gas molecules are


    negligible.

     4. The average kinetic energy of the molecules does not change


    with time, as long as the temperature of the gas remains constant.
    So, the collisions are perfectly elastic.

     5. The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional to the


    absolute temperature.
     Distribution of molecular speeds for a N2 gas:

     The peak of the curve represents the most probable velocity among a collection of gas particles.
     Root-Mean-Square Speed
     The root-mean-square speed measures the average speed of particles in a gas, defined

    as u=√3RT/M.
    Deviation from Ideal Behavior
     The ideal gas law can be written as:

     Plotting PV/RT for various gasses as a function of pressure, P:


    • The deviation from ideal behavior is large at high pressure

    • At high pressures, and low volumes, the intermolecular distances can become quite short,
    and attractive forces between molecules becomes significant
    • As pressures increase, and volume decreases, the volume of the gas molecules becomes
    significant .

    • At high temperatures, the kinetic energy of the molecules can overcome the attractive
    influence and the gasses behave more ideal

    At higher pressures, and lower volumes, the volume of the molecules influences PV/RT
    and its value, again, is higher than ideal
     Deviation from ideal behavior is also a function of temperature:

    • As temperature increases the deviation from ideal behavior decreases


    • As temperature decreases the deviation increases,
    • Two of the characteristics of ideal gases included:
    • The gas molecules themselves occupy no appreciable volume
    • The gas molecules have no attraction or repulsion for each other

     Real molecules, however, do have a finite volume and do attract one another
     The van der Waals Equation for real gases
    The ideal gas equation is not much use at high pressures

    The van der Waals constants a and b are different for different gasses

    a (L2 atm/mol
    Substance 2) b(L/mol)

    He 0.0341 0.0237
    H2 0.244 0.0266
    O2 1.36 0.0318
    H2O 5.46 0.0305
    CCl4 20.4 0.1383
    Use the van der Waals equation to calculate the pressure exerted by 100.0 mol of oxygen gas in 22.41 L at 0.0°C
    V = 22.41 L
    T = (0.0 + 273) = 273°K
    a (O2) = 1.36 L2 atm/mol2
    b (O2) = 0.0318 L /mol

    P = 117atm - 27.1atm
    P = 90atm
     Molecular Diffusion and Effusion
     Effusion
     The rate of escape of a gas through a tiny pore or pinhole in its container.
     The effusion rate, r, has been found to be inversely proportional to the square root of its molar
    mass:

     So, and a lighter gas will effuse more rapidly than a heavy gas:

    • The number of such collisions will increase as the speed of the molecules increases

    Diffusion: the spread of one substance through space, or though a second substance (such as
    the atmosphere)
     Diffusion and Mean Free Path
    • Similarly to effusion, diffusion is faster for light molecules than for heavy ones
    • The relative rates of diffusion of two molecules is given by the equation

    • The speed of molecules is quite high, however...

     The average distance traveled by a molecule between collisions is the mean free path
    • The higher the density of gas, the smaller the mean free path
    End of chapter 2

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