GENERAL CHEMISTRY | Ma’am Anais Taquio

1st Semester; 1st Quarter

A.Y. ‘23-’24

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
ACCURACY PRECISION
● Proximity of ● Proximity of - Digits that are considered in a
how close how close the measurement taken, whether with
to the true measurements certainty or little.
value. are to each
other.
R U L E S:

1. All non-zeros are significant.

2. Zeros between non-zeros are
SYSTEMATIC ERROR RANDOM ERROR
significant.

z
● Produces ● All higher
3. If a no. is greater than 1, the

re
results that AND all lower.
are all higher Difference by zeros to the right of the decimal
or all lower slight point are significant. However, if the
than the true occurs in this number is less than 1, only the
lva value. The error. zeros at the end of the number
measurement and the zeros between the
system non-zero digits are significant.
makes the
same kind of 4. Zeros to the left of non-zero
digits are not significant but are
RA
mistake.
(Precise) used to indicate the position of
the decimal point.

5. When a number ends in zero(s),

the zero(s) could be significant.
KA

The zeros are significant when;

● Indication of decimal
point is present.
● Drawing a bar on top of
the zero(s).

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
OPERATIONS WITH SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
- Simplified expression for a very large
or very small number/quantity.
● Addition/Subtraction Rule
- Ex: A x B = 45,000kg -> 4.5 x 10^4
- Smallest no. of decimal
places.
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY | Ma’am Anais Taquio
1st Semester; 1st Quarter
A.Y. ‘23-’24

- Ex: 123.20yd - 98.007yd =

25.19yd

● Multiplication/Division Rule
- Least number of significant
figures.
- Ex: 10.2cm x 11cm 112.2cm
-> 110cm^2 = 1.1 x 10^2
cm^2

z
ROUNDING OFF RESULTS OF MEASUREMENT RULES
TEMPERATURE

re
1. If the digit next to the rounding number is
greater than or equal to 5, add 1 to the - Measure of the average kinetic
preceding digit. On the other hand, if the energy of the particles in a sample.
lva
digit next to the rounding number is less
than 5, retain the preceding digit.
BOILING FREEZING
2. In the case of a series of calculations, do
not round off yet sub-results. Round off °C 100°C 0°C
RA
only when the final result has been
°F 212°F 32°F
calculated.
K 373K 273K
3. If the digit next to the rounding number is
odd, add 1. If even, it remains
KA

unchanged.
TEMPERATURE CONVERSIONS

SI UNITS T°C = TK- 273.15

TK = T°C + 273.15

T°C = 5/9 (°F - 32)

T°F = 1.8 (°C + 32)

T°F > T°C > TK = T°F = 9/5 T°C + 32

TK > T°C > T°F = TK - 273 = °C

| 9/5(°C) + 32
GENERAL CHEMISTRY | Ma’am Anais Taquio
1st Semester; 1st Quarter
A.Y. ‘23-’24

Binary Compounds
Stock system
DENSITY ● FeBr3 = Iron(III) bromide
● FeBr2 = Iron(II) bromide
● CuCl = (Copper(I) chloride
● CuCl2 = Copper(II) chloride

Classical method
● FeBr3 = Ferric bromide
● FeBr2 = Ferrous bromide
● CuCl = Cuprous chloride
● CuCl2 = Cupric chloride

z
re
PERCENTAGE ERROR: Polyatomic Ions
● KCN = potassium cyanide
𝑇𝑉 − 𝐸𝑉 ● Mg(NO3)2 = magnesium nitrate
X 100
lva
𝑇𝑉
Covalent Compounds

# Prefix
RA
1 mono
3 3
𝑟 =
3 3𝑉 2 di
4π
𝑚
𝐷 = 3 tri
KA

4 3
3
π𝑟
3 4 tetra
VCube =𝑠
VRectangle =LxWxH 5 penta
3
4π𝑟
VSphere = 3 6 hexa
2
VCylinder = π𝑟 ℎ 7 hepta
2
π𝑟 ℎ
VCone = 3 8 octa

9 nona

IONIC COMPOUNDS: 10 deca

Formula Writing and Naming
11 undeca

12 dodeca
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY | Ma’am Anais Taquio
1st Semester; 1st Quarter
A.Y. ‘23-’24

BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

CHEMICAL FORMULA | NAME

● CO = Carbon monoxide
● CO2 = Carbon dioxide
● NO2 = Nitrogen dioxide
● N20 = Dinitrogen monoxide
● PCl5 = Phosphorus pentachloride
● NI3 = Nitrogen triiodide

Binary and Ternary Acids

z
1. BINARY

re
* Dry acids = Hydrogen * Aqueous
+ root name of solutions = Hydro +
lva
non-metal + suffix-ide root name of
non-metal +
suffix-ic + acid
* Ex: HCl = Hydrogen
chloride | H2S = * Ex: HCl =
RA
Hydrogen sulfide Hydrochloric acid |
H2S =
Hydrosulfuric acid

2. TERNARY/OXYACIDS
KA

* Dry acids = * Aqueous solutions

Hydrogen + name of = root name of
oxyanion central non-metal +
-ous/-ic +acid
* Ex: H2SO4 = * Ex: H2SO4 =
Hydrogen sulfate | sulfuric acid | H2SO3
H2SO3 = Hydrogen = sulfurous acid
sulfite
GENERAL CHEMISTRY | Ma’am Anais Taquio
1st Semester; 1st Quarter
A.Y. ‘23-’24

FORMULA STOICHIOMETRY

- Is the quantitative relationship of reactants and

products in a chemical reaction.
● Molar mass = Atomic mass of element x quantity
of element
● Mass > Mole > # of particles
23
● Avogadro’s no. = 6. 02 𝑥 10

z
re
lva
RA
KA