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A Review Paper on Comparison of Numerical Techniques for Finding

Approximate Solutions to Boundary Value Problems on Post-Buckling in
Functionally Graded Materials

Article in Trends Journal of Sciences Research · January 2015

DOI: 10.31586/MechanicalEngineering.0201.01

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Review Paper Open Access

A Review Paper on Comparison of Numerical Techniques for

Finding Approximate Solutions to Boundary Value Problems
on Post-Buckling in Functionally Graded Materials

Elias Randjbaran1,*, Rizal Zahari1, Ramin Vaghei2, Farrokh Karamizadeh3

1AerospaceManufacturing Research Centre (AMRC), Level 7, Tower Block, Faculty of Engineering,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
2Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang,

Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

3Department of Civil Engineering, Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
*Correspondence: Elias Randjbaran([email protected])

Abstract The use of finite element models as research tools in biomechanics and orthopedics grew exponentially
over the last two decades. However, the attention to mesh quality, model validation and appropriate energy balance
methods and the reporting of these metrics has not kept pace with the general use of finite element modeling.
Therefore, the purpose of this review was to develop the nonlinear filter and thermal buckling of an FGM panel
under the combined effect of elevated temperature conditions and aerodynamic loading is investigated using a finite
element model based on the thin plate theory and von Karman strain-displacement relations to account for
moderately large deflection. It is found that the temperature increase has an adverse effect on the FGM panel flutter
characteristics through decreasing the critical dynamic pressure. Decreasing the volume fraction enhances flutter
characteristics, but this is limited by the structural integrity aspect. Structural finite element analysis has been
employed to determine the FGM panel's adaptive response while under the influence of a uniaxial compressive load
in excess of its critical buckling value. By increasing the applications of using composite materials inside aviation
stages, it is visualized that the versatile FGM plate setup will broaden the operational execution over traditional
materials and structures, especially when the structure is presented to a raised temperature. The vicinity of air motion
facilitating stream brings about delaying the locking temperature and in stifling under loads, while the temperature
build gives route for higher thermal-cycle abundance.
Keywords: Finite Element Methods; Functionally Graded Materials; Non-Linear Finite Element Formulation;
Thermo-Mechanical Post-Buckling
Elias Randjbaran, Rizal Zahari, Ramin Vaghei and Farrokh Karamizadeh. A Review Paper on
Citation: Comparison of Numerical Techniques for Finding Approximate Solutions to Boundary Value
Problems on Post-Buckling in Functionally Graded Materials. Vol. 1, No. 1, 2015, pp.1-12

1. Introduction The materials can be designed for specific function and

applications. Various approaches based on the bulk
The concept of Functionally graded materials was (particulate processing), preform processing, layer
first considered in Japan in 1984 during a space plane processing and melt processing are used to fabricate the
project. Where a combination of materials used would functionally graded materials. The FGMs are
serve the purpose of a thermal barrier capable of nonhomogeneous composites characterized by a smooth
withstanding a surface temperature of 2000 K and a and continuous change of material properties from one
temperature gradient of 1000 k across a 10 mm surface to the other. This is achieved by gradually
section.[1] In recent years this concept has become varying the volume fraction of the constituent materials.
more popular in Europe, particularly in Germany. A The FGMs are usually composed of two or more
transregional collaborative research center (SFB materials whose volume fractions are changing
Transregio) is funded since 2006 in order to exploit the smoothly and continuously along desired direction(s).
potential of grading monomaterials, such as steel, This continuous change in the compositions leads to a
aluminium and polypropylen, by using smooth change in the mechanical properties, which has
thermomechanically coupled manufacturing processes. many advantages over the laminated composites, where
In materials science functionally graded material (FGM) the delamination and cracks are more likely to initiate at
may be characterized by the variation in composition the interfaces due to the abrupt variation in the
and structure gradually over volume, resulting in mechanical properties between laminas. One of the
corresponding changes in the properties of the material. advantages of using these materials is that they can
2 Elias Randjbaran et al.: A Review Paper on Comparison of Numerical Techniques for Finding Approximate
Solutions to Boundary Value Problems on Post-Buckling in Functionally Graded Materials

survive environments with high temperature gradients, 2. Materials and Methods

while maintaining structural integrity. Accordingly, one
of the most important applications of functionally Given the (linear and/or nonlinear) material
graded materials is in the skin panels of supersonic and properties of the constituents, one important goal of
Hypersonic flight vehicles, which have to survive the micromechanics of materials consists of predicting the
harsh thermal and mechanical loadings [1-3]. response of the heterogeneous material on the basis of
the geometries and properties of the individual phases, a
Numerical approaches to continuum micromechanics; task known as homogenization. The benefit of
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) based methods - Most homogenization is that the behavior of a heterogeneous
such micromechanical methods use periodic material can be determined without resorting to testing
homogenization, which approximates composites by it. Such tests may be expensive and involve a large
periodic phase arrangements. A single repeating volume number of permutations (e.g., in the case of composites:
element is studied, appropriate boundary conditions constituent material combinations; fiber and particle
being applied to extract the composite's macroscopic volume fractions; fiber and particle arrangements; and
properties or responses. The FGMs are a new generation processing histories). Furthermore, continuum
of composite materials wherein the material properties micromechanics can predict the full multi-axial
vary continuously to yield a predetermined composition properties and responses of inhomogeneous materials,
profile. These materials have been introduced to benefit which are often anisotropic. Such properties are often
from the ideal performance of its constituents, e.g., high difficult to measure experimentally, but knowing what
heat/corrosion resistance of ceramics on one side, and they are is a requirement, e.g., for structural analysis
large mechanical strength and toughness of metals on involving composites. To rely on micromechanics, the
the other side. FGMs have no interfaces and are hence particular micromechanics theory must be validated
advantageous over conventional laminated composites. through comparison to experimental data. The second
FGMs also permit tailoring of material compositions to main task of micromechanics of materials is localization,
optimize a desired characteristic such as to minimize the which aims at evaluating the local (stress and strain)
maximum deflection for a given load and boundary fields in the phases for given macroscopic load states,
conditions, or maximize the first frequency of free phase properties, and phase geometries. Such
vibration, or minimize the maximum principal tensile knowledge is especially important in understanding and
stress. As a result, FGMs have gained potential describing material damage and failure. Conventional
applications in a wide variety of engineering aerospace composites have been composed of high-
components or systems, which include armor plating, stiffness carbon fibers to maintain dimensional stability
heat engine components and human implants [13, 36]. under high-performance application. The stiffness
The variations of material properties in an FGM are property is often associated with a particular
usually achieved by continuously varying volume susceptibility to impact damage and a corresponding
fractions of the constituent materials. With the increased reduction of mechanical properties. However, such
use of these materials, it is important to understand the structures are expected to only encounter few
nonlinear behavior of functionally graded plates under unintentional impacts. Composite structures for military
pressure load. Approximate solutions of complex ground vehicles, on the other hand, are designed to
engineering problems are usually obtained by a absorb multiple high-energy impacts but have much less
numerical method. In recent years, a new type of dimensional restrictions. Since softer materials tend to
numerical method called mesh-free method (MFM) is dissipate more energy during impact, a low
being developed in the area of computational mechanics modulus/high strength alternative would be well suited
[4-8, 30]. A semi [9] considered post-buckling and non- for backing panel composites [8-24].
linear bending analysis of functionally graded annular
sector plates based on three dimensional theory of Effective Material Properties of Functionally Graded
elasticity in conjunction with non-linear Green strain Materials Consider an FGM layer that is made from a
tensor as shown in Figure 1. mixture of ceramics and metals. Assume that the
composition is varied from the outer to the inner surface,
i.e., the outer surface (Z=-h/2) of the panel is metal rich,
whereas the inner surface (Z=+h/2) is ceramic rich,
where Z is in the direction of the downward normal to
the middle surface, and h is the thickness of the layer.
The thermal postbuckling behavior of FGM cylindrical
shells surrounded by an elastic medium was presented
on the basis of two micromechanical models and multi-
scale approach. The surrounding elastic medium is
modeled as a Pasternak foundation. The material
properties of FGMs are assumed to be temperature
dependent. Numerical results demonstrate that both
Figure 1. Geometry of the plate [9].
buckling temperature and thermal postbuckling strength
of the FGM shells increase with increase in foundation
stiffness, Figure 2 shows the details [10-16]. Duc and
 Trends Journal of Sciences Research 2015, 1(1): 1-6 3

Cong [17,23] proposed an analytical investigation on intermediate buckling temperature and thermal
the postbuckling behaviors of thick symmetric postbuckling strength. The results reveal that Voigt
functionally graded plates resting on elastic foundations model and Mori-Tanaka model have the same accuracy
and subjected to thermomechanical loads in thermal in predicting the thermal buckling and postbuckling
environments as shown in Figure 3. The formulations behavior of FGM shells. The results confirm that in the
presented by Duc and Cong are based on third order case of heat conduction, the postbuckling equilibrium
shear deformation plate theory and stress function path for geometrically perfect FGM cylindrical shells
consider Von Karman nonlinearity [29-39]. with simply supported boundary conditions is no longer
of the bifurcation type. Thermal Postbuckling of
Functionally Graded Materials Shells Consider a
circular cylindrical shell that is made of the combined
ceramic and metallic materials with continuously
varying mix ratios comprising ceramic and metal. The
length, mean radius, and total thickness of the shell are
L, R, and h, respectively. The shell is referred to a
coordinate system (X, Y, Z) in which X and Y are in the
axial and Figure 4 shows the circumferential directions
of the shell and Z is in the direction of the inward
normal to the middle surface [18-19]. Shen and Wang
Figure 2. (a) Displacement in point P on plane Oxz; (b) layer order [20] performed two step perturbation technique to
and coordinate system [10]. determine the load–deflection and load–bending
moment curves for FGM plates as presented in Figure 5
and they concluded that the characteristics of nonlinear
bending are significantly influenced by foundation
stiffness, temperature rise, transverse shear deformation,
the character of inplane boundary conditions and the
amount of initial compressive load [40-54].

Figure 3. Symmetrical S-FGM plate on elastic foundation. [17].

2.1 Voigt and Mori-Tanaka models

Voigt in 1887; Strains constant in composite, rule of
mixtures for stiffness components and Mori-Tanaka
Method is typical for mean field micromechanics Figure 4. Geometry and coordinate system of a cylindrical shell
models, fourth-order concentration tensors relate the surrounded by an elastic medium [18].
average stress or average strain tensors in
inhomogeneities and matrix to the average macroscopic
stress or strain tensor, respectively; inhomogeneity
"feels" effective matrix fields, accounting for phase
interaction effects in a collective, approximate way.
Thermal Post buckling of Shear Deformable FGM
Cylindrical Shells Surrounded by an Elastic Medium
presents a study of the thermal postbuckling response of
a shear deformable functionally graded cylindrical shell
of finite length embedded in a large outer elastic
medium by Shen in 2013. The surrounding elastic
medium is modeled as a Pasternak foundation. Two
kinds of Micromechanics models, namely the Voigt
Figure 5. An FGM rectangular plate resting on a Pasternak elastic
model and Mori-Tanaka model, are considered. The foundation [20].
governing equations are based on a higher-order shear
deformation shell theory that includes shell-foundation
interaction. The thermal effects are also included and 2.2 Euler–Bernoulli Beam Theory and von-Karman
the material properties of functionally graded materials Geometric Nonlinearity
(FGMs) are assumed to be temperature dependent. The
The Föppl–von Kármán equations, named after
governing equations are solved by a singular
August Föppl and Theodore von Kármán, are a set of
perturbation technique. The numerical results show that
nonlinear partial differential equations describing the
in some cases the FGM cylindrical shell with
large deflections of thin flat plates. With applications
intermediate volume fraction index does not have an
ranging from the design of submarine hulls to the
4 Elias Randjbaran et al.: A Review Paper on Comparison of Numerical Techniques for Finding Approximate
Solutions to Boundary Value Problems on Post-Buckling in Functionally Graded Materials

mechanical properties of cell wall. While the Föppl–von in FGM rectangular plates based on the three-
Kármán equations are of interest from a purely dimensional theory of elasticity.
mathematical point of view, the physical validity of It is shown that, utilizing the considerable control
these equations is questionable. Euler–Bernoulli beam authority generated, even for a small actuator volume
theory is a simplification of the linear theory of fraction, the out-of-plane displacement of the post-
elasticity which provides a means of calculating the buckled FGM panel's can be significantly reduced. Such
load-carrying and deflection characteristics of beams. displacement alleviation allows for load redistribution
Additional analysis tools have been developed such as away from the FGM panel's unloaded edges.
plate theory and finite element analysis, but the The results show that in some cases the FGM
simplicity of beam theory makes it an important tool in cylindrical shell with intermediate volume fraction
the sciences, especially structural and mechanical index does not necessarily have intermediate buckling
engineering. Yaghoobi and Torabi in 2013 investigated temperature and thermal postbuckling strength. The
that beams made of functionally graded materials results reveal that the difference of the buckling
(FGMs) resting on a nonlinear elastic foundation temperatures between Mori-Tanaka Model and Voigt
subjected to axial force are studied as illustrated in Model solutions is very small, and the difference in the
Figure 6, Figure 7. The material properties of FGMs are thermal postbuckling strength between Voigt Model
assumed to be graded in the thickness direction solutions may be negligible. The results confirm that in
according to a simple power law distribution in terms of the case of heat conduction, the postbuckling
the volume fractions of the constituents. The equilibrium path for geometrically perfect FGM
assumptions of a small strain and moderate deformation cylindrical shells with simply supported boundary
are used. Based on Euler–Bernoulli beam theory and conditions is no longer of the bifurcation type.
von-Karman geometric nonlinearity, the integral partial
differential equation of motion is derived. Then this
partial differential equation (PDE) problem, which has 4. Conclusion
quadratic and cubic nonlinearities, is simplified into an
ordinary differential equation (ODE) problem by using Structural finite element analysis has been employed
the Galerkin method. Finally, the governing equation is to determine the FGM panel's adaptive response while
solved analytically using the variational iteration under the influence of a uniaxial compressive load in
method (VIM) [21-45]. excess of its critical buckling value. In this review paper,
two methods based on the two theories used to analyze
the FGM.
Results of the two Mori-Tanaka and Voigt models for
buckling temperatures and also thermal post buckling
strength are almost the same and the differences are
negligible. Reducing out of plane displacement of FGM
panel can allow redistributing the loads away from
unloaded edge of panel. The results show that in some
cases the FGM cylindrical shell with intermediate
volume fraction index does not necessarily have
Figure 6. Schematic of the imperfect FG beam with nonlinear
foundation [21].
intermediate buckling temperature and thermal post-
buckling strength.
These results are based on this conclusion that the
characteristics of nonlinear bending are significantly
influenced by foundation stiffness, temperature rise,
transverse shear deformation, the character of in-plane
boundary conditions and the amount of initial
compressive load. It is shown that the Pasternak elastic
foundation may
Enhance the buckling resistance of the shell.
Furthermore, the influence of the Winkler constant of
the elastic foundation is almost negligible, however, the
shear layer may effectively delay the circumferential
Figure 7. Schematic of the FG beam with a non-linear foundation bifurcation. Both Winkler and shear layers of the elastic
[22]. foundation may change the critical mode number.
Furthermore, for both heat conduction and uniform
temperatureloadings, the regarding of the temperature
3. Results and Discussions dependency results in lower values of the critical
buckling temperature difference.
The aforementioned literature review demonstrates As a result, the influence of linear and shear layers of
that the buckling and post buckling analysis of FGM the foundation is to weaken the nonlinear behavior of
plates have mostly been carried out based on the plate the FGM beam, whereas the effect of the non-linear
theories. Very rare stability analyses have been shown foundation stiffness is to harden the beam response.
 Trends Journal of Sciences Research 2015, 1(1): 1-6 5

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