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Cyclone Freddy
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Not to be confused with Cyclone Freda.

This article is about the 2023 tropical cyclone. For other storms of the same name, see List of storms
named Freddy.

Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Freddy was an exceptionally long-lived, powerful, and deadly
storm that traversed the southern Indian Ocean for more than five weeks in February and March
2023. Freddy is both the longest-lasting and highest-ACE-producing tropical cyclone ever
recorded worldwide. Additionally, it is the third-deadliest tropical cyclone recorded in the Southern
Hemisphere, only behind 2019's Cyclone Idai and the 1973 Flores cyclone. It was the fourth named
storm of the 2022–23 Australian region cyclone season, and the second very intense tropical
cyclone of the 2022–23 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season.

Freddy first developed as a disturbance on 5

Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Freddy
February 2023. While in the Australian region
cyclone basin, the storm quickly intensified and
became a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone,
before it moved into the South-West Indian
Ocean basin, where it intensified further. The
Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) estimated
1-minute sustained winds of 270 km/h (165 mph)
at Freddy's peak strength, equivalent to
Category 5 strength on the Saffir–Simpson scale.
On 19 February, Météo-France (MFR) upgraded it
to a very intense tropical cyclone, estimated 10-
minute winds of 220 km/h (140 mph). Freddy
Freddy at its peak intensity while northeast
made its first landfall near Mananjary,
of Rodrigues on 19 February.
Madagascar. The storm rapidly weakened
overland but re-strengthened in the Mozambique Meteorological history
Channel. Shortly afterward, Freddy made second
Duration 5 weeks and 2 days
landfall just south of Vilankulos, Mozambique,
before rapidly weakening. Unexpectedly, the Formed 5 February 2023

system managed to survive its visit in

Dissipated 14 March 2023
Mozambique and emerged back over the channel
on 1 March. Soon after, Freddy was re-classified Very intense tropical cyclone

as a tropical cyclone by the MFR. Over the 10-minute sustained (MFR)

course of 10 days, Freddy rapidly intensified on
two occasions, eventually slowing to a semi- Highest winds 220 km/h (140 mph)

stationary movement near Quelimane, Lowest pressure 931 hPa (mbar);

Mozambique. Moving northwest inland, the storm 27.49 inHg
gradually deteriorated and was last noted on 14
Category 5-equivalent tropical cyclone
March.
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)
Preparations for the storm in the Mascarene
Islands included flight groundings, cyclone Highest winds 270 km/h (165 mph)

alerts, and personnel being prepped for the Lowest pressure 918 hPa (mbar);
aftermath, among other things. In Madagascar, 27.11 inHg
areas previously affected by Cyclones Batsirai
Overall effects
and Cheneso were feared to be worsened by the
storm's arrival.[1] On 20–21 February, Freddy Fatalities 1,434 total
skirted Mauritius and Réunion to the north, (Second-deadliest
bringing strong winds and adverse weather tropical cyclone in

conditions. A Taiwanese-flagged vessel with a the South-West

Indian Ocean, third-
crew of 16 went missing northeast of Mauritius.
deadliest in the
The cyclone struck southeastern Madagascar,
Southern
damaging many homes.[2] Impacts in Hemisphere)
Mozambique were more severe than in
Madagascar and included heavy rainfall in the Missing 556

southern half of the country and widely damaged Damage Unknown

infrastructure. Some parts of the country
Areas affected Lesser Sunda
received more than 300 mm (12 in) of rain.
Islands · Mascarene
Effects in Mozambique were exacerbated after
Islands ·
its second landfall with further floods and wind
Madagascar ·
damage. Mozambique ·
Zimbabwe · Malawi ·
Hardest-hit was Malawi where incessant rains
South Africa ·
caused catastrophic flash floods, with Blantyre Eswatini · Zambia
suffering the brunt of it. The nation's power grid
IBTrACS: 1 , 2
was crippled, with its hydroelectric dam rendered
inoperable. Overall, the cyclone killed at least
Part of the 2022–23 Australian region and
1,434 people: at least 1,216 people were killed in South-West Indian Ocean cyclone
the onslaught of Freddy in Malawi (with 537 seasons
people missing and presumed dead), 198 in
Mozambique, 17 in Madagascar, 2 in Zimbabwe, and 1 in Mauritius, making it the first tropical
cyclone globally to claim at least 1,000 lives since Cyclone Idai in 2019. Food security was of
particular concern, with millions of others left at risk.

The storm struck during a widespread cholera outbreak in Mozambique and Malawi as well; severe
flooding worsened the epidemic. Survivors of the cyclone were found desperately digging in
rubble with their bare hands in hopes that they would find other survivors.[3] Numerous deceased
people were found every day as the aftermath lingered around the affected areas.

Contents

Meteorological history E…

Main article: Meteorological history of Cyclone Freddy

During 5 February, a tropical low was located south of

Bali, Indonesia.[4] At first, the circulation was ill-defined,
but by the evening and overnight, persistent
atmospheric convection had occurred and was
beginning to show signs of better organization.[4] During
6 February, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM)
reported that the tropical low had developed into a
Map plotting the storm's track and Category 1-cyclone on its scale and named it Freddy.[4]
intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson [5][6] On the same day, the Joint Typhoon Warning
scale
Center (JTWC) classified the system as Tropical Cyclone
Map key
11S.[7] The BoM subsequently upgraded Freddy into a
Saffir–Simpson scale
Tropical depression Category 2 tropical cyclone,[8] before further upgrading
(≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h) it to a Category 3 cyclone.[9] The cyclone began showing
Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–
an eye feature visible in microwave imaging.[10] Freddy
118 km/h)
Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h) weakened slightly due to its central dense overcast and a
Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154– persistent area of cold cloud tops. The JTWC assessed
177 km/h) that Freddy's winds bottomed out at 150 km/h (90 mph).
Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–
[11][12]
208 km/h) Freddy weakened back into a tropical storm, and
Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209– the BoM estimated winds of 100 km/h (65 mph), the
251 km/h) weakening resulting from easterly wind shear.[13][14]
Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
Unknown
Freddy had further
Storm type
Tropical cyclone intensified to a Category 4
Subtropical cyclone severe tropical cyclone due
Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, to the presence of a well-
tropical disturbance, or monsoon
defined eye surrounded by
depression
deep convection.[15] Freddy
gradually became disorganized, with its eye no longer well-defined.
[16] During 14 February, Freddy crossed 90° E into the South-West
Indian Ocean basin and was immediately classified as a tropical
cyclone by Météo-France (MFR).[17][18] The JTWC assessed Freddy
Severe Tropical Cyclone
as having 1-minute maximum sustained winds of 270 km/h (165 mph), Freddy at its second peak
making the storm a Category 5-equivalent tropical cyclone.[19][20] within the Australian region
Later the next day, Freddy was upgraded to a very intense tropical basin on 12 February
cyclone by the MFR.[21] At about 7 p.m. local time on 21 February, the
cyclone made its first landfall near Mananjary, Madagascar.[22] During 22 February, Freddy
significantly improved in organization as it moved southwestward across the Mozambique
Channel.[23] Freddy re-strengthened into a moderate tropical storm after the convection began to
rapidly increase.[24] Freddy re-strengthened further, marking its intensification into a severe
tropical storm.[25] Freddy continued to organize with convective bands wrapping into the center.
[26]

By 12:00 UTC on 24 February, the MFR reported that Freddy had made a second landfall south of
Vilankulos, Mozambique, with 10-minute sustained winds of 85 km/h (50 mph).[27] Freddy rapidly
weakened as it moved westward and further inland, weakening to an overland depression by 18:00
UTC that day.[28] Even though the MFR stopped issuing advisories on 25 February, they were still
monitoring and predicted that the remnant low would likely re-develop into a tropical system.[29]
[30] Freddy re-emerged over the Mozambique Channel on 2 March, the MFR resumed advisories
on the system as a tropical disturbance.[31] Throughout the next day, Freddy was downgraded to
zone of disturbed weather status.[32] An ASCAT-C pass showed winds below gale-force in its
southern quadrant, prompting MFR to classify the storm as a moderate tropical storm.[33] Freddy
strengthened to a severe tropical storm as it approached the coast of Madagascar.[34] Satellite
imagery showed that an ill-defined eye was visible, and Freddy intensified further into a tropical
cyclone.[35][36] Freddy rapidly weakened as a result of the presence of higher wind shear as well
as dry air intrusion.[37] Later that next day, the storm's winds weakened to 110 km/h (70 mph).[37]
However, the JTWC and MFR later indicated that the winds strengthened to 120 km/h (75 mph).
[38][39] Freddy made its final landfall on Quelimane, Zambezia Province, Mozambique, with
sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) on 11 March.[40][41] The system gradually degraded and
MFR ceased monitoring it as a tropical cyclone on 14 March.[42]

Records E…

Freddy holds the record as the longest-lasting tropical cyclone worldwide, beating the previous
record set by Hurricane John in 1994.[43][44][45] Freddy also holds the record for the all-time
highest accumulated cyclone energy of a tropical cyclone worldwide, with an ACE of 87.01,
breaking the previous record, set by Hurricane Ioke in 2006, of 85.26.[46][47][48] Freddy was the
first tropical cyclone to undergo seven separate rounds of rapid intensification.[47] Freddy was one
of only four systems to traverse the entirety of the southern Indian Ocean from east to west; the
others were cyclones Litanne in 1994 as well as Leon–Eline and Hudah in 2000.[48]

Preparations E…

Mauritius E…

A class I cyclone warning was issued by Mauritius for Rodrigues, and later a class II cyclone
warning was issued.[49][50] Flights from Rodrigues to Saint-Denis, Réunion, were canceled or
rescheduled due to inclement weather.[51] Prime Minister Pravind Jugnauth stated this during a
radio and television address urging vigilance and caution.[52] The Mauritius Meteorological
Services (MMS) issued a class III cyclone warning, estimating that Freddy's center gusts might
reach up to 300 km/h (185 mph).[53] The country also shut down its stock exchange as the storm
neared.[54] A total of 1,019 people sought refuge in public shelters.[55]

Réunion E…

On 18 February, a cyclone yellow pre-alert was issued for the island

of Réunion by the MFR.[56] The following day, this was upgraded to
an orange alert which prompted all schools to close. Hospital
patients whose conditions did not require immediate treatment were
to return home while those with more care-intensive needs were to
be transported to designated facilities.[57] The island's power
company, EDF La Réunion, prepped 200 personnel with a further 100
people from subcontracted companies for immediate repairs once
storm conditions subsided. Call centers were staffed with 60
additional workers. The company also prepped 50 vehicles,
electrical equipment, 15 generators, and 4 helicopters for use.[58] Cyclone Freddy passing by
Residents in areas hard-hit by Cyclone Batsirai in February 2022 Mauritius on 20 February
worried of exacerbated damage upon Freddy's arrival.[59] Authorities
in Le Tampon were mobilizing for the system's arrival.[60]

High seas prompted the closure of the Nouvelle route du Littoral with bus shuttles established to
transport residents through inland routes to and from communities in the north and west.[61][62]
On 20 February, the RSMA-R mobilized 250 personnel for relief efforts.[63] All service at Roland
Garros Airport was suspended the same day, with service to resume following the cyclone's
passage.[64] A red alert for coastal flooding was issued for areas between Champs Borne and
Pointe des Cascades.[65] The city of Saint-Benoît opened two public shelters and closed all
sporting facilities.[66] Officials in Saint-Pierre postponed a local carnival for more than two weeks.
[67]

Madagascar E…

Cyclone Freddy threatened areas of Madagascar still reeling

from the successive impacts of Cyclones Batsirai and Emnati
in 2022; 874,000 people remained food insecure in the
region.[68] Medair noted that the region was suffering from a
surge in childhood malnutrition stemming from an inadequate
humanitarian response to the aforementioned cyclones.[69]
On 18 February, General Directorate of Meteorology issued
Cyclone Freddy approaching warnings for the Analanjirofo and Sava regions, advising
Mauritius on 19 February. residents to take precautions as the cyclone was expected to
make landfall.[70] In the landfall area, Madagascar's weather
service noted "torrential rains" and "very high to enormous seas" were of concern.[54] The
government of Madagascar pre-positioned 120 tonnes (120 long tons; 130 short tons) of rice to
areas threatened by Freddy.[68] Transportation services and schools were closed on 21 February.
[71] Residents at risk of Freddy placed sandbags over their homes' roofs for reinforcement.[72]

The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) in Madagascar
announced it was preparing for the cyclone.[70] Météo-France noted on 19 February that
accumulations for 200 mm (7.9 in) were possible for the southern regions of Madagascar.[73] The
Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System estimated over 2.2 million people would be affected
by Freddy's storm surge and flooding in the country.[74] Tents, ropes, chainsaws, and other
supplies have been sent by the National Office for Risk and Disaster Management (BNGRC) to the
eastern districts.[75] The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
(OCHA) and its partners deployed 80 humanitarian staff to Mahanoro, Mananjary, and Manakara,
and placed two aircraft on standby. The agency was unable to sufficiently allocate emergency
supplies due to a lack of funding and shortages from Cyclone Cheneso the month prior.[68] Medair
already had field offices in place after Cyclone Cheneso in southern and southeastern
Madagascar. Emphasis was placed on providing clean drinking water and emergency kits to
residents in Marondava and Maroansetra.[69] At least 7,000 people were pre-emptively evacuated
from at-risk coastal regions before Freddy's arrival.[2]

Mozambique E…
First arrival
E…
Local reports had estimated over 600,000 people were expected to be affected in the country by
the cyclone alone.[76] Rainfall predictions reached 200–300 mm (7.9–11.8 in) south of Beira into
Inhambane Province, with 400 mm (16 in) locally. Overall, a month's worth of rain was forecasted.
[77] The country's national meteorological service issued a red alert on 21 February. Freddy's
intense and prolonged rainfall was also feared to worsen flooding in central and northern areas,
affecting up to 1.75 million people, this rainfall also caused deadly landslides.[78] Rescue teams,
food supplies, tents, and boats were put in place to support the aftermath.[79]

Second arrival
E…
During March 2023, as Freddy approached a second time, the Mozambique National Meteorology
Institute (INAM) predicted torrential rains of more than 200 mm (7.9 in) in 24 hours in the
provinces of Manica, Sofala, Tete, and Zambezia. Peak rainfall was forecasted to be between 400–
500 mm (16–20 in).[80] According to the National Institute for Disaster Risk Management and
Reduction (INGD), approximately 565,000 people were at risk,[81] though a United Nations and
European Union-led disaster alert predicted 2.3 million were at risk. Thousands were moved to
evacuation shelters as precaution.[82]

Malawi E…

Cyclone Freddy was expected to hit Malawi, and bring with it torrential rains and damaging winds
to the southern region.[83] Forecasts predicted accumulations of rainfall there could reach 400–
500 mm (16–20 in).[83] The Ministry of Education ordered the suspension of all classes in districts
at risk.[83]

Impact E…

In general, Freddy produced extraordinarily heavy rains, primarily in Mozambique and Malawi.
Heavy winds lashed areas as well, and infrastructure took heavy hits due to excessive flooding.
Freddy's stalling over Mozambique and Malawi worsened the rains immensely.

Mauritius E…

Deaths and damage by country

Damage
Nation/Territory Fatalities Missing Injuries Affected
(2023 USD)

Madagascar 17[84] 3[85] — 299,000[84] —

1,216[86][87] 537 (presumed

Malawi [88]
1,724[89] >500,000[90] —
dead)[86]

Mauritius 1[91] 16[92][nb 1] 0 2,500[94] —

Mozambique 198[95][96] — 280[97] ≥1,074,970[96] —

Réunion 0 0 0 ≥25,000 —

Zimbabwe 2[98] 0 0 — —

Totals: 1,434 556 2,004 ≥1,712,987 —

According to the MMS, the cyclone passed within 200 km (120 mi) of the island, just north of
Grand Bay.[99] Strong winds and waves were observed along the northern coast of Mauritius.[54]
Winds in Port Louis reached 104 km/h (65 mph) while a peak gust of 154 km/h (96 mph) was
observed on Signal Mountain.[100] Flooding and gale-force winds also affected the country.[101]
According to media reports, there was one fatality, and at least 500 displaced families in a variety
of shelters across Mauritius.[91]

Around 4:00 a.m. local time on 20 February, contact was lost with the Taiwanese-flagged fishing
trawler LV Lien Sheng Fa with a crew of 16 just outside the territorial waters of Mauritius.[102] The
crew included a Taiwanese captain and 15 Indonesian fishermen. An alert was sent out by Taiwan's
Fisheries Agency for the missing vessel on 23 February.[103] The MV Star Venture found the ship
capsized on 25 February about 400 km (250 mi) northeast of Mauritius within the nation's
exclusive economic zone. Later sorties by the aircraft Dornier and the ship CGA Baracuda failed to
find any survivors.[93][103] Mauritius deployed a diving team to confirm the identity of the ship.[103]
The vessel's lifeboat was confirmed to have been deployed; however, it has not been found as of
3 March.[103]

Réunion E…

Freddy impacted Réunion on 20–21 February, with its effects being relatively limited.[1] Nearly
25,000 customers were left without power at the height of the cyclone; all but 500 had their
service restored within a day.[104] In Saint-Paul, 20 tons of mangoes were destroyed.[105] Highway
RD48 in Salazie was closed due to a landslide.[106] Eleven mobile sites maintained by Orange S.A.
were knocked offline in Tampon, Saint-Louis, and Saint-Paul.[1] On 23 February, Foehn winds on
the backside of the storm led to temperatures reaching 31 to 36 °C (88 to 97 °F) along the
southwestern coast of Réunion.[107]

Madagascar E…

In total, 17 people have been reported dead following the cyclone, another three remain missing.
[84]

First landfall
E…
Damage was less than expected due to Freddy's weaker-than-
forecasted winds, and early preparations.[108][78] Freddy made
its first landfall near Mananjary, which was still recovering from
Cyclone Batsirai a year earlier.[109][110] In total, over 14,000
homes were affected, with 1,206 destroyed, 3,079 flooded, and
at least 9,696 damaged.[2] At least 22,500 people were
displaced, with over 12,000 in Mananjary alone.[111][112] Freddy
also left 79 schools roofless, and damaged or destroyed 37
and 6 respectively. The storm's effects caused more 11,000 to
flee their homes.[113] The impact zone of Freddy included 13-
15 municipalities.[108] About 16 km2 (9.9 mi2) of land was Cyclone Freddy approaching
Madagascar on 21 February
flooded according to UNOSAT.[114] Overall, the cyclone was
responsible for seven deaths, and affected 226,000.[115]

Second arrival
E…
On its second arrival, Cyclone Freddy brought severe rains to the southwestern portion of the
country.[116] At least 72,600 people were affected by the cyclone, including 20 people who were
displaced, of whom 16,367 are in 34 temporary sites in several districts, and over 7,900 are living
with relatives in the regions of Menabe and Atsimo Andrefana.[116] 158 of which were destroyed,
67 of which were damaged, and 55 of which had no roofs.[116] Overall, 12,400 houses (6,000 of
which were flooded, 900 of which were damaged, and 5,500 of which were destroyed) and 280
classrooms, some 28,000 students were prevented from attending school.[116] Ten people have
died and three were missing.[116]

Mozambique E…

Exact figures for amounts killed per landfall vary by source, but in all, Freddy left 198 dead and
1,074,970 were affected in the country.[96]

First landfall
E…
Cyclone Freddy made its first landfall in Mozambique (and second landfall overall) south of
Vilanculos, Inhambane Province, causing heavy rains, strong winds, and rough seas.[117][118] Some
damage was reported, primarily due to fallen trees and rooftops.[119] Public infrastructure and
services have also suffered widespread damage, including 60 health units, 1,012 schools.[120][40]
At least ten people died in the country during the first landfall. Over 166,600 were affected.[121]
[122] Much of the southern half of the country saw rainfall totaling 200 to 500 mm (7.9 to 19.7 in).
[123] Thousands of homes were damaged, with approximately 28,300 destroyed.[122] 1,265 km
(786 mi) of road across many were damaged.[123] More than 92,000 hectares of crops were
affected, and more than 18,700 hectares of crops were lost in areas where 400,000 were food
insecure.[121][123] The storm struck during a cholera outbreak, raising worries of the storm
worsening its effects.[40]

Second landfall
E…

Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in

Mozambique
Highest-known totals
Precipitation
Storm Location Ref.
Rank mm in
[124]
1 672 26.46 Freddy 2023 Marromeu

2 600 24 Idai 2019 Chimoio

[125]
3 502 19.76 Eline 2000 Levubu
[126]
4 281 11.06 Delfina 2003
[127]
5 200 7.87 Jokwe 2008 Nampula
[128]
6 190 7.50 Japhet 2003

Freddy made its second landfall in Zambezia Province on 11 March, bringing torrential rainfall,
storm surge, and much stronger winds compared to the prior landfall. The Zambezi and
Tambarara river basins had reported above-average water levels before its landfall.[40] The power
utility had turned off the electricity completely as a precaution against the cyclone.[129] Locals
reported seeing roofs torn off houses, broken windows, and streets flooded in Quelimane.[130]
Sustained winds of 175 km/h (110 mph), gusting up to 215 km/h (130 mph) were recorded in the
city.[131] All flights were suspended due to the inclement weather brought by Freddy.[132]

Communications and electrical supplies were cut early into

the storm, hampering damage assessments. Power
company Electricidade de Moçambique said that most
areas had electricity restored by 11 March mid-afternoon.
The nation's UNICEF chief of advocacy, communications,
and partnerships, Guy Taylor, stated that there was "lots of
destruction", and that Freddy was "potentially a disaster of
large magnitude".[133] Taylor also noted that rural areas
Cyclone Freddy off the coast of were completely destroyed. Access to clean water was
Mozambique on 11 March. effectively cut off in Quelimane.[134]

State TV reported that hundreds were displaced in Freddy's wake. More than 650 houses in
Marromeu District, and over 3,000 in Sofala province were affected by flooding.[135] The nation
saw a year's worth of rainfall in just 4 weeks. Locals said localized flooding was an issue even
before landfall.[136] In a preliminary satellite evaluation of 24,000 km2 (9,300 sq mi) of land,
900 km2 (350 sq mi) was estimated to be flooded.[137] Widespread areas received over 500–
1,000 mm (20–39 in) of rainfall, with smaller, localized pockets of 1,000–1,500 mm (39–59 in),[138]
eclipsing the maximum accumulations of Cyclone Idai 4 years earlier. 348,000 hectares of
cropland were damaged, and over 800,000 people were living in flooded areas following Freddy.
Cholera cases also increased among affected populations. A total of 8 provinces were damaged
by the cyclone. 1,017 schools took a hit, and more than 5,000 km (3,100 mi) of road was damaged.
This includes the main national road, N1, which was restored by 21 March. A total of 103,000
houses were destroyed, and another 25,000 had been flooded. Some 15,000 people were
stranded when they moved to higher ground for protection.[139]

The old provincial hospital in Quelimane had its roof blown off, making supporting those in need
more difficult. Many people were left homeless during the storm and took shelter in schools, the
latter being turned into reception areas. Large amounts of crop fields were flooded as well.[140]
The INGD stated that the storm's effects on Mozambique were worse than expected. Freddy
affected areas were initially deemed safe beforehand.[134] Overall, Freddy caused at least 143
deaths on its second arrival. At least 886,487 people were affected as well. An estimated 49,000
were displaced and another 280 were injured.[141][142] At least 22 deaths from cholera were
blamed on Freddy and the subsequent flooding.[95]

Malawi E…

Before Freddy arrived in Malawi, the country had been

experiencing its worst cholera outbreak in history. Freddy's
effects increased fears among the public that it would worsen.
[143] Rainfall was heaviest in the southern region of the country.
[144] These districts include Blantyre, Phalombe, Mulanje,
Chikhwawa, and Nsanje.[145] Flash floods devastated many
regions, washing away homes and people and leaving
infrastructure ruined.[146] The entire nation experienced blackout
due to EGENCO shutting down power to avoid further damage to
power-generating machines.[136] The nation's hydroelectric
power plant, which provides a large portion of the country with
electricity, was rendered inoperable by debris.[146] Moderate Tropical Storm
Freddy weakening after its
At least 1,216 people were killed in the onslaught of Freddy with landfall in Mozambique on 12
537 people missing, and presumed dead, and 1,332 injuries March.

reported.[147][148][87] At least 192 of these deaths were reported

in Blantyre, and at least 40 of whom were children according to Médecins Sans Frontières. 135 of
them were in Mulanje as well.[149] 180,000 people were displaced across the country and forced to
evacuate their homes,[150] with 500,000 affected in general. Among these 280,000 were children.
[90][151] There were also around 90 fatalities in Mulanje.[150] More than 50,000 houses were
damaged or destroyed.[152] In terms of rainfall, over a month's worth of rain was dumped in just a
day,[153] totaling to six months of precipitation in six days.[152] The small village of Mtauchira in
Chiradzulu District was completely destroyed by a landslide that fell from Chambe Peak. At least 7
people died and 40 were injured in the village while an unknown number of others were missing as
of 14 March.[154]

Over 430 km2 (170 sq mi) of general land was flooded, causing many smallholder farmers to have
their crops and fields lost to the storm. Approximately 204,833 hectares of cropland were
inundated - 84,930 being submerged and 119,930 were washed away. The storm struck just as
farmers were about to harvest, compounding to local food insecurities in the nation. Farms were
also damaged and many were destroyed. Livestock was severely impacted, with 194,500 dying
and a further 91,000 being injured.[155][156] Notable rainfall recordings include a record-setting
458 mm (18.0 in) in 24 hours in Phalombe District. Several other districts also reported 300 mm
(12 in) in the same time range.[153][157][152] Flood waters rose in some areas days after Freddy
died, with an analyzed area of 5,000 km2 (1,900 sq mi) increasing by 60 km2 (23 sq mi) between
14 and 17 March. Houses whose foundations were weakened by the system also collapsed in
Mangochi District.[151]

Dozens of houses were reported being washed away in floodwaters in Chilobwe. Schools in ten
southern regions were ordered to be closed until 15 March.[134] Heavy rains also were reported in
Salima and Lilongwe.[136] Malawian president Lazarus Chakwera declared a state of disaster in the
southern regions.[134] Victims were thought to be buried under rubble and debris.[158] During
Freddy's extended stay in the country, visibility remained at near-zero levels. Several roads and
bridges were cut, and many areas were cut off.[159] Landslides across Chiradzulu Mountain
blocked roadways, leaving Chiradzulu Boma inaccessible.[154] It was stated that 14[160] districts
suffered impacts from Freddy, equating to over half the country. Chakwera also said that 36 roads
were broken, nine bridges washed away, and there were still many villages inaccessible by 20
March.[161]

Zimbabwe E…

Heavy rainfall extending from Freddy impacted eastern Zimbabwe for a prolonged period as it
meandered over Mozambique and the Mozambique Channel.[162] At the end of February as the
storm moved over Mozambique, heavy rains and strong winds impacted the nation. Five homes
and two schools had their roofs torn off in Mashonaland Central Province. One person was killed in
Shamva on 26 February when the tree they were sheltering from the rain under collapsed.[163] A
second person was killed by unspecified causes.[98] In Masvingo Province, one home was
destroyed by rainfall and another was struck by lightning.[163] Manicaland Province in particular
was heavily affected with continuous rainfall from 12 to 14 March. Observed rainfall totals include
102 mm (4.0 in) in Nyanga and 97 mm (3.8 in) in Mukandi.[162] Crops were adversely affected in
the Chipinge and Chiredzi districts.[162][163]

Elsewhere E…

Rainfall of at least 251 mm (9.9 in) occurred across regions of South Africa and Eswatini.[138]
Heavy rainfall also occurred in Zambia.[164] Freddy did not directly affect the Australian coast with
wind or rain, but the system's swell reached the Northwest Shelf, with reporting 2 m (6.6 ft) to
2.5 m (8.2 ft).[4]

Aftermath E…

Due to the storm striking during a historic cholera outbreak, water purification supplies were in
critical need, and in short supply.[165]

Madagascar E…

64 tons of food relief rations were made available following Freddy's passing.[112] Several shelter
sites were opened, with many being vacated within a day of the storm. The World Food
Programme offered thousands of hot meals to those in shelters. Financial assistance was planned
to be provided to 100,000 people for up to 2 months, and food assistance to 40,000 for 3 months.
[108] OCHA has provided WFP with a $100 million Emergency Cash Grant, which will be utilized for
immediate aerial inspections and logistics support following the cyclone.[166] WFP has sent a 6x6
truck carrying 5 metric tons (MT) of high-energy biscuits (HEBs) to Toliara as part of the
emergency response in the southwest.[167]

Mozambique E…

UNICEF provided water purification supplies, medical

items, tents, and hygiene kits among other things to
help families and children.[117] By 13 March, 5,000 were
living in the accommodation and over 100,000 needed
humanitarian assistance. The government was not
prepared for a storm of Freddy's magnitude, and
struggled to provide an effective response.[140]
Amnesty International suggested that Mozambique be
MODIS satellite imagery of flooding on 21
compensated for impacts by Freddy, due to being least
March in the region
responsible for climate change.[168]

By 24 March, 230 accommodation centers remained operational, housing 184,282 people. The
WFP also provided 7-day rations of food through cash-based transfers for 17,545 people.[96] The
Mozambican president, Filipe Nyusi, appealed for aid and to rebuild infrastructure.[169] He also
provided MT250 million ($3.9 million) to Zambezia province to help restore everyday activities.[170]
The WFP requires $26.7 million to assist 541,000 people impacted by Cyclone Freddy.[171]

As a result of flooding caused by the storm as well as the cutoff of access to water, sanitation, and
hygiene services, cholera cases began to rapidly increase. At least 36 districts spanning 8
provinces are having outbreaks; the Inhambane and Zambezia provinces, which were heavily
affected by Freddy, have declared outbreaks of cholera.[172] The cumulative figure for the cases
by 21 March stood at 11,158 across the provinces, and other waterborne illnesses such as diarrhea
and malaria were of risk. The INGD did not have food and supplies for immediate response,
significantly slowing emergency aid.[142] As the nation tries to contain a rapidly spreading
outbreak, Mozambique has requested an additional 2 million doses of a cholera vaccine from the
World Health Organization (WHO).[173]

Malawi E…

By 18 March the Government of Malawi established 534

camps to house 508,244 displaced persons, equating
to 101,648 households.[156] Humanitarian partners
worked closely with the government despite the harsh
conditions brought by Freddy. Relief items placed
before the storm were used to support families.[174]
Rescue teams were sent in Chilobwe, Machinjiri and
Ndirande residential areas in Blantyre. Malawian citizens
The Landsat 8 satellite's Operational Land
Imager (OLI) captured this picture (top pooled resources to help displaced victims in Blantyre
right), which depicts damaged farmland in residential areas.[136] Amnesty International suggested
southern Malawi on 11 April. that Malawi be compensated for impacts by Freddy,
due to being least responsible for climate change as
well.[168]

Government-led search-and-rescue
"The destruction and suffering that I witnessed in southern
operations consisting of the Red
Malawi is the human face of the global climate crisis."
Cross, local military, and police also
— Rebecca Adda-Dontoh, the United Nations Resident
commenced following the storm. On
Coordinator for Malawi[175]
16 March alone, 442 people were
rescued. Sniffer dogs were also used
for such operations, as many people were trapped under rubble and mud. Several areas were still
rendered inaccessible days after Freddy dissipated.[176][177] Millions of children were at risk of an
increase in cholera cases as well. Due to cholera being transmitted through contaminated water
and food, Freddy's flooding rose worries of the disease spreading greatly.[178] Chakwera also
invited the country's former presidents to a caucus to discuss methods and strategies to respond
to the cyclone.[179] It took up to a week or more for families in cut off areas to receive aid, mostly
by helicopters provided by Tanzania, Zambia, and Malawi's defense force.[87]

Food prices jumped by over 300%, quadrupling to

record heights in an already food insecure nation.
Maize prices also shot up 400% in places like
Nsanje.[180] The Everlasting Life Missionary Church
donated assorted clothes to survivors in Zomba.
They also fed children at camps, some of whom
had not eaten at all since Freddy. They also sent Flooded field after Cyclone Freddy on 7 April
out basic supplies such as body lotion, soap, and
others.[181] The crisis that ensued after Freddy also presented several negative mental health
consequences among locals and frontline aid workers. Various protection services were
interrupted (including childcare centers), and gender-based violence was highlighted as a
prominent issue. Those affected also trafficked women, adolescent girls, and other children.
Families were separated, leaving youth unattended and alone.[182]

EGENCO resumed operations at the Nkula and Tedzani power stations on 14 March as water along
the Shire River returned to safer levels.[183] Lazarus Chakwera declared a national two weeks of
mourning for the victims of Freddy. The government promised $1.5 million for aid to those
affected. The president surveyed the damage, calling it "far worse than the images and footage
we've seen".[169] Malawi's president Lazarus Chakwera has appealed for foreign assistance,
claiming that the country requires $700 million for reconstruction.[184]

The OCHA brought vital emergency supplies to the hardest-hit regions. These included medical
items, hygiene kits, and even support boats from the World Food Programme for those trapped in
floodwaters and rubble. By 16 March, Nsanje had set up 24 camps to accommodate 4,502
households, with Chikwawa having 21 camps for 8,837 homes.[153] Malawian Former President
Peter Mutharika has criticized the Chakwera administration of failing to evacuate people in the
path of Cyclone Freddy before the disaster struck.[185]

Humanitarian response E…

Main article: Humanitarian response to Cyclone Freddy

Following Freddy, many countries sent relief aid to southern Africa, with a particular emphasis on
the humanitarian disaster in Malawi. Among the items were hygiene supplies, food rations, and
safe drinking water.[186] Total donations reach the millions in USD, and there was a main focus on
the region's historic and ongoing Cholera outbreak. Several nations also expressed condolences
to Malawi, Mozambique, and Madagascar.[187] In the aftermath of Cyclone Freddy, United Nations
experts express their sympathy with the people of Malawi.[188] Pope Francis expressed his
solidarity and condolences to the victims of the cyclone.[189]

See also E…

Tropical cyclones in 2023

Weather of 2023

List of Category 4 Australian region severe tropical cyclones

List of South-West Indian Ocean very intense tropical cyclones

List of the deadliest tropical cyclones

List of tropical cyclone records

Tropical cyclones in the Mascarene Islands

Other tropical cyclones similar to Freddy

Cyclone Litanne (1994) – a long-lived cyclone in the Southern Hemisphere which impacted
Madagascar.

Hurricane John (1994) – the furthest-traveling and second longest-lived tropical cyclone ever
recorded.

Cyclone Bonita (1996) – another long-lasting tropical cyclone which also struck Madagascar
and Mozambique, also making landfall near Quelimane.

Cyclone Leon–Eline (2000) – the second longest-lived cyclone in the Southern Hemisphere
which severely impacted Madagascar and Mozambique.

Cyclone Hudah (2000) – another long-lived cyclone that also affected Madagascar.

Related tropical cyclones

Hurricane Ioke (2006) – a powerful tropical cyclone which previously had the highest
accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) worldwide before Freddy.

Cyclone Idai (2019) – a devastating tropical cyclone which also had an erratic track within the
Mozambique Channel similar to Freddy.

Cyclone Batsirai (2022) – a powerful tropical cyclone that caused catastrophic damage in
Madagascar.

Cyclone Darian (2022) – another strong and long-lasting tropical cyclone that reached VITC
status in the same season.

Cyclone Cheneso (2023) – a strong tropical cyclone that affected Madagascar a month prior.

Notes E…

1. ^ The missing persons for Mauritius were from a capsized Taiwanese-flagged fishing trawler that was
found within the nation's exclusive economic zone.[93]

References E…

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External links E…

Tropical Cyclone Report; Severe Tropical Cyclone Freddy Wikimedia Commons has
from the Bureau of Meteorology media related to Cyclone
Freddy.
MFR Track Data of Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Freddy (in
French)

JTWC Operational Track Data of Tropical Cyclone 11S (Freddy)

11S.FREDDY from the United States Naval Research Laboratory

ReliefWeb's main page for this event.

Portals: Tropical cyclones Africa Madagascar Malawi

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