JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

BSc Electrical and Electronics Engineering

BSc Electronics and Computer Engineering

PROJECT PROPOSAL

SOLAR POWERED MOBILE BLOOD BANK

Submitted by:
MAINA SERA WANJIKU - ENE211-0021/2017
MUIA ERIC NZIOKA - ENE212-0124/2017

PROJECT SUPERVISOR:
MR. SAMSON NJOROGE

A Final Year Project Proposal submitted to the Department of Electrical and

Electronic Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of a

Bachelor of Science Degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering

AUGUST 2022
DECLARATION
This project proposal is our original work, except where due acknowledgement is made in the text,

and to the best of our knowledge has not been previously submitted to Jomo Kenyatta University of

Agriculture and Technology or any other institution for the Award of a degree or diploma. It was

however presented in the Efficiency for Access design challenge 2021-2022 where it was awarded

bronze medal.

NAME: SERA WANJIKU MAINA REG No.: ENE211-0021/2017

SIGNATURE…………………………………… DATE ………………………………

NAME: ERIC NZIOKA MUIA REG No.: ENE212-0124/2017

SIGNATURE……………………………………. DATE ………………………………

SUPERVISOR CONFIRMATION:
This project proposal has been submitted to the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,

Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, with my approval as the University

supervisor:

NAME OF SUPERVISOR: SAMSON NJOROGE

SIGNATURE: ……………………………… DATE: ……………………………………….

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 ABSTRACT

Blood transfusion is an established part of hematologic patient care. Providing a timely transfusion

service can save life and improve health. According to a Kenyan press release from the Ministry of

Health by the Cabinet Secretary, Mutahi Kagwe, indicated shortage of blood supply. Blood collected

and distributed for transfusion was 17500 blood units against the demand of one million units [1].

Access to safe blood for transfusion as a subset of health care is a universal human right. However, it

is undermined by many factors which mainly include inadequate supporting infrastructure.

Particularly, means of reliably transporting blood while ensuring safety of the blood has proven to be

a major challenge in Kenya [2].

This paper describes the design of a refrigerated blood carrier unit. The model will be designed to

harness solar energy to power a controlled thermoelectric refrigeration system that maintains the

required temperatures for blood in transit.

The system will consist of Peltier device modules that function as heat pumps. When current passes

through the Peltier device, one side cools while the other heats up [3]. The cooler side provides cool

temperatures to refrigerate the blood ensuring it remains viable while a fan is used to propel the heat

away. The interior of the box is made up of aluminum then insulated using polyurethane to minimize

alteration from ambient conditions.

The unit will be designed for the convenience of the end user. It can be mounted and ferried on a

motorcycle or a bicycle depending on the available means to the user. It is flexible enough to be

ferried on very poor roads, densely populated areas and in traffic congested roads.

3|Page
Table of Contents

DECLARATION...............................................................................................................................................2

ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................................................3

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................8

1.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................8

1.2 Problem Statement.....................................................................................................................................8

1.3 Justification................................................................................................................................................8

1.4 Objectives..................................................................................................................................................9

1.4.1 Main objective.....................................................................................................................................9

1.4.2 Specific objectives..............................................................................................................................9

1.5 Division of roles.......................................................................................................................................10

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................................................11

2.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................................11

2.2 Blood Components and Functions............................................................................................................11

2.3 Blood Types.............................................................................................................................................12

2.4 Blood Donation........................................................................................................................................14

2.4.1 Types of donations............................................................................................................................14

2.5 Blood Transfusion....................................................................................................................................16

2.5.1 Reasons for a blood transfusion........................................................................................................17

2.5.2 Risks and complications of blood transfusion...................................................................................17

2.6 The Cold Blood Chain.............................................................................................................................18

4|Page
 2.7 Blood Refrigeration Technologies...........................................................................................................21

2.7.1 Insulated Cooler box.........................................................................................................................22

2.7.2 Vapor Compression...........................................................................................................................23

2.7.3 Thermoelectric Refrigeration............................................................................................................24

2.7.4 Numerical Modeling.........................................................................................................................24

2.7.5 Other Refrigeration Technologies.....................................................................................................31

2.8 Role of IOT and ICT in Hemovigilance...................................................................................................32

2.9 Battery choice..........................................................................................................................................32

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY..................................................................................................................34

3.1 Blood carrier parts and components...................................................................................................34

3.2 Electrical Considerations....................................................................................................................36

CHAPTER 4: EXPECTED RESULTS..........................................................................................................52

PROJECT TIMEPLAN..................................................................................................................................53

BUDGET ESTIMATES..................................................................................................................................54

References.........................................................................................................................................................55

5|Page
Table of Figures

Figure 1: Red blood cells.......................................................................................................................11

Figure 2: Blood Plasma.........................................................................................................................11

Figure 3: White blood cells...................................................................................................................12

Figure 4: Platelets..................................................................................................................................12

Figure 5: Blood bags containing whole blood after donation...............................................................15

Figure 6: A blood transfusion to a patient.............................................................................................16

Figure 7: A person ferrying blood in a cooler box................................................................................19

Figure 8: Preparing collected blood for dispatch...................................................................................20

Figure 9: Cross-section of a transport container [11]............................................................................22

Figure 10: Cooler box............................................................................................................................22

Figure 11: AC Vapor compression refrigerator.....................................................................................23

Figure 12: Peltier effect.........................................................................................................................24

Figure 13: Thermoelectric module operating in cooling mode.............................................................28

Figure 14: Chest design.........................................................................................................................34

Figure 15: Section..................................................................................................................................34

Figure 16: System block diagram..........................................................................................................37

Figure 17: Control program flow chart..................................................................................................38

Figure 18: Heat sink..............................................................................................................................44

Figure 19: BMS Board..........................................................................................................................49

Figure 20: Brushed ESC........................................................................................................................49

Figure 21: RFID -RC522.......................................................................................................................50

Figure 22: LCD......................................................................................................................................50

Figure 24: DHT22.................................................................................................................................51

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7|Page
NOMENCLATURE
AC: Alternating Current

CFC: Chlorofluorocarbon

COP: Coefficient of Performance

DC: Direct Current

HCFC: hydrochlorofluorocarbon

HS: Heat Sink

ICT: Information Communication Technology

IOT: Internet of Things

LCD: Liquid Crystal Display

MOSFET: Metal oxide

MPPT: Maximum Power Point Tracking

PWM: Pulse Width Modulation

RFID: Radio Frequency Identification

Rh: Rhesus

TEC: Thermo-Electric Cooler

TIM: Thermal Interface Material

VC: Vapor Compression

WHO: World Health Organization

8|Page
Z: Figure of merit

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Management of the blood cold chain mainly involves maintenance of appropriate temperatures from

the time of collection, through processing, testing and labelling and transportation, up to when the

blood is issued for transfusion into a patient.

[4] Whole blood is usually warm when collected but must be cooled right down to 4 °C and kept at

this temperature until the point of transfusion, the required blood storage temperature range of

4 ±2 ° C .

The common mode of blood transportation between and within blood banks and hospitals is often

determined by the availability of cooler boxes that can maintain temperature over long distances and

in varied ambient temperatures.

Blood is often wasted through the use of inefficient cooler boxes or other containers that lack proper

temperature control. This affects the movement of blood and compromises management of the cold

chain. There is a necessity for an effective and responsive mode of transport which will maintain the

integrity (temperature) of the blood components during transport.

1.2 Problem Statement

The lack of safe blood transportation boxes critically affects the movement of blood and compromises

management of the cold chain. Consequently, there is a necessity for an effective and responsive

mode of transport which will maintain the integrity (temperature) of the blood components during

transport.

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1.3 Justification

Blood refrigeration has faced the challenge of coming up with a system that facilitates refrigeration

while on transit to where it is needed. Vapor compression systems are not versatile enough in rugged

terrains. Thermoelectric refrigeration has positively impacted the world of refrigeration as it has

allowed the use of solid-state devices thus no movement therefore related problems are eliminated.

This design also incorporates active tracking of blood in transit which ensures effective and efficient

recording and accountability of blood from the blood banks to local hospitals in remote areas. The use

of solar power gives the advantage that even in off-grid regions, the mobile blood bank will ensure

the integrity of blood.

1.4 Objectives

1.4.1 Main objective

To design a solar powered blood carrier refrigerator that can function in transit and off-grid for

ccommunities in the suburb regions of Nairobi as well as remote and rural areas in Kenya.

1.4.2 Specific objectives

1. To design a blood carrier refrigerator mountable on a motorbike or a bicycle.

2. To implement temperature control Circuit using thermoelectric modules.

3. To implement tracking and geo-location capabilities.

4. To implement a battery charger circuit.

5. To implement identification and documentation capacity using RFID.

6. To implement a power backup system Using lithium-ion batteries.

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1.5 Division of roles

SERA MAINA - ENE211-0021/2017 ERIC MUIA – ENE212-0124/2017

Literature Review Literature Review

1. Insulated cooler boxes 1. Blood cold chain

2. Thermoelectric refrigeration 2. Vapor compression refrigerators

3. Numerical modelling 3. Numerical modelling

Methodology Methodology

1. Heat-load calculation 1. Peltier circuit control design

2. Heatsink circuit design

2. Heatsink sizing and design
3. Battery charging and control circuit.
3. Solar and battery sizing
4. Arduino coding

4. RFID Circuit

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 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Blood is a specialized body fluid whose functions mainly include nourishing body tissues with

oxygen and nutrients, forming clots in response to injury, and carrying defensive cells and antibodies

that fight infection. Transfusion of blood and its products is an established part of hematologic patient

care. Providing a timely transfusion service can save life and improve health.

After collection, blood is frozen within 24 hours kept and transported under controlled temperatures.

[4] Whole blood must be cooled right down to 4 ° C , the required blood storage temperature range of

4±2°C. Red blood cells need to be kept at 1 to 6 °C, for platelets its 20 to 24°C and frozen plasma

units not more than -18°C [5].

2.2 Blood Components and Functions

Plasma is the liquid component of the blood

containing water, sugar, fats, proteins and salts. It

transports blood cells, nutrients, antibodies, clotting

proteins, waste products, chemical messengers and proteins throughout the body.

Red
Figure 1: Blood Plasma

blood cells also called erythrocytes are the bright

red components of the blood and are the most

abundant thus the red color of blood. They have a

biconcave disk with a flattened center shape. The

red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow and are released into the bloodstream after seven

12 | P a g e Figure 2: Red blood cells

 days of maturity. They lack a nucleus and can therefore easily change shape. However, this lack of

nucleus limits the life of the cells as it travels through the smallest blood vessels damaging the cell’s

membranes. They survive on average of 120 days only. The red blood cells contain a special protein

called hemoglobin which helps carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and returns carbon

(IV) oxide from the body to the lungs to be

exhaled.

White blood cells also referred to as leukocytes

account for 1% of blood. They protect the body

from infections. There are two main types of white blood cells: neutrophil and lymphocytes.

Neutrophil is the immediate response cell. The lymphocytes are of two main populations: T

Figure 3: White blood cells lymphocytes help regulate the function of other

immune cells and directly attack infected cells and tumors, while the B lymphocytes make antibodies

which specifically target bacteria, viruses and

other foreign materials.

Platelets are small cell fragments that help the

blood clotting process by gathering at the site of

the injury, sticking to the lining of the injured blood vessel and forming a foundation for coagulation.

fibrin clot is formed which covers the wound and prevents blood from leaking out and also an initial
Figure 4: Platelets
scaffolding upon which new tissue is formed.

2.3 Blood Types

Blood type is an important clinical factor considered during evaluation for a possible blood

transfusion. There exist multiple blood grouping systems including ABO, Rh, MNS, P1PK, Lutheran,

Kell, Lewis, Duffy and Kidd but the ABO and Rh systems remain the most clinically significant. In

the ABO system, names given to the corresponding blood types are consequent to the combinations of

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antibodies A and B and of the antigens a and b or lack thereof. Antibodies are proteins in the blood

plasma that recognize foreign substances in the body and alert the immune system which in response

destroy them. Antigens are protein molecules found on the red blood cells’ surface. Thus, the ABO

system only has four possible blood groups A, B, AB and O.

Group Antigen Phenotype Antigen Genotype Antibody present

O O OO Anti-A, Anti-B
A A AA or AO Anti-B
B B BB or BO Anti-A
AB AB AB No antibodies
Table 1

Receiving the wrong ABO blood type can be fatal. For example, giving someone with blood group B

blood from a type A donor, their Anti-A antibodies will attack their group A cells. Since group O has

neither antigen, it can safely be given to any other group. Similarly, group AB has no antibodies thus

can safely receive blood from any group.

The Rh system considers the presence of the D antigen which a person can either possess or lack

translating two possible and respective blood types, Rhesus positive and Rhesus negative as below:

 A RhD positive (A+)  O RhD negative (O-)

 A RhD negative (A-)

 B RhD positive (B+)

 B RhD negative (B-)

 AB RhD positive (AB+)

 AB RhD negative (AB-)

 O RhD positive (O+)

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When exposed to the D antigen, D negative people produce anti-D antibody in a potentially fatal

reaction.

Blood plasma serves as the liquid base for whole blood. Whole blood without erythrocytes,

leukocytes, and thrombocytes makes up the plasma. Serum is plasma without fibrinogen. Plasma

contains 91% to 92% of water. Mainly comprising of coagulants like fibrinogen, plasma proteins

electrolytes and immunoglobulins.

2.4 Blood Donation

Blood donation is the voluntary giving of blood or blood components to help save the lives of other

people.

2.4.1 Types of donations

1. Whole blood donation

It is the most common type of donation and involves donation of about a pint of whole blood

which is then separated into its components (red blood cells, blood plasma and platelets)

2. Apheresis

In this type of donation, the donor is hooked up to a machine that collects and separates the

blood components and returns the unused components back to the body.

 Platelet donation (plateletpheresis) – collects only the platelets which are commonly

donated to people with clotting problems, cancer and also people going to have major

surgeries or organ transplants.

 Double red cells donation – donation of concentrated amount of red blood cells which is

given to people with severe blood loss.

 Plasma donation (plasmapheresis) – collection of the liquid portion of the blood and is

commonly given to people in emergency and trauma situations to help curb bleeding.

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For one to be eligible to donate blood, there are some requirements such as be in good health, be at

least 16yrs old and has passed the physical and health –history assessments. Before a blood donation,

one must:

 Get plenty of sleep the night before the donation

 Eat a health meal

 Drink plenty of water

 Check and consult if any recent medications would prevent you from donating

During the donation, the donor lies in a reclining chair with their arm extended on an armrest. A

blood pressure cuff is placed on the upper arm to fill the veins with more blood. The skin on the

elbow’s side is cleaned and a new, sterile needle is inserted into a vein in the arm. The needle is

attached to a thin, plastic tube and a blood bag. Once the needle is in place, the donor tightens their

first several times to help blood flow from the vein to the blood bag. The blood is initially collected

in test tubes for testing and once

this is done the blood is allowed to

fill the blood bags, about a pint.

When complete, the needle is

removed, a small bandage is placed

where the needle has been removed

and a dressing is wrapped around

Figure 5: Blood bags containing whole blood after donation

the arm.

After donation, the donor is supposed to sit in an observation area to rest and eat a light snack. Also:

 Drink a lot of fluids

 Avoid strenuous activities for about 4-5 hours

 Add iron-rich foods to your diet to replace the iron lost

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  If there is bleeding after removing the bandage, put pressure and raise your arm till the

bleeding ceases

2.5 Blood Transfusion

Transfusion is the transfer of blood, its

components or products from a donor into a

recipient’s bloodstream. It is an established

part of hematologic patient care. Units of

blood containing red blood cells, platelets,

and plasma are transfused to treat

hematologic conditions such as severe

anaemia, leukemia, and sickle cell disease.

[6] In Kenya, the National Blood

Transfusion Service serves over two hundred

Figure 6: A blood transfusion to a patient
thousand recipients every year. An average of 475,643 units of blood are needed every year but only

95,642 units are collected annually, nearly 80% of the annual demand for blood is not met. To

mitigate the acute deficits in Kenyan blood banks, many hospitals adopt the on-demand donation

model which has often times proved to be cumbersome in ensuring blood quality and safety.

The first successful blood transfusion was carried out in the year 1818 by Dr. James Blundell to treat

postpartum hemorrhage. [6]In Kenya, the National Blood Transfusion Service serves over two

hundred thousand recipients every year. An average of 475,643 units of blood are needed every year

but only 95,642 units are collected annually, nearly 80% of the annual demand for blood is not met.

To mitigate the deficit, many hospitals employ an on-demand donation model which is cumbersome

in ensuring quality and blood safety.

17 | P a g e
Before any blood transfusion takes place, the blood is first screened for any diseases that can be

transferred through unsafe blood such as syphilis and HIV/AIDS. The blood is screened by using

highly sensitive methods to eliminate any risk of getting an infection through a blood transfusion.

The safe blood then proceeds to be transfused. For a blood transfusion to take place, a healthcare

professional places a thin needle into a vein, usually in the arm or hand, and allows blood to move

from a blood bag, through a rubber tube and into the patient’s vein through the needle.

2.5.1 Reasons for a blood transfusion

i. After undergoing a major surgery or having a major injury

ii. If one is experiencing bleeding in the digestive tract due to an existing condition

iii. Having an illness such as leukemia or kidney disease that causes anemia

iv. After receiving cancer treatment such as chemotherapy or radiation

v. An existing blood disorder or severe liver problem

2.5.2 Risks and complications of blood transfusion

i. Fever

ii. Allergic reactions such itchiness and developing hives

iii. Acute immune hemolytic reaction – this happens when the body attacks the red blood cells in

the blood received. Symptoms include having a fever, chills, nausea and pain in the lower

back or the chest

iv. Delayed hemolytic reaction – similar to the acute immune hemolytic reaction but develops

over time

v. Anaphylactic reaction – happens within minutes of starting a transfusion and is characterized

by swelling of the face and throat, shortness of breath and low blood pressure

vi. Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) – caused by antibodies or other substances in

the new blood and damages the lungs

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2.6 The Cold Blood Chain

[7]The blood cold chain can be defined as the process of safely storing and transporting blood from

the collection points to the point of administration on a patient. It is essential to use appropriate

technology to reduce bacterial contamination and to protect its integrity.

Blood cold chain

Donation from Transportation of Processing and Storage of blood and

Donor donated blood to Testing of all blood blood components in
blood Centre donations appropriate
controlled conditions

Distribution and Distribution and

Transportation to transportation to
fractionation facility hospitals at correct
temperatures

Storage and
compatibility testing
at hospital blood
banks

Transportation to
the clinical area in
correct conditions
and transfusion to
the patient

Management of storage conditions mainly involves maintenance of appropriate temperatures from

the time of collection, through processing, testing and labelling and transportation, up to when the

blood is issued for transfusion into a patient. This is often referred to as cold chain management. [4]

Whole blood is usually warm when collected but must be cooled right down to 4 °C and kept at

this temperature until the point of transfusion, the required blood storage temperature range

19 | P a g e
of 4±2°C. The common mode of blood transportation between and within blood banks and hospitals

is often determined by the availability of cooler boxes that can maintain temperature over long

distances and in relatively high ambient temperatures. Blood is usually wasted through the use of

inefficient cooler boxes or other containers that lack proper temperature control. The lack of safe

blood transport boxes critically affects the movement of blood and compromises management of the

national blood stock. Consequently, there is a necessity for an effective and responsive mode of

transport which will maintain the integrity (temperature and pH) of the blood components during

transport.

Well labeled blood

bags are usually used

to separate collected

whole blood with

respect to its donors.

These bags contain

Figure 7: A person ferrying blood in a cooler box
anticoagulants and

preservatives used to prevent clotting and to help maintain cell viability and function during storage.

Due to the fragile nature of blood, components always need to be handled with care and free

from mechanical and thermal traumas. Rough handling will often compromise its viability,

functionality and also damage the collection bags resulting in leakage and exposure to

contamination.

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[8]Management of blood products is a complex affair even where resources are readily available and

infrastructure is well developed.

Factors contributing to the complexity

include the financial and human cost of

the blood, the strict requirements for

storage conditions, limited time of

storage, and the unpredictable nature of the need. They can be broadly classified under product waste

via expiration, and irregular patterns in demand. To mitigate product waste via expiration,
Figure 8: Preparing collected blood for dispatch
professionals in this field adopt

elaborate inventory management systems to use available stock while still supporting the varied

needs of patients. To respond to sporadic demand, relatively expensive modes of transport such as

ambulances, police patrol units or helicopters are used to deliver emergency products or to move

patients to hospitals better equipped with the needed blood products. These challenges are magnified

in less developed countries poor collection, storage&monitoring, communication and transport

infrastructure.

[9] In recognition of the documented recommendations (by the World Health Organization, the

Regional Commonwealth Health Ministers, the International Society of Blood transfusion and

International Federation of Red Cross Society), Kenya has made the provision of safe blood to the

people a national priority. The national blood transfusion service was established in the year 2001 as

a better alternative to the pre-existing hospital-based blood transfusion services. A national blood

management service has many advantages including providing a common base to pool together the

scant resources in expertise, finances, equipment and the blood itself. The united front is much more

robust and efficient but it also requires near absolute dependence on communication and transport

infrastructure. Though the country has developed over the years it is still far from sufficient, there is

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need to embrace more efficient technology in providing health care to those living in fairly

inaccessible areas where communication and transport networks are poorly developed.

Safe and stable blood supply is dependent on blood voluntarily donated by low-risk groups.

[10]WHO strongly discourages paid donations, this is because often times paid donors can be easily

replaced by family and other voluntary donors. Donor education, selection and deferral, donor care,

notification, counselling and referral, and confidentiality are all programs specifically designed to

protect the health and safety of blood donors and to encourage repeat blood donation from non-paid

volunteers.

Strict hygienic conditions are required for the storage and circulation of blood and other components

in order to avoid contamination. They should also look good and have no signs of contamination

when they reach the patient.

2.7 Blood Refrigeration Technologies

Basic requirements and Design features for blood bank refrigerator include:

1. Heavy insulation to enable it to hold for long periods even in the event of a power failure.

2. Cooling air vent that allows for even air distribution in the cabinet.

3. Temperature monitoring equipment, including external temperature display area and alarm

system for unusual temperature or power failure.

4. The compressor should use chlorofluorocarbon-free gas to protect the environment.

5. It should have sufficient reserve capacity to cool the refrigeration compartment sufficiently

and efficiently.

6. The shelving design should be positioned to allow for free air flow and circulation.

7. The interior and exterior of the refrigerator should be made of material that is easy to clean

and can withstand strong detergents and regular cleaning.

8. Should be well lit to enable easy identification of contents, numbers and labels.

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 Figure 9: Cross-section of a transport container [11]

2.7.1 Insulated Cooler box

In Kenya, the common mode of blood transportation between and within blood banks and hospitals

is often determined by the availability of cooler boxes that can maintain required temperatures over

long distances and in varied ambient temperatures.

To attain the required low temperatures, ice packs are usually

introduced into the boxes. This method is cheap but highly

unreliable for long distance blood transportation and in high

ambient temperatures. Blood is usually wasted through the use

containers that lack proper temperature control mechanisms.

The lack of safe blood transport boxes critically affects the

Figure 10: Cooler box movement of blood and compromises management of the

national blood stock. Consequently, there is a need for an effective and responsive technology which

will maintain the integrity of blood components during transport. C Stein et al, on their study in

specialized equipment for blood transportation concluded that specialized transport boxes which

allow for accurate temperature control for longer periods of time were required, at an associated

higher cost. [12].

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 2.7.2 Vapor Compression

Vapor compression refrigeration equipment dominates the

market for residential and commercial buildings. This dominant

position of vapor compression equipment has been achieved due

to its low first cost, superior efficiency (low operating cost), and

good personal safety record. However, the most commonly used

Figure 11: AC Vapor compression refrigerator refrigerants, halogenated alkanes, have been implicated as

contributing to destruction of stratospheric ozone and global climate change, which has necessitated

an examination of different cooling technology options [13]. One of the most thorough studies on

alternative cooling options was performed by Fischer et al. [14]. They investigated ten alternatives

that were emerging or were being developed at the time of their report, and which they believed were

potentially able to replace vapor compression technology, thus eliminating the need for

chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants.

Vapor compression refrigerators are however, fragile when exposed to rough handling. In addition,

they are also bulky and include moving parts as opposed to solid and compact parts. The

refrigerators are not easy to transport, especially using Motorbikes and bicycles (the preferred

means in this project). For these reasons, we avoided the technology.

2.7.3 Thermoelectric Refrigeration

Thermoelectric refrigeration is built on the

Peltier effect. Pumping an electrical current

along two conductors of dissimilar metals,

results in a temperature difference across the

24 | P a g e
two junctions. One of the junctions becomes colder while the other one hotter, thus acting as a heat

pump across the junctions [13].

The Peltier effect phenomenon converts current flowing through a thermoelectric device to a

temperature difference [3]. This effect directly depends on the direction of electric current thus an

interdependence between the electric current and the temperature difference between the hot and
Figure 12: Peltier effect
cold ends of the thermoelectric device.

2.7.4 Numerical Modeling

[15]A Peltier module can be mathematically modeled and a numerical equation is developed. TEC

performance is widely affected via Peltier cooling heating, Joule’s heating (I 2R), and conduction heat

(from module’s hot to cold face), followed by the Thomson’s effect. The following equation brings

about the quantum of heat absorbed in the cold face of the module.

Qc =( S m T c I )−( 0.5 I 2 Rm ) −( K m ΔT ) (1)

Where;

Sm = TEC module Seebeck coefficient.

ΔT = Temperature difference between the cold side and hot side of the TEC module.

I = electrical current through the TEC module.

Rm = module’s effective electrical resistance.

Km = module’s thermal conductivity.

In the above equation, ‘SmTCI’ denotes Peltier cooling, ‘0.5I2Rm’ denotes Joules heating owing to

current passage across the semiconductor material, and ‘K mΔT’ refers to quantum of heat conducted

from module’s hot side to cold face.

Qh=( S m T h I ) −( 0.5 I 2 R m )−( K m ΔT ) (2)

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In the above equation, ‘SmThI’ represents heating as result of Peltier effect, ‘0.5I 2Rm’ refers to joule

heating as a result of current flow via thermoelement, and ‘K mΔT’ accounts to the quantum of lost

heat by conduction from hot to cold face of the module. Taking into account that the system stays

isolated and considering 1st law of thermodynamics, the quantum of heat released in the hot side of

the module is the resultant of totality of quantum of absorbed heat at cold face and the power

supplied. Thus, the expression for power input is as follows:

P¿ =Qh−Qc (3)

The thermoelectric cooler performance depends greatly on ‘S m’ (Seebeck coefficient of module) and

‘Rm’ (electrical resistivity of module), followed by ‘Km’ (module’s thermal conductivity) which are

all temperature dependent. The following equations bring out expressions to evaluate the S m, Rm,

Km, Qmax, and ΔTmax in a phased manner. Seebeck coefficient of module (Sm):

S=S 1+ ( S 2 T ) + ( S 3 T 2 ) + ( S 4 T 3 ) … ( For Δ T =0 ) (4)

( S2 T 2 ) ( S3 T 3 ) (S T )
4

S= ( S 1 T ) + + + 4 … ( For Δ T >0 ) (5)

2 3 4

Where the coefficients are:

−2
S1=1.3345 ×10

−5
S2=−5.37574 ×10

−7
S3=7.42731 ×10

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 −9
S4 =−1.27141 ×10

‘STh’ and ‘STc’ are evaluated and then ‘S’ of module can be determined as follows:

S T h−S T c
S= (6)
∆T

Electrical Resistance of module ( Rm):

R=R 1+ ( R2 T ) + ( R 3 T 2 ) + ( R 4 T 3 ) … ( For ΔT =0 ) (7)

( )( )( )
2 3 4
R2T R3 T R4 T
R=( R1 T ) + + + … ( For ΔT > 0 ) (8)
2 3 4

R1=2.08317

−2
R2=−1.98763 × 10

−5
R3=8.53832× 10

−8
R4 =−9.03143 ×10

‘RTh’ and ‘RTc’ are evaluated and ‘R’ (resistance of module) can be determined as follows:

R T h−R T c
R= (9)
∆T

Thermal conductance of module (Km):

K=K 1+ ( K 2 T ) + ( K 3 T 2) + ( K 4 T 3 ) … ( For ΔT =0 )(10)

( )( )( )
2 3 4
K2 T K3T K 4T
K= ( K 1 T ) + + + … ( For ΔT >0 ) (11)
2 3 4

−1
K 1=4.76218 ×10

−6
K 2=−3.89821 ×10

−6
K 3=−8.64864 ×10

27 | P a g e
 −8
K 4 =2.20869 ×10

‘KTh’ and ‘KTc’ are evaluated and the thermal conductivity of module is found as:

K T h−K T c
K= (12)
∆T

Seebeck coefficient of module is;

Sm =S × ( 1071 )(13)
Electrical Resistance of module is;

Rm =R× ( 1071 ) × ( 6I )(14 )

Thermal conductivity of module is;

K m =K × ( 1071 ) × ( 6I )(15)
The Peltier coefficient, S, is defined as the amount of heat developed or absorbed at the junction of

the thermocouple when one ampere current passes through the junction for one second.

Energy indicators used for the design and performance analysis for TECs are the cooling capacity,

rate of heat rejection, the input electrical power, the dimensionless figure of merit ZT and the

coefficient of performance (COP).

28 | P a g e

Figure 13: Thermoelectric module operating in cooling mode

The temperature difference ∆T created when current flows through the TEC generates a voltage

depending on the voltage referring to the Seebeck effect according to the following equation:

V = ( α NP × ∆ T ) + RI (16)

The input electrical power or electrical power consumption is:

2
P¿ =Qh−Qc =( α NP × I ×∆ T ) + R I (17)

The figure of merit depends on the transport parameters (Seebeck coefficient of the thermoelectric

couple, total electric resistivity and total thermal conductivity):

2
α NP
Z= (18)
ρ.k

The thermal performance of a thermoelectric cooler is given by ZT. The absolute temperature T is

the mean device temperature between the hot and cold sides of the TEC:

T c +T h
T= (19)
2

A higher figure of merit gives superior cooling power. To achieve this, a thermoelectric material

optimization is required by maximization of the power factor which depends on its material

properties such as electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient as well as minimization of thermal

conductivity [3].

The cooling capacity of a thermoelectric module depends on thermal and electrical contact

resistances and the thermoelement length of the module as in the equation below:

k . ( ∆ T m ax −∆ T )
Q̇ c = −1
(20)
l+2. r . l c + r .l c .COP

Where l c =thickness of the cont act layers , r=thermal contact parameter ( ratio between the thermal conductivity of

29 | P a g e
∆ T m ax =m aximumtemperature difference

The maximum cooling capacity and maximum COP are used in design to find the operating

conditions. The maximum temperature difference obtainable between the hot and cold sides always

occurs at I m ax , V m ax ∧Q̇c =0

The coefficient (COP) of performance represents ratio of the heat absorbed at the cold junction

(cooling capacity) to the input electrical power [16]:

][ ]
Th
mopt −
COP=
Q̇c
=
[Tc
P ele T h−T c
.
Tc
mopt +1
( 21)

√
mopt = 1+ Z ( T +T2 )=√ 1+Z T
h c
ave (22)

The COP is influenced by the characteristics of the material on the Thompson effect, temperature,

thermal and electrical resistances. TE coolers have COP’s below 1; 0.4-0.7 is a typical range. Below

are values plotted versus the ratio of input current to the modules I max specification. Each line

dT
corresponds with a constant .
dT m ax

30 | P a g e
The main components of a thermoelectric refrigeration system are:

 The insulated refrigerator cabinet.

 The cooling thermoelectric system.

 The heat sinks to facilitate the transfer of heat from the hot side of the TECs to the

environment.

 Fan(s) which transfer heat through convection and allow the dissipation of heated or cooled

air.

 A control system for accurate and precise temperature control.

Due to their dominant characteristics, such as: Noise and vibration free operation. Orientation

independent operation, light weight, portable, and compact. Long life with low maintenance and

capability for reverse operation by simply reversing polarity, Peltier devices outperform conventional

cooling systems in many ways.

Advantages of using thermoelectric thermal management technology

1. They are solid-state, discarding moving parts enhances reliability.

2. Eco-friendly, greenhouse gases are not used.

3. Scalability, these systems can be scaled from less than one watt to kilowatts thus have a much

wider range of market share opportunities and have reduced manufacturing and design costs.

4. Efficiency can be maximized depending on the application and design. Further efficiency

gains can be obtained by using the devices for spot or distributed cooling rather than cooling

an entire enclosure.

5. Allows for precise temperature control.

6. Temperatures below ambient can be achieved.

7. Silent operation.

8. Mountable in any orientation thus allows for greater design flexibility.

31 | P a g e
Limitations of thermoelectric cooling

1. Lower COP compared to VC systems

2. More total heat to remove than without a TEC

3. Limited to low heat flux applications

2.7.5 Other Refrigeration Technologies

The following cooling technologies are not widely used because of lower energy efficiencies or

higher costs, or both. They were under research and development thus considered not applicable for

this project. They include;

1. Magnetic cooling

2. Thermoacoustic cooling

3. Sorption cooling

2.8 Role of IOT and ICT in Hemovigilance

Hemovigilance encompasses surveillance procedures covering the whole transfusion chain, aimed at

collection and assessing information on unexpected or undesirable effects resulting from the

therapeutic use of blood products and to prevent their occurrence or recurrence [17]. Errors in

transfusion serve a problem to clinical use of blood [18]. These errors might arise due to poor

documentation within the cold chain. Hemovigilance is thus intended for detecting and tracking such

occurrences to correct their cause and prevent recurrence. IOT and ICT are crucial tools for both

tracking and documenting activities within the cold chain.

[19] Improving efficiency of the cold chain process is crucial. The key is in managing the ever-

growing volume of information. Efficiency in blood stock management can be achieved by reducing

paper records and automating operation of mechanisms to decrease transcription errors.

32 | P a g e
2.9 Battery choice

For decades, electrochemical energy storage technology, particularly rechargeable batteries, have

found use as portable electronic device energy sources, promoting the booming proliferation of

active portable devices. Significant increases in electrochemical capabilities of rechargeable batteries

have been achieved to meet the ever-increasing demands. These rechargeable batteries have included

lead-acid, nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd), nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), and lithium-

metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries, among others. [20]

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are now widely considered as a viable choice for storing energy in

portable devices. Compared to lead–acid and Ni–MH batteries, these batteries have higher power

(800–2000 W/kg) and specific energy (100–250 Wh/kg) [21] . Poor cell integration in modules and

packs, on the other hand, frequently results in poor performance, life, and safety. In order to achieve

the desired performance in a low-temperature environment and the intended life in a high-

temperature environment, Li-ion batteries require proper thermal management.

Lithium-ion batteries are environmentally beneficial since they contain a fraction of the harmful

heavy metals present in lead-acid and nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries. Cadmium, lead, and

mercury have long been used in batteries, but extended exposure to these metals, as well as improper

disposal, can be dangerous to humans, animals, and plants. Despite the fact that Li-ion batteries are

safer than many other types of batteries, appropriate recycling is still required.

Lightweight and compact: Lithium and carbon electrodes, which are typically used in lithium-ion

batteries, are lightweight on their own, resulting in batteries that are significantly smaller and lighter

than their earlier counterparts, such as lead-acid batteries.

The higher the energy density, the more powerful the punch: Lithium is a highly reactive element

with the ability to release and store huge amounts of energy, allowing lithium-ion batteries to have a

high energy capacity compared to their output.

33 | P a g e
Maintenance-free: Older rechargeable batteries, such as nickel-cadmium or nickel-metal hydride

batteries, had a "memory effect," or "lazy battery effect," which meant that if they were repeatedly

partially discharged before being recharged, the battery would eventually only deliver the amount of

energy used during the partial discharges before the voltage dropped. To avoid this, NiCd and NiMH

batteries would need to be fully discharged and recharged on a regular basis.

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Blood carrier parts and components

Hinge

34 | P a g e
 Figure 14: Chest design

Double Solar Panel Lid Enclosure

Rubber Seal

Internal Heat Sink

Aluminum lining

Peltier tile

Internal
fan
Aluminum
Block
Polyurethane
Insulation Air gap

Figure 15: Section

35 | P a g e
3.1.1 Chest housing, material and shape.

 Polystyrene of 1mm thickness will be used to construct the rectangular double walled cabin.

The cabin's designed dimensions will be (55cm x 35 cm x 40 cm).

 Polystyrene has low thermal conductivity to enhance insulation.

 Rubber sealing will be used to prevent heat leakage through the sides of the top door panel.

 The outside of the cabin will be painted white to prevent radiation heat transfer and to improve

surface finish.

 The interior walls will be implemented using Aluminum.

3.1.2 Type of insulation.

 Polyurethane foam of thermal conductivity (0.035 W /mK ).

 Slabs with a thickness of 50 mm and a density of 50 kg /m3 will be used to achieve the required

thermal insulation.

3.1.3 Type and size of heatsinks.

 Aluminum fins with attached electrically driven fans will be used to construct the heat sinks.

 Rectangular Aluminum blocks will be used to conduct heat from the chest interior walls to the

exterior with Peltier devices being placed between the end of the block and the heatsink.

3.2 Electrical Considerations

Sun

36 | P a g e

PV Array
 Solar panel 240 V AC Motorbike’s
battery /
alternator

Charge Step-down
controller transformer

Rectifier

Battery
Management
System

12V Battery

Buck converter

Electronic Speed
Controller

Arduino
microcontroller

Temperature Peltier modules Heat sink fans

sensor

Figure 16: System block diagram

37 | P a g e
 Power on

Set temperature

Read temperature sensor

Raise Peltier Display temperature

voltage reading

set value Compare set value

reading to set
value

Figure 17: Control program flow chart

38 | P a g e
3.2.1 Heat load calculation

The primary goal of a TE system is to keep the thermal load colder than the ambient temperature .

The volume capacity is estimated to be 20 L ( 20000 cm3 ) with dimensions 40 cmby 20 cm by 25 cm . First,

we must determine the highest temperature differential that can exist between the thermal load and

the ambient environment. The temperature differential, ΔT . This is usually the worst-case scenario.

Temperature ¿ be maintained inside the cabin=4 ℃

Assumed Ambient temperature=30 ° C

Temperature difference , ΔT =30 – 4=26 °C

We can use this equation to calculate the heat transfer load:

Q=mΔT C (23)

Where:

Q=Quantity of heat

m=mass

ΔT =Temperature differential

C=Specific heat capacity

Component Specific heat capacities (J/Kg/0C) Density (Kg/m3)

Average Minimum

Blood 3617 3300 1060

Blood plasma 3930 3930 1025

Air 1004 1000 1.225

Table 2 Densities

39 | P a g e
Thermal mass due to air inside the cabin when totally empty is:

mass
Density= (24)
volume

3 3
Mass of air=density × volume=1.225 kg /m ×0.02 m =0.0245 kg

−1 −1
Q=0.0245 kg ×26 ℃ × 1004 J kg ℃ =639.548 joules of heat .

3
Thermal mass due to whole blood being cooled at full capacity of of cabin volume :
4

3 3
×20 L=15 L=0.015 m
4

3 3
Mass of blood =density × volume=1060 kg/m ×0.015 m =15.9 kg

Qblood =15.9 Kg× 26 ℃ ×3617 J /kg .℃=149526.78 joules of heat

Whole blood can survive without refrigeration for up to 24hrs after which refrigeration is required.

Heat flow rate to cool the bring the temperature down to 4 ℃ in 30 minutes:

Q 149526.78 J
Q̇c =Q̇blood = = =830.704333 J / s
Time taken ( 30 ×60 ) s

Power consumed ¿ pumpthis heat ∈30 minutes .=830.704333 Watts

When 12 twelve TECs will be installed, each will pump:

830.704333
P peltier = =69.225361 W
12

Current through the Peltier module:

40 | P a g e
 1 2
Q̇ c =α T c I − I R+k (T c −T h )
2

1 2 −3 −1
69.225361= (53 mV / K ×277 K × I )− I × 2.3+1.5 ×10 W K ( 277−303 ) K
2

2
69.225361=14.681 I −1.15 I −0.039

2
1.15 I −14.681 I +69.264361=0

I 1=6.383043+ 4.414367 iA=7.760791 ‹ 34.66 ° A

I 2=6.383043−4.414367 iA=7.760791 ‹−34.66 °

The heat emitted on the hot side of the TEC is given by:

2
Q̇h=αI T h +0.5 I R−k (T h−T C )

Q̇h=( 53 mV K−1 ×7.760791 A ×303 K ) + ( 0.5× ( 7.760791 A )2 × 2.3Ω )−( 1.5 × 10−3 W K−1 × 26 K )

Q̇h=193.855901 W

Figure of merit, Z, is given by

2
α
Z=
R k th

( 53 mV / K )2
Z= −3 −1
=0.81042 K−1
2.3 Ω × 1.5× 10 W K

Coefficient of performance, COP,

Q̇c Q̇c
COP= =
P ele Q̇ h−Q̇c

69.225361W 69.225361 W
COP= = =0.5554
193.855901 W −69.225361W 127.630540 W

41 | P a g e
Cooling capacity that will be required to maintain the blood temperature at 4 ℃ for 24hours :

15.9 kg × 4 ℃ × 3617 J /kg . ℃

Q̇= =2.662514 J /s=2.662514 W
( 24 ×3600 ) s

Heat loss due to insulation

Heat losses are given by:

S
Ki Ai ∆ T i
Q̇=∑ (25)
i=1 di

Where S is the set of refrigerator surfaces with their associated areas Ai. Each of these surfaces will

be characterized by thermal conductivity Ki, thickness di, and temperature gradient, ∆Ti.

( )( )(
0.035 W 2 0.035 W 2 0.035 W 2
S ×0.1925 m × 28 K × 0.22 m ×28 K ×0.14 m ×28 K
Ki Ai ∆ T i mK mK mK
Q̇=∑ = ×2 + ×2 +
i=1 di 0.075 m 0.075 m 0.075 m

Using the Peltier equation (2) to determine the current needed to overcome these insulation losses

1 2
Q̇loss=α T c I − I R+k (T c −T h )
2

1 2 −3 −1
12.6093 W = ( 53 mV / K ×277 K × I )− I × 2.3+1.5 ×10 W K ( 277−303 ) K
2

2
12.6093=14.681 I −1.15 I −0.039

2
1.15 I −14.681 I +0.039=0

I 1=0.002657 A

I 2=12.76343 A

TEC Selection.

42 | P a g e
It will be required to choose a TEC module that not only has sufficient cooling capacity to maintain

the proper temperature, but also meet the dimensional requirements imposed by the housing.

The TEC module will be selected by considering few factors such as dimensions, Q C, and current

requirements. The model number of the module is TEC1-12706. TEC1-12706 operates with a

maximum voltage of 12 V . At 12V it draws a maximum DC current of 6 A .

43 | P a g e
From the TEC1-12706 datasheet

Maximum operating temp ( ℃ ) 70

Qmax ( Watts ) 136

DeltaT max 70

I max ( Amps ) 6

V max ( Volts ) 12

Module Resistance ( Ohms ) 0.75

Table 3: TEC1-12706 datasheet

Seebeck coefficient , α=53 mV /° K

Electrical resistance , R ele =2.3Ω

Thermal Resistance , R th =1.95° K /W

−3 −1
Thermal conductivity , k =1.5 ×10 W K

3.2.2 Heat sink calculations

The values that will be obtained in the preceding analysis will be used to assess overall system

feasibility. The efficiency of the heat sink has a significant influence on the heat pumping capability

of the thermoelectric module. The hot side of the module must interface with an efficient heat

removal system in order to achieve a useful temperature differential across the thermoelectric

module.

Each Peltier module dissipates a maximum 69.225361 W , and for efficient operation of the unit, the

refrigeration volume temperature will have to be maintained at 4 ±2 ℃ . The junction-to-case thermal

resistance is assumed a typical value of 0.1 ℃/W . For the design purposes, the interfacial and

44 | P a g e
contact thermal resistances are ignored. To keep the temperature at 4 ±2 ℃ , a heat sink with an

integrated TEC module is used.

Figure 18: Heat sink

The temperature of the blood is

T b=T c + ( R j−c + Rc−s ) Q(26)

where T c =TEC cold side ,

R j−c =thermal resistance of junction−¿−case ,

Rc−s =thermal interface material used between TEC ∧aluminium block∧between TEC∧heat sink

The COP of the TEC for its cooling capacity is given as

Q
COP= (27)
W

where Q is heat pumped ¿ the cold side ,

W is the electrical energy consumed by the TEC module

The heat sink temperature is given as

T hs=T a+ ( Rhs + Rc−s ) ( Q+W ) (28)

where T hs is the hot side temperature ,

45 | P a g e
 T a is the ambient temperature ,

Rhs isthe thermal resistance of heat sink ¿ ambient

T hs =T a+ ( Rh + Rc−s ) 1+ ( 1
COP )
Q (29)

The blood temperature can therefore be expressed as

T b=T a + ( R j−c + R c−s ) Q+ ( Rhs + Rc−s ) 1+ ( 1

COP )
Q−∆ T TEC

where ∆ T TEC=T h−T c

Assuming a thermal resistance of 0.2 ℃/W ,reasonable for a high-performance heat sink with forced

air cooling and thermal resistance of the thermal interface material (grease) is 0.01 ℃/W , then

4=30+ ( 0.1+0.01 ) ×69.225361+ ( 0.2+0.01 ) 1+ ( 1

COP )
69.225361−∆ T TEC

14.54
∆ T TEC=48.15+
COP

From the load calculations, COP=0.5554

For the regular TEC heat dissipation solution,

14.54
∆ T TEC =48.15+ =74 ℃
required
0.5554

This temperature is lower than the maximum operating temperature which is 90 ℃ thus the solution

will work. However thermal resistance can be improved by using forced convection.

Maximum power that can be dissipated by the heat sink,

T op, max −T A
PD = (30)
max
R total

46 | P a g e
 where P D −maximum power dissipated
max

T A− Ambient temperature

T op ,max −Maximum operating temperature

Rtotal−Total thermal resistance of the surrounding

To determine the required thermal resistance,

T op ,max −T A
Rtotal= (31)
PDmax

P D =15.4 V ×15 A=231W

max

90 ℃−30 ℃
Rtotal= =0.2597 ℃ /W
231W

The total thermal resistance is a sum of thermal resistance of junction-to-case, thermal resistance of

the heatsink and thermal resistance of thermal interface material,

Rtotal =R j−c + Rhs + RTIM (32)

Thus, to confirm the assumptions made,

Rhs + RTIM =0.2597 ℃ /W −0.1 ℃ /W =0.1597 ℃ /W

Using the table below, T670 thermal grease is chosen having a thermal conductivity of 3.0 W /m−K

and a thermal resistance of 0.01 ℃/W .

47 | P a g e
Therefore, the heat sink thermal resistance is

Rhs=0.1597−0.01=0.1497 ℃ /W

Estimating the overall volume of the heat sink required to cool the TEC module [22],

(Q × R v ) 3
Volume= where R v is the volumetric thermal resistance(80℃−cm /W )
∆T

136 × 80 3
V= =181.3 cm
60

This estimates the heat sink at 7.0 cm ×6.5 cm ×4.0 cm

3.2.3 Battery type and size.

The design process

1. Determination of the total energy demand.

48 | P a g e
 2. Sizing of the solar panel, battery and charge controller

Total power required to compensate for insulation losses, giving a 20 % allowance,

1.2 ×12 Volts ×1 Ampere=14.4 W

Work for 24 hours.

Total energy demand=14.4 W × 24=345.6 Wh/day

Depth of Discharge=0.8

Nominal battery Voltage=12V

Days of Autonomy=1

Battery capacity =28.8 Ah

3.2.4 Solar panel sizing.

Total energy demand=345.6 Wh /day

Average peak sunshine hours=6 hours

Solar panel ¿ 57.6 W

3.2.5 Battery management system

1. 3S 40A balance charging 12.6V lithium battery BMS board

2. It has a balance charging voltage: 12.6V – 13.6V

3. Continuous discharge current (upper limit): 40A

4. Continuous charge current (upper limit): 20A

49 | P a g e
 .

Figure 19: BMS Board

3.2.6 Voltage and current regulator mode of control.

Power Brushed
Load
Supply ESC

Switch Output Leads

Power Supply
Leads

Control Leads

Figure 20: Brushed ESC

50 | P a g e
3.2.7 Peltier coolers’ connection topologies

Peltier modules will be connected in parallel in order to ensure they operate on the same voltage

3.2.8 Blood batch identification (RFID)

We will use RFID module to identify blood bags. RFID tags shall be affixed to the bags. The RC522

RFID reader/writer module is a low power, low cost, extremely durable, and simple to interface with

Arduino.

Figure 21: RFID -RC522

3.2.9 Display

An HD44780-based character LCD display and I2C LCD adaptor make up a standard I2C LCD

display. A regular LCD is substantially more difficult to connect than an I2C LCD. Instead of 12,

only 4 pins are needed. GND pin connected to ground and the VCC pin to the Arduino's 5V output.

The I2C communication pins to be linked appropriately. The SDA (data line) and SCL (clock line)

located on the pin headers. A5 (SCL) and A4 (SDA)

Figure 22: LCD

51 | P a g e
3.2.10 Internal Temperature and Humidity sensor

Figure 23: DHT22

The DHT22 sensor has its temperature measuring range from -40°C to +125°C and humidity

measuring range is from 0 to 100% with 2-5% accuracy.

52 | P a g e
CHAPTER 4: EXPECTED RESULTS
1. Blood carrier refrigerator mountable on a motorbike or a bicycle.

2. Temperature control Circuit using thermoelectric modules.

3. Battery charger circuit.

4. Identification and documentation capacity using RFID.

5. Power backup system Using lithium-ion batteries.

53 | P a g e
 PROJECT TIMEPLAN

ACTIVITY MAY JUNE JULY SEP OCT NOV DEC

Documentation

Proposal Writing

Proposal

Presentation

Design and coding

Testing and

adjustment

Final Report

Final Presentation

54 | P a g e
 BUDGET ESTIMATES

Unit Price
Index Item Number Total
(Ksh)

1 Solar panel 1 5,000 5,000

2 Lithium battery pack 1 4,000 4,000
3 Charge controller 12,000 12,000
4 Arduino uno 1 1,800 1,800
5 LCD display 1 1,000 1,000
6 DHT22 5 900 4500
7 Peltier Modules 24 750 18,000
8 RFID module 1 7,400 7,400

9 Polyurethane foam (metres) 10 10 100

10 Aluminum sheet (metres) 2 150 300

11 Aluminum block (metres) 1 370 370

12 Heat sinks 12 50 600
13 Hook up wire 3 45 135
14 Connectors 1 500 500
15 Fan 12 400 4800
16 DC buck boost converter 1 2,500 2500
Copper clad laminate PCB circuit
17 1 450 450
board
18 Power supply 1 2,000 2000
19 Steel sheet (metres) 2 1000 2000
TOTAL 68,255

55 | P a g e
References

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http://www.devex.com/news/kenya-shortage-goes-from-bad-to-worse. [Accessed 18 March 2022].

[2] H. Cianfrone, "The Challenges of the Blood Supply Chain," MAXQ, 29 August 2018. [Online].

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10.1007/s11467-008-0028-9, pp. 269-279, 2008.

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https://www.transfusionguidelines.org/regulations/clarification/storage-and-distribution/cold-chain.

[Accessed 19 February 2022].

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[7] WHO, "The Blood Cold Chain," Geneva, 2002.

[8] P. M. N. A. A. T. J. B. a. J. S. Timothy Amukele, "Drone transportation of blood products," 2016.

[9] M. o. Health-Kenya, "Policy Guidelines on Blood Transfusion Services in Kenya," November 2001.

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Transfusion-in-Kenya.pdf. [Accessed 19 February 2022].

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products," 2020.

[11] J. Hardwick, "Wiley Online Library," 09 May 2008. [Online]. Available:

56 | P a g e
 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1751-2824.2008.00196.x. [Accessed 23 February

2022].

[12] C. Stein and E. Caetano, "The importance of specialised equipment," African Journals Online, vol. 32,

no. 2, 2016.

[13] S. Brown and P. Domanski, "Review of alternative cooling technologies," Applied Thermal

Engineering, vol. 64, no. 1-2, p. 259, 2014.

[14] S. Fischer, J. Tomlinson and P. Hughes, "Energy and global warming impacts of not-in-kind and next

generation CFC nad HCFC alternatives," AFEAS.

[15] V. K and V. M, "Experimental and Simulation Studies on Thermoelectric Cooler; A Performance Study

Approach," International Journal of Thermophysics, pp. 41-38, 2020.

[16] A. M. A. R. David Astrain, "Improvement of a Thermoelectric and Vapor Compression Hybrid

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