Communicable Diseases

Disease Covid-19
Definition Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Types
Risk Older age, Lung problems, Heart disease, Brain and nervous system conditions, Diabetes and Obesity,
Factors Cancer and Certain Blood Disorders, Weakened Immune System, Chronic kidney or liver disease, Mental
health conditions, Down syndrome
Disease  Get vaccinated.
Prevention  Avoid close contact with anyone who is sick or has symptoms.
Activities  Keep distance between yourself and others when you're in indoor public spaces.
 Avoid crowds and indoor places that have poor airflow (ventilation).
 Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. If you're not able to wash
your hands, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol.
 Wear a face mask in indoor public spaces if you're in an area with a high number of people with
COVID-19 in the hospital and new COVID-19 cases, whether or not you're vaccinated. The CDC
recommends wearing the most protective mask possible that you'll wear regularly, fits well and
is comfortable.
 Cover your mouth and nose with your elbow or a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Throw away
the used tissue. Wash your hands right away.
 Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth.
 Clean and disinfect often-touched surfaces regularly.
Health  Conducting webinars regarding coronavirus disease; MythBusters
Promotion  Webinars regarding mental health and substance use considering during COVID-19
Activities  Advocacy regarding ways to stay safe and healthy this time of pandemic
 Advocacy regarding importance of COVID-19 vaccination
 Lifestyle teaching
Disease Tuberculosis
Definition Tuberculosis, or TB, is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The
bacteria spreads through the air from person to person and mainly attacks the lungs, but it can affect
other areas of the body, according to the American Lung Association.
Types 1. Active TB - an illness in which the TB bacteria are rapidly multiplying and invading different
organs of the body. The typical symptoms of active TB variably include cough, phlegm, chest
pain, weakness, weight loss, fever, chills and sweating at night. A person with active pulmonary
TB disease may spread TB to others by airborne transmission of infectious particles coughed into
the air.
2. Miliary TB - rare form of active disease that occurs when TB bacteria find their way into the
bloodstream. In this form, the bacteria quickly spread all over the body in tiny nodules and affect
multiple organs at once. This form of TB can be rapidly fatal.
3. Latent TB - Many of those who are infected with TB do not develop overt disease. They have no
symptoms and their chest x-ray may be normal. The only manifestation of this encounter may be
reaction to the tuberculin skin test (TST) or interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA).
Risk  Persons who have been recently infected with TB bacteria
Factors  Persons with medical conditions that weaken the immune system
Disease  Get vaccinated – infants
Prevention  Early diagnosis and treatment
Activities  Good ventilation
 Have natural light
 Good hygiene
 Healthy lifestyle to strengthen immune system
Health  Tuberculosis Control Program
Promotion  Healthy lifestyle and good hygiene teaching
Activities  Implementing a respiratory protection program
 Training health care personnel on respiratory protection
 Educating patients on respiratory hygiene and the importance of cough etiquette procedures.
Disease Dengue
Definition Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection causing a severe flu-like illness and sometimes causing a
potentially lethal complication called severe dengue.
Types
Risk
Factors
Disease
Prevention
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Health
Promotion
Activities
Disease Rabies
Definition Rabies is a viral zoonotic disease that causes progressive and fatal inflammation of the brain and spinal
cord.
Types 1. Furious rabies - characterized by hyperactivity and hallucinations.
2. Paralytic rabies – characterized by paralysis and coma.

Risk
Factors
Disease
Prevention
Activities
Health
Promotion
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Disease Leptospirosis
Definition Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease with epidemic potential, especially after a heavy rainfall, caused by a
bacterium called Leptospira.
Risk
factors
Disease
Prevention
Activities
Health
Promotion
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Disease HIV/AIDS
Definition The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) targets the immune system and weakens people's defense
systems against infections and some types of cancer.
Types
Risk  Having unprotected anal or vaginal sex
factors  Having another sexually transmitted infection such as syphilis, herpes, chlamydia, gonorrhea,
and bacterial vaginosis
 Sharing contaminated needles, syringes, and other injecting equipment and drug solutions when
injecting drugs
 Receiving unsafe injections, blood transfusions, tissue transplantation, medical procedures that
involve unsterile cutting or piercing
 Experiencing accidental needle stick injuries, including among health workers.
Disease
Prevention
Activities
Health
Promotion
Activities
Disease Schistosomiasis
Definition Schistosomiasis is a chronic parasitic infection caused by worms. The parasite species is Schistosoma
mansoni, which is associated with intestinal schistosomiasis.
Types
Risk
Factors
Disease
Prevention
Activities
Health
Promotion
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Disease Malaria
Definition Malaria is a disease caused by the parasite Plasmodium, which is transmitted by the bite of an infected
mosquito.
Types
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Factors
Disease
Prevention
Activities
Health
Promotion
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Disease Gonorrhea
Definition Gonorrhea, caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, is the second most common bacterial STI, spread by
having unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has gonorrhea, or from mother-to-child
during childbirth.
Types
Risk
Factors
Disease
Prevention
Activities
Health
Promotion
Activities
Disease Measles
Definition Measles is a very contagious viral disease that especially affects children and can cause severe health
problems, including severe diarrhea, ear infections, blindness, pneumonia, and encephalitis (swelling of
the brain). Some of these complications can lead to death.
Types Standard measles, sometimes known as red measles, or hard measles, is caused by the rubeola virus.
German measles, also known as rubella, is an entirely separate illness caused by the rubella virus and is
usually a milder infection than standard measles.
Risk  Being unvaccinated. If you haven't had the measles vaccine, you're much more likely to get
Factors measles.
 Traveling internationally. If you travel to countries where measles is more common, you're at
higher risk of catching measles.
 Having a Vitamin A deficiency. If you don't have enough vitamin A in your diet, you're more
likely to have more-severe symptoms and complications of measles.
Disease  Measle Vaccination for children routinely
Prevention 
Activities
Health  Routine measles vaccination for children, combined with mass immunization campaigns in
Promotion countries with high case and death rates.
Activities 