Traffic Volume Assessment: Intersection of Mayor Natangcop Indol Street and Eulogio A. Rodriguez Street

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TRAFFIC VOLUME ASSESSMENT: INTERSECTION OF MAYOR NATANGCOP INDOL

STREET AND EULOGIO A. RODRIGUEZ STREET

A Research Proposal
Presented to the
Faculty of the Division of Engineering Technology
College of Engineering
Mindanao State University
Marawi City

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Course CEM 199
Research Proposal

Norhana L. Rangiris

March 2023
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

In accordance with the creation of the auto made land travel quicker and more straightforward.

The following stage was to make it more coordinated and productive, an errand that is rarely

finished. Traffic management is the arrangement, control, direction, and association of mechanized

and non-mechanized vehicles out and about; those that are fixed as well as those that are moving.

Besides, the essential objective of traffic management is to make the development of merchandise

and people as effective, organized, and protected as could really be expected.

Mindanao State University is a grounds where numerous vehicles passing and more often than

not, the traffic flows are so weighty due to the rising traffic volume, inappropriate path utilization

and over-burden vehicles inside the area. Hence, it is vital to survey the volume of traffic inside the

road to decide potential choices in estimating the traffic for smooth traffic flows. As a matter of fact,

the safe and time effective development of individuals and merchandise is reliant upon traffic flows,

which is straightforwardly associated with the traffic qualities.

This research study will determine the volume of traffic inside the area to evaluate the elective

capabilities for what reason does the area is defenseless into traffic. Hence, this applies to each and

every individual who utilizes the streets, administrators of engine vehicles as well as cyclists. For

instance, diverting traffic from significant streets during top hours might assist the general

development with being more secure and more proficient. This research will assist with recognizing

basic stream time spans, deciding the effect of huge vehicle nearby on vehicular traffic flow.

Traffic assessment or evaluation comparable to the volume of traffic doesn't just relate to the

streets and the explorers on them. Most city roads have regions neighboring them where individuals

reside, work, shop, play and travel. Another objective is to improve the nature of these nearby

conditions. A fitting traffic management framework is fundamental for security and smooth traffic
flows on streets, making a greatest use of street offices to expand the ongoing street capacities.

Consequently, the security, as well as the smooth progression of traffic on our streets is vital as it

will lead us in coordinating the flow of traffic on the streets. Moreover, Traffic volume assessment

can work on the progression of traffic on the streets, diminishing outflows per vehicle kilometer

voyaged and improving metropolitan versatility.

Rapid motorization, high-density urban development, population concentration, and

concentration of economic activity in Mindanao State University, Marawi had contributed to high

traffic demand causing crowding in major arterial especially in major conflict points. However, road

capacity has not increased significantly in the past years thereby unable to catch up with the rapid

rise in traffic flow. This over-crowding also produces the negative effects of worsening air quality

especially in the vicinity of the road traffic environment.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

This study aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the vehicles passing in and out of the following Street:

1.1 Mayor Natangcop Indol St.

1.2 Eulogio A. Rodriguez St.

2. How many numbers of vehicles passing through the intersection every one hour? a.)

Private cars

i) SUV/Pick-up ii) Auto

iii) Single Motorcycle

iv) Construction Truck

v) Bicycle

b.) Public Utility Cars

i) Van

ii) Jeep
iii) Pedicab iv) Rakal
3. What is the implication of the volume of traffic?

4. What assessments are suggested to measure the volume?

1.3 Objectives of the Research Study

The main objective of the traffic study is as follow:

1. To find out various traffic volume through the intersection of Mayor

Natangcop St. and Eulogio A. Rodriguez St., MSU, Marawi City Road.

2. To determine the number of vehicles passing in and out through the


intersection

Street for 1 hour in 3 weeks.

3. How to minimize the traffic through different ideas.

1.4 Significance of the Study

Results and findings of this research work may give important information’s on the commuters

and the operators to assess the volume of the traffic due to some variables that might become a

reason to have traffic lane usage overflow and assess heavy traffic volume.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

This research study will focus to determine the impact of traffic volume and to assess its effects

to the commuters and the operators in the road to evaluate the elective capabilities for what reason

does the area is defenseless into traffic. Often it is applied only to the direct impact area and

countermeasures for potential negative impacts are specific for the development.
1.6 Conceptual Model

The conceptual model of this research study is presented in Figure 1.1. It shows the relationship
of the independent and dependent variables.

Independent Dependent
Variable Variable

High Traffic Volume

Kinds of
Cars

a. Private

b. Public

Figure 1 Relationship of the variables as used in the study

1.7 Theoretical Background

This study is anchored on the following theories on determining the impact of traffic flow and

volume assessment: Traffic-Flow Theory by Henry Lieu and a Survey of Road Traffic Congestion

Measures towards a Sustainable and Resilient Transportation System.

Traffic-Flow Theory by Henry Lieu

Traffic-flow theories seek to describe in a precise mathematical way the interactions among

vehicles, drivers, and the infrastructure. The infrastructure consists of the highway system and all its

operational elements, including control devices, signage, and markings. These theories are an
indispensable element of all traffic models and analysis tools that are being used in the design and

operation of streets and highways.

The scientific study of traffic flow had its beginnings in the 1930s with the application of

probability theory to the description of road traffic and with the pioneering studies conducted by

Bruce D. Greenshields at the Yale Bureau of Highway Traffic on the study of models relating

volume and speed and the investigation of performance of traffic at intersections. After World War

II, with the tremendous increase in the use of automobiles and the expansion of the highway system,

there was also a surge in the study of traffic characteristics and the development of traffic-flow

theories.

In December 1959, the First International Symposium on the Theory of Traffic Flow was held

at the General Motors Research Laboratories in Warren, Mich. This was the first of what has

become a series of triennial symposia on the theory of traffic flow and transportation. A glance

through the proceedings of these symposia will provide a good indication of the tremendous

developments over the last 40 years in the understanding and the treatment of traffic-flow processes.

The field of traffic-flow theory and transportation has become too diffuse to be covered by any

single type of meeting, and numerous other symposia and specialty conferences about a variety of

traffic-related topics are held on a regular basis. Yet, even as traffic-flow theory is increasingly

better understood and more easily characterized through advanced computation technology, the

fundamentals are just as important today as in the early days. They form the foundation for all the

theories, techniques, and procedures that are being applied in the design, operation, and

development of advanced transportation systems.

This article outlines the revised Monograph on Traffic Flow Theory, which can be viewed on

the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center Web site (www.tfhrc.gov/its/tft/tft.htm). This report

is an updated and expanded version of two previous works that were sponsored by the

Transportation Research Board (TRB) and its predecessor, the Highway Research Board (HRB).
The first monograph was published as HRB Special Report 79 in 1964. A completely rewritten

monograph was published as TRB Special Report 165 in 1975. This volume is now out of print, and

in 1987, the TRB Committee on Traffic Flow Theory and Characteristics recommended that a new

monograph be prepared as a joint effort of committee members and other authors.

While many of the basic theories may not have changed much, the significant developments

since 1975 merited the writing of a new version of the monograph. The Federal Highway

Administration (FHWA) supported this effort through an interagency agreement with the Oak Ridge

National Laboratory. TRB is currently reviewing the revised monograph provided by FHWA, and

the monograph will be published as a formal TRB report sometime in 1999.

Traffic congestion is an extensive global phenomenon resulting from high population density,

growth of motor vehicles and their infrastructure, and proliferation of rideshare and delivery

services. Researchers have defined congestion from different perspectives. The most common

definition of congestion in the state of traffic flow is when the travel demand exceeds road capacity.

From the delay-travel time perspective, congestion occurs when the normal flow of traffic is

interrupted by a high density of vehicles resulting in excess travel time. Congestion can also be

defined by the increment of the road user’s cost due to the disruption of normal traffic flow. A

variety of reasons are responsible for creating congestion in most urban areas. Depending on these

different reasons, congestion can be classified into recurring and nonrecurring congestion.

Recurring congestion occurs regularly, mostly due to the excessive number of vehicles during peak

hours. On the other hand, unpredictable events—such as weather, work zones, incidents, and special

events—are the causes of nonrecurring congestion. According to the United States Department of

Transportation Federal Highway Administration (DOT-FHWA), nonrecurring congestion

contributes to more than 50% of all traffic congestion, where 40% of congestion is caused by

recurring congestion.

The social, economic, and environmental impacts of traffic congestion in recent years are quite

significant. Especially in the densely populated areas, the extensive amount of delay and cost due to
congestion affects the urban transportation system considerably. In 2014, traffic congestion cost

people in the United States (US) a total of $160 billion from 6.9 billion extra hours traveled and 3.1

billion additional gallons of fuel purchased. This happens because the existing roadways cannot

accommodate the increasing number of automobiles. According to the INRIX Roadway Analytics

in 2017, over the next 10 years, the most congested 25 cities of the U.S. are estimated to cost the

drivers $480 billion due to lost time, wasted fuel, and carbon emitted during congestion. This loss is

also affecting the global economy to a great extent. In 2018, it was found that the total cost of lost

productivity in the U.S. caused by congestion is $87 billion .

Aging physical transportation infrastructure—such as the conditions of roads, highways, or

bridges—are often blamed as one of the inherent causes of traffic congestion. However, congestion

is also partly responsible for accelerating the physical degradation of transportation infrastructure,

and consequently for reducing the transportation network performance. Although several recovery

strategies have been developed to improve the damaged network performance, most of these

strategies are not sufficient or even might not be applicable for congested road traffic conditions.

In order to ensure a sustainable and resilient transportation system, multi-disciplinary mitigation

actions on combating road traffic congestions are necessary. For many years, multifold attempts

from the government, public, and private sector policy-makers, researchers, and practitioners have

been implemented to minimize losses due to congestion. It is observed that proper monitoring of the

traffic condition is the first step to building an effective traffic control management system. By

doing so, the congestion levels can be quantified promptly, and preventive actions can be initiated

before the peak of the congestion hours. Measuring probable congestion can also be beneficial while

planning for traffic management during special events.

Policy-makers, researchers, and transportation experts have been working for many years to

develop different measurement approaches to estimate traffic congestion accurately. Currently, a

variety of traffic congestion measures are available depending on various performance criteria, such

as speed, travel time, delay, level of services, or other indices. However, there is no fixed universal
method of measuring traffic conditions at present. In different countries, even in different states of a

country, different measures are adopted. For example, the Texas Transportation Institute used the

Roadway Congestion Index in the 1994 urban mobility report, and the Washington State

Transportation Department used the average peak travel time in the 2006 congestion report. The

Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) is one of the few first manuals to suggest using the level of

service (LoS) as an evaluation index of road performance in 1985. The LoS is classified into six

classes in the U.S., whereas LoS is organized into three levels in Japan. The U.S. Department of

Transportation (DOT) had been using congestion hours, travel time index, and planning time index

in their 2016–2018 yearly congestion trend reports. The Ministry of Public Security in China

selected the average travel speed of a city road to demonstrate congestion conditions. Finding the

most suitable measure to be employed in a road traffic analysis from this wide variety of measures

can be challenging.

Traffic congestion is a global issue that challenges the development of a resilient and

sustainable transportation system. The long-term goal of this research paper is to contribute to the

development of a sustainable and resilient transportation management system that aims to minimize

the negative socio-economic-environmental impact of congestion. Prior to the implementation stage,

a multitude of road traffic analyses from different perspectives must be conducted. Monitoring the

traffic flow in an area is one of the initial steps in establishing a proper traffic management system

or mitigating congestion. Since there are various congestion measures available, considering

multiple congestion measures can be complicated in a road traffic analysis. Thus, this paper reviews

various traffic congestion measures by comparing each measure in a small-scale case study.

Evaluating the available measures in order to find the appropriate congestion measures to be

employed in road traffic analysis is crucial. In addition to exclusively listing various available

congestion measures, this paper also aims to aid decision-makers with a preliminary evaluation of

comparing each measure through data analysis.

This review paper aims to elaborate on the state of the art in road traffic congestion measures as

a building block towards the development of resilient and sustainable transportation system. Based
on the challenges mentioned above, the motivation and objectives of this paper are as follows. (1)

provide the state of the art of the currently available traffic congestion measures; (2) evaluate the

effectiveness and discrepancies of the measures in monitoring traffic conditions; (3) analyze the

merits and demerits of each measure; and (4) identify some prospective future research directions in

the greater interest of mitigating traffic congestion towards the development of a sustainable and

resilient transportation management system.


1.8 Definition of Term

Traffic - it is the movement of vehicles or people along roads, or the movement of aircraft, trains,

or ships along a route.

Volume - is a measure of three-dimensional space. It is often quantified numerically using SI

derived units or by various imperial or US customary units. The definition of length is interrelated

with volume.

Traffic Volume - is counting of the number of vehicles passing through a road over a period of

time. It is defined as the procedure to determine mainly volume of traffic moving on the roads at a

particular section during a particular time. It is usually expressed in terms of Passenger Car Unit

(PCU).

Vehicle - a machine, usually with wheels and an engine, used for transporting people or goods,

especially on land.

Commuter - is someone who has a lengthy trip to work, usually from a suburb to a city.

Speed - the rate of change of position of an object in any direction. Speed is measured as the ratio of

distance to the time in which the distance was covered. Speed is a scalar quantity as it has only

direction and no magnitude.

Velocity - Velocity is a vector expression of the displacement that an object or particle undergoes

with respect to time. The standard unit of velocity magnitude (also known as speed) is the meter per

second (m/s). Alternatively, the centimeter per second (cm/s) can be used to express velocity

magnitude.

Road - A road is a linear way for the conveyance of traffic that mostly has an improved surface for

use by vehicles and pedestrians.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction

Main problem is the speed flow relationship. The vehicle all types produce different impedance

which is varied to the static & dynamic characteristics. Hence by simply adding the vehicle does not

give the accurate or authentic speed flow relationship. Streets are giving better admittance to

administrations, simplicity of transportation and opportunity of development to individuals. So, to

come out from this situation passenger car is adopted as a standard vehicle and term is used a

passenger car unit (PCU). Before finding out the traffic volume we have to traffic survey of

particular given place the purpose of traffic survey is, traffic monitoring management, model

calibration & traffic control.

Review of Related Literature

Road infrastructure has seen consistent improvement in the last few years. Connectivity has

improved, and road transportation has become a focus of rapid development. Roads are providing

better access to services, ease of transportation and freedom of movement to people. But in

metropolitan cities traffic congestion is increasing rapidly, it results in chronic situation in dense

downtown areas. Traffic signals play a significant role in the urban transportation system. They

control the movement of traffic on urban streets by determining the appropriate signal timing

settings. Adaptive traffic signal controllers as the principle part of intelligent transportation systems

has a primary role to effectively reduce traffic congestion by making a real time adaptation in

response to the changing traffic network dynamics.

Vehicle traffic assessment and monitoring contribute significantly to safer roads. For example,

systems, such as automatic traffic counting, and congestion detection help to improve traffic flow

planning. Reducing congestion and developing traffic accident prediction models help to avoid

collisions and severe injuries. Tools for pavement condition assessment provide rapid access to road

condition information, which can help traffic planners to build better assessment and monitoring
systems. Vehicle emission detection and traffic noise prediction are also important tools for

reducing pollution.

Real-time and near-real-time information on traffic counts, road conditions, and road

environment attributes are crucial for traffic assessment and monitoring. Ground-based data

acquisition sensors (e.g., pneumatic tubes, inductive loop detectors, magnetic sensors, video

detection systems, vehicle emission meters, and noise level meters) can be prone to failure and are

too costly to install and maintain in some countries. Alternative technologies, such as GPS and

remote sensing, can provide cheaper solutions for road traffic data acquisition. However, in some

cases, both methods should be combined to perform validated assessment and monitoring.

Remote sensing provides aerial photos, high-resolution satellite images, and laser scanning

measurements, which can be used to extract a range of road- and traffic-related attributes. Especially

in areas that are difficult to access, for example, due to a disaster or conflict, remote sensing can be

an important tool for the assessment and monitoring of vehicle traffic. However, remote sensing has

a weakness: traffic fluctuations on small time scales can distort the accuracy of the estimated road

and traffic attributes. This method also requires advanced analytical and computational resources.

As a result, this Special Issue aims to gather advances in the research on vehicle traffic

assessment and monitoring by developing better methodologies of remote sensing data analysis and

spatial models, contributing to improving the safety and sustainability of our road transport systems

(Dr. Maher Ibrahim Sameen| and Prof. Dr. Biswajeet Pradhan, Guest Editors).

Review of Related Studies

The Research that is related to the traffic management study is widely broad and with mix of

another research. Furthermore, this study has a related literature for assessment and evaluation.

Assessing traffic-related environmental impacts based on different traffic monitoring applications.


Development in technologies (such as mobile traffic sensors or Global Positioning System

(GPS)-equipped devices) has opened up new opportunities for location-based services. According to
Kalamaras et al. (2018) these include traffic measurements and sophisticated models for accurate

short-term traffic predictions which has resulted in lower infrastructure costs in comparison with

fixed location sensors. Nonetheless, mining traffic data can be a challenging task furthermore for

traffic flow improving or traffic performance prediction. Through linear regressions and sequential

minimal optimization regression techniques, it has been possible to analyse the historical traffic big

data to extract and find abnormal traffic patterns, and thus improving traffic management systems

(Alam et al. (2017)). The advent and development of FCD (floating car data) systems in accordance

with Siddique et al. (2017) and Bandeira et al. (2013), such as Google traffic or TOMTOM, allows

mapping and identifying hotspot congestion locations on different road types. Stevens et al. (2017)

state that a definition of a criterion to describe traffic congestion on a road segment involves the

balancing of competing objectives. The congestion causes can be determined by surveying speed,

travel time or traffic flow data (Lu et al, 2015). Through surveying speed analysis, the

implementation of speed management techniques can also be helpful to the reduction of emissions

and the minimization of the trade-off between the minimization of CO2 and other pollutants

(Bandeira et al, 2016). Bisoffi et al. (2017) refer that despite currently available techniques use

continuous probe data collected from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) installed in

vehicles or smartphones, the detection of congestion and its causes along a segment is not trivial.

Moreover, mobile traffic sensors can provide wider coverage than fixed location sensors, as

demonstrated in a study carried out by Herrera (2009). Bandeira et al. (2018) developed a platform

based on empirical GPS data and microscopic simulation models of traffic, emissions and noise.

The authors highlighted the need to consider real-time activity patterns in a way that will be

possible to implement sustainable traffic management measures. Also Rao et al. (2012) showed that

micro-level congestion can be triggered by factors as too many people want to move at the same

time, while macro level congestion depends of land use patterns or car ownerships trends. Recently,

Teixeira et al. (2017) developed a fluidity formula based on surveying speed and travel time to

determine a criterion that could identify and describe vehicle dynamic patterns along an urban
arterial. However, the proposed model was only tested in a single case study, so there is a lack of

evidence of its scalability to other scenarios. With these concerns in mind, the purpose of the

present research is to extend the methodology developed in Teixeira et al. (2017) for wider

application in several real-world arterials using variables dependent on driver behaviour. This paper

intends to address this issue by developing a simple and generic formula that can predict traffic

emissions through traffic variables. The main contribution of this research is the possibility to

include the developed models in sensors that will require low processing capacity, making the

production and implementation economically viable. In the literature, it is known that vehicle

operating variables are quite related to pollutant emissions. One of the objectives of the present

work is to compare values of speed, acceleration and traffic volume with levels of CO2 and NOx

emissions. Therefore, in this paper it is proposed a conceptual system in which data related to

vehicle operating variables serve as input, and information regarding CO2 and NOx emission values

is the output. In a first phase, different scenarios on data acquisition strategies were simulated,

namely, wi-fi sensors, speed radar each 100 meters along a road, and FCD for different time

intervals. Then, after obtaining the best traffic/vehicle monitoring application, expressions for

deriving estimates for CO2 and NOx emissions were developed. Concretely, the objectives are: i) to

test the applicability of different traffic monitoring applications; ii) to correlate traffic and emissions

variables; iii) to create a generic equation capable of describing CO2 and NOx emissions in both

urban and national roads.

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY


3.1 Methodology
a. Research Design

The preparation of materials equipment in this study is through gathering information base on

counting vehicles that researcher will provide based on the information and facts that researcher

gather from the reliable sources in every year update about traffic management as needed materials.

Thus, Theoretical analysis of the traffic volume that an appropriate systematic traffic assessment is

essential for safety and smooth on making a maximum usage of road facilities to enlarge the current

road capabilities and minimizing the volume of traffic within the area as it will to the smooth flows

of traffic on the roadways. Thus, the methodology that will use needs to assess the traffic volume in

Mayor Natangcop St., and Eugolio A. Rodriguez St., MSU, Marawi City. Hence, the assessment

tool must ensure the anonymity and confidentiality of the respondents, which is vital to access their

honest responses (Schoeman, 2017).

b. Locale of the Study

The study will be conducted among the vehicular private and public operators in the

intersection of Mayor Natangcop Street and Eugolio A. Rodriguez Street, MSU, Marawi City.

Mayor Natangcop St. and Eulogio A. Rodriguez St. are both located at Mindanao State

University, Main Campus, Marawi City, founded on September 1, 1961 through Republic Act 1387

and Republic Act 1893, has evolved over the years in keeping with national and local developments.

The brain-child of late Senator, Domaco Alonto, it has grown from its main campus Marawi City to

a university system that now comprises several campuses located in major centers in Mindanao and

Sulu. Its first president was Dr. Antonio Isidro who came in from his position as the vice president

for academic affairs in the university of the Philippines.

c. Research subject

The subject of the study will be all the vehicular operators that were passing throughout the

intersection street of Mayor Natangcop St and Eulogio A. Rodriguez St. The total respondents will

be coming from different vehicular operators. A total of 100 respondents will be choosing to
provide data pertaining to their awareness on their traffic volume assessment, traffic rules and

regulation.

d. Research Instrument

In gathering the data, the researcher will use to counting type of procedures to assess the

awareness of the operators or drivers on the traffic volume assessment and traffic workflow.

e. Data Gathering Procedure

In this study the procedure that the researcher will use is counting method and analysis to

determine the numbers of private and public vehicles that were passing through the intersection area

in one (1) hour for 3 weeks. The researcher will do assessment data to assess the traffic working

flow in the intersection area.

f. Research Procedure

The researcher will count all the vehicles that were passing through the intersection street. They

will observe and analyze the number of vehicles to determine the traffic volume in every 1 hour for

3 weeks.

g. Statistical Treatment

Mayor Natangcop
Eulogio A.
St.Rodriguez

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