Traffic Volume Assessment: Intersection of Mayor Natangcop Indol Street and Eulogio A. Rodriguez Street
Traffic Volume Assessment: Intersection of Mayor Natangcop Indol Street and Eulogio A. Rodriguez Street
Traffic Volume Assessment: Intersection of Mayor Natangcop Indol Street and Eulogio A. Rodriguez Street
A Research Proposal
Presented to the
Faculty of the Division of Engineering Technology
College of Engineering
Mindanao State University
Marawi City
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Course CEM 199
Research Proposal
Norhana L. Rangiris
March 2023
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
In accordance with the creation of the auto made land travel quicker and more straightforward.
The following stage was to make it more coordinated and productive, an errand that is rarely
finished. Traffic management is the arrangement, control, direction, and association of mechanized
and non-mechanized vehicles out and about; those that are fixed as well as those that are moving.
Besides, the essential objective of traffic management is to make the development of merchandise
Mindanao State University is a grounds where numerous vehicles passing and more often than
not, the traffic flows are so weighty due to the rising traffic volume, inappropriate path utilization
and over-burden vehicles inside the area. Hence, it is vital to survey the volume of traffic inside the
road to decide potential choices in estimating the traffic for smooth traffic flows. As a matter of fact,
the safe and time effective development of individuals and merchandise is reliant upon traffic flows,
This research study will determine the volume of traffic inside the area to evaluate the elective
capabilities for what reason does the area is defenseless into traffic. Hence, this applies to each and
every individual who utilizes the streets, administrators of engine vehicles as well as cyclists. For
instance, diverting traffic from significant streets during top hours might assist the general
development with being more secure and more proficient. This research will assist with recognizing
basic stream time spans, deciding the effect of huge vehicle nearby on vehicular traffic flow.
Traffic assessment or evaluation comparable to the volume of traffic doesn't just relate to the
streets and the explorers on them. Most city roads have regions neighboring them where individuals
reside, work, shop, play and travel. Another objective is to improve the nature of these nearby
conditions. A fitting traffic management framework is fundamental for security and smooth traffic
flows on streets, making a greatest use of street offices to expand the ongoing street capacities.
Consequently, the security, as well as the smooth progression of traffic on our streets is vital as it
will lead us in coordinating the flow of traffic on the streets. Moreover, Traffic volume assessment
can work on the progression of traffic on the streets, diminishing outflows per vehicle kilometer
concentration of economic activity in Mindanao State University, Marawi had contributed to high
traffic demand causing crowding in major arterial especially in major conflict points. However, road
capacity has not increased significantly in the past years thereby unable to catch up with the rapid
rise in traffic flow. This over-crowding also produces the negative effects of worsening air quality
1. What is the profile of the vehicles passing in and out of the following Street:
2. How many numbers of vehicles passing through the intersection every one hour? a.)
Private cars
v) Bicycle
i) Van
ii) Jeep
iii) Pedicab iv) Rakal
3. What is the implication of the volume of traffic?
Natangcop St. and Eulogio A. Rodriguez St., MSU, Marawi City Road.
Results and findings of this research work may give important information’s on the commuters
and the operators to assess the volume of the traffic due to some variables that might become a
reason to have traffic lane usage overflow and assess heavy traffic volume.
This research study will focus to determine the impact of traffic volume and to assess its effects
to the commuters and the operators in the road to evaluate the elective capabilities for what reason
does the area is defenseless into traffic. Often it is applied only to the direct impact area and
countermeasures for potential negative impacts are specific for the development.
1.6 Conceptual Model
The conceptual model of this research study is presented in Figure 1.1. It shows the relationship
of the independent and dependent variables.
Independent Dependent
Variable Variable
Kinds of
Cars
a. Private
b. Public
This study is anchored on the following theories on determining the impact of traffic flow and
volume assessment: Traffic-Flow Theory by Henry Lieu and a Survey of Road Traffic Congestion
Traffic-flow theories seek to describe in a precise mathematical way the interactions among
vehicles, drivers, and the infrastructure. The infrastructure consists of the highway system and all its
operational elements, including control devices, signage, and markings. These theories are an
indispensable element of all traffic models and analysis tools that are being used in the design and
The scientific study of traffic flow had its beginnings in the 1930s with the application of
probability theory to the description of road traffic and with the pioneering studies conducted by
Bruce D. Greenshields at the Yale Bureau of Highway Traffic on the study of models relating
volume and speed and the investigation of performance of traffic at intersections. After World War
II, with the tremendous increase in the use of automobiles and the expansion of the highway system,
there was also a surge in the study of traffic characteristics and the development of traffic-flow
theories.
In December 1959, the First International Symposium on the Theory of Traffic Flow was held
at the General Motors Research Laboratories in Warren, Mich. This was the first of what has
become a series of triennial symposia on the theory of traffic flow and transportation. A glance
through the proceedings of these symposia will provide a good indication of the tremendous
developments over the last 40 years in the understanding and the treatment of traffic-flow processes.
The field of traffic-flow theory and transportation has become too diffuse to be covered by any
single type of meeting, and numerous other symposia and specialty conferences about a variety of
traffic-related topics are held on a regular basis. Yet, even as traffic-flow theory is increasingly
better understood and more easily characterized through advanced computation technology, the
fundamentals are just as important today as in the early days. They form the foundation for all the
theories, techniques, and procedures that are being applied in the design, operation, and
This article outlines the revised Monograph on Traffic Flow Theory, which can be viewed on
the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center Web site (www.tfhrc.gov/its/tft/tft.htm). This report
is an updated and expanded version of two previous works that were sponsored by the
Transportation Research Board (TRB) and its predecessor, the Highway Research Board (HRB).
The first monograph was published as HRB Special Report 79 in 1964. A completely rewritten
monograph was published as TRB Special Report 165 in 1975. This volume is now out of print, and
in 1987, the TRB Committee on Traffic Flow Theory and Characteristics recommended that a new
While many of the basic theories may not have changed much, the significant developments
since 1975 merited the writing of a new version of the monograph. The Federal Highway
Administration (FHWA) supported this effort through an interagency agreement with the Oak Ridge
National Laboratory. TRB is currently reviewing the revised monograph provided by FHWA, and
Traffic congestion is an extensive global phenomenon resulting from high population density,
growth of motor vehicles and their infrastructure, and proliferation of rideshare and delivery
services. Researchers have defined congestion from different perspectives. The most common
definition of congestion in the state of traffic flow is when the travel demand exceeds road capacity.
From the delay-travel time perspective, congestion occurs when the normal flow of traffic is
interrupted by a high density of vehicles resulting in excess travel time. Congestion can also be
defined by the increment of the road user’s cost due to the disruption of normal traffic flow. A
variety of reasons are responsible for creating congestion in most urban areas. Depending on these
different reasons, congestion can be classified into recurring and nonrecurring congestion.
Recurring congestion occurs regularly, mostly due to the excessive number of vehicles during peak
hours. On the other hand, unpredictable events—such as weather, work zones, incidents, and special
events—are the causes of nonrecurring congestion. According to the United States Department of
contributes to more than 50% of all traffic congestion, where 40% of congestion is caused by
recurring congestion.
The social, economic, and environmental impacts of traffic congestion in recent years are quite
significant. Especially in the densely populated areas, the extensive amount of delay and cost due to
congestion affects the urban transportation system considerably. In 2014, traffic congestion cost
people in the United States (US) a total of $160 billion from 6.9 billion extra hours traveled and 3.1
billion additional gallons of fuel purchased. This happens because the existing roadways cannot
accommodate the increasing number of automobiles. According to the INRIX Roadway Analytics
in 2017, over the next 10 years, the most congested 25 cities of the U.S. are estimated to cost the
drivers $480 billion due to lost time, wasted fuel, and carbon emitted during congestion. This loss is
also affecting the global economy to a great extent. In 2018, it was found that the total cost of lost
bridges—are often blamed as one of the inherent causes of traffic congestion. However, congestion
is also partly responsible for accelerating the physical degradation of transportation infrastructure,
and consequently for reducing the transportation network performance. Although several recovery
strategies have been developed to improve the damaged network performance, most of these
strategies are not sufficient or even might not be applicable for congested road traffic conditions.
actions on combating road traffic congestions are necessary. For many years, multifold attempts
from the government, public, and private sector policy-makers, researchers, and practitioners have
been implemented to minimize losses due to congestion. It is observed that proper monitoring of the
traffic condition is the first step to building an effective traffic control management system. By
doing so, the congestion levels can be quantified promptly, and preventive actions can be initiated
before the peak of the congestion hours. Measuring probable congestion can also be beneficial while
Policy-makers, researchers, and transportation experts have been working for many years to
variety of traffic congestion measures are available depending on various performance criteria, such
as speed, travel time, delay, level of services, or other indices. However, there is no fixed universal
method of measuring traffic conditions at present. In different countries, even in different states of a
country, different measures are adopted. For example, the Texas Transportation Institute used the
Roadway Congestion Index in the 1994 urban mobility report, and the Washington State
Transportation Department used the average peak travel time in the 2006 congestion report. The
Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) is one of the few first manuals to suggest using the level of
service (LoS) as an evaluation index of road performance in 1985. The LoS is classified into six
classes in the U.S., whereas LoS is organized into three levels in Japan. The U.S. Department of
Transportation (DOT) had been using congestion hours, travel time index, and planning time index
in their 2016–2018 yearly congestion trend reports. The Ministry of Public Security in China
selected the average travel speed of a city road to demonstrate congestion conditions. Finding the
most suitable measure to be employed in a road traffic analysis from this wide variety of measures
can be challenging.
Traffic congestion is a global issue that challenges the development of a resilient and
sustainable transportation system. The long-term goal of this research paper is to contribute to the
development of a sustainable and resilient transportation management system that aims to minimize
a multitude of road traffic analyses from different perspectives must be conducted. Monitoring the
traffic flow in an area is one of the initial steps in establishing a proper traffic management system
or mitigating congestion. Since there are various congestion measures available, considering
multiple congestion measures can be complicated in a road traffic analysis. Thus, this paper reviews
various traffic congestion measures by comparing each measure in a small-scale case study.
Evaluating the available measures in order to find the appropriate congestion measures to be
employed in road traffic analysis is crucial. In addition to exclusively listing various available
congestion measures, this paper also aims to aid decision-makers with a preliminary evaluation of
This review paper aims to elaborate on the state of the art in road traffic congestion measures as
a building block towards the development of resilient and sustainable transportation system. Based
on the challenges mentioned above, the motivation and objectives of this paper are as follows. (1)
provide the state of the art of the currently available traffic congestion measures; (2) evaluate the
effectiveness and discrepancies of the measures in monitoring traffic conditions; (3) analyze the
merits and demerits of each measure; and (4) identify some prospective future research directions in
the greater interest of mitigating traffic congestion towards the development of a sustainable and
Traffic - it is the movement of vehicles or people along roads, or the movement of aircraft, trains,
derived units or by various imperial or US customary units. The definition of length is interrelated
with volume.
Traffic Volume - is counting of the number of vehicles passing through a road over a period of
time. It is defined as the procedure to determine mainly volume of traffic moving on the roads at a
particular section during a particular time. It is usually expressed in terms of Passenger Car Unit
(PCU).
Vehicle - a machine, usually with wheels and an engine, used for transporting people or goods,
especially on land.
Commuter - is someone who has a lengthy trip to work, usually from a suburb to a city.
Speed - the rate of change of position of an object in any direction. Speed is measured as the ratio of
distance to the time in which the distance was covered. Speed is a scalar quantity as it has only
Velocity - Velocity is a vector expression of the displacement that an object or particle undergoes
with respect to time. The standard unit of velocity magnitude (also known as speed) is the meter per
second (m/s). Alternatively, the centimeter per second (cm/s) can be used to express velocity
magnitude.
Road - A road is a linear way for the conveyance of traffic that mostly has an improved surface for
CHAPTER II
REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction
Main problem is the speed flow relationship. The vehicle all types produce different impedance
which is varied to the static & dynamic characteristics. Hence by simply adding the vehicle does not
give the accurate or authentic speed flow relationship. Streets are giving better admittance to
come out from this situation passenger car is adopted as a standard vehicle and term is used a
passenger car unit (PCU). Before finding out the traffic volume we have to traffic survey of
particular given place the purpose of traffic survey is, traffic monitoring management, model
Road infrastructure has seen consistent improvement in the last few years. Connectivity has
improved, and road transportation has become a focus of rapid development. Roads are providing
better access to services, ease of transportation and freedom of movement to people. But in
metropolitan cities traffic congestion is increasing rapidly, it results in chronic situation in dense
downtown areas. Traffic signals play a significant role in the urban transportation system. They
control the movement of traffic on urban streets by determining the appropriate signal timing
settings. Adaptive traffic signal controllers as the principle part of intelligent transportation systems
has a primary role to effectively reduce traffic congestion by making a real time adaptation in
Vehicle traffic assessment and monitoring contribute significantly to safer roads. For example,
systems, such as automatic traffic counting, and congestion detection help to improve traffic flow
planning. Reducing congestion and developing traffic accident prediction models help to avoid
collisions and severe injuries. Tools for pavement condition assessment provide rapid access to road
condition information, which can help traffic planners to build better assessment and monitoring
systems. Vehicle emission detection and traffic noise prediction are also important tools for
reducing pollution.
Real-time and near-real-time information on traffic counts, road conditions, and road
environment attributes are crucial for traffic assessment and monitoring. Ground-based data
acquisition sensors (e.g., pneumatic tubes, inductive loop detectors, magnetic sensors, video
detection systems, vehicle emission meters, and noise level meters) can be prone to failure and are
too costly to install and maintain in some countries. Alternative technologies, such as GPS and
remote sensing, can provide cheaper solutions for road traffic data acquisition. However, in some
cases, both methods should be combined to perform validated assessment and monitoring.
Remote sensing provides aerial photos, high-resolution satellite images, and laser scanning
measurements, which can be used to extract a range of road- and traffic-related attributes. Especially
in areas that are difficult to access, for example, due to a disaster or conflict, remote sensing can be
an important tool for the assessment and monitoring of vehicle traffic. However, remote sensing has
a weakness: traffic fluctuations on small time scales can distort the accuracy of the estimated road
and traffic attributes. This method also requires advanced analytical and computational resources.
As a result, this Special Issue aims to gather advances in the research on vehicle traffic
assessment and monitoring by developing better methodologies of remote sensing data analysis and
spatial models, contributing to improving the safety and sustainability of our road transport systems
(Dr. Maher Ibrahim Sameen| and Prof. Dr. Biswajeet Pradhan, Guest Editors).
The Research that is related to the traffic management study is widely broad and with mix of
another research. Furthermore, this study has a related literature for assessment and evaluation.
(GPS)-equipped devices) has opened up new opportunities for location-based services. According to
Kalamaras et al. (2018) these include traffic measurements and sophisticated models for accurate
short-term traffic predictions which has resulted in lower infrastructure costs in comparison with
fixed location sensors. Nonetheless, mining traffic data can be a challenging task furthermore for
traffic flow improving or traffic performance prediction. Through linear regressions and sequential
minimal optimization regression techniques, it has been possible to analyse the historical traffic big
data to extract and find abnormal traffic patterns, and thus improving traffic management systems
(Alam et al. (2017)). The advent and development of FCD (floating car data) systems in accordance
with Siddique et al. (2017) and Bandeira et al. (2013), such as Google traffic or TOMTOM, allows
mapping and identifying hotspot congestion locations on different road types. Stevens et al. (2017)
state that a definition of a criterion to describe traffic congestion on a road segment involves the
balancing of competing objectives. The congestion causes can be determined by surveying speed,
travel time or traffic flow data (Lu et al, 2015). Through surveying speed analysis, the
implementation of speed management techniques can also be helpful to the reduction of emissions
and the minimization of the trade-off between the minimization of CO2 and other pollutants
(Bandeira et al, 2016). Bisoffi et al. (2017) refer that despite currently available techniques use
continuous probe data collected from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) installed in
vehicles or smartphones, the detection of congestion and its causes along a segment is not trivial.
Moreover, mobile traffic sensors can provide wider coverage than fixed location sensors, as
demonstrated in a study carried out by Herrera (2009). Bandeira et al. (2018) developed a platform
based on empirical GPS data and microscopic simulation models of traffic, emissions and noise.
The authors highlighted the need to consider real-time activity patterns in a way that will be
possible to implement sustainable traffic management measures. Also Rao et al. (2012) showed that
micro-level congestion can be triggered by factors as too many people want to move at the same
time, while macro level congestion depends of land use patterns or car ownerships trends. Recently,
Teixeira et al. (2017) developed a fluidity formula based on surveying speed and travel time to
determine a criterion that could identify and describe vehicle dynamic patterns along an urban
arterial. However, the proposed model was only tested in a single case study, so there is a lack of
evidence of its scalability to other scenarios. With these concerns in mind, the purpose of the
present research is to extend the methodology developed in Teixeira et al. (2017) for wider
application in several real-world arterials using variables dependent on driver behaviour. This paper
intends to address this issue by developing a simple and generic formula that can predict traffic
emissions through traffic variables. The main contribution of this research is the possibility to
include the developed models in sensors that will require low processing capacity, making the
production and implementation economically viable. In the literature, it is known that vehicle
operating variables are quite related to pollutant emissions. One of the objectives of the present
work is to compare values of speed, acceleration and traffic volume with levels of CO2 and NOx
emissions. Therefore, in this paper it is proposed a conceptual system in which data related to
vehicle operating variables serve as input, and information regarding CO2 and NOx emission values
is the output. In a first phase, different scenarios on data acquisition strategies were simulated,
namely, wi-fi sensors, speed radar each 100 meters along a road, and FCD for different time
intervals. Then, after obtaining the best traffic/vehicle monitoring application, expressions for
deriving estimates for CO2 and NOx emissions were developed. Concretely, the objectives are: i) to
test the applicability of different traffic monitoring applications; ii) to correlate traffic and emissions
variables; iii) to create a generic equation capable of describing CO2 and NOx emissions in both
The preparation of materials equipment in this study is through gathering information base on
counting vehicles that researcher will provide based on the information and facts that researcher
gather from the reliable sources in every year update about traffic management as needed materials.
Thus, Theoretical analysis of the traffic volume that an appropriate systematic traffic assessment is
essential for safety and smooth on making a maximum usage of road facilities to enlarge the current
road capabilities and minimizing the volume of traffic within the area as it will to the smooth flows
of traffic on the roadways. Thus, the methodology that will use needs to assess the traffic volume in
Mayor Natangcop St., and Eugolio A. Rodriguez St., MSU, Marawi City. Hence, the assessment
tool must ensure the anonymity and confidentiality of the respondents, which is vital to access their
The study will be conducted among the vehicular private and public operators in the
intersection of Mayor Natangcop Street and Eugolio A. Rodriguez Street, MSU, Marawi City.
Mayor Natangcop St. and Eulogio A. Rodriguez St. are both located at Mindanao State
University, Main Campus, Marawi City, founded on September 1, 1961 through Republic Act 1387
and Republic Act 1893, has evolved over the years in keeping with national and local developments.
The brain-child of late Senator, Domaco Alonto, it has grown from its main campus Marawi City to
a university system that now comprises several campuses located in major centers in Mindanao and
Sulu. Its first president was Dr. Antonio Isidro who came in from his position as the vice president
c. Research subject
The subject of the study will be all the vehicular operators that were passing throughout the
intersection street of Mayor Natangcop St and Eulogio A. Rodriguez St. The total respondents will
be coming from different vehicular operators. A total of 100 respondents will be choosing to
provide data pertaining to their awareness on their traffic volume assessment, traffic rules and
regulation.
d. Research Instrument
In gathering the data, the researcher will use to counting type of procedures to assess the
awareness of the operators or drivers on the traffic volume assessment and traffic workflow.
In this study the procedure that the researcher will use is counting method and analysis to
determine the numbers of private and public vehicles that were passing through the intersection area
in one (1) hour for 3 weeks. The researcher will do assessment data to assess the traffic working
f. Research Procedure
The researcher will count all the vehicles that were passing through the intersection street. They
will observe and analyze the number of vehicles to determine the traffic volume in every 1 hour for
3 weeks.
g. Statistical Treatment
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Eulogio A.
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