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    Structures

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    farhatshoaib19

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Structures

    Uploaded by

    farhatshoaib19
    1 views16 pages

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    PF PPT

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    Structures

    Uploaded by

    farhatshoaib19

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 16

    STRUCTURES

    IZMA SHOAIB 22011598-115

    MARYAM LIAQUAT 22011598-124

    UBAIDULLAH 22011598-139
    Introduction to
    Structures
    In C++, the term "structure" refers to a
    user-defined data type that allows you to
    combine data types into a single entity.

    • The data items in a structure are called


    structure elements or members.

    • The structure is used to define new data


    types.

    • Structures provide a convenient way to


    organize related data and create
    complex data structures.

    3
    Declaring a Structure
    A structure is declared by using the keyword struct followed by the structure name.

    • The structure members are defined with their type inside the opening and closing braces { }.

    • The closing braces are ended with a semicolon ( ; ).

    • The declaration tells the compiler about the details of the structure. How to declare a
    structure ???

    4
    Syntax Pictorial Representation
     struct: This keyword is used to
    define a structure in C++.
     Struct_Name: This is the name of
    the structure you are defining. You
    can choose any valid identifier as
    the structure name.
     Data_Type1, data_Type2, etc.:
    These represent the data types of
    the members within the structure.
     member1, member2, etc.: These
    are the individual members of the
    structure. You can have multiple
    members, each with its own data
    type.

    5
    Example
    • The following example declares a structure Student with four members variables;

    struct Student
    {
    int RollNo, Mark;
    float Average;
    char Grade;
    }

    6
    Defining Structure Variable

     The structure variable  The definition tells


    can be defined after the the compiler to
    declaration of a allocate memory
    structure. Syntax space for the variable.
    Struct_Name .
     The process of defining Identifier;  The compiler
    a structure variable is automatically
    the same as defining a  Struct_Name is the allocates sufficient
    variable of basic types name of the structure. memory according to
    such as int and char.  Identifier is the the elements of the
    variable to be defined. structure.

    7
    Initializing
    Structure
    Variables • SYNTAX
    The process of assigning values to
    member variables of a structure is Struct_Name Identifier = { Value1 , Value2 } ;
    called the Initialization of Structure Value1 and Value2 are the values used for the initialization of the
    Variables. structure variable.
     The assignment operator is used for
    initialization.
     The declaration of a structure
    variable is specified on the left side
    of assignment operator.
     The value for initialization are
    written on the right side of
    assignment operator.
     The values are written in braces { }
     Each value is separated by a
    comma.

    20XX presentation title 8


    Example # 1

    Program that declares a structure to


    store employ id and salary.t defines and
    initialize structure variable. int main ()
    {
    #include<iostream> emp e = {20 , 18500 } ;
    Using namespace std;
    cout << “Employee ID : “ << e.id <<
    Struct emp endl ; OUTPUT
    {
    int id ; cout << “ Salary : “<< e.sal << endl ; Employee ID: 20
    int sal ; Return 0; Salary : 18500
    }; }

    9
    Accessing members of Structure Variable
    Any member of a structure variable can be accessed by using the dot operator.

    The dot operator allows you to access the individual members (fields) of the
    structure and manipulate their values.

    The name of the structure variable is written on the left side of the dot.

    The name of the member variable is written on the right side of the dot.

    20XX presentation title 10


    Example
    #include <iostream>
    // Initialize the struct members
    Using namespace std;
    person1.name = "John";
    // Define the structure Return 0;
    person1.age = 30;
    struct Person }
    person1.height = 1.75;
    {
    string name;
    // Access and display the
    int age; OUTPUT
    struct members
    float height; Name: John
    cout << "Name: " <<
    }; Age: 30
    person1.name << endl;
    Height: 1.75 meters
    int main()
    cout << "Age: " <<
    {
    person1.age << endl;
    // Declare a struct variable
    cout << "Height: " <<
    Person person1;
    person1.height << " meters" <<
    endl;

    11
    Example # 2
    #include <iostream>
    Cout<<“enter marks:” ;
    Using namespace std;
    Cin>> s.marks;
    // Define the structure Return 0;
    Cout<<“enter average :” ; }
    struct Student
    Cin>> s.average ;
    {
    string name;
    Cout<<“you entered the OUTPUT
    int marks;
    following details” ; Enter name: John
    float average;
    }; Enter marks:872
    cout<<“name”<<s.name<<endl; Enter average:76.53
    Cout<<“marks<<s.mamrks
    int main()
    << endl; You entered following
    {
    Cout<<“average”<<s.average details
    << endl; Name : John
    Student s;
    Cout<<“enter name:” ; Marks: 872
    Cin>>s.name ; Average: 76.53

    12
    Referencing Structure Member
    In C++, you can refer structure members using references or pointers.

    Referencing allows you to create an alias for the structure member,


    which means that modifying the reference will affect the original
    member, and vice versa.

    This can be useful when you want to work with structure members
    directly and avoid copying large structures.

    13
    include <iostream> // Modify the members through the references
    #include <string> nameRef = "Jane";

    struct Person // This will also change person1.name to "Jane“


    { ageRef = 28;
    std::string name;
    int age; // This will also change person1.age to 28
    float height; heightRef = 1.68;
    };
    // This will also change person1.height to 1.68
    int main()
    { // Print the modified values through the struct variable
    // Declare a struct variable std::cout << "Name: " << person1.name << std::endl;
    Person person1; std::cout << "Age: " << person1.age << std::endl; std::cout <<
    person1.name = "John"; "Height: " << person1.height << " meters" << std::endl;
    person1.age = 30;
    person1.height = 1.75; return 0;
    }
    // Create references to the struct members
    std::string& nameRef = person1.name;
    int& ageRef = person1.age;
    float& heightRef = person1.height; THROUGH REFERENCES
    // Create pointers to the struct members
    Through Pointers std::string* namePtr = &person1.name;
    int* agePtr = &person1.age;
    #include <iostream> float* heightPtr = &person1.height;
    #include <string>
    // Modify the members through the pointers
    struct Person
    *namePtr = "Jane“;
    {
    std::string name; // This will also change person1.name to "Jane“
    int age; *agePtr = 28;
    float height;
    // This will also change person1.age to 28
    }; *heightPtr = 1.68;
    int main()
    { // This will also change person1.height to 1.68 // Print
    the modified values through the struct variable
    // Declare a struct variable
    std::cout << "Name: " << person1.name << std::endl;
    Person person1; std::cout << "Age: " << person1.age << std::endl;
    person1.name = "John"; std::cout << "Height: " << person1.height << " meters" <<
    person1.age = 30;
    std::endl;
    person1.height = 1.75; return 0;
    }

    15
    Thank You

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