Modbus Protocol

Modbus Protocol: The Grandfather of IoT
Communication
The Modbus protocol is a communication protocol that allows devices to

communicate over various types of media, such as serial lines and ethernet. It was
developed in 1979 by Modicon, a company that produced Programmable Logic
Controllers (PLCs), to enable these devices to communicate with each other.
Modbus provides a messaging structure designed to establish master-slave

communication between intelligent devices. A Modbus message sent from Device A
(master) will initiate a response from Device B (slave). The function is to define the
content of the communication, how the information is packaged, and the order in
which messages are sent and received.
The Modbus protocol is simple and robust, making it a popular choice for industrial
control systems. It’s an open standard, meaning it’s free for anyone to use and
modify, leading to its widespread adoption throughout the industry.
History and Origin of The Modbus

Protocol
The Modbus protocol was developed in 1979 by Modicon, a company now owned by
Schneider Electric. Modicon created the protocol to be used with its PLCs
(Programmable Logic Controllers), which are used in the manufacturing industry for
the automation of industrial electromechanical processes.
The Modbus Organization, a group of independent users and suppliers who

advocate for the use of the Modbus protocol, was established in 2002 to provide
public access to the protocol, its specifications, and its related information. The
organization also ensures the Modbus protocol’s continued availability,
enhancement, and application in industrial automation markets.
Since its inception, the Modbus has been implemented in a wide range of devices
across many different industries. It has remained popular due to its simplicity,
openness, and ease of implementation.
Components of The Modbus Protocol

Modbus Devices/Machines
Modbus devices or machines are the physical devices that communicate using the
Modbus protocol. These devices can be anything from temperature sensors to motor
controllers, and they can be located anywhere from a factory floor to a remote oil
field.
Modbus Master
The Modbus master is the device that initiates a Modbus transaction. It sends a
request to a Modbus slave device and waits for a response. The master can
communicate with multiple slaves and can request different types of data from each
one.
Modbus Slave
A Modbus slave is a device that waits for a request from a Modbus master. When it
receives a request, it will process it and send a response back to the master. The
slave does not initiate communication; it only responds to requests from the master.
Data Models and Registers

The Modbus data model is based on a series of registers. These registers are simply
memory locations in the device that can hold data—they represent the storage area
within a device. There are two types of registers:
1. Holding registers: Can be read and written by a Modbus master.

2. Input registers: Can only be read by a master.
Types of Inputs
There are two main types of inputs in a Modbus system:
 Coils are a type of data in the Modbus protocol that represents binary
states, such as ON/OFF or TRUE/FALSE. They can be read and written to
by a Modbus master.
 Discrete inputs are similar to coils in that they represent binary states.
However, unlike coils, they can only be read, not written to.
Modbus Message Frame

A Modbus frame is the structure of a Modbus message. It consists of a start frame,
function code, data, and an end frame. The following table shows the structure of the
frame in more detail, in the ASCII variant of the protocol (learn more below):
Start Address Function Data LRC End
: 2 Chars 2 Chars N Chars 2 Chars CR LF
Modbus Communication Modes

There are three main communication modes in the Modbus protocol:
 RTU (Remote Terminal Unit)

 ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
 TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
Varieties of The Modbus Protocol

There are several variations of the Modbus protocol. The main ones include:
Modbus RTU
Modbus RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) is a binary implementation of the Modbus
protocol. It is typically used over serial communication and is known for its compact
data representation, which makes it efficient and fast.
Modbus ASCII
Modbus ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is an ASCII
implementation of the Modbus protocol. It is less efficient than Modbus RTU, but it is
easier to use and debug because it uses human-readable characters.
Modbus TCP/IP
Modbus TCP/IP is a version of the Modbus protocol that is used over TCP/IP
networks. It allows for communication over long distances and across different
networks.
Modbus UDP
Modbus UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a version of the Modbus protocol that
uses the UDP transport protocol. It is less reliable than Modbus TCP/IP because it
does not guarantee delivery or correct sequence of packets, but it is faster and
requires less bandwidth.
Modbus Plus
Modbus Plus (MB+ or Modbus+) is a proprietary variant of the Modbus protocol,
which was introduced by Schneider Electric. It is a peer-to-peer communication
protocol that offers higher speed and more deterministic data transfer compared to
the standard Modbus.
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Uses of The Modbus Protocol

Industrial Automation
The Modbus protocol finds wide application in the field of industrial automation. In
industrial settings, it is essential to maintain a reliable and efficient communication
network between numerous devices and machines.
Modbus enables easy and standardized communication between a variety of

devices, such as Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), sensors, and actuators. It
is often employed in manufacturing plants, power plants, oil refineries, and other
industrial settings to monitor and control equipment and processes.
Vehicle Systems
The Modbus protocol is also utilized within vehicle systems, specifically in the realm
of electric vehicles. It aids in monitoring and controlling various parameters, including
battery management systems, charging systems, and inverter systems. Modbus
offers an efficient and easy-to-implement protocol for ensuring the smooth operation
of these systems.
Communications in IoT
With the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT), the Modbus protocol has gained
significant relevance. Modbus, especially Modbus TCP/IP, is used to enable
communication between IoT devices, sensors, and controllers over Ethernet
networks. Its simplicity and wide support make it a common choice for IoT
communications.
Sensor and Actuator Communication

The Modbus protocol plays a key role in facilitating communication between sensors
and actuators. It provides a standard interface for transmitting data, such as sensor
readings or control signals for actuators.
This enables a centralized control system or PLC to monitor and control a wide
variety of equipment in a coordinated manner. The use of Modbus protocol in sensor
and actuator communication is prevalent in a range of fields, from industrial
machinery to environmental monitoring systems.
Limitations of The Modbus Protocol

While the Modbus protocol offers many benefits, it also has some limitations. One of
these is its lack of built-in security features. Since the protocol was developed before
the widespread use of the internet, it does not include mechanisms to secure
communication, making it vulnerable to cyber-attacks.
Another limitation is the protocol’s simplicity. While this makes it easy to use and
implement, it also means that it lacks some of the advanced features found in more
modern protocols.
Despite these limitations, the Modbus protocol remains a popular choice for many
applications due to its simplicity, robustness, and wide compatibility.

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Modbus Protocol: The Grandfather of IoT

The Modbus protocol is a communication protocol that allows devices to

Modbus provides a messaging structure designed to establish master-slave

History and Origin of The Modbus

The Modbus Organization, a group of independent users and suppliers who

Components of The Modbus Protocol

Data Models and Registers

1. Holding registers: Can be read and written by a Modbus master.

Modbus Message Frame

Start Address Function Data LRC End

: 2 Chars 2 Chars N Chars 2 Chars CR LF

Modbus Communication Modes

 RTU (Remote Terminal Unit)

Varieties of The Modbus Protocol

Join our Weekly IoT Newsletter

Uses of The Modbus Protocol

Modbus enables easy and standardized communication between a variety of

Sensor and Actuator Communication

Limitations of The Modbus Protocol

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