Diffusion & Osmosis PDF

Methods of crossing the cell membrane
Crossing the Method

membrane by
Active transport Movement of substances from a region of lower

concentration to a region of higher concentration
Against the concentration gradient
Requires energy from cell respiration
Passive transport Movement of substances from a region of higher

concentration to a region of lower concentration
Not against a concentration gradient
Does not require energy
Methods of crossing the cell
membrane
Crossing the membrane by Method
Active transport Movement of substances from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher
concentration
Against the concentration gradient

Requires energy from cell respiration
Passive transport Movement of substances from a region of higher concentration to a region of

lower concentration
Not against a concentration gradient
Does not require energy
Diffusion
• Movement of molecules from a region of higher
concentration to a region of lower concentration down
a concentration gradient
• Form of passive transport
• Diffusion stops when the concentration gradient is zero

that is state of equilibrium is reached
Importance of diffusion
Importance Activity
plants and oxygen diffuses out
Gaseous exchange during respiration & photosynthesis

Waste products diffuse out of tissue
It is transported to excretory organ by the circulatory

Excretion of waste products system
Digested products diffuse into the blood stream

Absorption of digested food
Plant and animal cells use oxygen during aerobic Excess mineral salts and vitamins are removed from
respiration blood stream by diffusion
During photosynthesis carbon di oxide diffuses into the
Factors affecting rates of diffusion Rate of

diffusion Effect
Temperature Increase temp increase rate of diffusion Size of particles Decrease molecule size increase rate
of diffusion
Thickness of barrier Cell membrane in plant and animals are about the same
Increase thicker cell wall decrease rate of diffusion
Concentration gradient Increase concentration gradient increase rate of diffusion
Total surface area of cell membrane Increase in surface area increase rate of diffusion E.g. root hair cells
microvillus in ileum
Osmosis
Definition
• Net diffusion of water across a selectively permeable
membrane from one solution to another of lower
water potential
• Movement involves water molecules
Water potential
• Measure of whether it is likely to lose or gain water
molecules from another solution
• Distilled water has the highest possible water potential
• The difference between potential of two solution

creates a water potential gradient
Reaction of the cells in different types of solution
Types of solution Concentration as compared to cell sap Movement of water in the cell
potential than cell
Hypotonic More dilute than cell sap Higher water

Isotonic Same concentration as cell sap Zero water
potential
No net flow of water Cell becomes flaccid
Hypertonic solution Concentration of solutes is higher
outside the cell
Water flows out of the cell Cell becomes Plasmolysed
Lower water potential than cell
Water flows into the cell Cell become turgid
Effect of osmosis in plant cell
Hypotonic solution Cell become turgid
(placed in pure water)
Cytoplasm is pressed against the wall
Cell is prevented from bursting by

the cell wall
Isotonic solution Cell unchanged
Hypertonic solution Cell is plasmolysed

(placed in concentrated salt solution )
Cytoplasm shrinks
Effect of osmosis in animal cell

Hypotonic solution Cell swells
(placed in pure water)
Finally bursts( hemolysed )
Isotonic solution Cell unchanged
Hypertonic solution Cell shrinks

(placed in concentrated salt solution )
Becomes wrinkled( crenated )
Active transport
• Movement of particles(molecules & ions) through a membrane
from region of low concentration to region of high
concentration
• Against a concentration gradient
• Energy consuming ;uses oxygen from aerobic respiration
to produce energy
• Increase the speed of ions /substances moving into cell when
diffusion isn’t fast enough
• E.g. plants absorb mineral salts present as charged ions in soil .
The concentration of ions in soil is less than vacuole therefore
uptake of ions is assisted by active transport across the root
hair

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Methods of crossing the cell membrane

Crossing the Method

Active transport Movement of substances from a region of lower

Passive transport Movement of substances from a region of higher

Against the concentration gradient

Passive transport Movement of substances from a region of higher concentration to a region of

Not against a concentration gradient

Does not require energy

• Form of passive transport

• Diffusion stops when the concentration gradient is zero

Gaseous exchange during respiration & photosynthesis

It is transported to excretory organ by the circulatory

Digested products diffuse into the blood stream

During photosynthesis carbon di oxide diffuses into the

Factors affecting rates of diffusion Rate of

Concentration gradient Increase concentration gradient increase rate of diffusion

• Distilled water has the highest possible water potential

• The difference between potential of two solution

Hypotonic More dilute than cell sap Higher water

Cell is prevented from bursting by

Hypertonic solution Cell is plasmolysed

Effect of osmosis in animal cell

Isotonic solution Cell unchanged

Hypertonic solution Cell shrinks

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