Linha Do Tempo Da História Africana Global

Linha do tempo da história africana global •
Ano Eventos Assunto País Era

5-2.5 Skeletal remains uncovered suggest the Rift Valley in Early Human Ethiopia 1492-1600
million BCE East Africa is home to the earliest human ancestors. Ancestors
4-2.7 Hominid species Australopithicus afarensis lived in the Early Human Ethiopia 1492-1600
million BCE Hadar region of Ethiopia, including "Lucy," the famous Ancestors
skeletal remains found in 1974.
600,000 to Period of migration across the African continent and African Migration n.a. 1492-1600
200,000 out of Africa to Asia and Europe. Fire is first used
BCE during this period.
6000-4000 Spread of agriculture across Africa. River societies African Migration n.a. 1492-1600
BCE emerge along the Nile, Niger, and Congo Rivers.
5000 BCE Egyptian agriculturalists develop irrigation and animal Ancient Egypt Egypt 1492-1600
(ca.) husbandry to transform the lower Nile Valley. The rise in
the food supply generates a rapidly increasing
population. Agricultural surpluses and growing wealth
allow specialization including glass making, pottery,
metallurgy, weaving, woodworking, leather making, and
masonry.
4500 BCE Egyptians begin using burial texts to accompany their Ancient Egypt Egypt 1492-1600
(ca.) dead into the afterlife. This is the first evidence of
written texts anywhere in the world.
4000 BCE Egypt emerges as a centralized state and flourishing Ancient Egypt Egypt 1492-1600
(ca.) civilization.
2700-1087 Period of the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Ancient Egypt Egypt 1492-1600
BCE (ca.) Kingdom of Ancient Egypt and Northeastern Africa.
2500 BCE Other civilizations emerge in Mesopotamia, northern Early n.a. 1492-1600
(ca.) China, Northeastern India. Civilizations
2500 BCE Nubian state with its capital at Kerma emerges as a Ancient Nubia Egypt 1492-1600
(ca.) rival to Egypt.
1500 BCE Egyptian New Kingdom unites the Nile Valley Ancient Egypt Egypt 1492-1600
(ca.) including Nubia.
1069 BCE Nubia briefly regains its independence from Egypt. Ancient Nubia Egypt 1492-1600
1000-800 Bantu migration out of present-day eastern Nigeria African Migration Nigeria 1492-1600
BCE (ca.) spreads across Sub-Saharan Africa.
750-664 Nubian Pharaohs rule the entire Nile Valley during Ancient Nubia Egypt 1492-1600
BCE the 25th Dynasty.
500 (ca.) Bantu-speakers arrive in what is now South Africa with African Migration South Africa 1492-1600
iron and domesticated cattle.
500 (ca.) Beginning of the trans-Saharan salt and gold trade in West African Mali 1492-1600
West Africa. Civilizations
500 BCE Axum emerges in Northeastern Africa. Axum eventually Ancient Axum Ethiopia 1492-1600
becomes the nation of Ethiopia.
500 BCE Ancient Nok culture emerges in what is now Nigeria. West African Nigeria 1492-1600
Civilizations
332 BCE Egypt is conquered by Alexander the Great. Ptolemy Ancient Egypt Egypt 1492-1600
becomes the first ruler of a dynasty that will control
Egypt until 283 BCE.
300 BCE Rulers of Nubia establish a new kingdom at Meroe. The Ancient Kush Sudan 1492-1600
(ca.) Kingdom, which will be called Kush, will last there for
more than nine centuries.
247-183 Hannibal rules Carthage. During his reign, Roman Italy Ancient Tunisia 1492-1600
BCE is invaded. Carthage
200 BCE Alexandria on the Mediterranean Sea is the scientific Ancient Egypt Egypt 1492-1600
capital of the Hellenistic world, famous for its museum,
university, and library.
200 BCE The State of Ghana begins to evolve in the West African West African Burkina Faso 1492-1600
Sudan. It is located in what is now Burkina Faso, Empires
200 BCE Settlement is established at Jenne on the Niger River in West African Mali 1492-1600
West Africa. Civilizations
146 BCE Rome conquers Carthage and establishes its first Ancient Tunisia 1492-1600
significant presence on the African continent. Carthage
160 BCE Terence Afer (the African) is considered one of the the Ancient Rome Italy 1492-1600
Roman Empire's finest Latin translators and poets.
50 Slavery is a major feature of the Roman Empire for Roman Slavery Italy 1492-1600
BCE-476 several hundred years. Over two million slaves from
CE Europe, the Middle East, and Africa are in Roman Italy
at the end of the Republic.
47-30 BCE Cleopatra VIII Rules Egypt. Ancient Egypt Egypt 1492-1600
23 BCE Romans invade Kush, sack the capital at Napata. Ancient Kush Sudan 1492-1600
1-33 AD Life and Era of Jesus Christ, beginnings of Christianity. Early Christianity Israel 1492-1600
333 Ezana, the ruler of Axum (Ethiopia) converts to Ancient Axum Ethiopia 1492-1600
Christianity
350 Ezana destroys Meroe, the capital of Kush. Ancient Axum Sudan 1492-1600
500-1400 An extensive slave trade develops in Medieval Europe. European Slavery Italy 1492-1600
The vast majority of the slaves originate in what is now
Russia and eastern Europe but slaves come from every
society on the continent. By 1300 a small number of
slaves are of African origin.
540 Ethiopian monks begin to translate the Bible into their Early Christianity Ethiopia 1492-1600
own language.
569 Nubia is converted to Christianity. A cathedral is Early Christianity Egypt 1492-1600
established at Faras to establish the Christian era in
Nubia.
570 Kingdom of Kanem-Bornu begins to emerge around West African Chad 1492-1600
Lake Chad in West Africa. Empires
570-632 Life and Era of the Prophet Muhammad, beginnings of Early Islam Saudi Arabia 1492-1600
Islam.
615 Muslim refugees from Arabia given refuge Early Islam Ethiopia 1492-1600
in Axum (Ethiopia)
620 Beginning of trans-Indian trade as reflected by Chinese East African Tanzania 1492-1600
coins from the period found on the East Coast of Trade
Africa.
642 Egypt is conquered and converted to Islam. New Muslim Egypt Egypt 1492-1600
Islamic capital of Cairo is established.
678 Muslim Arab armies reach the Atlantic coast of North Early Islam Morocco 1492-1600
Africa.
690 Sudanic city state of Gao is founded on the Niger River West African Mali 1492-1600
in West Africa. Civilization
694-95 "African slaves near Basra (in modern Iraq) under Middle Eastern Iraq 1492-1600
Rabah Shir Zanji (the ""Lion of the Zanj"") rise in Slavery
rebellion against their owners. "
700 (ca.) Arabs initiate a slave trade that sends sub-Saharan Arab Slavery n.a. 1492-1600
Africans to both Europe and Asia. An estimated 14
million Africans are sold between 700 and 1910.
740 Muslims from Arabia and Persia are trading on the East East African Somalia 1492-1600
African coast. Trade
740 Islamized Africans (Moors) invade Spain and rule it Early Islam Spain 1492-1600
until 1492.
745 Christian Nubians and Ethiopians invade and Early Christianity Egypt 1492-1600
temporarily occupy Muslim Egypt.
750 (ca.) Islam is introduced into West Africa, reaching what is Early Islam Chad 1492-1600
now the nation of Chad.
800 (ca.) Evidence suggests that African travelers may have African Migration Mexico 1492-1600
come to the Americas before Europeans. One
indication is the great stone carvings of the Olmec era
in Mexico, bearing African facial features.
850 Beginning of the construction of the Citadel of Great Southern African Zimbabwe 1492-1600
Zimbabwe. Empires
869-83 Thousands of black slaves in what is now southern Iraq Middle Eastern Iraq 1492-1600
will take up arms against their masters in the Zanj Slavery
Rebellion and declare their independence from the
Abbasid Caliphate. They will control the region and
operate as an independent state for fourteen years until
troops from Baghdad finally conquer the region.
880 Beta Israel (Falashas) settle in Ethiopia. Early Judaism Ethiopia 1492-1600
890 Beginning of the Kingdom of Songhai. West African Mali 1492-1600
Empires
908 Permanent Arab trading settlements established in East African Somalia 1492-1600
Somalia. Trade
945 Malayo-Indonesian raid from Madagascar is launched East African Mozambique 1492-1600
on East African coastal city of Sofala. Civilizations
975 The Christian Kingdom of Axum is overrun by Muslims. Ancient Axum Ethiopia 1492-1600
992 The Empire of Ghana captures Berber city of West African Mauritania 1492-1600
Awdaghost and gains control over trans-Saharan trade. Empires
420 Christian theologian Augustine of Hippo in North Africa Early Christianity Tunisia 1492-1600
argues for the equality of all human beings.
1055 Awdaghost is overrun by the Almoravids. West African Mauritania 1492-1600
Empires
1076 Ghanaian Empire falls to the Almoravids, Ghana's West African Burkina Faso 1492-1600
political leaders convert to Islam. Empires
1100 (ca.) Stone-built Great Zimbabwe is the capital of the Southern African Zimbabwe 1492-1600
surrounding state of Zimbabwe. Empires
1100 (ca.) Hausa city-states emerge in what is now Northern West African Nigeria 1492-1600
Nigeria. Civilizations
1150 Tsaraki dan Gimimasu, the ruler of Kano, completes the West African Nigeria 1492-1600
wall around the city. Kano will become the largest and Civilizations
most significant of the Hausa city-states.
1150 Beginning of the Zagwe Dynasty in Ethiopia. Medieval Ethiopia 1492-1600
Ethiopia
1200 (ca.) King Lalibela of Ethiopia begins construction of rock- Medieval Ethiopia 1492-1600
cut churches. Ethiopia
1200 (ca) Slavery ends in England but continues in Ireland. European Slavery England 1492-1600
Slavery flourishes among the European nations along
the Mediterranean as well as all of North Africa.
1230 The Empire of Mali emerges in West Africa under West African Mali 1492-1600
Sundiata. Empires
1250 Emergence of the Empire of Benin in present-day West African Nigeria 1492-1600
Nigeria. Benin is the first major centralized state in the Empires
West African Rain Forest.
1260 Spanish slavery code prevents married couples from Spanish Slavery Spain 1492-1600
being separated, provides legal protection against
mistreatment, and allows slaves to inherit property.
1260 By this date the city of Timbuktu is the religious, West African Mali 1492-1600
commercial, and political center of the Empire of Mali. Empires
1260 Mansa Ule makes the first pilgrimage of a Mali ruler to West African Saudi Arabia 1492-1600
Mecca. Empires
1270 Beginning of the Solomonid Dynasty in Ethiopia. Medieval Ethiopia 1492-1600
Ethiopia
1300 Muslim Merchants mainly of Arabic origin establish the Medieval Ethiopia 1492-1600
Kingdom of Ifat in the Ethiopian highlands. Ethiopia
1324 Pilgrimage of Mansa Musa, the most prominent ruler West African Saudi Arabia 1492-1600
of Mali, to Mecca. Empires
1340 Building of the Great Mosque at Jenne in the Mali West African Mali 1492-1600
Empire. Civilizations
1364 Norman navigators reach the mouth of the Senegal Exploration and Senegal 1492-1600
River. First known presence of Europeans in sub Discovery
Saharan Africa.
1390 (ca.) Kingdom of the Kongo emerges in central Africa. Central African Congo 1492-1600
Empires
1400 Africans in Christian religious iconography proliferate Africans in Germany 1492-1600
across Europe, including Balthazar and the Saints, Europe
Maurice and Gregory
1400 By this date a flourishing slave trade exists in the Italian Slavery Italy 1492-1600
Mediterranean World. Most of the slaving countries are
Italian principalities such as Florence and Venice. Most
of those enslaved are Greeks and Eastern Europeans.
Between 1414 and 1423, ten thousand Eastern
European slaves are sold in Venice alone.
1400 (ca.) Songhai breaks free of the Mali Empire. West African Mali 1492-1600
Empires
1400 (ca.) Gold trade flourishes in the Zambezi River Valley and its East African Mozambique 1492-1600
Indian Ocean port, Sofala. Trade
1400 (ca.) Beginning of the production of bronze statues in West African Nigeria 1492-1600
the Empire of Benin. Civilizations
1410 Kano is the leading Hausa city-state. It has developed West African Nigeria 1492-1600
an Army which includes cavalry equipped with iron Civilizations
weaponry and armor.
1415 An ambassador from Malindi, a leading East African East African China 1492-1600
city-state, is sent to the royal court of the Chinese Trade
Emperor.
1427 The Ethiopian emperor, Yeshaq, sends an envoy to the Medieval Spain 1492-1600
King of Aragon (Spain) to forge an alliance against the Ethiopia
Muslims.
1431 Ming admiral Zheng He reaches Malindi on the East East African Kenya 1492-1600
African coast, initiates a period of regular commerce Trade
between the Swahili city-states on the east African
coast and China.
1433 Taureg raiders conquer Timbuktu and briefly gain West African Mali 1492-1600
control over the western trans-Saharan trade routes. Empires
1434 The Portuguese establish trading outposts along the West African Senegal 1492-1600
West African coast. Trade
1441 Antam Goncalvez of Portugal captures Africans in what West African Senegal 1492-1600
is now Senegal and transports them to Lisbon, initiating Slave Trade
direct European involvement in the African slave trade.
1441 Act of Union signed in Rome between the Church of Medieval Italy 1492-1600
Ethiopia and the Church of Rome. Ethiopia
1450 Approximately 1,000 slaves per year are transported to Slavery in Europe Spain 1492-1600
Europe.
1450 (ca.) Monomutapa Empire emerges in Southern Africa, Southern African Mozambique 1492-1600
breaks from and then absorbs the declining Zimbabwe Empires
Empire.
1450 (ca.) Sankore University and Mosque are founded West African Mali 1492-1600
at Timbuktu in the Songhai Empire. Civilizations
1453 The Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople and thus European Slavery Turkey 1492-1600
divert the trade in Eastern European slaves away from
the Mediterranean to Islamic markets. The Italians
increasingly look to North Africa as their source for
slaves.
1460 The Sultan of Bengal acquires 500 African slaves, Africans in India India 1492-1600
dramatically increasing the slave trade on the Indian
subcontinent.
1460 Approximately 1,000 sub-Saharan African slaves are European Slavery Spain 1492-1600
brought directly to Europe each year.
1462 Pope Pious II signs a papal bull with forbids Anti-Slavery Italy 1492-1600
enslavement of Africans recently converted to Campaign
Christianity.
1468 Empire of Songhai under Sunni Ali conquers Mali and West African Mali 1492-1600
becomes the largest state in West Africa. Empires
1470 By this point small vineyards and sugar plantations European Slavery Italy 1492-1600
have emerged around Naples and on the island of Sicily
with Africans as the primary enslaved people providing
the labor on these estates.
1470 The Portuguese begin trading along the Gold Coast of West African Ghana 1492-1600
West Africa. Trade
1474 Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella creat toe Africans in Spain Spain 1492-1600
office of Mayor of the Africans in Seville.
1474 Ferdinand and Isabella, the rulers of Aragon and Castile Free Blacks in Spain 1492-1600
(Modern Spain) create the office of Mayor of the Europe
Africans in Seville.
1482 The Portuguese build Fort Sao Jorge da Mina (El West African Ghana 1492-1600
Mina) on the Gold Coast. The fort was the first Trade
permanent structure built by Europeans in subSaharan
Africa.
1486 African slaves rebel in Bengal (India) and install their Africans in India India 1492-1600
own leader, Firuz Shah as sultan. He rules for three
years, 1487-1490.
1490 Small populations of free and enslaved Africans extend European Slavery Portugal 1492-1600
for Sicily to Portugal.
1491 The Portuguese King establish diplomatic relations Political Congo 1492-1600
with the Kingdom of Kongo and sends Catholic Alliances
missionaries to the African ruler's court.
1491 Portuguese envoy Pero da Coviha reaches Sofala on East African Mozambique 1492-1600
the Indian Ocean. By 1500 the Portuguese will establish Trade
trading posts along the East African coast.
1492 Christopher Columbus makes his first voyage to the Exploration and The 1492-1600
New World opening a vast new empire for plantation Discovery Bahamas
slavery.
1494 The first Africans arrive in Hispaniola with Christopher Africans in the Dominican 1492-1600
Columbus. They are free persons. New World Republic
1494 Columbus claims Jamaica for the Spanish. Colonial Jamaica 1492-1600
Conquest
1500 Many sub-Saharan slaves are brought to Portugal, African Slavery Italy 1492-1600
Spain, Italy and Sicily for Christianization before they in Europe
are transported to the Americas.
1501 The Spanish king allows the introduction of enslaved Spanish Slavery Dominican 1492-1600
Africans into Spain's American colonies. Republic
1506 Nzinga Mbemba, King of the Kongo is baptized by Political Congo 1492-1600
Portuguese officials and becomes Afonso I, the first Alliances
Catholic king of the Kongo (modern day Congo and
Angola).
1511 The first enslaved Africans arrive in Hispaniola. Spanish Slavery Dominican 1492-1600
Republic
1513 Thirty Africans accompany Vasco Nunez de Balboa on Exploration and Panama 1492-1600
his trip to the Pacific Ocean. Discovery
1517 Bishop Bartolome de Las Casas petitions Spain to Spanish Slavery Spain 1492-1600
allow the importation of twelve enslaved Africans for
each household immigrating to America's Spanish
colonies. De Las Casas later regrets his actions and
becomes an opponent of slavery.
1518 King Charles I of Spain grants the first licenses to Spanish Slavery Columbia 1492-1600
import enslaved Africans to the Americas.
1518 The first shipload of enslaved Africans directly from Spanish Slavery Dominican 1492-1600
Africa arrives in the West Indies. Prior to this time, Republic
Africans were brought first to Europe.
1518 First African slaves shipped directly from West Africa African Slavery Guinea 1492-1600
(the Guinea Coast) to the West Indies, bypassing
transshipment to Spain.
1519 Hernan Cortez begins his conquest of the Aztec Colonial Mexico 1492-1600
Empire. Black Spaniards, including Juan Garrido are Conquest
among the Conquistadors.
1520 Marriage of St. Ursula to Prince Conan, a painting in a Art and Portugal 1492-1600
Lisbon monastery, depicts several African musicians Literature
performing for royalty.
1520s Enslaved Africans are used as laborers in Puerto Rico, Spanish Slavery Cuba 1492-1600
Cuba, and Mexico.
1521 Santo Domingo Slave Revolt is the first black servile Anti-Slavery Dominican 1492-1600
insurrection in the New World. Resistance Republic
1524 Spanish conqueror Francisco Pizarro overruns Ecuador Colonial Peru 1492-1600
and Peru. Among his conquering forces are free and Conquest
enslaved Africans serving as sailors, soldiers, and
laborers.
1526 Spanish colonists led by Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon build Anti-Slavery United States 1492-1600
the community of San Miguel de Guadape in what is Resistance
now Georgia. They bring along enslaved Africans,
considered to be the first in the present-day United
States. These Africans flee the colony, however, and
make their homes with local Indians. After Ayllon's
death, the remaining Spaniards relocate to Hispaniola.
1527-1539 Esteban, a Moroccan-born Muslim slave, explores what Exploration and United States 1492-1600
is now the Southwestern United States. Discovery
1529 Pope Clement VII choses nineteen-year-old Alessandro Politics Italy 1492-1600
de' Medici, the son of Lorenzo de' Medici, and a former
African slave named Simonetta, to become the first
Duke of Florence.
1536 Spaniard Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires. Colonial Argentina 1492-1600
Among his party are a number of enslaved and free Conquest
Africans.
1536 Alessandro de' Medici, the Duke of Florence, weds Politics Italy 1492-1600
Margaret of Habsburg, the daughter of Charles V, the
Holy Roman Emperor and at the time the most powerful
monarch in Europe.
1537 Alessandro de' Medici, the first Duke of Florence, is Politics Italy 1492-1600
assassinated by his cousin, Lorenzino, who then flees
to Venice.
1538 Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada founds Bogota. His party Colonial Columbia 1492-1600
includes enslaved and free Africans. Conquest
1540 An African from Hernando de Soto's Expedition decides Exploration and United States 1492-1600
to remain behind to make his home among the Native Discovery
Americans there.
1540 Africans serve in the New Mexico Expeditions of Exploration and United States 1492-1600
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado and Hernando de Discovery
Alarcon.
1540 Juan Valiente, former slave and Indian fighter, receives Free Blacks in Chile 1492-1600
a large estate near Santiago as a reward for his Colonial New
participation in campaigns against the Incas. Spain
1542 The Spanish Crown abolishes Indian slavery in its Emancipation Spain 1492-1600
colonial possessions.
1542 By this date over thirty thousand Africans are in Spanish Slavery Dominican 1492-1600
Hispaniola with 10% living in Maroon colonies in the Republic
interior of the island.
1543 A Spanish royal decree prohibits the enslavement of Anti-Slavery Dominican 1492-1600
Muslims in the West Indies who have converted to Campaign Republic
Christianity.
1548 Large numbers of African slaves are working in the Spanish Slavery Mexico 1492-1600
sliver mines of Zacatecas.
1548 Free and enslaved black artisans in Peru manufacture Spanish Slavery Peru 1492-1600
swords, lances, and rosaries for the Spanish army.
1549 Father Manuel de Nobrega arrives in Bahia from Lisbon Anti-Slavery Brazil 1492-1600
and soon afterwards protests the enslavement of Campaign
Africans.
1549 Tome de Souza founds Sao Salvador in Bahia, Brazil. Colonial Brazil 1492-1600
He is accompanied by a number of African slaves. Conquest
1550 The first slaves directly from Africa arrive in the Portuguese Brazil 1492-1600
Brazilian city of Salvador. Slavery
1550 By this date enslaved people have replaced gold as the The Slave Trade n. a 1492-1600
principal object of European trade with Africa.
1550 The first slave insurrection is recorded in Nicaragua. Nicaragua 1492-1600
1550 The first slave insurrection is recorded in Peru. Anti-Slavery Peru 1492-1600
Resistance
1552 Venezuela records its first slave insurrection. Anti-Slavery Venezuela 1492-1600
Resistance
1552 Panama experiences its first slave insurrection. The Anti-Slavery Panama 1492-1600
resistance led by Bayano (or Vaino) leads to the Resistance
founding of a maroon colony in eastern Panama. In
1570 the colonists establish the town of Santiago del
Principe.
1560 Africans outnumber Europeans 15 to 1 on the island of Spanish Slavery Dominican 1492-1600
Hispaniola. Republic
1562 Englishman John Hawkins begins trading slaves across The English Dominican 1492-1600
the Atlantic when he leaves what is now Sierra Leone Slave Trade Republic
with a shipment of 300 enslaved people bound for
Hispaniola. This is the first major example of English
participation in the slave trade.
1565 African farmers and artisans accompany Pedro Colonial United States 1492-1600
Menendez de Aviles on the expedition that establishes Conquest
the community of San Agustin (St. Augustine, Florida).
1565 Afro-Spanish scholar Juan Latino is appointed the Education Spain 1492-1600
grammar chairman at Cathedral School of Granada.
1565 Portuguese settlers, including African slaves, found Rio Colonial Brazil 1492-1600
de Janeiro. Conquest
1568 Spanish trade between Mexico and the Philippines Spanish Slavery Philippines 1492-1600
introduces enslaved Africans to the Philippines.
1570 Gaspar Yanga, Known as the Primer Libertador de Emancipation Mexico 1492-1600
America or the first liberator of the Americas, led
colonial Mexico's first successful slave uprising and
later established one of the New World's first black
settlements.
1570 Afro-Spanish scholar Juan Latino publishes the first of Art and Spain 1492-1600
three books of poetry. Literature
1573 Professor Bartolome de Albornoz of the University of Spanish Slavery Mexico 1492-1600
Mexico writes against the enslavement and sale of
Africans.
1590 A Moroccan army invades Songhai and West African Mali 1492-1600
captures Timbuktu the following year, 1591. Empires
1590 The Portuguese are defeated by the combined African Anti-Colonial Angola 1492-1600
armies of Matamba and Ndongo. Resistance
1591 Martin de Porres, a Roman Catholic priest, begins his Early Christianity Peru 1492-1600
missionary and medical work among the poor in Lima,
Peru. On January 10, 1945, Fray Martin de Porres was
officially named patron saint of social justice in Peru by
Pope Pius XII, becoming the Americas first cannonized
black clergy.
1592 Portuguese forces are defeated by the Zimba in the Anti-Colonial Mozambique 1492-1600
Zambezi Valley. Resistance
1598 Isabel de Olvera, a free mulatto, accompanies the Juan Africans in United States 1492-1600
Guerra de Resa Expedition which colonizes what is now Colonial New
New Mexico. Spain
1600 (ca.) The Buganda Kingdom emerges along the shore of East African Uganda 1601-1700
Lake Victoria. Its principal rival is the neighboring state Empires
of Bunyoro.
1602 Ethiopian-born Malik Ambar seizes a vast area in the Africans in India India 1601-1700
Deccan (the Indian interior). He founds the city of
Khadki which will become his new capital, and rules
this region until his death in 1626.
1609 Fugitive slaves in Mexico, led by Yanga, sign a truce Anti-Slavery Mexico 1601-1700
with Spanish colonial authorities and obtain their Resistance
freedom and a town of their own.
1610 Dahomey emerges as the first of a series of slave- West African Benin 1601-1700
trading states along the West African coast. Empires
1615 (ca.) The Portuguese are exporting approximately 10,000 Portuguese Brazil 1601-1700
enslaved people per year to its Brazilian colony. Slavery
1617 The town of San Lorenzo de los Negros receives a Africans in Mexico 1601-1700
charter from Spanish colonial officials in Mexico and Colonial New
becomes the first officially recognized free settlement Spain
for blacks in the New World.
1617 The Dutch purchase Goree Island to establish their Dutch Slavery Senegal 1601-1700
presence in the commerce of enslaved people.
1620 Black Catholic clergyman Martin de Porres founds an Free Blacks in Peru 1601-1700
orphanage and foundling hospital in Lima Peru. Colonial New
Spain
1627 Nzinga, Queen of Mbundu, is victorious in a war with Anti-Colonial Angola 1601-1700
Portugal. Resistance
1630 Fugitive slaves under Zumbi create the independent Anti-Slavery Brazil 1601-1700
state of Palmares in the interior of Portuguese Brazil. Resistance
Palmares continues until 1695 when the Portuguese
regain control of the region.
1634 The French establish St. Louis, their first settlement in Colonial Senegal 1601-1700
what is now Senegal. Conquest
1635 Enslaved Africans brought in by Puritan settlers English Slavery Nicaragua 1601-1700
become the first blacks to reside in Bluefields,
Nicaragua. Eventually Bluefields will become the largest
settlement of persons of African ancestry in Central
America.
1636 Ethiopian Emperor Fasiladas establishes a new capital Political Ethiopia 1601-1700
at Gondar. Unification
1638 France's North American colonies open to trade in Franch Slavery Colonial New 1601-1700
enslaved Africans. France
1644 Queen Nzinga, supported by Dutch allies, captures Anti-Colonial Angola 1601-1700
Luanda from the Portuguese. Resistance
1645 The Portuguese take enslaved people from Portuguese Brazil 1601-1700
Mozambique to Brazil for the first time. Slavery
1650 The Sultan of Oman ends Portuguese control over Anti-Colonial Kenya 1601-1700
the East African city-states. Resistance
1650 The French take control of the island of Grenada. Colonial Grenada 1601-1700
Conquest
1651 The Swedes capture Carolusberg castle on the Gold Swedish Slavery Ghana 1601-1700
Coast from the Dutch and establish their first slave
trading center on the West African coast.
1652 The Dutch establish a naval supply station at the Cape Colonial South Africa 1601-1700
of Good Hope. This supply station will become the first Conquest
permanent white colony in Southern Africa.
1657 The Danes drive out the Swedes from Carolusberg Danish Slavery Ghana 1601-1700
castle and take control over the trade in enslaved
people along that coastal area of West Africa.
1660 The Dutch defeat the Khoisan people and claim the Colonial South Africa 1601-1700
right of conquest as boers (farmers) expand their Conquest
control beyond the Cape peninsula.
1660 The British take control of Jamaica. Colonial Jamaica 1601-1700
Conquest
1661 The British establish their first permanent settlement in Colonial Gambia 1601-1700
Africa when they build Fort James at the mouth of the Conquest
Gambia River.
1662 The Portuguese defeat the Kingdom of the Kongo at Colonial Congo 1601-1700
the Battle of Ambuila. Conquest
1667 A treaty between Great Britain and Holland gives Colonial Surinam 1601-1700
Surinam to the Dutch in exchange for New York which Administration
is given to the British.
1670 A French royal decree brings French shippers into the French Slavery Colonial New 1601-1700
slave trade, with the rationale that the labor of enslaved France
Africans helps the growth of France's island colonies.
1670 A French royal decree brings French shippers into the French Slavery France 1601-1700
slave trade, with the rationale that the labor of enslaved
Africans helps the growth of France's island colonies.
1670 The French establish a trading station at Offa on the Colonial Benin 1601-1700
Dahomey coast. Conquest
1672 King Charles II of England charters the Royal African English Slavery Great Britain 1601-1700
Company, which dominates the slave trade to North
America for the next half century.
1675 An estimated 100,000 Africans are enslaved in the English Slavery Great Britain 1601-1700
British West Indies and another 5,000 are in British
North America.
1680 The Ashanti Empire emerges in West Africa. West African Ghana 1601-1700
Empires
1681 The Changamire Empire emerges in southern Africa. Southern African Mozambique 1601-1700
Empires
1684 Changamire defeats a Portuguese army at the Battle of Anti-Colonial Mozambique 1601-1700
Maungwe. The battle initiates a military campaign Resistance
between the Changamire Empire and Portugal which
will continue until 1917.
1693 All fugitive Africans who have escaped slavery in the Emancipation United States 1601-1700
British colonies and fled to Florida are granted their
freedom by the Spanish monarchy.
1697 The island of Hispaniola is divided between France Colonial Dominican 1601-1700
which takes the western third, and Spain which retains Administration Republic
the eastern two thirds.
1698 The Omani Arabs take control of Mombasa in East Colonial Kenya 1601-1700
Africa and the island of Zanzibar the following year. Conquest
1724 The Black Code is enacted in New Orleans, French Racial Colonial New 1701-1800
Territory, to control blacks and banish Jews. Restrictions France
1730 Little George Slave Revolt was one of the most Anti-Slavery Guinea 1701-1800
significant uprisings of captured Africans on the high Resistance
seas.
1731 Dahomey is conquered by Oyo, a rising West African West African Benin 1701-1800
state. Empires
1734 The Sultan of Bornu takes control of the neighboring Military Chad 1701-1800
state of Kanem, creating the Kanem-Bornu Empire in Expansion
the central sudan region.
1734 African-born scholar Anton Wilhelm Amo receives a Education Germany 1701-1800
doctorate degree from the University of Wittenberg in
Germany where he defended his dissertation. After he
is awarded his doctorate he lectures at the University of
Halle in Germany. Amo is the first African to receive a
doctorate and to teach at a university.
1740 The Lunda Kingdom emerges in central Africa. Southern African Angola 1701-1800
Empires
1747 Oyo is the major military power along the West African Military Nigeria 1701-1800
coast from Dahomey to the Niger Delta. Expansion
1750 The British take control of Grenada and introduce an Colonial Grenada 1701-1800
economy dominated by slave labor. Conquest
1750 The French take control of the Seychelles Islands. Colonial The 1701-1800
Conquest Seychelles
1750 (ca.) Escaped slaves from other Caribbean island settle on Anti-Slavery St. Vincent & 1701-1800
St. Vincent, intermarry with the indigenous Caribs and Resistance Grenadines
become the Garifuna (Black Caribs). The island is
officially controlled by French settlers.
1752 The Sultanate of Darfur extends from Kanem Bornu in Military Sudan 1701-1800
the west to the Nile Valley. Expansion
1759 Great Britain gains control over the Caribbean island of Colonial Dominica 1701-1800
Dominica, Conquest
1760 Abram Petrovich Hannibal,a former slave who later Education Russia 1701-1800
becomes the godson of Peter the Great, is appointed a
general in the Russian Army. A trained engineer he
oversaw various projects such as the construction of
the Ladoga Canal and a number of Russian fortresses.
1760 Boers cross the Orange River to begin settlement in the Colonial South Africa 1701-1800
interior of South Africa. Conquest
1761 Portugal abolishes slavery in mainland Portugal and its Emancipation India 1701-1800
possessions in India.
1772 On June 22, Lord Chief Mansfield rules in the James Major Judicial Great Britain 1701-1800
Somerset case that an enslaved person brought to Decisions
England becomes free and cannot be returned to
slavery, laying the legal basis for the freeing of
England's 15,000 slaves.
1772 Slavery is declared illegal in England. Emancipaton Great Britain 1701-1800
1776 Sultanate of Kilwa on the East African coast agrees to East African Kenya 1701-1800
supply enslaved people from the interior for the French Slave Trade
sugar plantations on Reunion and Mauritius. This
agreement dramatically increases the slave trade in the
region.
1779 Joseph de Bologne\Le Chevalier de Saint-Georges, an 18th Century France 1701-1800
Officer of the Royal Guard of King Louis XVI, was an Music
accomplished composer who in 1779 began
performing music with Queen Marie-Antoinette.
1781 Los Angeles is founded by fifty-four settlers including Africans in United States 1701-1800
twenty-six of African ancestry. Colonial New
Spain
1783 Approximately 3,000 black supporters of the British American Canada 1701-1800
during the American Revolution were repatriated to Revolution
British Canada at the end of the conflict.
1783 British take control of St. Kitts & Nevis. Colonial St. Kitts & 1701-1800
Conquest Nevis
1783 British take control of St. Vincent & the Grenadines. Colonial St. Vincent & 1701-1800
Conquest Grenadines
1784 The Shelburne (Nova Scotia) Race Riot is caused by Racial Violence Canada 1701-1800
resentment over David George, a black Baptist
preacher, baptizing white residents and organizing
racially integrated churches.
1787 Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade is founded Emancipation Great Britain 1701-1800
in London.
1787 Sierra Leone is founded by British abolitionists as a Emancipation Sierra Leone 1701-1800
colony for emancipated slaves.
1791 The Haitian Revolution begins. Independence Haiti 1701-1800
1793 Slavery is declared illegal in Upper Canada. Emancipation Canada 1701-1800
1794 The French Government abolishes slavery. The law is Emancipation France 1701-1800
repealed by Napoleon in 1802.
1795 The British capture the Cape of Good Hope and Colonial South Africa 1701-1800
Capetown from the Dutch. Conquest
1796 The French crush a revolt by the Garifuna in St Vincent. Colonial St. Vincent 1701-1800
In the aftermath nearly 5,000 Black Caribs (Garifuna) Conquest
migrate to Honduras and British Honduras.
1742 Jacobus Ellisa Capitein, an African-born Dutch scholar, Free Blacks in The 1701-1800
receives an advanced degree from the University of Europe Netherlands
Leiden for his dissertation on slavery and Christian
liberty.
1789 Child musical prodigy George Bridgetower of Great Free Blacks in France 1601-1700
Britain gives his first public violin performance in Paris Europe
at the age of 10.
1791 The Haitian Revolution begins when Toussaint Independence Haiti 1701-1800
L'Overture leads slaves in Saint-Domingue in a rebellion
against French rule.
1791 Slaves on Dominica initiate an unsuccessful rebellion Anti-Slavery Dominica 1701-1800
against English plantation owners. Resistance
1792 The British government grants a charter to the Sierra Anti-Slavery Sierra Leone 1701-1800
Leone Company which is founded by abolitionists for Campaign
the purpose of establishing a free labor colony for
former slaves on the west coast of Africa.
1793 The British government outlaws the importation of Anti-Slavery Canada 1701-1800
enslaved people into Upper Canada (Ontario). The law Campaign
also frees the children of enslaved women when those
children reach the ago of twenty-five.
1796 Slaves revolt in Saint Lucia. The rebellion ends when Anti-Slavery Saint Lucia 1701-1800
the British agree to free those who lay down their Resistance
weapons.
1796 After Maroons in Jamaica attempt to instigate a Anti-Slavery Jamaica 1701-1800
general rebellion of slaves on the island, the British Resistance
capture 600 of them and ship them to Nova Scotia and
eventually to Sierra Leone.
1797 British troops in the Cape Colony wage war against the Colonial South Africa 1701-1800
Xhosa, initiating a series of wars of expansion that will Expansion
eventually result in their conquest of all of South Africa.
1801 1801: Haitian forces invade and occupy Santo Domingo International Dominican 1801-1900
(now the Dominican Republic) and occupy the Spanish Conflict Republic
colony until 1844
1804 On January 1, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, the successor Haitian Haiti 1801-1900
to Toussaint L'Ouverture, declares Saint Dominque Revolution
independent and renames it Haiti. It becomes the
second independent nation in the western hemisphere
(after the United States).
1804 Usman Dan Fodio initiates a holy war (jihad) that West African Nigeria 1801-1900
established an Islamic theocratic state, the Sokoto Empires
Caliphate, in present day Northern Nigeria.
1807 Great Britain abolishes the importation of enslaved The Slave Trade Great Britain 1801-1900
Africans into its colonial possessions.
1807 George Bridgetower, a former child prodigy who at 11 19th Century Great Britain 1801-1900
performs his first concert before a Paris audience, is Black Music
elected to the British Royal Society of Musicians.
1811 Spain abolishes slavery at home and in all colonies Emancipation Spain 1801-1900
except Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Santo Domingo.
1813 Argentina abolishes slavery. Emancipation Argentina 1801-1900
1814 Mauritania becomes a French colony. Colonial Mauritania 1801-1900
Conquest
1814 Great Britain gains control of the Seychelles from Colonial The 1801-1900
France. Administration Seychelles
1816 Shaka Zulu becomes King of the Zulu nation and begins Southern African South Africa 1801-1900
to create an empire in the southern African interior. Empires
1819 The Canadian government refuses to cooperate with Fugitive Slaves in Canada 1801-1900
the United States government in the apprehension of Canada
fugitive slaves living in Canada.
1820 Rev. Daniel Coker of Baltimore leads eighty six African African Liberia 1801-1900
Americans who become the first black settlers to Americans in
Liberia. Liberia
1820 The American Colonization Society's first shop, Black Liberia 1801-1900
Mayflower of Liberia, arrives in Liberia. Colonization
1820 Large numbers of British settlers begin arriving in the Colonial South Africa 1801-1900
Cape Colony. Conquest
1820 New cash crops are introduced into central and African Economy Angola 1801-1900
southern Africa including cotton in Angola and cloves in
Zanzibar. Shortly afterwards palm oil and groundnuts
(peanuts) become important cash crops in West Africa.
1821 Ecuador adopts a gradual emancipation program. Emancipation Ecuador 1801-1900
1821 Columbia adopts a gradual emancipation program. Emancipation Columbia 1801-1900
1821 Venezeula adopts a gradual emancipation program. Emancipation Venezeula 1801-1900
1822 Liberia founded by the American Colonization Society Emancipation Liberia 1801-1900
as a colony for emancipated slaves.
1823 Chile abolishes slavery. Emancipation Chile 1801-1900
1824 Mexico outlaws slavery. This act creates the incentive Slavery in Mexico 1801-1900
for Anglo Texans to fight for independence. Mexico
1824 Ira Aldridge, alumnus of the African Grove Theater, Art and Great Britain 1801-1900
begins prominent acting career in London. Literature
1824 The Federal Republic of Central America abolishes Political Guatemala 1801-1900
slavery. Unification
1824 Moshoeshoe brings together rival clans to establish the Southern African South Africa 1801-1900
Kingdom of Sotho in Southern Africa. Empires
1827 Fourah Bay College is established in Freetown, Sierra Education Sierra Leone 1801-1900
Leone. The college is the first western-oriented
institution of higher education on the African continent.
1828 Shaka Zulu, the Zulu leader, is assassinated by his half Southern African South Africa 1801-1900
brother, Dingane who then proclaims himself ruler of Empires
the Zulu Empire.
1829 Mexican independence leader Vincente Guerrero of Emancipation Mexico 1801-1900
African and Indian ancestry becomes the second
President of Mexico. Shortly afterwards he finally
abolishes slavery in Mexico.
1831 Bolivia abolishes slavery. Emancipation Bolivia 1801-1900
1831 Guyana becomes a British colony. Colonial Guyana 1801-1900
Conquest
1833 The British Parliament abolishes slavery in the entire Emancipation Great Britain 1801-1900
British Empire.
1834 The British abolition of slavery in the Cape Colony Emancipation South Africa 1801-1900
prompts many boers to move further north into the
interior of Southern Africa beyond the reach of British
authority. Their migration eventually brings them into
conflict with the Zulu nation and other indigenous
African people.
1836 John B. Russwurm is appointed Governor of the Cape African Liberia 1801-1900
Palmas district of Liberia by the American Colonization Americans in
Society. Liberia
1837 Muhammad Bello, the Sultan of Sokoto, and son West African Nigeria 1801-1900
of Usman dan Fodio, dies. With a population of ten Empires
million, Sokoto at the time is the largest state in West
Africa.
1837 The first groundnuts (peanuts) are exported to the African Economy Sierra Leone 1801-1900
United States and Europe from Sierra Leone.
1838 Boers clash for the first time directly with the Zulu at Southern African South Africa 1801-1900
the Battle of Blood River in Natal. Empires
1840 Sayyid Said, the Sultan of Oman, moves his capital to East African Zanzibar 1801-1900
Zanzibar which will soon evolve into the largest slave- Slave Trade
trading state in East Africa.
1842 Uruguay abolishes slavery. Emancipation Uruguay 1801-1900
1844 The British Governor of the Gold Coast forms an Colonial Ghana 1801-1900
alliance with the Fante states along the coast against Conquest
the Ashanti Empire.
1844 New Orleans-born African American playwright Victor Art and France 1801-1900
Sejour's first play, Diegarias, is performed at the Theatre Literature
Francais in Paris.
1845 By this date the French have constructed the forts of Colonial Cote d'Ivoire 1801-1900
Assinie, Bassam, and Dabou on the Slave Coast in what Conquest
is now Cote d'Ivoire.
1846 Tunisia abolishes slavery. Emancipation Tunisia 1801-1900
1847 Sweden abolishes slavery. Emancipation Sweden 1801-1900
1847 On July 26, Liberia becomes an independent nation. It's Independence Liberia 1801-1900
first president is Joseph Jenkins Roberts.
1848 Denmark abolishes slavery. Emancipation Denmark 1801-1900
1848 Slavery is abolished in all French Colonies Emancipation France 1801-1900
1848 France founds Gabon for the settlement of Emancipation Gabon 1801-1900
emancipated slaves.
1848 The French Assembly grants full voting rights to the Colonial Senegal 1801-1900
inhabitants of Dakar and Rufisque, the two largest cities Administration
in the colony of Senegal. These inhabitants will govern
themselves and send representatives to the French
Assembly in Paris. This is the first time African colonial
subjects will have a voice in the government of France.
In 1872 similar rights will be granted to St. Louis and
Goree Island.
1850 Denmark sells its colony on the Gold Coast to the Colonial Ghana 1801-1900
British and withdraws from Africa. Administration
1850 Swahili-Arab traders extend trading routes for enslaved East African Tanzania 1801-1900
people and ivory across Lake Tanganyika into what is Slave Trade
now the eastern Congo.
1851 The Liberian legislature authorizes the establishment of Education Liberia 1801-1900
Liberia College which will eventually become
the University of Liberia.
1851 Columbia abolishes slavery. Emancipation Columbia 1801-1900
1852 The Hawaiian Kingdom abolishes slavery. Emancipation The Hawaiian 1801-1900
Kingdom
1852 Swahili traders from east Africa cross the continent and East African Angola 1801-1900
reach the Atlantic coastal state of Benguela. Slave Trade
1853 The British allow the Gold Coast colony to have a Colonial Ghana 1801-1900
legislative council. This is the first instance of the Administration
British providing limited self-government for their sub-
Saharan colonial subjects.
1853 Mary Ann Shadd becomes the first woman of African Anti-Slavery Canada 1801-1900
ancestry to publish a newspaper anywhere in the world Campaign
when she takes control of the Provincial Freeman in
Chatham, Ontario.
1854 Venezuela abolishes slavery. Emancipation Venezula 1901-2000
1854 Peru abolishs slavery. Emancipation Peru 1801-1900
1854 Al-Hajj Umar, a Muslim religious leader from Futa Toro West African Senegal 1801-1900
(in present-day Senegal), initiates a jihad which Empires
captures much of the interior of west Africa including
the Kingdom of Kaarta.
1854 Quinine is used in in the Gold Coast for the first time in Health and Ghana 1801-1900
Africa to treat malaria. Medicine
1855 Ras Kassa unifies the warring states of Ethiopia and Political Ethiopia 1801-1900
crowns himself Emperor Tewodros II. Unification
1855 Msiri, a Nyamwezi ivory and slave trader establishes a East African Tanzania 1801-1900
permanent interior state (called Nyamwezi) with a Slave Trade
capital at Bunyeka.
1855 An estimated 4,000 fugitive slaves from Texas and the Emancipation Mexico 1801-1900
U.S. Southwest are living in and around the Mexican
border town of Matamoras.
1858 Spain gains control over Equatorial Guinea. Colonial Equatorial 1801-1900
Conquest Guinea
1861 The British establish a protectorate at the port of Colonial Nigeria 1801-1900
Lagos, the first step in creating the colony of Nigeria. Conquest
1861 Tukulor leader Al-Hajj Umar conquers the Kingdom of West African Burkina Faso 1801-1900
Segu. Empires
1861 France gains control over Djibouti. Colonial Djibouti 1801-1900
Conquest
1863 Slavery is abolished in all Dutch colonies. Emancipation The 1801-1900
Netherlands
1863 Al-Hajj Umar clashes with the French in the Senegal West African Mali 1801-1900
Valley and captures Timbuktu. The following year Umar Empires
is killed putting down a rebellion in Masina.
1863 The French establish a protectorate over Porto Novo in Colonial Benin 1801-1900
Dahomey. Conquest
1864 Former slave Samuel Crowther becomes the first 19th Century Nigeria 1801-1900
African Anglican bishop. He is appointed to serve in Black Religion
what is now Nigeria.
1865 Samori Toure, the leader of the Mandinka, begins an West African Mali 1801-1900
empire in the upper Niger River basin. Empires
1865 Tippu Tip, a Swahili trader, gains control over the ivory East African Tanzania 1801-1900
and slave trade in the east African interior and Slave Trade
becomes a rival to Msiri.
1865 The Dominican Republic is declared independent from Independence Dominican 1801-1900
Spain. Republic
1866 In November Mifflin W. Gibbs is elected to the Victoria, Politics Canada 1801-1900
British Columbia City Council. He becomes the second
black Canadian resident elected to office.
1867 Diamonds are found at Kimberley in the Orange Free African Economy South Africa 1801-1900
State in what is now South Africa.
1868 Ethiopian Emperor Tewodros II is defeated by the International Ethiopia 1801-1900
British at the Battle of Aroge and subsequently Conflict
commits suicide.
1868 Moshoeshoe, the King of Sotho in southern Africa Southern African South Africa 1801-1900
requests British annexation of his kingdom to avoid Empires
being overrun by the Boers.
1868 Antonio Maceo Grajales joins the Cuban independence Anti-Colonial Cuba 1801-1900
movement eventually rising to the level of General in Campaign
the insurgent army at the time of his death in 1896.
1869 Slavery is abolished in Portugal's African colonies. Emancipation Portugal 1801-1900
1869 Gold is discovered at Tati in South Africa and in African Economy South Africa 1801-1900
neighboring Botswana, setting off an international gold
rush into the region.
1869 The Suez Canal is opened with Great Britain and France Colonial Egypt 1801-1900
in control of the waterway. Administration
1873 Slavery is abolished in Puerto Rico Emancipation United States 1801-1900
1873 The British persuade the Sultan of Zanzibar to end the East African Zanzibar 1801-1900
slave trade. Slave Trade
1873-74 The Anglo-Ashanti War. After initial victories by the Colonial Ghana 1801-1900
Ashanti, the British eventually prevail and force the Conquest
Ashanti Emperor to surrender.
1879 In the first Anglo-Zulu War the British suffer a crushing Anti-Colonial South Africa 1801-1900
defeat at Isandlwana. Resistance
1880 Samori Toure extends his conquests to include the West African Niger 1801-1900
west African gold fields and the upper Niger valley. Empires
1880 Afro-French explorer Pierre de Brazza-Savorgnan Colonial Congo- 1801-1900
negotiates a treaty with the Kingdom of the Kongo Conquest Brazzaville
which relinquishes its claim to the north bank of the
Congo River. He founds Brazzaville, the first settlement
in the new colony.
1881 The Mahdist Revolution began on June 29 when a Islam in Africa Sudan 1801-1900
Sudanese Islamic cleric, Muhammad Ahmad,
proclaimed himself the Mahdi.
1882 Great Britain gains control over Egypt from the Ottoman Colonial Egypt 1801-1900
Empire. Conquest
1884 Nehemiah Tile founds the Tembu National Church, the African Religion South Africa 1801-1900
first of a series of African-controlled churches in South
Africa, in the Transkei region of South Africa.
1884 Germany acquires Namibia, Togo, and Cameroon as its Colonial Namibia 1801-1900
first African colonies. Conquest
1884 European nations at the Berlin Conference reach Colonial Germany 1801-1900
agreement on the partition of Africa. Conquest
1885 Germany establishes a protectorate over the Colonial Tanzania 1801-1900
Tanganyika coast. Conquest
1885 King Leopold of Belgium acquires the Congo, a vast Colonial Congo 1801-1900
area of nearly 905,000 square miles, as his personal Conquest
possession. He calls the area the Congo Free State.
1885 The French declare a protectorate over Madagascar. Colonial Madagascar 1801-1900
Conquest
1885 Pan-Africanist intellectual Edward Wilmot Politics Liberia 1801-1900
Blyden campaigns unsuccessfully for President of
Liberia. After his defeat he goes into self-imposed exile
in neighboring Sierra Leone.
1885 The Royal Niger Company, backed by the British Army, Colonial Nigeria 1801-1900
takes control of the Lower Niger and Benue River Conquest
valleys. With that expansion they effectively rule half of
what will eventually be the colony of Nigeria.
1886 Slavery is abolished in Cuba. Emancipation Cuba 1801-1900
1886 City of Johannesburg is founded in South Africa. Colonial South Africa 1801-1900
Administration
1886 The Comoros Islands become a French protectorate. Colonial Comoros 1801-1900
Conquest
1887 The British declare a protectorate over what is now Colonial Nigeria 1801-1900
Southern Nigeria. Conquest
1888 Slavery is abolished in Brazil. Emancipation Brazil 1801-1900
1888 The British help the Germans crush Muslim resistance Colonial Tanzania 1801-1900
on the East African coast. Conquest
1889 Italy gains control over Eritrea. Colonial Eritrea 1801-1900
Conquest
1889 Cecil Rhodes' British South African Company begins the Colonial South Africa 1801-1900
colonize the African interior. White settlers name the Conquest
colony Rhodesia.
1889 Menelik II becomes the Emperor of Ethiopia and Political Ethiopia 1801-1900
initiates a campaign of expansion which will double the Unification
size of the empire.
1893 Henry Ossawa Tanner paints The Banjo Lesson while Art and France 1801-1900
living in France. The painting is eventually hailed as Literature
one of the major works of art of the late 19th Century.
1893 French forces capture Timbuktu and destroy Colonial Mali 1801-1900
the Tukulor Empire. Conquest
1893 The French declare the Ivory Coast to be their colony. Colonial Cote d'Ivoire 1801-1900
Conquest
1894 Buganda is occupied by the British who begin to form Colonial Uganda 1801-1900
the colony of Uganda. Conquest
1894 The French conquer Dahomey. Colonial Benin 1801-1900
Conquest
1895 Tananarive, the capital of Madagascar, surrenders to Colonial Madagascar 1801-1900
the French. Conquest
1896 The Ethiopians, under Emperor Menelik II, defeat the Anti-Colonial Ethiiopia 1801-1900
Italians at the Battle of Adwa and becomes the only Resistance
African nation to successfully resist European
conquest during this period.
1896 Sultan Khaled surrenders Zanzibar to the British. Colonial Zanzibar 1801-1900
Conquest
1896 British forces invade and occupy the Ashanti Empire. Colonial Ghana 1801-1900
Conquest
1897 Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis, a prominent 19th Art and Brazil 1801-1900
century Brazilian writer is a founder and the first Literature
President of the Brazilian Academy of Literature. He
holds the post until his death in 1908.
1897 Zanzibar abolishes slavery. Emancipation Zanzibar 1801-1900
1897 The British Army creates the West African Frontier Colonial Nigeria 1801-1900
Force, regiments of African soldiers led by British Conquest
officers.
1898 Afro-English composer Samuel Coleridge-Taylor is 19th Century Great Britain 1801-1900
commissioned at 23 to write his Ballade in A Minor for Black Music
Britain
1898 The French gain control over Guinea. Colonial Guinea 1801-1900
Conquest
1899 The British and French establish joint rule over Sudan. Colonial Sudan 1801-1900
Administration
1899 Germany conquers Rwanda. Colonial Rwanda 1801-1900
Conquest
1900 The United States Pavilion at the Paris Exposition (April Art and France 1801-1900
14-Nov. 10) houses an exhibition on black Americans Literature
called the Exposition des Negres d'Amerique.
1900 The first Pan African Conference, organized by Henry Pan Africanism Great Britain 1801-1900
Sylvester Williams, a Trinidad attorney, meets in London
in July.
1900 The British establish the Protectorate of Northern Colonial Nigeria 1801-1900
Nigeria. Administration
1900 Beginning of large scale copper mining in the Katanga African Economy Congo 1801-1900
region of the Congo Free State.
1900 The first white settlers arrive in Kenya. Colonial Kenya 1801-1900
Conquest
1901 African American cyclist Marshall "Major" Taylor wins Black Athletes France 1901-2000
European Cycling championship in Paris, France.
1901 The British annex the Ashanti Empire into their Gold Colonial Ghana 1901-2000
Coast colony. Conquest
1903 Meta Vaux Warrick, an African American sculptor, Art and France 1901-2000
exhibits her work at the Paris Salon, Paris France. Literature
1903 Thousands of black workers from the Caribbean and Black Labor Panama 1901-2000
Latin America arrive in the Canal Zone to help build the
Panama Canal.
1903 Troops of the West African Frontier Force, led by British Colonial Nigeria 1901-2000
officers, take the city of Sokoto. Shortly afterwards Conquest
the Sokoto Caliphate is annexed to Nigeria.
1904 France creates a federation of its West African colonies Colonial Chad 1901-2000
stretching from Chad and the Cameroons west to Administration
Senegal.
1904 The Herero rise in rebellion against German forces in Anti-Colonial Namibia 1901-2000
South West Africa (Namibia). The rebellion is crushed Resistance
the following year.
1904 Black South Africans are required for the first time to Colonial South Africa 1901-2000
settle in Soweto, a township on the edge of Administration
Johannesburg. Soweto is the first and will eventually
become the largest of the all-black townships near
white South African cities under the new system of
government-mandated residential segregation.
1905 The Maji-Maji Uprising begins in German East Africa. Anti-Colonial Tanzania 1901-2000
Resistance
1906 Britain, France, and Italy agree to recognize the Independence Ethiopia 1901-2000
independence of Ethiopia.
1906 Lagos is incorporated into the Protectorate of Southern Colonial Nigeria 1901-2000
Nigeria. Administration
1907 German forces capture Abdallah Mapanda, the leader Anti-Colonial Tanzania 1901-2000
of the Maji-Maji Uprising in German East Africa Resistance
(Tanganyika).
1907 Nairobi is chosen as the capital of British East Africa. Colonial Kenya 1901-2000
Administration
1907 German forces defeat the Nama people, ending Colonial Namibia 1901-2000
resistance to the conquest of South West Africa Conquest
1908 John Baxter "Doc" Taylor of the University of African Great Britain 1901-2000
Pennsylvania becomes the first African American to American
win an Olympic Gold Medal. His event is the 4/400- Athletes
meter medley at the London Games.
1908 On December 26, Jack Johnson defeats Canadian African Australia 1901-2000
Tommy Burns in Sydney, Australia to become the first American
African American heavyweight boxing champion of the Athletes
world.
1908 Leopold II transfers control of the Congo Free State to Colonial Congo 1901-2000
Belgium. Administration
1910 The Union of South Africa is formed with the Afrikaners Colonial South Africa 1901-2000
as the majority of the white population. The Union Administration
becomes a dominion of the British Empire.
1912 The African National Congress (ANC) was formed in Anti-Colonial South Africa 1901-2000
Bloemfontein, South Africa on January 18, 1912, when Resistance
a group of Africans, Coloreds, and Indians convened a
meeting to discuss their grievances against the colonial
government.
1912 The French establish a protectorate in Morocco. Colonial Morocco 1901-2000
Conquest
1913 Mohandas Gandhi is arrested in South Africa for Anti-Colonial South Africa 1901-2000
leading a protest against the treatment of Indians there. Resistance
1914 The Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) Pan Africanism Jamaica 1901-2000
is founded in Kingston, Jamaica by Marcus and Amy
Jacques Garvey.
1914 U.S. born pilot Eugene Jacques Bullard volunteers to African France 1901-2000
serve with the French Air Force in World War I. He is the Americans in
first black pilot to see combat in that conflict. World War I
1914 Blaise Diagne wins a seat in the French National Politics Senegal 1901-2000
Assembly in Paris, representing Dakar, Senegal. He also
recruits Senegalese troops for the French Army during
World War I. In 1934 he becomes the Deputy Minister of
the Colonies in the French government.
1914 The British Protectorates of Northern and Southern Colonial Nigeria 1901-2000
Nigeria are combined to form the Colony of Nigeria, the Administration
most populous colony in Africa.
1915 On July 28, the United States begins a 19 year The United Haiti 1901-2000
occupation of Haiti, the longest in U.S. history. States in Haiti
1915 Invoking the name of U.S. abolitionist John Resistance to Malawi 1901-2000
Brown, John Chilembwe leads 200 followers in an Colonialism
unsuccessful revolt against British colonial rule in
Nyasaland (now Malawi). Chilembwe and his followers
kill three British subjects before he flees to
Mozambique where he is killed ten days later by
Portuguese-led African soldiers.
1916 In March the Tenth Cavalry is one of two cavalry units African Mexico 1901-2000
under the command of General John J. Pershing given Americans and
the assignment to capture Mexican Revolutionary the Military
leader Francisco Pancho Villa. The Seventh Cavalry is
the other. They are unsuccessful.
1918 The Ecole de Medecine de Dakar is founded in Dakar, Education Senegal 1901-2000
Senegal. It eventually becomes Cheik Anta Diop
University.
1919 James Reese Europe's Army jazz band popularizes jazz 20th Century France 1901-2000
in France and Western Europe Black Music
1919 The second Pan African Conference, led by W.E. B. Pan Africanism France 1901-2000
DuBois, meets in Paris in February partly to help
influence the post war Versailles Peace Conference.
1920 Former German colonies of Togo, Cameroons, South Colonial Togo 1901-2000
West Africa, and Tanganyika in Africa are divided by the Administration
victorious French and British after World War I.
1921 Bessie Coleman, the first black female pilot, also Black Women France 1901-2000
becomes the first woman to receive an international
pilots license when she graduates from the Federation
Aeronautique International in France.
1921 The third Pan African Conference meets in London and Pan Africanism Belgium 1901-2000
Brussels.
1922 Senegelese boxer Louis Phal, also known as Battling Black Athletes France 1901-2000
Siki, defeats Georges Carpentier in Paris to win the
world light heavyweight boxing title. Phal becomes the
first African to win an international professional sports
title.
1922 Makerere University is founded as a vocational institute Education Uganda 1901-2000
on the edge of Kampala, Uganda. It will become the
largest university in East Africa.
1922 Egypt gains its independence from Great Britain on Independence Egypt 1901-2000
February 22. King Fuad I is the first head of state.
1923 The fourth Pan African Congress meets in London and Pan Africanism Portugal 1901-2000
Lisbon.
1923 Abyssinia (Ethiopia) becomes the first African nation to International The 1901-2000
join the League of Nations. Organizations Netherlands
1924 Eugene ONeill's play The Emperor Jones opens in Art and Great Britain 1901-2000
London with Paul Robeson in the title role. Literature
1924 Achimota School is founded near Accra, The Gold Education Ghana 1901-2000
Coast. Part of the institution eventually evolves into the
University of Ghana.
1924 Iraq abolishes slavery. Emancipation Iraq 1901-2000
1924 O Clarim da Alvorada (Clarion of Dawn) becomes of the Civil Rights Brazil 1901-2000
first Afro-Brazilian newspapers. Founded in Sao Paulo,
it will be a leading force in the growing black culture
movement in Brazil.
1924 The Ligue Universelle pour la Defense de la Race Pan Africanism France 1901-2000
Noire (LUDRN), a Pan African Association, is created on
April 30 in Paris. The Ligue works to improve
conditions for colonized Africans.
1925 American-born Josephine Baker emerges as a popular Black France 1901-2000
entertainer in Paris after she appears in the musical La Entertainment
Revue Negre.
1926 League of Nations Slavery Convention bounds all Emancipation The 1901-2000
signatories to end the slave trade and slavery. Netherlands
1927 Fifth Pan African Congress meets in New York City. Pan Africanism United States 1901-2000
1928 Iran abolishes slavery. Emancipation Iran 1901-2000
1929 The Aba Women's Riots in Aba, Nigeria, are the first Anti-Colonial Nigeria 1901-2000
direct revolt by Nigerians against British colonial rule. Resistance
1930 Ras Tafari is crowned Emperor Haile Selassie of Political Ethiopia 1901-2000
Ethiopia. Unification
1931 The Frente Negra Brasileira (Brazilian Black Front) is Civil Rights Brazil 1901-2000
formed in the city of Sao Paulo.
1934 Abidjan is declared the capital of the French colony of Colonial Cote d'Ivoire 1901-2000
Ivory Coast. Administration
1934 American-born Robert Robinson becaue the first black Politics Russia 1901-2000
city councilman in Moscow, Russia (The Soviet Union).
1935 On October 3, Italy invades Ethiopia. Italian Invasion Ethiopia 1901-2000
of Ethiopia
1936 Addis Ababa is conquered by Italian forces. Mussolini Italian Invasion Ethiopia 1901-2000
declares the conquest the foundation of a new Roman of Ethiopia
Empire.
1936 Felix Eboue become Colonial Governor of Guadeloupe, Colonial Guadeloupe 1901-2000
French West Indies, the first person of African ancestry Administration
to hold the post in the French Colonial Empire.
Eventually he will hold the same post in Chad and in
1940 becomes Governor General of French Equatorial
Africa.
1936 On June 30, Ethiopian Emperor Haile Military Invasion Ethiopia 1901-2000
Selassie appeals unsuccessfully to the League of
Nations in Geneva, Switzerland, to assist his country in
expelling the Italian invaders.
1937 Approximately 80 African Americans are among the Black Spain 1901-2000
3,000 U.S. volunteers who fight in the Spanish Civil War. Internationalism
One of them, Texas-born Oliver Law, commands the
Lincoln Battalion. Law is killed in battle on July 9.
1941 Ethiopia with the assistance of British forces defeats Italian Invasion Ethiopia 1901-2000
the Italians and reestablishes its independence. of Ethiopia
1942 Slavery is abolished in the Ethiopian Empire. Emancipation Ethiopia 1901-2000
1942-43 Nearly 100,000 African American noncombat soldiers African New Guinea 1901-2000
are sent to Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, Samoa and other Americans and
areas of the Pacific to build roads, ports and airfields in the Military
the war against Imperial Japan. Black black soldiers
with the 95th Engineer Regiment, for example, help
construct the Alaska-Canadian (ALCAN) Highway in
1942.
1943 African troops fight in both Allied and Axis armies in Black Soldiers Libya 1901-2000
North, West, and East Africa.
1943 President Franklin Roosevelt travels to Liberia to Meet International Liberia 1901-2000
with Liberian President Edwin J. Barclay to lobby for its Diplomacy
rubber and other natural resources for the Allied war
effort. This marks the first trip by a U.S. President while
in office to a sub-Saharan African nation.
1944 Eilud Mathu becomes the first black member of the Politics Kenya 1901-2000
legislative council of Kenya.
1944 The 81st and 82nd West African Divisions and the 11th Black Soldiers Burma 1901-2000
East African Division (British Army) fight the Japanese
in Burma.
1944 Abdias do Nascimento founds the Teatro Nacional do Art and Brazil 1901-2000
Negro in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Literature
1944 Eric Eustace Williams publishes the Art and United States 1901-2000
influential Capitalism and Slavery which argues that the Literature
British abolition of slavery grew from the realization
that wage labor had supplanted slave labor in the
global capitalist marketplace.
1944 Soon after the Allied invasion at Normandy on D-Day, African France 1901-2000
the U.S. Army organizes the Red Ball Express to bring Americans and
need supplies from the coast to troops advancing the Military
across France toward Germay. Nearly 75% of the supply
truck drivers are African American.
1945 The sixth Pan African Congress meets in Manchester, Pan Africanism Great Britain 1901-2000
England.
1945 Madame E. T. Eboue is the first person of African Politics France 1901-2000
ancestry to win a seat in the French Assembly.
1946 The Rassemblement Democratique Africain (RDA) was Pan Africanism Mali 1901-2000
the first French-speaking Pan African organization.
Founded in 1946 in Bamako, Mali to provide a voice for
colonized Africans in the French National Assembly in
Paris, its various colonial sections by 1960 become the
first political parties in Mali, Upper Volta, Chad and
other newly independent French-speaking nations.
1947 Alioine Diop establishes Presence Africaine, a journal Art and Senegal 1901-2000
devoted to African culture, in Dakar, Senegal. Literature
1947 The African National Congress (ANC) forms an alliance Anti-Colonial South Africa 1901-2000
with the Natal Indian Congress and the Transvaal Indian Campaign
Congress to oppose British and Afrikaner rule in South
Africa.
1948 United Nations Article 4 bans slavery globally. Emancipation United States 1901-2000
1948 The Nationalist Party wins parliamentary elections in Apartheid South Africa 1901-2000
South Africa. Within a year it will make Apartheid the
official policy of the government.
1948 The University of Ibadan is established in the city of Education Nigeria 1901-2000
Ibadan, the second largest city in the colony of Nigeria.
The university will be the first institution of higher
education in Nigeria.
1948 The University of the West Indies is established as the Education Jamaica 1901-2000
University College of the West Indies at Mona, Jamaica.
1950 On September 22, Ralph Bunche becomes the first Humanitarian Sweden 1901-2000
African American recipient of a Nobel Peace Prize for Awards
his mediation of a settlement between Arabs and
Israelis in the 1947-48 Mideast Crisis.
1951 On December 24, Libya gains its independence from Independence Libya 1901-2000
Italy. Its first head of state is King Idris.
1951 The Algerian National Liberation Front begins a guerrilla Anti-Colonial Algeria 1901-2000
campaign against the French. The campaign ends with Resistance
Algerian independence in 1962.
1952 The Mau Mau Uprising begins in Kenya. The uprising Anti-Colonial Kenya 1901-2000
ends in 1956 after more than 13,000 people are killed. Resistance
1952 Qatar abolishes slavery. Emancipation Qatar 1901-2000
1952 Ethiopia gains control over Eritrea. Colonial Eritrea 1901-2000
Conquest
1955 Civil War begins in Sudan pitting the Muslim North Civil War Sudan 1901-2000
against the Christian South.
1956 Eric Eustace Williams founds the People's National Politics Trinidad & 1901-2000
Movement in Trinidad. Tobago
1956 On January 1, Sudan gains independence from Great Independence Sudan 1901-2000
Britain. Ismail al-Azhari is the first head of state.
1956 On March 20, Tunisia gains independence from France. Independence Tunisia 1901-2000
The first head of state is Muhammad VIII al-Amin.
1956 On April 7, Morocco gains its independence from Independence Morocco 1901-2000
France. The first head of state is Muhammad V.
1957 On July 6, Althea Gibson becomes the first African African Great Britain 1901-2000
American to win the Womens Singles Division of the American
British Tennis Championship at Wimbledon. Athletes
1957 On March 6, Ghana becomes the first sub-Saharan Independence Ghana 1901-2000
nation to gain independence when it is declared free by
Great Britain. The first head of state is Prime
Minister Kwame Nkrumah.
1957 The Bahutu Manifesto drawn up by Rwandan Hutu Ethnic Conflict Rwanda 1901-2000
intellectuals, called for Hutu ethnic and political
solidarity and the political disfranchisement of the Tutsi
people.
1958 Nigerian novelist Chinua Achebe publishes Things Fall Art and Nigeria 1901-2000
Apart, his first critically acclaimed novel. Literature
1958 Edson Arantes do Nascimento, 17 year-old Brazilian Black Athletes Brazil 1901-2000
soccer star leads the Brazilian National Soccer team to
its first World Cup championship in international
competition in Stockholm, Sweden.
1958 Canadian native Willie O'Ree is the first black hockey Black Athletes Canada 1901-2000
player in the National Hockey League. He made his
NHL debut on January 18, 1958 as a player for the
Boston Bruins. Their opponent was the Montreal
Canadiens.
1958 On October 2, Guinea gains its independence from Independence Guinea 1901-2000
France. Sekou Toure is the first head of state.
1959 The National Symphony Orchestra is founded in Accra, 20th Century Ghana 1901-2000
Ghana. It is the first in sub-Saharan Africa. Black Music
1959 South Africa writer Es'kia Mphahlele publishes his Art and South Africa 1901-2000
critically acclaimed autobiography Down Second Literature
Avenue.
1960 Albert John Lutuli, President of the African National Humanitarian Sweden 1901-2000
Congress, wins the Nobel Peace Prize. Awards
1960 Track star Wilma Rudolph of Tennessee State African Italy 1901-2000
University is the first woman to win three gold medals American
at the Olympic Games which are held that year in Athletes
Rome.
1960 Burkina Faso becomes independent from France. Its Independence Burkina Faso 1901-2000
first head of state is Maurice Yameogo.
1960 Cote d'Ivoire is declared independent from France. Felix Independence Cote d'Ivoire 1901-2000
Houphouet-Boigny is the nation's first President.
1960 Chad becomes independent of France on August 11. Independence Chad 1901-2000
Francois Tombalbaye is the first head of state.
1960 Abebe Bikila, the barefoot Ethiopian runner, became the Black Athletes Italy 1901-2000
first African to win an Olympic gold medal. He
competed at the games in Rome, Italy.
1960 On June 26, Madagascar is declared independent by Independence Madagascar 1901-2000
France. Philibert Tsiranana is the first head of state.
1960 On August 1 Benin is declared independent of France. Independence Benin 1901-2000
Its first head of state is Hubert Maga.
1960 On August 3, Niger becomes independent of France. Independence Niger 1901-2000
Hamani Diori is chosen as the first head of state.
1960 On June 20, Mali gains independence from France. Independence Mali 1901-2000
Modibo Keita is the first head of state.
1960 Senegal is declared independent by France on June Independence Senegal 1901-2000
20. Leopold Senghor is the nation's first President.
1960 On April 27, Togo gains its independence from France. Independence Togo 1901-2000
The first head of state is Sylvanus Olympio.
1960 On January 1, Cameroon is granted independence by Independence Cameroon 1901-2000
Great Britain and France. The first head of state is
Ahmadou Ahidjo.
1960 On June 30, Belgium grants independence to the Independence Congo 1901-2000
Congo, (Leopoldville). Joseph Kasavubu is the first
Head of State. Within weeks of that independence
Katanga province secedes from the Congo prompting a
four year civil war in that new nation and United Nations
intervention.
1960 Nigeria gains its independence from Great Britain on Independence Nigeria 1901-2000
October 1. Nnamdi Azikiwe is the first President of the
nation but in a powersharing arrangement worked out
by the British, Sir Abubakar Tafawa is the first Prime
Minister.
1960 On July 1, British and Italian Somaliland are united to Independence Somalia 1901-2000
form the nation of Somalia. Aden Abdullah Osman Daar
is the first Head of State.
1960 On March 21, 69 approximately 7,000 protestors Anti-Apartheid South Africa 1901-2000
gathered at the Sharpeville, South Africa police station Resistance
to protest Apartheid pass laws. Police opened fire and
69 demonstrators were killed and 186 were wounded.
In the aftermath the South African government banned
a number of organizations including the African
National Congress. The Sharpeville Massacre is
considered the first major confrontation by black South
Africans against Apartheid.
1960 South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) is Anti-Colonial Namibia 1901-2000
formed by Sam Nujoma and Herman Toivo ja Toivo. Resistance
1960 The Central African Republic is granted independence Independence Central 1901-2000
from France on August 13. David Dacko becomes the African
first head of state. Republic
1960 France grants independence to Congo-Brazzaville on Independence Congo- 1901-2000
August 15. Fulbert Youlou is the first head of state. Brazzaville
1960 Gabon becomes independent of France on August 17. Independence Gabon 1901-2000
Leon M'ba is the first head of state.
1960 On November 28 Mauritania is declared independent of Independence Maurtania 1901-2000
France. Moktar Ould Daddah is the first head of state.
1961 On January 18, Patrice Lumumba, the leader of the Civil War Congo 1901-2000
Congo independence movement is killed by troops of
the secessionist Katanga province.
1961 The Nationalist struggle against Portuguese rule is Anti-Colonial Angola 1901-2000
launched in Angola. It continues until Angolan Resistance
independence in 1974.
1961 On April 27, Sierra Leone gains its independence from Independence Sierra Leone 1901-2000
Great Britain. Milton Margai is its first head of state.
1961 An armed guerilla struggle begins in the Portuguese Anti-Colonial Guinea- 1901-2000
colonies of Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau. The Resistance Bissau
struggle continues until both colonies are granted
independence in 1975.
1961 On December 9, Tanganyika gains its independence Independence Tanzania 1901-2000
from Great Britain. Julius Nyerere is the first head of
state.
1962 Yemen abolishes slavery. Emancipation Yemen 1901-2000
1962 On July 3, Algeria is declared independent by France. Independence Algeria 1901-2000
Ahmed Ben Bella is its first head of state.
1962 On October 9, Uganda gains its independence from Independence Uganda 1901-2000
Great Britain. The first head of state is Milton Obote.
1962 Jamaica gains its independence from Great Britain on Independence Jamaica 1901-2000
August 6. Alexander Bustamante is the first head of
state.
1962 Trinidad & Tobago gain independence from Great Independence Trinidad and 1901-2000
Britain on August 31. Eric Eustace Williams is the first Tobago
head of state.
1962 Saudi Arabia abolishes slavery. Emancipation Saudi Arabia 1901-2000
1962 On July 1, Rwanda is granted independence by Belgium. Independence Rwanda 1901-2000
Gregoire Kayibanda is its first head of state.
1962 On July 1, Burundi is granted independence by Belgium. Independence Burundi 1901-2000
King Mwambutsa IV is the first head of state.
1963 James Baldwin publishes The Fire Next Time while Art and France 1901-2000
living in Paris. Literature
1963 Kenya gains independence from Great Britain on Independence Kenya 1901-2000
December 12. Jomo Kenyatta is the first head of state.
1963 The Organization of African Unity (OAU) founded International Ethiopia 1901-2000
in Addis Abba, Ethiopia, on May 23. Organizations
1963 The United Arab Emirates abolish slavery. Emancipation United Arab 1901-2000
Emirates
1964 The Zanzibar Revolution of 1964 ends 120 years of Independence Tanzania 1901-2000
Arab control of the Islands of Zanzibar and Pemba
Islands.
1964 Kenyan writer Ngugi wa Thiongo publishes Weep Not, Art and Kenya 1901-2000
Child, the first major novel in English by an East African. Literature
1964 On December 10, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. receives the Humanitarian Sweden 1901-2000
Nobel Peace Prize in Stockholm, Sweden. Awards
1964 On July 6, Malawi is declared independent by Great Independence Malawi 1901-2000
Britain. Hastings Kamuzu Banda is the first head of
state.
1964 Tanganyikan President Julius Nyerere negotiates an Political Tanzania 1901-2000
agreement with newly independent Zanzibar to merge Unification
the two nations. Nyerere becomes President of the new
nation of Tanzania.
1964 A Nationalist guerilla struggle against Portuguese rule Anti-Colonial Mozambique 1901-2000
is launched in Mozambique. It continues until Resistance
Mozambique is declared independent in 1974.
1964 On October 24, Zambia is declared independent by Independence Zambia 1901-2000
Great Britain. Kenneth Kaunda is the first head of state.
1965 Gambia gains independence from Great Britain on Independence Gambia 1901-2000
February 18. Dawda Kairaba Jawara is the first head of
state.
1965 The white minority-controlled Rhodesian government Independence Zimbabwe 1901-2000
declares its independence from Great Britain.
1966 Nigerian novelist Flora Nwapa, publishes Efuru, one of Art and Nigeria 1901-2000
the first novels in English by an African woman. Literature
1966 First World Festival of Negro Arts (FESTAC) is held Art and Senegal 1901-2000
in Dakar, Senegal. Literature
1966 Botswana gains independence from Great Britain on Independence Botswana 1901-2000
September 30. Seretse Khama is the first head of state.
1966 Barbados gains independence from Great Britain on Independence Barbadoes 1901-2000
November 30. Errol Barrow is the first head of state.
1966 The first military coup takes place in Nigeria, led by Military Nigeria 1901-2000
Igbo officers. It will lead directly to the Nigerian Civil Dictatorship
War.
1966 Guyana gains its independence from Great Britain on Independence Guyana 1901-2000
May 26. Linden Forbes Sampson Burham is the first
head of state.
1966 Lesotho gains its independence from Great Britain on Independence Lesotho 1901-2000
October 4. Leabua Jonathan is the first head of state.
1967 The oil rich states of southeastern Nigeria secede and Civil War Nigeria 1901-2000
declare themselves the independent Republic of Biafra.
Their action initiates the three year Nigerian Civil War.
1968 Senegelese writer and film director Ousmane Sembene Art and Senegal 1901-2000
produces Mandabi, the first film in the Wolof language. Literature
1968 Equatorial Guinea gain independence from Spain on Independence Equatorial 1901-2000
October 12. Francisco Macias Nguema is the first head Guinea
of state.
1968 Steve Biko founds the anti-Apartheid South Africa Anti-Apartheid South Africa 1901-2000
Students Organization (SASO). Eventually it becomes
one of the largest black protest organizations in the
nation.
1968 Mauritius gains its independence from Great Britain on Independence Mauritius 1901-2000
March 12.
1969 Learie Constantine [Lord Constantine] becomes the Politics Great Britain 1901-2000
first person of African ancestry to become a British
peer.
1970 The Nigerian Civil War ends with the surrender of Civil War Nigeria 1901-2000
the Republic of Biafra. Over one million Nigerians,
mostly in the breakaway state of Biafra, die including
many of starvation.
1970 Oman abolishes slavery. Emancipation Oman 1901-2000
1970 Josephine Hosten, a native of Grenada and a flight Beauty Pageants Great Britain 1901-2000
attendant became the first woman of African ancestry
to will the Miss World pageant.
1971 General Idi Amin overthrows the government of Military Uganda 1901-2000
President Milton Obote establishes a dictatorship in Dictatorship
Uganda. Amin remains in power until 1986.
1972 Uganda Asians are expelled from the nation by the Military Uganda 1901-2000
dictator, General Idi Amin. Dictatorship
1972 Nearly 150,000 Hutus are massacred by the Tutsi in Ethnic Conflict Burundi 1901-2000
Burundi.
1972 Rosemary Brown of Vancouver becomes the first Afro- Politics Canada 1901-2000
Canadian woman to be elected to public office when
she wins a seat in the British Columbia Legislative
Assembly.
1972 A famine begins in Ethiopia which in the next two years The Environment Ethiopia 1901-2000
kills over 200,000 people.
1973 The Bahamas gains independence from Great Britain Independence The 1901-2000
on July 10. Lynden Pindling is the first head of state. Bahamas
1973 Guinea-Bissau gains its independence from Portugal on Independence Guinea- 1901-2000
September 24. Luis Cabral is the first head of state. Bissau
1974 On October 30, Muhammad Ali defeats George African Zaire 1901-2000
Foreman in Kinshasa, Zaire to regain the world American
heavyweight championship. Athletes
1974 The seventh Pan African Congress meets in Dar es Pan Africanism Tanzania 1901-2000
Salaam, Tanzania.
1974 Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie is deposed following Military Ethiopia 1901-2000
a Marxist military coup led by Colonel Mengistu Haile Dictatorship
Mariam.
1974 Approximately 750,000 Portuguese colonists leave African Migration Mozambique 1901-2000
Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea-Bissau and return to
Portugal after that nation's decision to withdraw from
all of its African colonies.
1974 Greneda gains its independence from Great Britain on Independence Grenada 1901-2000
February 7. Sir Eric Matthew Gairy is the first head of
state.
1975 On June 25, Mozambique gain its independence from Independence Mozambique 1901-2000
Portugal. Samora Machel is the first head of state.
1975 Cape Verde wins its independence from Portugal on Independence Cape Verde 1901-2000
July 5.
1975 On November 11, Angola gains its independence from Civil War Angola 1901-2000
Portugal. Agostinho Neto is the first head of state.
Angolan independence is followed by the Angolan Civil
War, a twenty-seven year conflict between the Marxist
government and South African-backed rebels. The war
ends in February 2002 with the death of rebel leader
Jonas Savimbi.
1975 Surinam gains independence from the Netherlands on Independence Surinam 1901-2000
November 25. Johan Ferrier is the first head of state.
1975 On July 12, Sao Tome & Principe gain indepenence Independence Sao Tome & 1901-2000
from Portugal. Principe
1975 Comoros is granted independence from France on July Independence Comoros 1901-2000
6.
1976 On June 25, Seychelles gains independence from Great Independence Seychelles 1901-2000
Britain. James Richard Marie Mancham is the first head
of state.
1976 Cuban troops and military advisors from the Soviet Military Angola 1901-2000
Union are sent to assist the Angolan government in its Intervention
campaign against South African-supported insurgents
during the Angolan Civil War. Cuban troops remain in
Angola until 1991.
1976 The first Bantustans or homelands are created by the Apartheid South Africa 1901-2000
South African government to prevent black majority
rule. These new quasi-independent states are intended
to be the home of most of the blacks residing in South
Africa.
1976 Student-led riots break out in Soweto, the sprawling all- Anti-Apartheid South Africa 1901-2000
black township outside of Johannesburg, to Resistance
protest Apartheid and continuing white minority rule.
1976 On July 3, Israeli commandos landed at Entebbe Military Uganda 1901-2000
Airport outside Kampala and rescued 103 hostages Intervention
held by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
(PFLP).
1977 Janelle Commissiong, representing Trinidad & Tobago, Beauty Pageants Dominican 1901-2000
was crowned Miss Universe at the pageant in Santo Republic
Domingo, the capital of the Dominican Republic. She
was the first woman of African descent to win the title.
1977 The First Congress of Black Culture in the Americas Art and Columbia 1901-2000
convenes in Columbia. Literature
1977 On June 27, Djibouti gains its independence from Independence Djibouti 1901-2000
France. Hassan Gouled Aptidon is the first head of
state.
1977 President Jean-Bedel Bokassa declares the Central Military Central 1901-2000
African Republic to be the Central African Empire and Dictatorship African
crowns himself Emperor Bokassa I. Republic
1977 War breaks out between Ethiopia and Somalia over the International Ethiopia 1901-2000
Ogaden region. The conflict will continue until 1988. Conflict
1977 Cuba sends troops to support the Marxist dictatorship Military Ethiopia 1901-2000
in Ethiopia. Intervention
1978 Dominica gains its independence from Great Britain on Independence Dominica 1901-2000
November 3. Patrick Roland John is the first head of
state.
1979 Emperor Bokassa I is overthrown and a parliamentary Military Central 1901-2000
government is restored in the Central African Republic. Dictatorship African
Republic
1979 On March 13, Maurice Bishop leads a coup and seizes Military Grenada 1901-2000
control of the government of Grenada. He sets up a Dictatorship
Marxist regime and is ousted and killed on October 19,
1983, six days before United States troops take control
of the island.
1979 St. Vincent & Grenadines gain independence from Great Independence St. Vincent & 1901-2000
Britain on September 19. R. Milton Cato is the first head Grenadines
of state.
1980 On April 18, black majority rule comes to Rhodesia Independence Zimbabwe 1901-2000
which renames itself Zimbabwe. Canaan Banana is the
first head of state.
1980 A military coup led by Sgt. Samuel K. Doe ends 133 Military Liberia 1901-2000
years of political domination by the Americo-Liberian Dictatorship
elite in Liberia.
1981 Mauritania abolishes slavery. Emancipation Mauritania 1901-2000
1981 Antigua & Barbuda gain independence from Great Independence Antigua & 1901-2000
Britain on November 1. Vere Cornwall Bird is the first Barbuda
head of state.
1981 Belize gains independence from Great Britain on Independence Belize 1901-2000
September 21. George Cadle Price is the first head of
state.
1983 The adoption of Islamic law in Sudan leads to renewed Civil War Sudan 1901-2000
civil war between Muslims and Christians and
generates widespread famine in the southern third of
the nation.
1983 St. Kitts & Nevis gain independence from Great Britain. Independence St. Kitts & 1901-2000
Dr. Kennedy Simmonds is the first head of state. Nevis
1983 Abdias do Nascimento is elected to the Brazilian Politics Brazil 1901-2000
Congress in 1983 on a platform of promoting Afro-
Brazilian rights.
1984 Anglican Bishop Desmond Mpilo Tutu of South Africa is Humanitarian Sweden 1901-2000
awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in Stockholm, Sweden. Awards
1984 In January Rev. Jesse Jackson travels to Syria to Black Syria 1901-2000
negotiate the release of U.S. Air Force pilot Robert Internationalism
Goodman who had been shot down over that country.
Jackson returns to the U.S. with the freed pilot.
1984 Eritrea secedes from Ethiopia. The resulting conflict Civil War Eritrea 1901-2000
and ongoing drought cause severe food shortages. An
estimated one million Ethiopians die as a consequence
of the famine.
1985 Live Aid Concert is held in Sydney, Australia and Humanitarian Australia 1901-2000
simultaneously in London, Philadelphia and Moscow to Aid
raise funds for Ethiopian famine relief.
1985 A State of Emergency is declared in South Africa in Anti-Apartheid South Africa 1901-2000
response to widespread anti-Apartheid rioting. Resistance
1985 The Zimbabwe government under President Robert African Economy Zimbabwe 1901-2000
Mugabe begins compulsory purchase of white-owned
farms under the recently passed Land Acquisition Act.
1986 Wole Soyinka of Nigeria becomes the first African to Art and Sweden 1901-2000
win a Nobel Prize in Literature. Literature
1986 The European Economic Community (EEC) and the Anti-Apartheid South Africa 1901-2000
United States impose economic sanctions against Campaign
South Africa.
1989 F.W. de Klerk replaces P.W. Botha as the President of Anti-Apartheid South Africa 1901-2000
South Africa. De Klerk immediately begins the Campaign
dismantling of Apartheid. He also withdraws South
African forces for Namibia paving the way for the
colony's independence.
1990 On February 11, Nelson Mandela, South Africa's leading Anti-Apartheid South Africa 1901-2000
anti-Apartheid opponent, is freed after 27 years in Campaign
prison.
1990 Namibia gains independence from South Africa on Independence Namibia 1901-2000
March 21. Sam Nujoma becomes the first head of
state.
1990 A civil war begins in Liberia initiated by Charles M. Civil War Liberia 1901-2000
Taylor who challenged his former subordinate, Prince
Johnson, for control of the nation. The
conflict continues until 1996.
1991 Afro-French skater Surya Bonaly wins the first of five Black Athletes France 1901-2000
European Figure Skating Championships.
1991 Eritrean and Tigrean rebels attack Addis Ababa and Civil War Ethiopia 1901-2000
cause the overthrow of Marxist dictator Mengistu Haile
Mariam. Eritrea wins defacto independence.
1991 In May the Israeli government airlifts over 14,000 International Ethiopia 1901-2000
Ethiopian Jews to the nation of Israel. The Ethiopian Intervention
Jews who call themselves Beta Israel, become the
foundation for a population in 2010 of nearly 100,000
Jews of Ethiopian ancestry in Israel.
1992 The United States and the United Nations intervene in International Somalia 1901-2000
Somalia to end famine and civil war in that nation. Intervention
1993 Eritrea breaks away from Ethiopia to become an Independence Eritrea 1901-2000
independent nation on May 24. Its first head of state is
Isaias Afewerki. Eritrea is the first African nation to gain
its independence from another African nation.
1993 On October 3-4 in the Battle of Mogadishu, U.S. forces International Somalia 1901-2000
were besieged by Somali soldiers loyal to General Intervention
Mohammad Farrah Aidid. Nineteen U.S. troops and
approximately 300 Somali soldiers died before U.S.
troops withdrew from the area of the city controlled by
General Aidid's troops.
1993 In December Nelson Mandela and South African Humanitarian Sweden 1901-2000
President F.W. de Klerk are jointly presented the Nobel Awards
Peace Prize in Stockholm, Sweden.
1994 On April 27 South Africa holds its first non racially Anti-Apartheid South Africa 1901-2000
restricted election signaling the independence of the Campaign
nation. Nelson Mandela becomes the country's first
democratically elected President. He serves as
President from May 10, 1994 to June 14, 1999.
1994 Civil War in Rwanda between the majority Hutus and Civil War Rwanda 1901-2000
the ruling minority Tutsis becomes a massive
genocide as nearly one million Tutsis are massacred by
Hutus and nearly two million Rwandans flee to
neighboring countries.
1994 Emery Barnes becomes the first black speaker of the Politics Canada 1901-2000
British Columbia Legislative Assembly.
1995 The United States withdraws from Somalia after the International Somalia 1901-2000
debacle at Mogadishu in 1993. Intervention
1995 Benedita Souza da Silva Sampaio, is the first woman of Politics Brazil 1901-2000
African ancestry elected to the Brazilian Senate.
1995 Nigeria is expelled from the British Commonwealth Military Nigeria 1901-2000
because of its human rights abuses including the Dictatorship
execution of Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight other Ogoni
political activists who bring international attention to
the exploitation of the oil-producing Niger Delta.
1996 Ethiopian Fatuma Roba becomes the first African Black Athletes United States 1901-2000
woman to become an Olympic marathon champion.
She wins the gold medal at the Atlanta Games.
1996 John Taylor [Baron Taylor of Warwick] becomes the Politics Great Britain 1901-2000
first person of African ancestry to sit in the British
House of Lords.
1996 Addisu Messele is the first person of African ancestry Politics Israel 1901-2000
to be elected to the Knesset, the Israeli Parliament.
1996 Celso Roberto Pitta do Nascimento becomes the firt Politics Brazil 1901-2000
black mayor of Sao Paulo, Brazil's largest city.
1997 After 32 years in power, President Mobutu Sese Seko is Military Congo 1901-2000
ousted in Zaire by rebel leader Laurent Kabila who Dictatorship
declares the nation the Democratic Republic of Congo.
1997 Kofi A. Annan becomes the seventh Secretary General International United States 1901-2000
of the United Nations and the first African to hold the Organizations
post. He remains Secretary General until 2007.
1998 Terrorist bombing attacks at two U.S. Embassies Terrorism Tanzania 1901-2000
in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania kill 250
people and injure another 6,000.
1999 Mpule Kwelagobe of Botswana wins Miss Universe Beauty Pageants Botswana 1901-2000
beauty pageant, becoming the first black African-born
woman to hold the title.
1999 Civilian rule is reestablished in Nigeria after nearly three Military Nigeria 1901-2000
decades of military control of the national government. Dictatorship
2001 United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan receives Humanitarian Sweden 2001-
the Nobel Peace Prize in Stockholm, Sweden. Awards
2001 World Conference Against Racism is held in Durban, International South Africa 2001-
South Africa. Diplomacy
2002 President Robert Mugabe wins disputed election and Politics Zimbabwe 2001-
then arrests opposition leader Morgan Tsvangirai on
charges of treason. The country is expelled from the
British Commonwealth.
2002 On July 9, the African Union is formed with its International Ethiopia 2001-
headquarters in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The African Organizations
Union (AU) is the successor organization to
the Organization of African Unity (OAU).
2002 Yvette Jarvis, a native of New York City, is the first Politics Greece 2001-
person of African ancestry to be elected to the City
Council of Athens, Greece.
2003 First Conference of legislators of African descent from International Brazil 2001-
the Americas and the Caribbean meet in Brasilia, Brazil. Diplomacy
2004 Wangari Maathai becomes the first African woman to The Environment Kenya 2001-
win a Nobel Prize. She is selected for her environmental
work in her native Kenya.
2005 Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf becomes the first African woman Politics Liberia 2001-
to lead an African nation when she is elected president
of Liberia
2005 On September 27, 2005 Michaelle Jean was installed Politics Canada 2001-
as the 27th Governor General of Canada. As Governor
General she is appointed by the Queen of England as
Canada's titular Head of State.
2006 Portia Simpson-Miller, leader of the People's National Politics Jamaica 2001-
Party of Jamaica, becomes the nation's first female
prime minister.
2006 Loria Raquel Dixon Brautigam is elected to the Politics Nicaragua 2001-
Nicaraguan National Assembly where she represents
the North Atlantic Autonomous Region of Nicaragua.
She is the first woman of African ancestry to sit in the
Assembly.
2006 In September Mayann E. Francis, a career public Politics Canada 2001-
servant, became the first Nova Scotian of African
descent to become Lieutenant Governor of the
province. She is the second woman to hold that post.
2008 Dean Oliver Barrow becomes the first black Prime Politics Belize 2001-
Minister of Belize.
2009 On December 10 U.S. President Barack Obama receives Humanitarian Sweden 2001-
the Nobel Peace Prize in Stockholm, Sweden. Awards
2010 On January 12, a 7.0 magnitude earthquake devastated Natural Disaster Haiti 2001-
the Haitian capital of Port-Au-Prince and much of the
rest of the nation. Preliminary estimates of the dead
exceeded 250,000, making this one of the worst
earthquakes in terms of loss of life in the modern era.
2010 The FIFA World Cup is held on the African continent for Black Athletes South Africa 2001-
the first time when the games are played in
Johannesburg, South Africa.
2011 South Sudan becomes an independent nation when it Independence Sudan 2001-
breaks away from Sudan.
2013 The Death and State Funeral of former South African Politics South Africa 2001-
President Nelson Mandela.
2014 The worst Ebola epidemic in recent history sweeps Pandemics Africa 2001-
across Central and West Africa, killing 11,000 people.
2015 Boko Haram initiates terror attacks in Northern Nigeria. Terrorism Nigeria 2001-
Eventually more than 2,000 people are killed.
2015 Al-Shabaab carries out a mass shooting at a Nairobi, Terrorism Kenya 2001-
Kenya shopping mall, killing 148 people.
2017 Bombing in Mogadishu, Somalia attributed to al- Terrorism Somalia 2001-
Shabaab, kills 587 people in one of the deadliest
terrorist attacks in modern history.
2017 Robert Mugabe, President of Zimbabwe since its Military Zimbabwe 2001-
independence in 1980, is ousted from power in a Dictatorship
military coup.
2018 Epsy Campbell Barr is elected Vice President of Costa Politics Costa Rica 2001-
Rica.
2018 Wedding of Prince Harry of Great Britain and Meghan England 2001-
Markle of the United States.
2019 Omar al-Bashir, President of Sudan for 30 years, is Military Sudan 2001-
ousted in a military coup. Dictatorship
2020 COVID-19 pandemic begins, initiating a worldwide Pandemics 2001-
medical crisis that kills nearly two million people by the
end of the year.
2020 The murder of George Floyd by a Minneapolis, Racial Violence United States 2001-
Minnesota police officer sparks protests in 60 nations
around the world.
2021 The COVAX vaccine-sharing initiative delivers its first Pandemics Ghana 2001-
vaccines, 600,000 doses to health care workers in
Ghana.
2021 Tigray Defense forces seize the Tigrayan provincial Civil War Ethiopia 2001-
capital of Mekelle, initiating the Ethiopian Civil War.
2021 Haitian President Jovenal Moise is killed by Colombian Terrorism Haiti 2001-
mercenaries in the Presidential Palace in Port-au-
Prince.
2021 Abdulrazk Gurmah, originally from Tanzania and now Humanitarian England, 2001-
living in London, became only the second African since Awards Tanzania
Wole Soyinka to win the Nobel Prize in 1986.
2021 Barbados becomes a republic on the 55th anniversary Independence Barbados 2001-
of its independence from Great Britain. It remains in the
British Commonwealth of Nations.

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