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    ME 411-Lecture 04

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    Harun Sarıçam
    1) The document discusses isentropic flow, where flow is one-dimensional, steady, adiabatic and reversible with area changes. 2) Governing equations for continuity, momentum, energy and state are presented for compressible isentropic flow through a control volume. 3) Stagnation conditions are defined as the state where flow velocity is zero, and stagnation properties like enthalpy and temperature are independent of the acceleration/deceleration process.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    ME 411-Lecture 04

    Uploaded by

    Harun Sarıçam
    11 views8 pages
    1) The document discusses isentropic flow, where flow is one-dimensional, steady, adiabatic and reversible with area changes. 2) Governing equations for continuity, momentum, energy and state are presented for compressible isentropic flow through a control volume. 3) Stagnation conditions are defined as the state where flow velocity is zero, and stagnation properties like enthalpy and temperature are independent of the acceleration/deceleration process.

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    1) The document discusses isentropic flow, where flow is one-dimensional, steady, adiabatic and reversible with area changes. 2) Governing equations for continuity, momentum, energy and state are presented for compressible isentropic flow through a control volume. 3) Stagnation conditions are defined as the state where flow velocity is zero, and stagnation properties like enthalpy and temperature are independent of the acceleration/deceleration process.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    11 views8 pages

    ME 411-Lecture 04

    Uploaded by

    Harun Sarıçam
    1) The document discusses isentropic flow, where flow is one-dimensional, steady, adiabatic and reversible with area changes. 2) Governing equations for continuity, momentum, energy and state are presented for compressible isentropic flow through a control volume. 3) Stagnation conditions are defined as the state where flow velocity is zero, and stagnation properties like enthalpy and temperature are independent of the acceleration/deceleration process.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 8

    MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

    MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

    CHAPTER 4
    ISENTROPIC FLOW

    ME 411 GAS DYNAMICS 4. ISENTROPIC FLOW LECTURE 04 - 1/8


    MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
    MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

    4.1 INTRODUCTION

    The compressible flow is 3D in general, but the discussion is restricted to 1D flows


    Although the static pressure in a streamtube can be considered constant, the velocity chanes due to no-
    slip condition.
    But from a 1D point of wiev, it can be approximated by its average value so that it is uniform.

    From a one-dimensional point of wiev, the fluid properties in compressible flows are affected.
    (i) changes in the cross-sectional area
    (ii) friction
    (iii) heat transfer

    In many practical problems, these effects ocur simultaneously.


    Due to the complexity of the analysis of such flows, these factors are studied one at a time, while the
    others being neglected.

    ME 411 GAS DYNAMICS 4. ISENTROPIC FLOW LECTURE 04 - 2/8


    MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
    MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

    In this chapter, the effects of


    (i) friction and
    (ii) heat transfer
    are neglected.

    Therefore
    (i) steady
    (ii) one-dimensional
    (iii) adiabatic
    (iv) reveresible
    flows with area change are studied.

    These isentropic flows with area change are known as simple area change flows.

    ME 411 GAS DYNAMICS 4. ISENTROPIC FLOW LECTURE 04 - 3/8


    MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
    MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

    They have two important applications


    (i) flow in ducts
    (ii) flow in stream tubes
    are neglected.

    The flow in pipes and ducts is usually adiabatic.


    In the case of nozzles and diffusers, the ducts are usually very short so that the frictional effects are
    negligible.
    Therefore, the flow is reversible, hence it is isentropic.
    The main function of nozzles and diffusers are to accelerate or decelerate the flow as efficiently as
    possible.
    Therefore, isentropic process provides a useful standard for the comparison of the actal performance of
    nozzles and diffusers.

    For external flows around bodies and internal flows through passage, there are stream tubes which lie
    outside the boundary layer.
    In these stream tubes, the effects of heat transfer are negligible and the flow may be treated as isentropic

    ME 411 GAS DYNAMICS 4. ISENTROPIC FLOW LECTURE 04 - 4/8


    MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
    MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

    4.2 GOVERNING EQUATIONS

    Control volume

    Fp
    p1 p2
    1 2
    Flow V2
    V1
    direction h2
    h1
    A1 A2

    1
    2

    a) Continuity Equation
    For steady flows, mass flow rate is constant
    For 1D flows, flow properties are uniform (constant) over each cross-section
      1A1V1   2 A2V2
    m

    b) Momentum Equation
    For frictionless flows
    Fp  p1A1  p2 A2   2 A2V22  1A1V12

    where Fp is the pressure force acting on the side walls of the control volüme.

    ME 411 GAS DYNAMICS 4. ISENTROPIC FLOW LECTURE 04 - 5/8


    MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
    MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

    Control volume

    Fp
    p1 p2
    1 2
    Flow V2
    V1
    direction h2
    h1
    A1 A2

    1
    2
    c) Energy Equation
    When there is no heat transfer between the control volüme and its surroundings

    V12 V22
    h1   h2 
    2 2

    d) The Second Law of Thermodynamics

    For isentropic flows

    s1  s2

    e) Equation of State

    For isentropic flows

    p   RT

    ME 411 GAS DYNAMICS 4. ISENTROPIC FLOW LECTURE 04 - 6/8


    MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
    MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

    4.3 STAGNATION CONDITIONS


    The stagnation conditions are extremely important for defining a reference state for compressible
    flows.
    The stagnation state is defined as the state where the flow velocity is zero.

    Infinitely large Infinitely large


    reservoir reservoir

    p p Stagnation
    Stagnation
    Flow   Flow state
    state p0, T0
    V V
    p0, T0 h0, 0
    h h
    h0, 0
    T T

    Applying the energy equation


    V2
    h0  h 
    2
    where h0 is the stagnation enthalpy.

    The stagnation enthalpy has the same value for all states, which are reachable adiabatically from a
    given static state, whether the deceleration process is reversible or not.
    The stagnation enthalpy may be fixed by using the second law of thermodynamics
    s0  s

    ME 411 GAS DYNAMICS 4. ISENTROPIC FLOW LECTURE 04 - 7/8


    MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
    MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

    The deceleration process, which is governed by first and second law of thermodynamics, can be
    illustrated on a Mollier diagram.

    h T
    p0 p0
    h0 T0

    Stagnation Stagnation
    state state
    V2/2 V2/(2cp)
    p p
    h T
    Static state Static state
    s s
    s = s0 s = s0

    For a perfect gas, h = cpT, so that the energy equation becomes


    V2
    T0  T 
    2c p
    or using cp = kR/(k – 1) , so that the energy equation becomes
    k 1 2
    T0  T  V
    2kR
    where T0 is the stagnation temperature and it has the same value whether the acceleration or
    deceleration process is isentropic or not.

    ME 411 GAS DYNAMICS 4. ISENTROPIC FLOW LECTURE 04 - 8/8

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