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    The Digestive System Notes - Grade 9

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    bd6cpynwmp
    The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. There are two main types of digestion - mechanical and chemical. Mechanical digestion breaks food into smaller pieces using teeth and muscles. Chemical digestion breaks food down further using enzymes secreted by glands. As food moves through the digestive tract, different organs contribute to digestion. In the mouth, teeth and saliva begin breaking down carbohydrates. The stomach uses acid and enzymes to digest proteins into amino acids. In the small intestine, pancreatic juices and bile neutralize acidity and allow for fat and protein digestion. Nutrients are then absorbed through the intestinal walls and transported to the liver and cells.

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    The Digestive System Notes - Grade 9

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    bd6cpynwmp
    199 views3 pages
    The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. There are two main types of digestion - mechanical and chemical. Mechanical digestion breaks food into smaller pieces using teeth and muscles. Chemical digestion breaks food down further using enzymes secreted by glands. As food moves through the digestive tract, different organs contribute to digestion. In the mouth, teeth and saliva begin breaking down carbohydrates. The stomach uses acid and enzymes to digest proteins into amino acids. In the small intestine, pancreatic juices and bile neutralize acidity and allow for fat and protein digestion. Nutrients are then absorbed through the intestinal walls and transported to the liver and cells.

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    The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. There are two main types of digestion - mechanical and chemical. Mechanical digestion breaks food into smaller pieces using teeth and muscles. Chemical digestion breaks food down further using enzymes secreted by glands. As food moves through the digestive tract, different organs contribute to digestion. In the mouth, teeth and saliva begin breaking down carbohydrates. The stomach uses acid and enzymes to digest proteins into amino acids. In the small intestine, pancreatic juices and bile neutralize acidity and allow for fat and protein digestion. Nutrients are then absorbed through the intestinal walls and transported to the liver and cells.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    199 views3 pages

    The Digestive System Notes - Grade 9

    Uploaded by

    bd6cpynwmp
    The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. There are two main types of digestion - mechanical and chemical. Mechanical digestion breaks food into smaller pieces using teeth and muscles. Chemical digestion breaks food down further using enzymes secreted by glands. As food moves through the digestive tract, different organs contribute to digestion. In the mouth, teeth and saliva begin breaking down carbohydrates. The stomach uses acid and enzymes to digest proteins into amino acids. In the small intestine, pancreatic juices and bile neutralize acidity and allow for fat and protein digestion. Nutrients are then absorbed through the intestinal walls and transported to the liver and cells.

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    The Digestive System

    Nutrients:
     Water, vitamins and minerals
     only absorption
     Proteins, carbohydrates &
    Lipids  digestion and
    absorption.
     Proteins amino acids
     Lipids  fatty acids +
    glycerol
     Carbohydrates  simple
    sugars
     Fibers  no digestion so no
    absorption because NO
    cellulase.

    Types of Digestion:
    1) Mechanical Digestion: Larger pieces of food get broken down into smaller pieces while
    being prepared for chemical digestion. (in mouth & stomach)
    2) Chemical Digestion: by Enzymes. Breaking large molecules into small, soluble nutrients
    that can be absorbed.
     Peristalsis: the wave-like motion of the alimentary canal which move the food forwards.

    *** Keep in mind that Alimentary


    canal is a smooth muscle & muscles
    need to exercise to work well SO
    we need fibers, because we CANNOT
    digest them (No cellulase), which keep
    them hard for the muscles to work efficiently.
    (Prevents Constipation)
    The Organ Role in Digestion
    The MOUTH  Teeth: mechanical digestion (chewing).
     Tongue: Taste organ & mix food with saliva & swallowing.
    NEUTRAL pH  Salivary Glands: Produce saliva (water & amylase)
    ≈7  Amylase starts carbohydrates digestion.
     Starch amylase Maltose
    Pharynx  Epiglottis: prevents food from entering the larynx.
    Esophagus  Pathway between mouth & stomach. (No Digestion)
    Stomach  Pepsinogen secreted (inactive enzyme: cannot digest proteins)
     Hydrochloric acid (HCl): pH ≈ 2
    ACIDIC  Acidic pH to activate enzyme Pepsinogen  pepsin
    ≈2  Pepsin is a protease that digests proteins into amino acids.
    Small intestine  Receives chyme (food), pancreatic juice & Bile (from gall bladder)
    (Duodenum)  Pancreatic juice:
    1) Hydrogen carbonate (alkaline) to neutralize acidity
    ALKALINE 2) Enzymes for digestion (in alkaline pH):
    a- Amylase  for starch digestion
    b- Trypsin & Chymotrypsin  for protein digestion
    c- Lipase  for fat (lipids) digestion
    3) Hormones: (Negative feed-back loop)
    a- Insulin: to decrease glucose levels
    Glucose  Glycogen (storage polysaccharides in liver)
    b- Glucagon: to increase glucose levels
    Glycogen  Glucose (break the storage polysaccharides in liver)
     Bile: made in the liver. It’s an emulsifier (mechanical digestion) & alkaline:
    1) It emulsifies fat to help lipase digest them into glycerol & fatty acids
    2) It helps neutralize acidity of food from the stomach.
    Small intestine  Produces all needed enzymes to complete digestion: for example:
    (Ileum) Maltase (maltose  glucose + glucose)
    Lactase (lactose  glucose + galactose)
    ALKALINE Sucrase (sucrose  glucose + fructose)
     Many folds (Villi) to increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients
    into the blood  to the liver (through the hepatic portal vein).
     Fatty acids are large so they’ll be absorbed by lacteals (lymphatic
    capillaries) to be drained into the blood later.

    Large  Continue water absorption and some mineral ions


    Intestine  Bacteria helps in vitamins production
     Compact wastes to be stored in the rectum then egested through Anus.
    THE LIVER:
    1) Produces Bile that will be stored in the gall bladder.
    2) Stores nutrients (store glycogen & fat as triglycerides)
    3) Detoxification (e.g. Deamination of amino acids to produce urea)

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