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    Understanding of Phantom Loading - Electrical Concepts: Definition

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    Understanding of Phantom Loading - Electrical Concepts: Definition

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    24 views3 pages

    Understanding of Phantom Loading - Electrical Concepts: Definition

    Uploaded by

    norbertscribd

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    electricalbaba.

    com /understanding-of-phantom-loading/

    Understanding of Phantom Loading | Electrical Concepts


    admin

    4-5 minutes

    Definition:
    Phantom Loading is a loading condition in which an energy meter is connected to factious or phantom
    load for testing of energy meter with high current rating. Such loading is favorable to avoid wastage of
    energy during the test of measurement instrument.

    Testing of energy meters are carried out to verify the actual registration as well as the adjustment done
    to bring the meter error within acceptable limit. An energy meter is subjected to various kind of test like
    Creep Test, Starting Test etc.

    Phantom Loading Principle:


    Pressure coil (PC) is connected across the source and Current coil in series with the load for the test
    purpose. In another words, we can say that meter is directly connected to the load. This is known as
    direct loading. Direct loading of meter for testing is only adopted where the current rating of meter is
    considerably low. This method of directly connecting the meter to the circuit leads to wastage of
    appreciable amount of energy when the current rating of energy meter is high. Therefore we must
    devise a new way to test energy meters having high current rating. Phantom Loading is that new way.

    In Phantom Loading, the pressure coil is connected to the normal supply voltage and the current coil
    (CC) circuit is connected to a low voltage supply (phantom voltage). As the impedance of CC is low,
    therefore it is possible to circulate rated current through the CC with low voltage supply. The
    arrangement is shown below. In the figure value of voltages are just taken for example. These values
    will vary with rating of meter.

    Under phantom loading condition, the total power required for this test will be sum of power loss in PC
    and CC. Mathematically, power required to carry out test is given as below.

    = V2 / Rpc + VphIcc

    where V = Normal rated voltage of meter

    Rpc = Resistance of pressure coil

    Icc = Rated current of energy meter


    /
    Vph = phantom voltage connected with current coil

    Since Rpc is very high and Vph is very low (when compared with rated voltage of meter), therefore the
    total power required for the test under phantom loading will be very less. Let us now consider an
    example to better understand the facts discussed above.

    Solved Examples on Phantom Loading:


    Example: A 250 V, 5A DC Energy Meter is tested at its marked rating. The resistance of PC and CC are
    8800 Ω and 0.1 Ω respectively. Calculate the power consumed when testing the meter with

    1) Direct loading arrangement

    2) Phantom loading with current circuit excited by a 6 V battery.

    Solution:

    Case-1: Direct Loading Arrangement

    A schematic diagram for direct loading arrangement is shown below.

    Power consumed in PC circuit = (250)2 / 8800

    = 7.1 Watt

    Power consumed in CC circuit = 250×5

    = 1250 Watt

    Total power consumed during test = 1257.1 Watt

    (Don’t think that we are only calculating loss in CC rather we are calculating loss in whole CC circuit
    which includes load too. This is the reason we used VI for power calculation instead of using I2R as
    value of load resistance is not known.)

    Case-2: Phantom Loading

    The schematic diagram of phantom loading is given below.

    /
    Power consumed in PC circuit = (250)2 / 8800

    = 7.1 Watt

    Power consumed in CC circuit = 6×5

    = 30 Watt

    Total power consumed during test = 37.1 Watt

    Carefully observe the results of case-1 & 2. You will notice that loss in PC circuit is not affected. But loss
    in CC circuit is now only around 2.5 % of loss under direct loading condition. This percentage reduction
    in loss in CC circuit is equal to the percentage of phantom voltage w.r.t. rated voltage i.e. (6 / 250) x 100
    = 2.4 %. This means the lower the phantom voltage required to circulate the rated current in CC circuit,
    lower will be the power required for testing.

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