GASES

 Ideal Gases
 Real Gases
 Properties of Gases
• Gases are the third state of matter and are defined as compressible fluids.
• Gases depend on parameters such as temperature, pressure, volume and moles.
• Gases form homogeneous mixtures by mixing with each other in all proportions.
• The volumes, densities and pressures of gases depend on temperature.
• The expansion and compression levels of all gases are the same. Solid and liquid
do not have these properties.
• Gases are compressible and expandable due to plenty of empty spaces between
molecules;
• Particles are constantly moving and colliding especially with container walls;
• Collisions of particles with surfaces result in pressure.
 Properties of Gases
• Gases are made up of atoms and molecules. These particles in gases move in all
directions.
• They move randomly.
• Gases do not have a certain shape. They take the shape of the container where they
are in.
• The velocities of the gas molecules and Kinetic Energy depend on the temperature.
(The higher the temperature, the higher the Kinetic Energy).
• The pressure of a gas arises from the impact of the gas molecules on the walls of the
container in which they are located.
 Ideal gases
• In ideal gases, the atoms and molecules are considered quite apart
from each other.
• The distances between the particles are very larger than the particle
size;
• Therefore it is assumed that the ideal gas molecules and atoms
neither repel nor attract each other.
• It is assumed that the volume of the gas molecules is zero.
• Inter-particles attractions in gases are negligible;
 The number of molecules of a gas
• N= number of molecules
• n= number of moles
• MW= Molar mass
• Avogadro’s number, NA = 6,02x1023
• Calculation of number of moles = m (mass)/ MW molar mass
 Volume of gases
• Gas has no fixed shape or volume;

• Volume is related between all gases by Avogadro's hypothesis, which states: Equal volumes of
gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules.

• From this hypothesis, we derive the molar volume of a gas (volume/moles of gas).

This value, at 1 atm, and 0° C is shown below.

Vm= V/n (22,4 L at 0°C and 1 atm)

Where:

• Vm = molar volume, in liters, the volume that one mole of gas occupies under those conditions
V = volume in liters
n = moles of gas
 Pressure of gases
Pressure is defined as force per unit area; Pressure = P=F/A) = Force/ Area
Force = mass x acceleration.
If mass in kg and acceleration in m/s2, force, F = kg.m/s2 = Newton (N)
N/m2 =Pa (Pascal, SI Unit for pressure)
Pressure, P = N/m2
Atmospheric Pressure or Barometric Pressure?
Atmosphere contains a mixture of gases, mainly N2 and O2. Gas molecules constantly
collide with the Earth’s surface and results in the atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric
pressure is measured with a barometer, hence called barometric pressure.
 Measurement of atmospheric pressure
Toricelli Experiment

A tube with a cross section of 1 cm2 completely filled with Hg.

The tube is immersed in a container filled with mercury by preventing
to take air.
After a while it comes to balance with atmospheric pressure.
The level of mercury in the glass tube reaches the level of 760 mm at
0oC and at see level.
Hydrostatic pressure;
Pressure= g.d.h
Toricelli’s experiment
 Calculation of atmospheric pressure
The atmospheric pressure is the weight exerted by the atmosphere on a unit area of a
surface. Atmospheric pressure can be measured with a mercury barometer which is a long
glass tube full of mercury inverted in a mercury-filled container. Then, mercury flows out
of the tube, creating a vacuum in the head space, and stabilizes at an equilibrium height h
over the surface of the pool. This equilibrium requires; the pressure exerted on the Hg at
:
two points on the horizontal surface of the pool, A (inside the tube) and B (outside the tube)
is equal. PA at point A is that of the Hg column overhead, while the PB at point B is that of
the atmosphere pressure. We obtain PA from measurement of h:

PA = dHg gh
Where;
The density of mercury dHg= 13,6 g cm-3
The acceleration of gravity g = 980 cms-2
The mean value of h measured at sea level h= 76,0 cm and the corresponding atmospheric
pressure is 1,013x105 kgm-1 s-2 in SI units. The SI pressure unit is called the Pascal (Pa); 1
Pa = 1 kgm-1 s-2.
Customary pressure units are the atmosphere (atm)
1 atm = 1,013x105 Pa,
the bar, 1 b = 1x105 Pa, the millibar 1 mb = 100 Pa, and the torr= 1mmHg
 Question 1:
• If 1 atmospheric pressure supports a mercury column 76,0 cm tall, what height of
water column can be supported by the same pressure? (density of water = 1,00
g/cm3; density of mercury = 13,6 g/cm3)

Answer:

• PHg = dHg g hHg Pwater = dwater g hwater

• PHg = Pwater dHg g hHg = dwater g hwater

• 13,6 x 980 x 76 = 1,0 x 980 x hwater

• hwater = 1033,6 cm=10,3 m

 Manometer

• Manometer is a device used to measure gas pressure in a container.

• There are two types of manometers – opened-end and closed-end
manometers.
• How are these two manometer different from each other and how are
they alike?
• Which one gives the reading of the gas pressure in the tank directly?
• Which one requires you to know the air pressure in order to determine
the gas pressure in the gas tank?
Manometer
 Ideal Gas laws
• Gas laws are examined depending on the pressure (P), volume (V),
temperature (T) and number of moles (n).

• The most general statement of gas laws

P = f (T, V, n)
• The Gas Laws: Boyle’s Law, Charles’s Law, Gay Lussac Law and
Avogadro’s Laws

• Ideal gas law

 The Ideal Gas Laws: (Boyle’s, Charles’s Gay Lussac’s and
Avogadro’s Laws
• Gas behaviors are governed by the mathematical relationships between
pressure, temperature, volume, and the molar quantity of the gas. These
relationships are summarized into various gas laws as;
• Boyle’s law, which summarizes the inverse relationship between volume and
pressure of a gas sample at constant temperature; (P and V)
• Charles’s law summarizes the direct relationship between volume and
temperature at constant pressure; (T and V)
• Gay Lussac’s law summarizes the direct relationship between Pressure and
temperature at constant volume; (T and P)
• Avogadro’s law relates the gas volume to the molar quantity of the gas at
constant temperature and pressure. (V and n)
 Boyle’s Law:
• At constant temperature (T), gas volume (V) is inversely proportional to
its pressure (P).
• T is constant temperature and b is a numerical constant
• For a given quantity of gas at constant temperature, if the volume changes
from V1 to V2, then the gas pressure will also change from P1 to P2, such
that,

𝑃1
• P1 V1= P2 V2 then 𝑉2 = 𝑉1
𝑃2

• How would the plots of V versus P and V versus 1/P ?

Graph of Boyle’s law

At different Temperatures
 Charles’s and Gay Lussac Law:

• At constant pressure, the volume of a gas sample is directly

proportional to its temperature in Kelvin.

• V=cT (T temperature in Kelvin Unit, c is a numerical constant)

𝑉2 𝑉1 𝑉1
= and 𝑉2 = 𝑇2
𝑇2 𝑇1 𝑇1

• How would the plot of V versus T look like?

Relationship between volume and temperature
Schematically shown Relationship between V and T
 Relationship between Pressure and temperature

• At constant volume , the pressure of a gas sample is directly

proportional to its temperature in Kelvin.

• P=cT (T temperature in Kelvin Unit, c is a numerical constant)

𝑃2 𝑃1 𝑃1
• = and 𝑃2 = 𝑇2
𝑇2 𝑇1 𝑇1

• How would the plot of P versus T look like?

Relationship between Pressure and Temperature
Ideal gas Law
Combine temperature, pressure, volume and number of moles into one
equation.
If pressure is atm, Volume L, Temperature K, n = number of moles
R is called universal gas constant =0.082 L atm mol-1 K-1

V α nT/P volume proportion to temperature and number of moles.

Inversaly proportion of pressure.
The proportionality constant is defined as R (gas constant)
 R, Universal constant of a gas

• The values of R is;

• R = 0,082 Latm mol-1K-1
• R = 8,314 J mol-1K-1 (energy unit)
• R = 1,987 cal mol-1K-1 (energy unit)
• For 1 molecule R/NA = kB (Boltzman constant)
• kB = 1,38x10-16 erg K-1mol-1
 Properties of ideal gas
• The molecule in the gaseous state move with very large speeds and the
forces of attraction among them is not sufficient to bind the
molecules in one place, with the result that the molecules move
partially independent of one another.

• The ideal gas law has obtained a combination of all the individual gas
laws. Boyle’s Law, Charles law, Gay-Lussac’s Law, and Avogadro’s
Laws are the basis of the Ideal gas equation, PV = nRT
 Density of ideal gas
PV = nRT (1) • The density of a gas depends on the temperature
and pressure.
PV = (m/MW)RT (2) • At 2 different temperatures and pressures.
PMW = (m/V)RT (3) 𝑃1 𝑀1 𝑃2 𝑀2
• 𝑑1 = 𝑑2 =
𝑅𝑇1 𝑅𝑇2
d= m/V (4)
PM=dRT (5) 𝑑1 𝑃1 𝑇2
• =
𝑑2 𝑃2 𝑇1

• If the density of a gas is known at a certain

condition the density at different condition can be
calculated.
General Gas Equation
Schematically shown ideal gas laws
 Mixtures of Gases

 Gas laws apply to mixtures of gases.

 Simplest approach is to use ntotal, (total number of moles)

• Partial pressure
• Each component of a gas mixture exerts a pressure that it would exert if it
were in the container alone.
• The total pressure of the mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the
partial pressures of the component of gases
• PT= P1 + P2 + P3 + P4+.... ( at constant T,V)
• P1 = PT (n1/nT) x1 = n1/ nT x1 = mol fraction
Therefore P1 = PT x1 P2= PT x2 P3 = PT x3 ............
 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure

The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures of the components of the mixture.
PT= PH2 + PHe PT= 2.4 + 6.0 = 8.4 atm
Question: There is nitrogen gas at 2 atm pressure in a 24 liter container and oxygen gas at 2 atm pressure
in another 12 liter container. If both gases are mixed in a 10 liter container, what will be the total pressure
of the mixture and the partial pressure of each gas.

Solution: T= 273 K (constant)

Solution: PV=nRT

2 atm 24L = nN2 x 0,082 (Latm/molK) x273 K nN2 = 2,14 mol N2 gazı

2 atm 12L = nN2 x 0,082 (Latm/molK) x273 K nO2 = 1,07 mol O2 gazı

nTotal = 2.14 + 1.07 = 3,21 mol

Ptotal 10 = 3,21 x 0,082 x273 Ptotal = 7,1 atm

PN2 = PT (nN2/nT) PO2 = PT (nNO2/nT)

PN2 =7,1 (2,14 /3,21)= 4,73 atm PO2 = 7,1 (1,07 /3,21) =2,36 atm
 Amagat Partial Volume
• The volume of gas mixture (VT) is equal to the sum of the component volumes of
each individual component in the gas mixture at the same temperature and
pressure
• VT= V1 + V2 + V3 + V4+.... ( at constant T,P)
V1 = VT (n1/nT) x1 = n1/ nT x1 = mol fraction
Therefore V1 = VT x1 V2= VT x2 V3 = VT x3 ............

PT= P1 + P2 + P3 + P4+.... ( at constant T,V)

V1/ n1= V2/n2 = V3/ n3= .......
Question 2: What is the pressure, in kilopascals exerted by 1,00x1020 molecules of N2 as ideal gas in
a 305 mL flask at 175 OC?
R = 8,314 J / mol K = 8,314 J mol-1 K-1

Joule = Newton . meter

J=N.m

Pascal (Pa) = N/m2

N = (Pa) .m2

J = Pa.m2 m = Pa . m3

R = 8,314 Pa . m3 mol-1 K-1

Question 4: What is the density of nitrogen gas (N2) at 248,0 Torr and 18oC?

Solution
Given information
P = 248,0 Torr = 248 mm Hg = 0,326 Atm
V=?
n=?
R = 0,082 Latm mol-1 K-1
T = 18 OC = 273+18 =291 K

P x M= d x R x T
0.326 x28 = d x 0,082 x 291K d= 0,383 g/cm3
 Partial Pressure
Ptot = Pa + Pb +… Where; Pa , Pb .... Partial pressures

Va = naRT/Ptot and Vtot = Va + Vb+…

Va naRT/Ptot na
= = = a
Vtot ntotRT/Ptot ntot

a is mol fraction

Pa naRT/Vtot na
= =
Ptot ntotRT/Vtot ntot
Question 5: Find the volume, in mL, when 7.00 g of O2 and 1.50 g of Cl2 are mixed in a
container with a pressure of 482 atm and at a temperature of 22 OC. (Mol weight O2=32 and
Cl2=71 g/mol)

Solution

nO2 = 7/32 = 0.219 moles nCl2 = 1.5/71=0.0211 moles

nTotal = nO2 + nCl2 = 0.219 + 0.0211 = 0.2401

PtotalV = ntotal R T T= 273 + 22 = 295K

482 V = 0.2401 x 0.082x 295 = 5.81 V=0.012 L