The Reinforced Concrete Buildings Design: For Wind and Earthquake Loads Resilience

The Reinforced Concrete Buildings Design
for Wind and Earthquake Loads Resilience

Using ETABS, SAFE and AutoCAD
ACI318-19 & ASCE7-16
Eng. Sami Alezzo
The Reinforced Concrete Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

1. One-Way Slabs.
2. Two-Way Slabs.
3. Two-Way Joist Slabs.
4. Beams.
Outline 5. One- Way Joist Slabs.
One-Way Slab
7.3.1 Minimum slab thickness
7.3.1.1 For solid non-prestressed slabs not supporting or attached to partitions or other construction likely
to be damaged by large deflections, overall slab thickness ℎ shall not be less than the limits in Table 7.3.1.1,
unless the calculated deflection limits of 7.3.2 are satisfied.
Table 7.3.1.1 – Minimum thickness of solid non-prestressed one-way slabs

Support Condition Minimum 𝒉[𝟏]
Simply supported 𝑙/20
One end continuous 𝑙/24
Both end continuous 𝑙/28
Cantilever 𝑙/10
[1] Expression applicable for normal weight concrete and 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎. For other cases, minimum ℎ shall
be modified in accordance with 7.3.1.1.1 through 7.3.1.1.3 as appropriate.
The Reinforced Concrete Building Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

One-Way Slab
7.3.1.1.1 For 𝑓𝑦 other than 420 MPa, the expressions in Table 7.3.1.1 shall be multiplied by
(0.4 + 𝑓𝑦 /700).
7.3.1.1.2 For non-prestressed slabs made of lightweight concrete having 𝒘𝒄 in the range of 1440 to
1840 kg/m3, the expressions in Table 7.3.1.1 shall be multiplied by the greater of (a) and (b):
( a ) 1.65 − 0.0003 𝑤𝑐
( b ) 1.09
7.3.2 Calculated deflection limits

7.3.2.1 For non-prestressed slabs not satisfying 7.3.1 and for prestressed slabs, immediate and time-
dependent deflections shall be calculated in accordance with 24.2 and shall not exceed the limits in
24.2.2.

One-Way Slab
7.6.1 Minimum flexural reinforcement in non-prestressed slabs

7.6.1.1 A minimum area of flexural reinforcement, 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 , of 0.0018 𝐴𝑔 shall be provided.
7.6.3 Minimum shear reinforcement

7.6.3.1 A minimum area of shear reinforcement,𝐴𝑣,𝑚𝑖𝑛 , shall be provided in all regions where 𝑉𝑢 > ∅𝑉𝑐 .
7.6.3.3 If shear reinforcement is required, 𝐴𝑣,𝑚𝑖𝑛 shall be in accordance with 9.6.3.4.
9.6.3.4 If shear reinforcement is required and torsional effects can be neglected according to 9.5.4.1, 𝐴𝑣,𝑚𝑖𝑛 shall be
in accordance with Table 9.6.3.4.

One-Way Slab
9.5.4.1 If 𝑻𝒖 < ∅𝑻𝒕𝒉 , where 𝑻𝒕𝒉 is given in 22.7, it shall be permitted to neglect torsional effects. The minimum
reinforcement requirements of 9.6.4 and the detailing requirements of 9.7.5 and 9.7.6.3 need not be satisfied.
9.6.4 Minimum torsional reinforcement

9.6.4.1 A minimum area of torsional reinforcement shall be provided in all regions where 𝑻𝒖 ≥ ∅𝑻𝒕𝒉 in accordance
with 22.7.
9.6.4.2 If torsional reinforcement is required, minimum transverse reinforcement (𝑨𝒗 + 𝟐𝑨𝒕 )𝒎𝒊𝒏 /𝒔 shall be the
greater of (a) and (b):
𝑏
( a ) 0.062 𝑓′𝑐 𝑓𝑤
𝑦𝑡
𝑏𝑤
( b ) 0.35 𝑓𝑦𝑡
9.6.4.3 If torsional reinforcement is required, minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement Aℓ,min shall be the lesser of
(a) and (b):
0.42 𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑐𝑝 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡 0.42 𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑐𝑝 0.175𝑏𝑤 𝑓𝑦𝑡

(a) − 𝑃ℎ (b) − 𝑃ℎ
𝑓𝑦 𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑓𝑦

One-Way Slab
7.7.2 Reinforcement spacing

7.7.2.1 Minimum spacing s shall be in accordance with 25.2.
25.2.1 For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement in a horizontal layer, clear spacing shall be at least the greatest of
25 mm, 𝒅𝒃 , and (4/3) 𝒅𝒂𝒈𝒈 .
25.2.2 For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement placed in two or more horizontal layers, reinforcement in the
upper layers shall be placed directly above reinforcement in the bottom layer with a clear spacing between layers of
at least 25 mm.
7.7.2.3 For non-prestressed and Class T and C prestressed slabs with unbonded tendons, maximum spacing s of
deformed longitudinal reinforcement shall be the lesser of 3h and 450 mm.

One-Way Slab
7.7.2.4 Maximum spacing, s, of reinforcement required by 7.5.2.3 shall be the lesser of 5h and 450 mm.
7.5.2.3 If primary flexural reinforcement in a slab that is considered to be a T-beam flange is parallel to the
longitudinal axis of the beam, reinforcement perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the beam shall be provided in
the top of the slab in accordance with (a) and (b). This provision does not apply to joist construction.
(a) Slab reinforcement perpendicular to the beam shall be designed to resist the factored load on the
overhanging slab width assumed to act as a cantilever.
(b) Only the effective overhanging slab width in accordance with 6.3.2 need be considered.
6.3.2.1 For non-prestressed T-beams supporting monolithic

or composite slabs, the effective flange width bf shall include
the beam web width 𝒃𝒘 plus an effective overhanging flange
width in accordance with Table 6.3.2.1, where 𝒉 is the slab
thickness and 𝑺𝒘 is the clear distance to the adjacent web.
6.3.2.2 Isolated non-prestressed T-beams in which the flange

is used to provide additional compression area shall have a
flange thickness greater than or equal to 𝟎. 𝟓𝒃𝒘 and an
effective flange width less than or equal to 𝟒𝒃𝒘 .

One-Way Slab

One-Way Slab
7.6.4 Minimum shrinkage and temperature reinforcement
7.6.4.1 Reinforcement shall be provided to resist shrinkage and temperature stresses in accordance with 24.4.
24.4.3.1 Deformed reinforcement to resist shrinkage and temperature stresses shall conform to Table 20.2.2.4(a) and
shall be in accordance with 24.4.3.2 through 24.4.3.5.
24.4.3.2 The ratio of deformed shrinkage and temperature reinforcement area to gross concrete area shall be greater
than or equal to 0.0018.
24.4.3.3 The spacing of deformed shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall not exceed the lesser of 5h and 450
mm.
24.4.3.4 At all sections where required, deformed reinforcement used to resist shrinkage and temperature stresses
shall develop 𝑓𝑦 in tension.

Two-Way Slab

Two-Way Slab

8.3.1.1 For non-prestressed slabs without interior beams spanning between supports on all sides, having a
maximum-ratio of long-to-short span of 2, overall slab thickness h shall not be less than the limits in Table 8.3.1.1,
and shall be at least the value in (a) or (b), unless the calculated deflection limits of 8.3.2 are satisfied:
(a) Slabs without drop panels as given in 8.2.4.... 125 mm

(b) Slabs with drop panels as given in 8.2.4......... 100 mm
For 𝒇𝒚 exceeding 550 MPa, the calculated deflection limits in 8.3.2 shall be satisfied assuming a reduced modulus
of rupture 𝑓𝑟 = 0.41 𝑓′𝑐 .

Two-Way Slab
Table 8.3.1.1 Minimum thickness of non-prestressed two-way slabs without interior beams (𝑚𝑚)[1] :
Without drop panels [3] With drop panels [3]

Exterior panels Exterior panels
𝑓𝑦 , 𝑀𝑃𝑎 [2] Without edge beams With edge beams [4] Interior panels Without edge beams With edge beams [4] Interior panels
280 ℓn/33 ℓn/36 ℓn/36 ℓn/36 ℓn/40 ℓn/40
420 ℓn/30 ℓn/33 ℓn/33 ℓn/33 ℓn/36 ℓn/36
550 ℓn/27 ℓn/30 ℓn/30 ℓn/30 ℓn/33 ℓn/33
[1] 𝑙𝑛 is the clear span in the long direction, measured face-to-face of supports (mm).
[2] For 𝑓𝑦 between values given in the table, minimum thickness shall be calculated by liner interpolation.
[3] Drop panels as given in 8.2.4.
[4] Slabs with beams between columns along exterior edges. Exterior panels shall be considered to be without edge
beams if 𝜶𝒇 is less than 0.8.

Two-Way Slab
Figure: Minimum Thickness of Slabs without Interior Beams (Grade 60 Reinforcement):

Two-Way Slab
8.2.4 A drop panel in a non-prestressed slab, where used to reduce the minimum required thickness in accordance
with 8.3.1.1 or the quantity of deformed negative moment reinforcement at a support in accordance with
8.5.2.2, shall satisfy (a) and (b):
(a) The drop panel shall project below the slab at least one-fourth of the adjacent slab thickness.
(b) (b) The drop panel shall extend in each direction from the centerline of support a distance not less
than one-sixth the span length measured from center-to-center of supports in that direction.

Two-Way Slab
8.2.5 A shear cap, where used to increase the critical section for shear at a slab-column joint, shall project below the
slab soffit and extend horizontally from the face of the column a distance at least equal to the thickness of the
projection below the slab soffit.

Two-Way Slab
8.3.1.2 For non-prestressed slabs with beams spanning between supports on all sides, overall slab thickness h shall
satisfy the limits in Table 8.3.1.2, unless the calculated deflection limits of 8.3.2 are satisfied.
Table 8.3.1.2 Minimum thickness of non-prestressed two-way slabs with beams

spanning between supports on all sides :
[𝟏]
𝜶𝒇𝒎 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 ℎ, 𝑚𝑚
𝛼𝑓𝑚 ≤ 0.2 8.3.1.1 applies (a)
𝑓𝑦
𝑙𝑛 0.8 + 1400
Greater (𝑏) 1 [2]
0.2 < 𝛼𝑓𝑚 ≤ 2
of: 36 + 5 𝛽 (𝛼𝑓𝑚 − 0.2)
125 (c)
𝑓𝑦
𝑙𝑛 0.8 + 1400
Greater (d)
𝛼𝑓𝑚 > 2
of: 36 + 9 𝛽
90 (e)

Two-Way Slab
[1] 𝛼𝑓𝑚 is the average value of 𝛼𝑓 for all beams on edges of a panel.
[2] 𝑙𝑛 is the clear span in the long direction, measured face-to-face of supports (mm).
[3] β is the ratio of clear spans in long to short directions of slab.
8.3.1.2.1 At discontinuous edges of slabs conforming to 8.3.1.2, an edge beam with 𝛼𝑓 ≥ 0.80 shall be provided,
or the minimum thickness required by (b) or (d) of Table 8.3.1.2 shall be increased by at least 10 percent in the
panel with a discontinuous edge.
8.3.1.4 If single- or multiple-leg stirrups are used as shear reinforcement, the slab thickness shall be sufficient to
satisfy the requirements for d in 22.6.7.1
22.6.7.1 Single- or multiple-leg stirrups fabricated from bars or wires shall be permitted to be used as shear
reinforcement in slabs and footings satisfying (a) and (b):
(a) d is at least 150 mm.
(b) d is at least 𝟏𝟔𝒅𝒃 , where 𝒅𝒃 is the diameter of the stirrups.

Two-Way Slab

8.3.2.1 Immediate and time-dependent deflections shall be calculated in accordance with 24.2 and shall not exceed
the limits in 24.2.2 for two-way slabs given in (a) through (c):
(a) Non-prestressed slabs not satisfying 8.3.1.

(b) Non-prestressed slabs without interior beams spanning between the supports on all sides and having a
ratio of long-to-short span exceeding 2.0.
(c) Pre-stressed slabs.

Two-Way Solid Slab
8.7.2 Flexural reinforcement spacing
7.7.2.1 Minimum spacing S shall be in accordance with 25.2.
25 mm, 𝒅𝒃 , and (4/3) 𝒅𝒂𝒈𝒈 .
at least 25 mm.
8.7.2.2 For non-prestressed solid slabs, maximum spacing S of deformed longitudinal reinforcement shall be the
lesser of 2h and 450 mm at critical sections, and the lesser of 3h and 450 mm at other sections.

Two-Way Solid Slab
8.7.3 Corner restraint in slabs
8.7.3.1 At exterior corners of slabs supported by edge walls or where one or more edge beams have a value of 𝛼𝑓
greater than 1.0, reinforcement at top and bottom of slab shall be designed to resist 𝑀𝑢 per unit width due to corner
effects equal to the maximum positive 𝑀𝑢 per unit width in the slab panel.
8.7.3.1.1 Factored moment due to corner effects, 𝑀𝑢 , shall be assumed to be about an axis perpendicular to the
diagonal from the corner in the top of the slab and about an axis parallel to the diagonal from the corner in the
bottom of the slab.
8.7.3.1.2 Reinforcement shall be provided for a distance in each direction from the corner equal to one-fifth the
longer span.
8.7.3.1.3 Reinforcement shall be placed parallel to the diagonal in the top of the slab and perpendicular to the
diagonal in the bottom of the slab. Alternatively, reinforcement shall be placed in two layers parallel to the sides of
the slab in both the top and bottom of the slab.

Two-Way Solid Slab
Notes:
1. Applies when B-2 or B-2 has 𝛼𝑓 > 1.0
2. Maximum bar spacing 2ℎ, Where ℎ = slab thickness.

Two-Way Solid Slab
8.7.6 Shear reinforcement – stirrups
8.7.6.1 Single-leg, simple-U, multiple-U, and closed stirrups shall be permitted as shear reinforcement.
8.7.6.3 If stirrups are provided, location and spacing shall be in accordance with Table 8.7.6.3
Table 8.7.6.3 First stirrup location and spacing limits

Maximum distance
Direction of measurement Description of measurement
or spacing, mm
Distance from column face to first
𝑑/2
stirrup
Perpendicular to column face
𝑑/2
Spacing between stirrups
Spacing between vertical legs of

Parallel to column face 2𝑑
stirrups

Two-Way Solid Slab
Fig. R8.7.6(d)—Arrangement of stirrup shear reinforcement, interior column.

Two-Way Solid Slab
Fig. R8.7.6(e)—Arrangement of stirrup shear reinforcement, edge column.

Two-Way Solid Slab
Fig. R8.7.6(a)-(c)—Single- or multiple-leg stirrup-type slab shear reinforcement.

Two-Way Solid Slab
8.7.7 Shear reinforcement – headed studs
8.7.7.1 Headed shear stud reinforcement shall be permitted if placed perpendicular to the plane of the slab.
8.7.7.1.1 The overall height of the shear stud assembly shall be at least the thickness of the slab minus the sum of (a)
through (c):
(a) Concrete cover on the top flexural reinforcement

(b) Concrete cover on the base rail
(c) One-half the bar diameter of the flexural tension reinforcement

Two-Way Solid Slab
8.7.7.1.2 Headed shear stud reinforcement location and spacing shall be in accordance with Table 8.7.7.1.2.
Table 8.7.7.1.2- Shear stud location and spacing limits

Maximum
Direction of
Description of measurement Condition distance or
measurement
spacing, mm
Distance from column face to
All 𝑑/2
peripheral line of shear studs
Non-prestressed
Perpendicular to 𝑣𝑢 ≤ 0.5∅ 𝑓′𝑐 3d/4
Slab with
column face Constant spacing between
Non-prestressed
peripheral lines of shear studs 𝑣𝑢 > 0.5∅ 𝑓′𝑐 d/2
Slab with
Prestressed slabs conforming to 22.6.5.4 3d/4
Parallel to column Spacing between adjacent shear
face studs on peripheral line nearest to All 2d
column face

Fig. R8.7.7—Typical arrangements of headed shear stud reinforcement and critical sections.
Two-Way Joist Slab ( Waffle Slab )
8.8.1 General
8.8.1.1 Non-prestressed two-way joist construction consists of a monolithic combination of regularly spaced ribs
and a top slab designed to span in two orthogonal directions.
8.8.1.2 Width of ribs shall be at least 100 mm at any location along the depth.
8.8.1.3 Overall depth of ribs shall not exceed 3.5 times the minimum width.
8.8.1.4 Clear spacing between ribs shall not exceed 750 mm.
8.8.1.5 𝑽𝒄 shall be permitted to be taken as 1.1 times the value calculated in 22.5.
8.8.1.6 For structural integrity, at least one bottom bar in each joist shall be continuous and shall be anchored to
develop 𝑓𝑦 at the face of supports.
8.8.1.7 Reinforcement area perpendicular to the ribs shall satisfy slab moment strength requirements, considering
load concentrations, and shall be at least the shrinkage and temperature reinforcement area in accordance with 24.4.
8.8.1.8 Two-way joist construction not satisfying the limitations of 8.8.1.1 through 8.8.1.4 shall be designed as slabs
and beams.
Two-Way Joist Slab ( Waffle Slab )
8.8.2 Joist systems with structural fillers
8.8.2.1 If permanent burned clay or concrete tile fillers of material having a unit compressive strength at least equal
to 𝑓′𝑐 in the joists are used, 8.8.2.1.1 and 8.8.2.1.2 shall apply.
8.8.2.1.1 Slab thickness over fillers shall be at least the greater of one-twelfth the clear distance between ribs and 40
mm.
8.8.3 Joist systems with other fillers

8.8.3.1 If fillers not complying with 8.8.2.1 or removable forms are used, slab thickness shall be at least the greater
of one-twelfth the clear distance between ribs and 50 mm.

Beams
9.3.1 Minimum beam depth
9.3.1.1 For non-prestressed beams not supporting or attached to partitions or other construction likely to be
damaged by large deflections, overall beam depth h shall satisfy the limits in Table 9.3.1.1, unless the
calculated deflection limits of 9.3.2 are satisfied.
Table 7.3.1.1 – Minimum depth of non-prestressed beams

Support Condition Minimum 𝒉[𝟏]
Simply supported 𝑙/16
One end continuous 𝑙/18.5
Both end continuous 𝑙/21
Cantilever 𝑙/8
[1] Expression applicable for normal weight concrete and 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎. For other cases, minimum ℎ shall
be modified in accordance with 9.3.1.1.1 through 7.3.1.1.3 as appropriate.

Beams
9.3.1.1.1 For 𝑓𝑦 other than 420 MPa, the expressions in Table 9.3.1.1 shall be multiplied by
(0.4 + 𝑓𝑦 /700).
7.3.1.1.2 For non-prestressed beams made of lightweight concrete having 𝒘𝒄 in the range of 1440 to
1840 kg/m3, the expressions in Table 9.3.1.1 shall be multiplied by the greater of (a) and (b):
( a ) 1.65 − 0.0003 𝑤𝑐
( b ) 1.09
9.3.2.1 For non-prestressed beams not satisfying 9.3.1 and for prestressed beams, immediate and time-
dependent deflections shall be calculated in accordance with 24.2 and shall not exceed the limits in
24.2.2

Beams
9.6.1 Minimum flexural reinforcement in non-prestressed beams
9.6.1.1 A minimum area of flexural reinforcement,𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 , shall be provided at every section where
tension reinforcement is required by analysis.
9.6.1.2 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 shall be the larger of (a) and (b), except as provided in 9.6.1.3. For a statically determinate
beam with a flange in tension, the value of 𝑏𝑤 shall be the smaller of 𝑏𝑓 and 2𝑏𝑤 . The value of 𝑓𝑦 shall be
limited to a maximum of 550 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
0.25 𝑓′𝑐
(a) 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑓𝑦
1.4
(b) 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑓𝑦
9.6.1.3 If 𝐴𝑠 provided at every section is at least one-third greater than 𝐴𝑠 required by analysis, 9.6.1.1
and 9.6.1.2 need not be satisfied.

Beams
9.6.3 Minimum shear reinforcement
9.6.3.1 For non-prestressed beams, minimum area of shear reinforcement, 𝐴𝑣,𝑚𝑖𝑛 , shall be provided in
all regions where 𝑉𝑢 > 0.083∅𝝀 𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝒘 𝒅 except for the cases in Table 9.6.3.1. For these cases, at least
𝐴𝑣,𝑚𝑖𝑛 shall be provided where 𝑉𝑢 > 𝜙𝑉𝑐 .
Table 9.6.6.1- Cases where 𝐴𝑣,𝑚𝑖𝑛 is not required if 𝑉𝑢 ≤ 𝜙𝑉𝑐

Beam type Conditions
Shallow depth h ≤ 250 mm
h ≤ greater of 2.5tf or 0.5bw
Integral with slab and
h ≤ 600 mm
Constructed with steel fiber-reinforced h ≤ 600 mm

normal-weight concrete conforming to and
26.4.1.5.1(a), 26.4.2.2(i), and 26.12.7.1(a)
and with fc′ ≤ 40 MPa 𝑉𝑢 ≤ 0.17∅𝜆 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
One-way joist system In accordance with 9.8

Beams
9.6.3.4 If shear reinforcement is required and torsional effects can be neglected according to 9.5.4.1,
𝐴𝑣,𝑚𝑖𝑛 shall be in accordance with Table 9.6.3.4.
Table 9.6.3.4- Required 𝐴𝑣,𝑚𝑖𝑛
Beam type 𝑨𝒗,𝒎𝒊𝒏 Τ𝒔
𝑏𝑤
0.062 𝑓′𝑐 (a)
𝑓𝑦𝑡
Non-prestressed Greater of:
𝑏𝑤
0.35 (b)
𝑓𝑦𝑡

Beams
9.6.4 Minimum torsional reinforcement
9.6.4.1 A minimum area of torsional reinforcement shall be provided in all regions where 𝑻𝒖 ≥ ∅ 𝑻𝒕𝒉 in
accordance with 22.7.
9.6.4.2 If torsional reinforcement is required, minimum transverse reinforcement (𝑨𝒗 + 𝟐𝑨𝒕 )𝒎𝒊𝒏 /𝒔 shall
be the greater of (a) and (b):
𝑏𝑤
( a ) 0.062 𝑓′𝑐
𝑓𝑦𝑡
𝑏𝑤
( b ) 0.35
𝑓𝑦𝑡
9.6.4.3 If torsional reinforcement is required, minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement 𝑨𝒍,𝒎𝒊𝒏 shall be the lesser
of (a) and (b):
0.42 𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑐𝑝 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡 0.42 𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑐𝑝 0.175𝑏𝑤 𝑓𝑦𝑡

(a) − 𝑝ℎ (b) − 𝑝ℎ
𝑓𝑦 𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑓𝑦

Beams
9.7.2 Reinforcement spacing
9.7.2.1 Minimum spacing s shall be in accordance with 25.2.
25 mm, 𝒅𝒃 , and (4/3) 𝒅𝒂𝒈𝒈 .
at least 25 mm.
9.7.2.3 For non-prestressed and Class C prestressed beams with h exceeding 900 mm, longitudinal skin
reinforcement shall be uniformly distributed on both side faces of the beam for a distance h/2 from the
tension face. Spacing of skin reinforcement shall not exceed s given in 24.3.2, where 𝑪𝒄 is the clear cover
from the skin reinforcement to the side face. It shall be permitted to include skin reinforcement in
strength calculations if a strain compatibility analysis is made.

Beams
9.7.2.3 For non-prestressed and Class

C prestressed beams with h exceeding
900 mm, longitudinal skin
reinforcement shall be uniformly
distributed on both side faces of the
beam for a distance h/2 from the
tension face. Spacing of skin
reinforcement shall not exceed s given
in 24.3.2, where 𝑪𝒄 is the clear cover
from the skin reinforcement to the side
face. It shall be permitted to include
skin reinforcement in strength
calculations if a strain compatibility
analysis is made.
Fig. R9.7.2.3—Skin reinforcement for beams
and joists with h > 900 mm.

Beams
24.3.2 Spacing of bonded reinforcement closest to the tension face shall not exceed the limits in
Table 24.3.2, where cc is the least distance from surface of deformed or prestressed reinforcement to
the tension face. Calculated stress in deformed reinforcement, 𝑓𝑠 , and calculated change in stress in
bonded prestressed reinforcement, ∆𝑓𝑠 , shall be in accordance with 24.3.2.1 and 24.3.2.2,
respectively.

Beams
9.7.6 Transverse reinforcement

9.7.6.2 Shear
9.7.6.2.1 If required, shear reinforcement shall be provided using stirrups, hoops, or longitudinal bent
bars.
9.7.6.2.2 Maximum spacing of legs of shear

reinforcement along the length of the member and
across the width of the member shall be in
accordance with Table 9.7.6.2.2.
22.5.1.2 Cross-sectional dimensions shall be

selected to satisfy Eq. (22.5.1.2)
𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅ 𝑉𝑐 + 0.66 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

Beams
22.5.5 𝑉𝑐 for non-prestressed members
22.5.5.1 For non-prestressed members, 𝑉𝑐 shall be calculated in accordance with Table 22.5.5.1 and
22.5.5.1.1 through 22.5.5.1.3.
22.5.5.1.1 𝑽𝒄 shall not be taken greater than

0.42𝜆 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑.
22.5.5.1.2 In Table 22.5.5.1, the value of

𝑁𝑢 Τ6𝐴𝑔 shall not be taken greater than 0.05𝑓′𝑐 .
22.5.5.1.3 The size effect modification factor, 𝜆𝑠 ,

shall be determined by:
2
𝜆𝑠 =
1+0.004 𝑑

Beams
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝑑
The beam’s nominal steel shear strength is calculated by: 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑠
The designer usually calculate the required 𝑉𝑠 and then determine the stirrup size and spacing, so
𝑉
equation is rearranged as: 𝐴𝑣 Τ𝑠 = 𝑓 𝑠𝑑
𝑦
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑
The required stirrup spacing to satisfy strength requirement is: 𝑠 ≤ 𝑣𝑠
where the required nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement: 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑢 Τ∅ − 𝑉𝑐

Condition Spacing ACI318-19
𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑐 Τ2 No shear reinforcement required 9.6.3.1
Minimum shear 𝑑
∅𝑉𝑐 Τ2 < 𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑐 𝑠≤ ≤ 600𝑚𝑚 9.6.3.1
reinforcement 2
∅𝑉𝑐 Τ2 < 𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑐 + ∅ 0.33 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 𝑑

Non-prestressed 𝑠≤ ≤ 600𝑚𝑚
2
∅𝑉𝑐 Τ2 < 𝑉𝑢 ≤ 3 ∅𝑉𝑐 9.7.6.2.2
3ℎ
𝑠≤ ≤ 600𝑚𝑚
Prestressed 4
𝑉𝑠 ≤ 0.33 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
∅𝑉𝑐 + ∅ 0.33 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 < 𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑐 + ∅ 0.66 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 Non-prestressed 𝑑

𝑠≤ ≤ 300𝑚𝑚
4
3∅𝑉𝑐 < 𝑉𝑢 ≤ 5 ∅𝑉𝑐 9.7.6.2.2
Prestressed 3ℎ
𝑠≤ ≤ 300𝑚𝑚
0.33 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 < 𝑉𝑠 ≤ 0.66 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 8
𝑉𝑢 > ∅𝑉𝑐 + ∅ 0.66 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑉𝑢 > 5 ∅𝑉𝑐 Increase cross section 22.5.1.2
𝑉𝑠 > 0.66 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

Stirrup spacing, S
Required shear Required shear
Case
strength, 𝐕𝐮 reinforcement, 𝑨𝒗
Required Maximum
1 𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑐 Τ2 None --- ---
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 • Along the length:

0.062 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑠
0.062 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤
2
≤ 600𝑚𝑚
∅𝑉𝑐 Τ2 < 𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑐 𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛
2 𝐴𝑣,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 • Across the width:
0.35𝑏𝑤 𝑠
0.35𝑏𝑤
𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ d ≤ 600𝑚𝑚
❑ For 𝑉𝑢 − ∅𝑉𝑐 ≤ ∅ 0.33 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

o Along the length:
𝑑
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ ≤ 600𝑚𝑚
2
o Across the width:

𝑉𝑢 − ∅𝑉𝑐 𝑠 ∅ 𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ d ≤ 600𝑚𝑚
∅ 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑 𝑉𝑢 − ∅𝑉𝑐
3 ∅𝑉𝑐 < 𝑉𝑢 < 5 ∅𝑉𝑐 𝐴𝑣 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛
❑ For 𝑉𝑢 − ∅𝑉𝑐 > ∅ 0.33 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝐴𝑣,𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 o Along the length:
𝑑
4
o Across the width:
𝑑
2
4 𝑉𝑢 > 5 ∅𝑉𝑐 Increase cross section

Beams
9.7.6 Transverse reinforcement

9.7.6.3 Torsion
9.7.6.3.1 If torsional reinforcement shall be closed stirrups satisfying 25.7.1.6 or hoops.
9.7.6.3.3 Spacing of transverse torsional reinforcement shall not exceed the lesser of 𝑃ℎ /8 and 300 mm.

Beams

Beams

Beams

Beams
9.2.4.4 For torsional design according to 22.7, the overhanging flange width used to calculate 𝐴𝑐𝑝 , 𝐴𝑔 , and 𝑝𝑐𝑝
shall be in accordance with (a) and (b):
(a) The overhanging flange width shall

include that portion of slab on each side of the
beam extending a distance equal to the
projection of the beam above or below the
slab, whichever is greater, but not greater than
four times the slab thickness.
(b) The overhanging flanges shall be

neglected in cases where the parameter
𝐴2𝑐𝑝 ൗ𝑃𝑐𝑝 for solid sections or 𝐴𝑔2 ൗ𝑃𝑐𝑝 for
hollow sections calculated for a beam with
flanges is less than that calculated for the
same beam ignoring the flanges.

Beams
For beams cast monolithically with

slab, a portion of the slab may be able
to contribute to tortional resistance. The
overhanging flange width 𝑏𝑒 permitted
to be used in the calculations of 𝐴𝑐𝑝
and 𝑃𝑐𝑝 is given in ACI 9.24.4.
ℎ𝑏
𝑏𝑒 = 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 ቐ
4ℎ
Where:
ℎ𝑏 is the greater of the projection of
the beam above or below the slab.
Figure: Torsional section properties 𝐴𝑐𝑝 and 𝑃𝑐𝑝 for interior and
edge beams cast monolithically with the slab.

Beams
22.7.2 Limiting material strengths
22.7.2.1 The value of 𝑓′𝑐 used to calculate 𝑇𝑡ℎ and 𝑇𝑐𝑟 shall not exceed 8.3 MPa .
22.7.2.2 The values of 𝑓𝑦 and 𝑓𝑦𝑡 for longitudinal and transverse torsional reinforcement shall not exceed
the limits in 20.2.2.4.
R22.7.2.2 The upper limit of 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 on the values of 𝑓𝑦 and 𝑓𝑦𝑡 used in design is intended to control
diagonal crack width.

Beams
22.7.4 Threshold torsion
22.7.4.1 Threshold torsion 𝑇𝑡ℎ shall be calculated in accordance with Table 22.7.4.1(a) for solid cross
sections and Table 22.7.4.1(b) for hollow cross sections, where 𝑁𝑢 is positive for compression and
negative for tension.

Beams
22.7.5 Cracking torsion
22.7.4.1 Cracking torsion 𝑇𝑐𝑟 shall be calculated in accordance with Table 22.7.5.1for solid cross
sections and hollow cross sections, where 𝑁𝑢 is positive for compression and negative for tension.

Beams
22.7.6 Torsional strength
22.7.6.1 For non-prestressed and prestressed members, 𝑇𝑛 shall be the lesser of (a) and (b):
where 𝐴0 shall be determined by analysis, θ shall not be taken less than 30 degrees nor greater than 60
degrees; 𝐴𝑡 is the area of one leg of a closed stirrup resisting torsion; 𝐴𝑙 is the area of longitudinal
torsional reinforcement; and 𝑃ℎ is the perimeter of the centerline of the outermost closed stirrup.
22.7.6.1.1 In Eq. (22.7.6.1a) and (22.7.6.1b), it shall be permitted to take 𝐴0 equal to 0.85𝐴0ℎ .

Beams
22.7.1 General
22.7.1.1 If 𝑇𝑢 < ∅𝑇𝑡ℎ , it shall be permitted to neglect torsional effects.
22.7.3 Factored design torsion
22.7.3.1 If 𝑇𝑢 ≥ ∅𝑇𝑐𝑟 and 𝑇𝑢 is required to maintain equilibrium, the member shall be designed to resist 𝑇𝑢 .
22.7.3.2 In a statically indeterminate structure where 𝑇𝑢 ≥ ∅𝑇𝑐𝑟 and a reduction of 𝑇𝑢 can occur due to
redistribution of internal forces after torsional cracking, it shall be permitted to reduce 𝑇𝑢 to ∅𝑇𝑐𝑟 , where
the cracking torsion 𝑇𝑐𝑟 is calculated in accordance with 22.7.5.
22.7.3.3 If 𝑇𝑢 is redistributed in accordance with 22.7.3.2, the factored moments and shears used for design
of the adjoining members shall be in equilibrium with the reduced torsion.

Beams

Beams
22.7.7 Cross-sectional limits
22.7.7.1 Cross-sectional dimensions shall be selected such that

(a) or (b) is satisfied:
(a) For solid sections
2 2
𝑉𝑢 𝑇𝑢 𝑃ℎ 𝑉𝑐
+ ≤𝜑 + 0.66 𝑓𝑐′
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 1.7𝐴2𝑜ℎ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
(a) For hollow sections
𝑉𝑢 𝑇𝑢 𝑃ℎ 𝑉𝑐 ′
+ ≤ 𝜑 + 0.66 𝑓𝑐
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 1.7𝐴2𝑜ℎ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

Beams
22.7.7 Cross-sectional limits

22.7.7.1.2 For hollow sections where the wall thickness
varies around the perimeter, Eq. (22.7.7.1b) shall be evaluated
at the location where the term
𝑉𝑢 𝑇𝑢 𝑃ℎ
+
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 1.7𝐴2𝑜ℎ
is a maximum.
22.7.7.2 For hollow sections where the wall thickness is

less than 𝐴𝑜ℎ Τ𝑃ℎ , the term 𝑇𝑢 𝑃ℎ Τ1.7𝐴2𝑜ℎ in Eq. (22.7.7.1b)
shall be taken as 𝑇𝑢 Τ1.7𝐴𝑜ℎ 𝑡 , where 𝑡 is the thickness of the
wall of the hollow section at the location where the stresses
are being checked.

One-Way Joist Slab
9.8.1 General
9.8.1.1 Non-prestressed one-way joist construction consists of a monolithic combination of regularly spaced ribs
and a top slab designed to span in one direction.
9.8.1.2 Width of ribs shall be at least 100 mm at any location along the depth.
9.8.1.3 Overall depth of ribs shall not exceed 3.5 times the minimum width.
9.8.1.4 Clear spacing between ribs shall not exceed 750 mm.
9.8.1.5 𝑽𝒄 shall be permitted to be taken as 1.1 times the value calculated in 22.5.
8.8.1.6 For structural integrity, at least one bottom bar in each joist shall be continuous and shall be anchored to
develop 𝑓𝑦 at the face of supports.
8.8.1.7 Reinforcement area perpendicular to the ribs shall satisfy slab moment strength requirements, considering
load concentrations, and shall be at least the shrinkage and temperature reinforcement area in accordance with 24.4.
9.8.1.8 One-way joist construction not satisfying the limitations of 9.8.1.1 through 9.8.1.4 shall be designed as slabs
and beams.

One-Way Joist Slab
9.8.2 Joist systems with structural fillers
8.8.2.1 If permanent burned clay or concrete tile fillers of material having a unit compressive strength at least equal
to 𝑓′𝑐 in the joists are used, 9.8.2.1.1 and 9.8.2.1.2 shall apply.
9.8.2.1.1 Slab thickness over fillers shall be at least the greater of one-twelfth the clear distance between ribs and 40
mm.
9.8.3 Joist systems with other fillers

8.8.3.1 If fillers not complying with 9.8.2.1 or removable forms are used, slab thickness shall be at least the greater
of one-twelfth the clear distance between ribs and 50 mm.

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The Reinforced Concrete Buildings Design

for Wind and Earthquake Loads Resilience

Eng. Sami Alezzo

The Reinforced Concrete Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

Table 7.3.1.1 – Minimum thickness of solid non-prestressed one-way slabs

The Reinforced Concrete Building Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

7.3.1 Minimum slab thickness

7.3.2 Calculated deflection limits

The Reinforced Concrete Building Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

7.6.1 Minimum flexural reinforcement in non-prestressed slabs

7.6.3 Minimum shear reinforcement

7.6.3.3 If shear reinforcement is required, 𝐴𝑣,𝑚𝑖𝑛 shall be in accordance with 9.6.3.4.

The Reinforced Concrete Building Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

9.6.4 Minimum torsional reinforcement

0.42 𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑐𝑝 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡 0.42 𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑐𝑝 0.175𝑏𝑤 𝑓𝑦𝑡

The Reinforced Concrete Building Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

7.7.2 Reinforcement spacing

The Reinforced Concrete Building Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

6.3.2.1 For non-prestressed T-beams supporting monolithic

6.3.2.2 Isolated non-prestressed T-beams in which the flange

The Reinforced Concrete Building Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

The Reinforced Concrete Building Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

7.6.4 Minimum shrinkage and temperature reinforcement

The Reinforced Concrete Building Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

The Reinforced Concrete Building Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

8.3.1 Minimum slab thickness

(a) Slabs without drop panels as given in 8.2.4.... 125 mm

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Without drop panels [3] With drop panels [3]

The Reinforced Concrete Building Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

Figure: Minimum Thickness of Slabs without Interior Beams (Grade 60 Reinforcement):

The Reinforced Concrete Building Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

The Reinforced Concrete Building Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

The Reinforced Concrete Building Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

Table 8.3.1.2 Minimum thickness of non-prestressed two-way slabs with beams

The Reinforced Concrete Building Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

The Reinforced Concrete Building Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

8.3.2 Calculated deflection limits

(a) Non-prestressed slabs not satisfying 8.3.1.

The Reinforced Concrete Building Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

8.7.2 Flexural reinforcement spacing

7.7.2.1 Minimum spacing S shall be in accordance with 25.2.

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8.7.3 Corner restraint in slabs

The Reinforced Concrete Building Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

The Reinforced Concrete Building Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

8.7.6 Shear reinforcement – stirrups

Table 8.7.6.3 First stirrup location and spacing limits

Spacing between vertical legs of

The Reinforced Concrete Building Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

Fig. R8.7.6(d)—Arrangement of stirrup shear reinforcement, interior column.

The Reinforced Concrete Building Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

Fig. R8.7.6(e)—Arrangement of stirrup shear reinforcement, edge column.

The Reinforced Concrete Building Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

Fig. R8.7.6(a)-(c)—Single- or multiple-leg stirrup-type slab shear reinforcement.

The Reinforced Concrete Building Design Eng. Sami Alezzo

8.7.7 Shear reinforcement – headed studs

(a) Concrete cover on the top flexural reinforcement

The Reinforced Concrete Building Design Eng. Sami Alezzo