Natural 5

Natural
Science
PRIMARY
TEACHER’S RESOURCE BOOK
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Natural Science
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PRIMARY
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Natural
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Science
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PRIMARY
Natural Science 5 is a collective work, conceived,
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designed and created by the Primary Education
department at Santillana, under the supervision
of Antonio Brandi Fernández.
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WRITER
Belén Garrido
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MANAGING EDITOR
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Sheila Tourle
PROJECT EDITOR
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Geona Edwards
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EDITOR
Beatriz Bejarano del Palacio
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PROOFREADING
Sheila Klaiber
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ILLUSTRATIONS
Alademosca il·lustració, Jordi Baeza,
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José Santos, Carlos Molinos, Carles Salón,

Carolina Temprado Battad, Carlos Gallego
Contents
Nombre Fecha
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Introduction ...................................................................................................... III
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Worksheets
The human body and living things ...................................................................... 6
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The classification of living things.......................................................................... 14
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Sensitivity and the senses ................................................................................... 22
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Health and health risks........................................................................................ 30
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Plant growth and nutrition ................................................................................... 38

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Ecosystems ........................................................................................................ 46
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People and the environment ............................................................................... 54

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Matter ................................................................................................................. 62
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Energy ................................................................................................................ 70
Light and heat..................................................................................................... 78

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Electricity............................................................................................................. 86
Forces and machines.......................................................................................... 94
Answer key........................................................................................................ 102

Introduction
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Natural Science 5 Teacher’s Resource Book
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provides a wide variety of photocopiable worksheets
designed to complement Natural Science 5
Student’s Book and Natural Science 5 Teacher’s
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Book. It is divided into 12 topics in order to cover the
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main concepts of both the National Curriculum and

the curriculum established by the Community
of Madrid.
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These worksheets facilitate a flexible approach in the

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classroom. Students in the same class can be given

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different worksheets. Stronger students can expand

on the material learnt in class. Weaker students can
use the worksheets to revise. Alternatively, students
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can work together with stronger peers to complete

the tasks. These worksheets can also be assigned
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as homework.
There are four categories of worksheets:

Reinforcement, Extension, Assessment and tests,
and Investigate. Answer keys are provided at the
back of this book.
Worksheets
Reinforcement worksheets Name

The classification of living things
Date
REINFORCEMENT
4
REINFORCEMENT
Write the name of each type of plant. Then, write one characteristic for each.
1 Read and write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.
There are twelve double-page a. Animals and fungi cannot feed on other organisms.
b. Fungi and plants can be unicellular or multicellular.
Reinforcement worksheets. These

c. Plants, algae and some bacteria can make their own food.
d. Plants and fungi cannot move about.
e. All fungi, protozoa and bacteria are harmful.
worksheets are designed to provide
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additional support for students in need of 2 Write M (mammal), B (bird), R (reptile), A (amphibian) or F (fish). Then, write one characteristic
5 Identify the kingdom each living thing belongs to. Then, write similarities and differences
between them.
further practice. They can be used after the

of each vertebrate group.
oak tree intestinal bacteria red algae
relevant section in the Student’s Book, before
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the Final activities sections, or as extra
preparation for the Unit assessment. 6 Circle the living things and classify them.
Depending on the students, they can
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riafer ndolphin holerab
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cte wild i r re l c ac m
urt m u s h ro o m s q u ter ciu
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3 ogh p l e t re e p a r a
Name one example of each type of invertebrate. kelpy
complete the worksheets with or without a. sponge d. echinoderm

animals plants fungi monerans protists
consulting their Student’s Books, in the b. cnidarian
c. worm
e. mollusc
f . arthropod
classroom or at home, individually or in pairs.
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14 Natural Science 5 Photocopiable material © 2014 Santillana Educación, S.L. / Richmond Publishing Photocopiable material © 2014 Santillana Educación, S.L. / Richmond Publishing Natural Science 5 15
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Name
Ecosystems
Date
EXTENSION
Name
Ecosystems
Date
EXTENSION
Extension worksheets
Tropical rainforests Life at the top of the Earth
There are twenty-four Extension

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Tropical rainforests are forests with tall trees, Tundras are one of the coldest and harshest
dense vegetation and very high rainfall. These ecosystems on Earth. They are found in
ecosystems are found in hot and humid areas the Arctic, where the weather is extremely
in Africa, Asia, and Central and South America. cold, dry and windy. They are treeless areas
worksheets. These worksheets can

The Amazon rainforest in South America is the with low plants that grow in rock cavities.
largest tropical rainforest in the world. It is almost The Arctic tundra has average temperatures
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ten times the size of Spain! of -12 ºC to -6 ºC. This means that the top
Rainforests are often described as ‘the lungs of layer of the soil, called the permafrost,
be used for fast finishers or to expand

the planet’. This is because they produce 40 % is almost always frozen.
of the Earth’s oxygen, which all living things need In the winter, the permafrost is covered with
to survive. They consist of several layers of a thick layer of snow, and no plants are visible.
vegetation which are home to over half of the However, during the short summer, there
on the material covered in class.

world’s species. In fact, tropical rainforests are are 24 hours a day of sunlight. The surface
one of the richest ecosystems on the planet. Their flora includes a large variety of gigantic trees, of the permafrost melts, and wildflowers appear everywhere.
which support other plants. Their fauna consists of colourful birds, numerous and fascinating insects, The Arctic tundra is home to several animal species, including Arctic foxes, polar bears, caribous,
and amazing mammals. snow geese and musk-oxen. Unfortunately, as a result of global warming, temperatures are rising.
Unfortunately, human activity is destroying tropical rainforests all around the world. This is causing the permafrost to melt and threatening this unique ecosystem.
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1 Read the text and answer the questions. 1 Read the text and circle the correct word.
a. What climatic conditions do tropical rainforests need to grow?
a. Tundra ecosystems are found in the Arctic / Antarctic.
b. Temperatures in tundra ecosystems are very high / low.

b. Where can we find these ecosystems?
c. The top layer of the soil is the tundra / permafrost.
d. Winter in the Arctic tundra is longer / shorter than summer.

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c. Which rainforest is the largest in the world?

e. Global warming / Animal life is threatening the Arctic tundra.
d. Why do rainforests produce so much oxygen? 2 Search the Internet for three examples of fauna from the Arctic tundra. Write what they eat.
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fauna food
e. What makes a rainforest one of the richest ecosystems on the planet?
2 Search the Internet for information about an animal species from a tropical
rainforest. In your notebook, write a brief description of your animal.
Include a photograph or a drawing.
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Investigate worksheets Health and health risks INVESTIGATE
Name Date
How fit are you?
There are twelve Investigate worksheets, one for each topic. Instructions
1. Work in groups of four. You need a timer and a chair.
These worksheets provide opportunities for students to carry out 2. You are going to perform two tests: chair push-ups and
endurance walk.
3. Chair push-ups test for upper body strength and
simple investigative tasks, either in the classroom or at home.

endurance. To perform the test, each group member
needs to place their hands on the edge of a chair and do
push-ups for a minute. One group member keeps time
while another one counts the push-ups. The last team
member records the data.
4. The endurance walk tests for overall body endurance.

Each group member needs to complete one kilometre as
fast as possible. Perform the test twice: first walking and
then running.
5. Record your results in the table.
endurance walk: endurance walk:

chair push-ups
walking running
student 1
student 2
student 3
student 4
6. Analyse your results and answer the questions.

a. Which student did the most push-ups in one minute?
b. Which student walked one kilometre the fastest?
c. Which student ran one kilometre the fastest?
d. Which student is the most fit?
7. Now write a conclusion.
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Assessment worksheets Name
Ecosystems
Date
ASSESSMENT
3
ASSESSMENT
Look at the food web and write examples.
1 Look at the ecosystem and answer the questions. a. Two producers:
There are twelve double-page Assessment coal tits
worksheets, one for each topic. These

sparrowhawks kestrel b. Two primary consumers:
jay harrier
fox
worksheets can be given to students once

lizard
c. Two secondary consumers:
oak trees rabbit mouse
grasshopper
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the topic has been completed, as a revision jays

wild boars
wheat
clover
d. Two tertiary consumers:
test, or to check progress at any point

mice stag beetles fungi
during the year.

a. Is this ecosystem terrestrial or aquatic? 4 Look at the food web from Activity 3 and complete the following two food chains.
b. Describe the physical environment. Then, answer the question.
c. Circle an organism. What organism is it?
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d. Circle two populations. What populations are they? fox
e. Circle the community. Which includes more components, a community or an ecosystem? Explain.
fox
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Read and write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences. • What type of consumer is the fox in each food chain?
a. Plants and algae are producers in an ecosystem.
b. Secondary consumers in an ecosystem are always herbivores.

5 Write an example of each type of relationship.
c. Scavengers and decomposers are essential to ecosystems.
d. Food chains always start with a decomposer. • Mutualism:
e. Food webs are made up of many food chains. • Commensalism:
• Parasitism:
• Competition:
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Name
Ecosystems
Date
TEST Tests
1 An ecosystem refers to…
There are twelve multiple-choice tests, one for

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a. living things.
b. the physical environment.
c. living things and the physical environment.
2 The physical environment of an ecosystem does not include…

each topic. These tests are to be completed once
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a. trees. b. light. c. water.
the topic has been studied. The tests provide

3 Animals can only reproduce with members of the same…
a. species. b. population. c. community.
students the opportunity to revise the main

4 A population includes…
a. all the living things in an ecosystem.
b. a group of animals travelling together.
concepts of each topic and to assess the

c. all the organisms of one species in an ecosystem.
5 Producers…
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a. feed on plants and algae.
knowledge they have acquired.

b. are living things that make their own food.
c. break down dead animal and plant materials.
6 All herbivores are…

a. primary consumers. b. secondary consumers. c. tertiary consumers.
7 In a relationship of mutualism…
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a. only one species benefits.

b. both species remain unaffected.
c. both species benefit.
8 One species benefits while the other remains unaffected in…

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a. commensalism. b. competition. c. parasitism.
9 Fleas benefit while dogs suffer. This is an example of…

a. mutualism. b. commensalism. c. parasitism.
10 In a relationship of competition…
a. two species benefit from each other.
b. two species have the same needs.
c. only one species benefits.
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Answer key Answer key
The human body and living Things EXTENSION
REINFORCEMENT Page 8
Page 6 1. Read the text and answer the questions.
An Answer key for all the worksheets is provided at the back

a. Size is important because it affects how an organism
1. match and write the sentences.
manages to survive and how it reacts to its environment.
a. All living things are made up of cells.
b. The largest living thing on Earth is a fungus.
b. All living things carry out three basic life processes.
c. The smallest living things on Earth are a type of bacteria.
c. Cells are the basic units of life.
d. Mycoplasmas can be harmful to people.
of this Teacher’s Resource Book.

d. Human beings are multicellular living things.
2. search the internet for more information about the
2. Write the correct life process: nutrition, sensitivity largest living thing on earth and complete the index
or reproduction. card. include a picture.
reproduction, nutrition, sensitivity. Open Answer (OA)
3. label the pictures with the words in the box.
Page 9
neuron, blood cells, intestine cell, muscle cell.
1. look at the diagram and answer the questions.
Page 7 a. The membrane protects a cell from the outside.
4. Circle the levels of organization and write each under b. The cytoplasm contains the organelles.
the correct picture. Then number them from the c. Centrosomes are involved in cell reproduction.
simplest to the most complex.
d. The mitochondrion obtains energy.
q y o i c e l l 2. match the cell types with their functions.
b p r d w t q v neurons: transmit messages and orders.
fat cells: store energy.
o r g a n i s m
blood cells: transport substances throughout the body.
g g a h e s y b
ASSESSMENT
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Page 10
y r p i c u t j
1. Read and write the words.
r t i s s u e l a. A basic unit of life: cell.
k o g d n l m a b. The three basic life processes: nutrition, reproduction,

sensitivity.
left column: cell (1), system (4). c. A living thing made up of a single cell: unicellular.
right column: organ (3), organism (5). d. A living thing made up of many cells: multicellular.
bottom: tissue (2). e. An instrument to observe cells: microscope.
5. match. 2. unscramble the words and label the diagram. Then,
a. objective lenses: They provide different levels answer the question.
of magnification. membrane nucleus
b. light source: It provides light to look at the sample.
c. stage: This is where you put the sample.
d. eyepiece: It contains the lens you look through.
6. Complete the table with two examples of each.
Model Answer (MA)
head: cranium, jaw bone; frontalis, masseter.
arms: ulna, radius; biceps, triceps. cytoplasm organelles
trunk: sternum, pelvis; pectorals, abdominals.
MA. Bone cells and muscle cells.
legs: femur, tibia; quadriceps, calf muscles.
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The human body and living things REINFORCEMENT
Name Date
1 Match and write the sentences.
a. All living things are the basic units of life.

b. All living things carry out made up of cells.
c. Cells are three basic life processes.
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Write the correct life process: nutrition, sensitivity or reproduction.
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3 Label the pictures with the words in the box.
blood cells - muscle cell - intestine cell - neuron
REINFORCEMENT
4 Circle the levels of organization and write each under the correct picture.
Then, number them from the simplest to the most complex.
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b p r d w t q v
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o r g a n i s m
g g a h e s y b
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5 Match.
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a. objective lenses It contains the lens you look through.

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b. light source This is where you put the sample.
c. stage They provide different levels of magnification.
d. eyepiece It provides light to look at the sample.
6 Complete the table with two examples of each.
head arms trunk legs
bones
muscles
The human body and living things EXTENSION
Name Date
Living things come in many sizes

Size is one of the most important characteristics
of living things. It affects how an organism manages
to survive and how it reacts to its environment.
However, there are vast differences in size among
living things.
The largest animal on Earth is the blue whale, which
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measures about 25 metres long. The largest plant
is the giant sequoia tree, which can reach up to
90 metres in height. However, the largest living thing
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on Earth is a fungus! It is located in a forest in Oregon
(USA) and extends over 5 kilometres in length.
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It grows mostly underground and its visible part,
commonly known as the honey mushroom, is edible.
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The smallest living things are a type of bacteria,
known as mycoplasmas, which are harmful
to people.
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1 Read the text and answer the questions.
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a. Why is size important for living things?

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b. Which living thing is the largest on Earth?
c. What type of organism are the smallest living things on Earth?

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d. Which of these living things can be harmful to people?

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2 Search the Internet for more information about the largest living thing on Earth and complete
the index card. Include a picture.
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Name:
Kingdom:
Area it covers:
Age:
Other characteristics:
Name Date
Parts of a cell
Microscopes allow scientists to study the parts of a cell. Cells have different sizes, shapes
and functions, but all cells have a membrane, a nucleus and cytoplasm.
Ribosome Cytoplasm Centrosome

Tiny organelle which Jelly-like material which Small tubes which are
produces protein. contains the organelles. involved in cell reproduction.
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Mitochondrion Membrane
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Rod-shaped organelle
Covering around
which obtains energy.
the cell.
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Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Vacuole
Part which controls the Sac which produces and Sac which stores
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function of the cell. transports proteins in the cell. substances.
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1 Look at the diagram and answer the questions.

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a. Which part of the cell protects it from the outside?

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b. Which part of the cell contains the organelles?
c. Which parts of the cell are involved in cell reproduction?

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d. Which part of the cell obtains energy?

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2 Match the cell types with their functions.
neurons store energy
transport substances
fat cells
throughout the body
transmit messages
blood cells
and orders
The human body and living things ASSESSMENT
Name Date
1 Read and write the words.
a. A basic unit of life.
b. The three basic life processes.
c. A living thing made up of a single cell.
d. A living thing made up of many cells.
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e. An instrument to observe cells.
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2 Unscramble the words and label the diagram. Then, answer the question.
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ramenbem cusenlu latcopsym saglerenlo

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• Can you name two types of cells in the human body?

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3 Write the next four levels of organization of the human body.

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Cells ► ► ► ►
• Then, write a sentence with these words.
human body work together organism functions correctly
ASSESSMENT
4 Read and write T (true) or F (false). Then, rewrite the false sentences.
a. Multicellular living things are made up of the same type of cells.
b. All cells in a tissue perform the same function.
c. The stomach and the heart are tissues in the human body.
d. Systems are made up of organs with a common function.
e. Organisms are made up of different systems.
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5 Label the parts of the microscope. Then, answer the question.
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eyepiece objective lens stage light source
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• Which parts of the microscope are responsible for the different levels of magnification?
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6 Complete the texts. Label them F (flexing movement)

and E (extending movement).
The relaxes and the triceps .

The triceps pulls the ,
so the arm .
The biceps and the relaxes.

The biceps pulls the ,
so the arm at the elbow.
The human body and living things TEST
Name Date
1 All living things carry out three life processes: nutrition, sensitivity and...
a. organization. b. reproduction. c. changing.
2 Human beings are multicellular because...

a. they are made up of millions of cells.
b. they are made up of cells with a multicellular structure.
c. they are made up of hundreds of cells.
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3 The stage is the part of the microscope...
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a. which magnifies the sample.
b. where you put the sample.
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c. which provides light.
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Neurons are...
a. elongated. b. round. c. star-shaped.
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5 In multicellular livings things, cells of the same type join together to form...
a. organs. b. tissues. c. systems.
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6 The levels of organization in multicellular living things are...

a. cells > tissues > organs > systems > organisms.
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b. cells > organs > tissues > systems > organisms.

c. cells > tissues > organisms > organs > systems.
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7 Our body takes its shape from the...

a. skeletal system.
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b. muscular system.
c. skeletal system and the muscular system.
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8 Bones meet at...

a. tendons. b. ligaments. c. joints.
9 Our muscles are long and thin when...

a. they are relaxed.
b. we are playing sports.
c. we lift heavy objects.
10 Most muscles in the locomotor system work...

a. in groups. b. in pairs. c. individually.
The human body and living things INVESTIGATE
Name Date
What are the cells of a human cheek like?

Instructions
1. Work with a partner. You need 2 toothpicks, a microscope,
2 microscope slides, 2 cover slips, an eye dropper
and some iodine solution.
2. Using the dropper, put a drop of iodine solution
on the centre of the microscope slide.
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3. Gently scrape the inside lining of your cheek with
the end of the toothpick.
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4. Put the scrapings in the drop of iodine solution
on the microscope slide.
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5. Cover the sample with the cover slip.
Make sure there are no bubbles.
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6. Put the slide on the stage and fasten it with the stage clips. Observe the cells through the low power
lens. Adjust the focus to see the sample clearly. Then, observe the cells again through one of the high
power lenses and adjust the knobs to see the sample clearly.
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7. Draw and colour what you see using a low power lens and a high power lens.
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8. Draw one of the cells and label the main parts: membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm.
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The classification of living things REINFORCEMENT
Name Date
a. Animals and fungi cannot feed on other organisms.
b. Fungi and plants can be unicellular or multicellular.
c. Plants, algae and some bacteria can make their own food.
d. Plants and fungi cannot move about.
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e. All fungi, protozoa and bacteria are harmful.
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2 Write M (mammal), B (bird), R (reptile), A (amphibian) or F (fish). Then, write one characteristic
of each vertebrate group.
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3 Name one example of each type of invertebrate.
a. sponge d. echinoderm
b. cnidarian e. mollusc
c. worm f . arthropod
REINFORCEMENT
4 Write the name of each type of plant. Then, write one characteristic for each.
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5 Identify the kingdom each living thing belongs to. Then, write similarities and differences
between them.
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oak tree intestinal bacteria red algae
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6 Circle the living things and classify them.

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ct eriafer ndolphinw i r re l c
holerab
r tba ildm
u s h ro o m s q
u ac
ter ci um
og hu iaap
p l e t re e p a r ame
kelpy
animals plants fungi monerans protists

The classification of living things EXTENSION
Name Date
An unusual mammal
The platypus is unique. It is a small, semi-aquatic
mammal that lays eggs! When the females
are going to have babies, they hide in burrows.
There, they lay up to three eggs that hatch about
ten days later. Platypuses are mammals,
so the babies drink their mother’s milk.
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Platypuses look like beavers. Their body and
tail are covered with brown, waterproof fur that
keeps them warm in cold water. They have four
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webbed feet and a duck-like bill with no teeth.
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Platypuses are originally from Australia, and they live on land. They walk and run and can dig with the
long nails they have on each foot. They are excellent swimmers and spend lots of time in streams and
rivers. They eat small aquatic animals, such as worms, insect larvae and shrimps. They have a very
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sensitive bill that helps them feel for food on riverbeds.
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1 Read the sentences and circle the correct word.
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a. The platypus is a freshwater / saltwater mammal.
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b. It lays eggs in the water / burrows.
c. Its body is covered with fur / feathers.

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d. It has teeth / a bill.

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e. It is a carnivore / herbivore.
2
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Search the Internet for information about another unusual animal and complete
the index card.
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Name:
Description:
Habitat:
Diet:
Reproduction:
The classification of living things EXTENSION
Name Date
A fortuitous discovery
In 1928, Scottish scientist Alexander
Fleming accidently discovered penicillin,
a powerful antibiotic agent. While working
at St Mary’s Hospital in London,
Dr Fleming grew some bacteria. He
observed that the bacteria had become
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contaminated by a blue-green fungus.
Over time, the colonies of bacteria next to
the fungus disappeared! He grew the
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fungus in isolation and found that it
produced a substance which killed several
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harmful bacteria. He named this chemical
penicillin.
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Over the years, penicillin has saved many lives from potentially fatal bacterial diseases.
Penicillin was especially important during World War II, when an infection could kill
a soldier as easily as any gunshot wound. This is why it was called the ‘miracle drug’.
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a. Who was Alexander Fleming?

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b. What did he accidently discover?

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c. Which living thing produced this substance?

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d. What did he observe?
e. Why was his discovery so important?

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f. What was the nickname for penicillin?

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2 Search the Internet for information about two other antibiotics and complete the table.
antibiotic description use
The classification of living things ASSESSMENT
Name Date
1 Identify and label the five kingdoms of living things.
A B C
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D E
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2 Write the names of the kingdoms from Activity 1 in the correct place.
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a. They cannot move about. They feed on other organisms.
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b. They can move about. They eat other living things.

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c. They can make their own food. They cannot move about.
d. They can be unicellular or multicellular. Some feed on other organisms,

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and others make their own food.

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e. They are unicellular. Some feed on other organisms,

and others make their own food.
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3
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Complete the crossword about vertebrate groups.

2 4
1. Viviparous with fur and lungs.
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2. Oviparous with scales and lungs.
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3. Oviparous with feathers and lungs. 5
4. Oviparous with scales and gills.
5. Oviparous with legs and lungs when adults.
ASSESSMENT
4 Read the definitions and write the invertebrate group.
a. Marine invertebrates with poisonous tentacles:
b. Invertebrates with soft bodies. Many have a shell:
c. Invertebrates with an external skeleton, jointed legs and a segmented body:
d. Invertebrates with long, soft bodies and no legs:
e. Simple invertebrates that filter seawater to obtain food:
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f. Marine invertebrates that may have spines:
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5
ba
Complete the chart.
ro
ap spores
o
Plants can produce…
er
ui
gymnosperms
q
yo
6 Match the columns using five different colours.

w.
• yeast blue cheese

ww
• bacteria yoghurt Fungi kingdom

• mould mushroom Protista kingdom
• algae bread Monera kingdom
• mushroom sushi
7 Research examples of how bacteria, mould and mushrooms can be harmful.
The classification of living things TEST
Name Date
1 Living things are classified into...

a. fifty kingdoms. b. four kingdoms. c. five kingdoms.
2 Vertebrates are divided into mammals, birds, reptiles, ...

a. arachnids, amphibians and worms.
b. fish, crustaceans and molluscs.
c. amphibians and fish.
es
3 Reptiles...
r.
a. are oviparous and breathe with lungs.
b. are oviparous and breathe with gills.
ba
c. are viviparous and breathe with lungs.
ro
Invertebrates are divided into sponges, cnidarians, ...
a. worms, molluscs, echinoderms and arthropods.
ap
b. worms, molluscs, arthropods and arachnids.
c. worms, molluscs, echinoderms and arachnids.
o
5 Mosses and ferns reproduce with...
er
a. seeds. b. spores. c. sori.

ui
6 Gymnosperms and angiosperms are...

a. non-flowering plants.
q
b. plants that feed on other living things.

yo
c. seed-producing plants.
w.
7 Mushrooms belong to...

a. the Animal kingdom.
ww
b. the Monera and the Protist kingdoms.

c. the Fungi kingdom.
8 Penicillin is produced by...

a. a bacteria. b. a fungus. c. a plant.
9 The Protista kingdom includes...

a. algae and protozoa. b. algae and bacteria. c. algae and viruses.
10 Yoghurt is made with helpful...

a. algae. b. viruses. c. bacteria.
The classification of living things INVESTIGATE
Name Date
What does mould need to grow?
es
r.
ba
Instructions
1. Work in groups. You need 4 clear plastic bags with a zip, 4 slices of bread, a permanent marker,
ro
water, a magnifying glass and a microscope.
2. Label the bags: A1, B1, A2 and B2.
ap
3. Put two slices of dry bread in bags A1 and B1. Get the other two slices of bread slightly
wet and put them in bags A2 and B2. Seal the bags tightly.
o
4. Place bags A1 and A2 in a sunny, warm location. Place bags B1 and B2 in the refrigerator.
er
5. Observe the pieces of bread over the next few days using the magnifying glass or/and microscope.
ui
6. Record your results and draw your observations in the table.

q
day 1 day 2 day 3 day 4 day 5

yo
A1
w.
A2
ww
B1
B2

a. Did mould grow on every slice of bread?
b. Was the amount of mould the same on all slices? Which ones had the most mould?
Which ones had the least?
c. Under which conditions did the mould grow best?
Sensitivity and the senses REINFORCEMENT
Name Date
1 Complete the sentences. Then, number them in order.
receptors - interprets - muscles - locomotor system - responses - information - stimuli
a. The brain sends orders to the .
b. Nerves send from the sense organs to the brain.
es
c. in our sense organs detect .
d. and bones carry out the corresponding .
r.
e. The brain receives and this information.
ba
2 Tick (✓) the actions which involve internal coordination. Then, answer the question.
ro
Saliva is produced when we eat food.
ap
We queue when the playground bell rings.
Our heart is beating at all times.
o
We cross the street when the traffic light is green.
er
• Which system is responsible for internal coordination?

ui
3 Label the diagram.

q
yo
outer ear - eardrum - cochlea - ear canal - auditory nerve - ossicles

w.
ww
REINFORCEMENT
4 Use the words in the box to write sentences about each sense organ.
optic nerve - taste buds - olfactory epithelium - retina - taste nerves - olfactory nerve
eyes

nose

tongue

es
5
r.
Read and write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.
ba
a. The nervous system is made up of the central and peripheral nervous systems.
b. Nervous tissue is made up of neurons.
ro
c. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and nerves.
d. The spinal cord produces the response when we touch something hot.
ap
e. The central nervous system extends throughout the body.
o
f . Sensory nerves connect the receptors in the sense organs to motor nerves.
er
q ui
yo
6 Label the diagram of the brain. Then, write a sentence about what each part controls.
w.
ww
Sensitivity and the senses EXTENSION
Name Date
Colour blindness
Colour blindness is the inability to distinguish certain
colours. It is sometimes called daltonism because
John Dalton, a British scientist, discovered this
deficiency in the late 18th century. Dalton was
affected by red-green colour blindness.
There are over 250 million colour blind people
es
in the world today. In most cases, colour blindness
is an inherited trait, and males are more likely than
females to suffer from it. Colour blind people
r.
can see things as clearly as other people, but have
difficulty seeing red, green, blue or a mixture of these
ba
colours.
There are different types of colour blindness.
ro
The most common type is red-green colour
blindness. The least common type is total colour
blindness. People who are totally colour blind
ap
cannot see any colours at all. Everything is black,
grey or white.
o
In general, people with colour blindness can lead normal lives and have all kinds of jobs, except
er
for occupations where colour perception is essential, such as train drivers or airline pilots.
ui
1 Read the text and complete the table.

q
colour blindness
yo
main population most common least common job

w.
cause affected type type limitations

ww

2 Search the Internet to find a test to see if you are colour blind. Do the test.
What are your results?
Sensitivity and the senses EXTENSION
Name Date
Sleepwalking
Sleepwalking is a sleep disorder which consists of walking
or doing other activities while asleep. These activities may
include sitting up in bed, walking around the house or
outdoors, climbing, or even driving! Sleepwalking episodes
vary in length. They can last for just a few seconds or as
long as thirty minutes.
es
Sleepwalkers usually have their eyes open so they can see
what they are doing. However, their eyes appear glassy
and unfocused. Most of the time, sleepwalkers do not
r.
remember anything when they wake up.
ba
Sleepwalking is much more common in children than in
adults. The causes of sleepwalking include fatigue, fever,
certain medications and stress. Sleepwalking can also run
ro
in families. Most children stop sleepwalking when they get
older.
ap
Sleepwalking is not dangerous in itself. However, it may
lead to accidents, like falling down or running into things.
So, if you live with a sleepwalker, you must take
o
precautions, such as removing obstacles and closing
er
doors and windows. During sleepwalking episodes, do not

wake sleepwalkers. Gently guide them back to their beds.
q ui
1 Read the text and complete the index card.

yo
w.
SLEEPWALKING
Definition:
ww
Activities performed:
Causes:
Risks:
Precautions:
2 Do a survey in your class. How many people sleepwalk or know a sleepwalker?

What does he/she do when asleep? How does the family take precautions?
Write the results in your notebook.
Sensitivity and the senses ASSESSMENT
Name Date
1 Read the definitions and write the words.
a. Changes in the external environment:
b. Organs that capture information from the environment:
c. Groups of specialized cells that are sensitive to stimuli:
d. System that controls the function of sensitivity:
es
e. System that carries out the orders from the brain:
f . Part of the function of sensitivity that controls many body processes:
r.
ba
2 Complete the diagram. Then, answer the questions.
ro
ap
information
o
er
orders
q ui
yo
w.
a. Which sense organs are involved?

ww
b. What do these sense organs detect?
c. Which part of the body interprets the information and decides how to act?
d. Which body organs carry out the orders?
3 Cross out (✗) the odd one out. Then, write the corresponding sense organ.
a. cochlea retina ossicles eardrum
b. nostril nasal cavity taste buds olfactory epithelium
c. cornea pupil ear canal iris
ASSESSMENT
4 Draw a diagram of the sense organ for each sense. Then, label the part of each sense
organ where the receptors are located.
sight touch taste
es
r.
ba
5 Draw a neuron and label it. Then, write a sentence about each word.
dendrites
ro
axon body
ap

o
er
•
•
ui
•
q
yo
6
w.
Complete the chart about the nervous system.

ww

nervous system
cerebellum
NERVOUS
SYSTEM

nervous system
motor nerves
Sensitivity and the senses TEST
Name Date
1 In the process of sensitivity, ...

a. our senses respond to stimuli.
b. our locomotor system grows.
c. our muscles send messages to the brain.
2 The sense organ of sight is the...

a. eye. b. brain. c. tongue.
es
3 The receptors of the ear are located in the...
r.
a. auditory nerve. b. ossicles. c. cochlea.
ba
4 The organ that detects temperature is the...
a. ear. b. skin. c. eye.
ro
5 Information about different flavours is sent to the brain through receptors in the...
ap
a. nostril. b. retina. c. taste buds.
6 The sense organ of smell is the...

o
a. skin. b. tongue. c. nose.
er
7 Neurons are divided into...

ui
a. three parts: the body, the dendrites and the axon.

q
b. three parts: the body, the dendrites and the nervous tissue.
c. two parts: the body and the dendrites.
yo
8 The brain and the spinal cord are parts of...

w.
a. the cerebrum.
b. the central nervous system.
ww
c. the peripheral nervous system.
9 The brain is divided into...

a. the cerebrum and the cerebellum.
b. the cerebellum and the spinal cord.
c. the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the brainstem.
10 The peripheral nervous system consists of...

a. sensory and motor nerves.
b. nervous cells.
c. the sense organs and the motor nerves.
Sensitivity and the senses INVESTIGATE
Name Date
Are two eyes better than one to estimate distance?

Instructions
1. W
ork in pairs. You need a plastic cup, a small object, such
as a marble, and a tape measure.
2. Place the cup on a table, near the edge. Measure the

following distances from the cup: 50 cm, 100 cm and
150 cm, and mark them on the floor.
es
3. Take it in turns to perform the following experiment:
Stand on the 50 cm mark on the floor, with both eyes
r.
uncovered. Your partner slowly moves the marble above
ba
the cup. When you think the marble is going to fall into the
cup, say ‘now’. Your partner releases the marble. Next,
do the same thing with your right eye covered. Finally, do
ro
it again with your left eye covered.
4. Repeat the test from the 100 cm distance and the 150 cm distance.
ap
5. Complete the table with your results.
o
distance both eyes uncovered right eye covered left eye covered
er
50 cm
ui
100 cm
150 cm
q
yo

a. What happened when you performed the test with both eyes uncovered?
w.

ww
b. What happened when you performed the test with one eye covered?
c. Was it easier or harder when the distance increased?

Health and health risks REINFORCEMENT
Name Date
1 Complete the chart.
the nervous system diseases
es
Health to
risks

r.
ba

ro
muscle strains
ap
2 Use the words in the box to write sentences about damage to the nervous system.
o
tremors - injuries - memory - vision - brain - reflexes - spinal cord
er
accidents
ui

q
diseases

yo
alcohol

w.
3 Complete the table about injuries to the locomotor system. Then, answer the questions.
ww
most common injuries type of damage cause
• Which type of injury requires a plaster cast?
• Which type of injury is most common in joints?
• Which type of injury may result from bad posture?
REINFORCEMENT
4 Tick (✓) the activities that help to keep the locomotor system in shape, and cross (✘)
the ones that do not.
es
r.
ba
ro
ap
o
a. Healthy habits are important for our nervous and locomotor systems.
er
b. Physical activity always refers to sports.
c. Good posture is only important when you sit.

ui
d. Bone growth requires mainly vitamin C.

q
e. When we sleep, our locomotor system rests and our brain sorts and stores information.
yo
w.
ww
6 Match. Then, write some examples of your own healthy habits.
• swimming
•
• eating oily fish
leisure •
• walking to school
physical activity •
• reading
healthy diet •
• drinking milk
•
• playing cards
Health and health risks EXTENSION
Name Date
Bones at work
A bone can break in two like in a simple fracture,
or it can break in many places and go through
the skin, like in a compound fracture. This type
of fracture is harder to heal and may require
more than just a plaster cast. Greenstick
fractures, where bones crack but don’t break,
es
are very common and are usually the fastest
to heal.
Bones are amazing at self-repairing. When a bone
r.
breaks, many things immediately happen. Broken
blood vessels inside the bone cause swelling
ba
and send signals to other parts of the body to start
the repairing process. First, a special team of cells
ro
removes damaged bone tissue. Then, another team
of cells builds new bone to close the gap between
the broken bone fragments.
ap
In fact, this process happens even if you don’t break
a bone. Your body is constantly removing old bone
o
and making new bone!
er
ui
1
q
Read the text and answer the questions.

yo
a. Which types of bone fractures can you name?
b. Which type of bone fracture is hardest to heal?

w.
c. What happens right after a bone breaks?

ww
d. What does the first team of cells do?
e. What does the second team of cells do?
f . Why do we say that bones are always at work?
2 Do a survey to find out how many people in your class have had a bone fracture.
Ask them about the location of the fracture, type of fracture and treatment.
Make a table with the results in your notebook.
Health and health risks EXTENSION
Name Date
Food allergies
A food allergy is a reaction of the body’s immune system to a particular substance
in food. In other words, the body identifies a specific substance, called a food
allergen, as harmful.
Allergic reactions vary from person to person. Some people
experience irritation of the eyes or skin. Food allergens can also
cause disorders of the digestive system, such as nausea and
es
vomiting, or disorders of the respiratory system, such as difficulty
breathing. They can cause disorders of the circulatory system,
too. When allergies affect the respiratory or circulatory systems,
r.
the reaction can be fatal, so emergency care may be needed.
ba
The most common allergies in children are allergies to peanuts and other nuts, milk, wheat, eggs and
shellfish. Peanut allergy can have very serious consequences. However, as children get older, they
often outgrow allergies, especially allergies to milk and eggs.
ro
It is extremely important to diagnose food allergies correctly. People with these allergies have to follow
a strict diet and avoid eating certain foods.
o ap
er
a. What is a food allergy?

ui
b. What type of body reactions can food allergens cause?

q
c. What are the most common food allergies in children?

yo
d. Which other products, besides milk, should a person with a milk allergy avoid?

w.
e. Which typical food allergies can children outgrow?

ww
f . What is the best way to control food allergies?
2 Do a survey to find out how many people in your class have food allergies.
Which allergies are the most common? Write the results in your notebook.
allergy to allergy
allergy to allergy to allergy to allergy to
peanuts and to other
shellfish milk wheat eggs
other nuts foods
Health and health risks ASSESSMENT
Name Date
1 Read the sentences and write the words.
a. These cause injuries to the brain and spinal cords:
b. This disease usually affects the elderly:
c. This substance can affect the brain:
d. This happens when a bone breaks or cracks:
es
e. This involves damage to a ligament:
f . This is caused by excessive effort or bad posture:
r.
2
ba
Cross out (✗) the odd one out. Then, write the corresponding damage to the nervous system.
a. diving paralysis brain spinal cord
ro
b. disease memory tremors
ap muscle control
c. brain reflexes vision spinal cord
3
o
Choose the correct words to write a sentence under each photo.
er
muscle strain - breaks - bone fracture - effort - sprain - contraction - twisting - bone - ligaments
q ui
yo
w.
ww
ASSESSMENT
4 Complete the sentences with the correct words.
stretching - helmet - prevent - muscles - protective clothing - elasticity
a. When we do physical activity, we develop and strengthen
our and bones.
b. We can injuries by warming up
and before and after exercising.
es
c. We can avoid sport accidents by wearing a
r.
and .
ba
5 Tick (✓) the photos that show good posture. Then, write a sentence about each one.
ro
A B C
o ap
er
ui
a.
b.
q
yo
c.
6
w.
Write a sentence with each group of words.

ww
calcium vitamin D bones

sleep rest brain

leisure relax health

Health and health risks TEST
Name Date
1 The nervous system can be damaged due to...

a. accidents and viruses.
b. illnesses and alcohol.
c. accidents, diseases and alcohol.
2 Alzheimer’s disease...
a. involves a loss of memory.
es
b. can cause lack of muscle control.
c. can lead to involuntary tremors.
r.
3 The term alcoholism...
ba
a. means the sale of alcohol.
b. refers to a chronic disease.
ro
c. is another word for a drink.
4 A sprain is an injury that involves damage to...

ap
a. the bones. b. the tendons. c. the ligaments.
o
5 A muscle strain is usually caused by...
er
a. twisting. b. excessive effort. c. a broken bone.

ui
6 In order to keep our nervous and locomotor systems healthy, we need to...
a. do some physical activity.
q
b. play videogames several times a week.

yo
c. sleep 6 hours per day.

w.
7 To prevent sports injuries, ...

a. we must run for an hour.
ww
b. we have to drink water.

c. we should always warm up and stretch.
8 It is important to keep good posture to...

a. be healthy. b. cause back pain. c. play sports.
9 Bone growth requires...

a. calcium and vitamin D. b. sugar. c. water and sugar.
10 Children should sleep...

a. 6 hours per day. b. 8 hours per day. c. 10 hours per day.
Health and health risks INVESTIGATE
Name Date
How fit are you?

Instructions
1. Work in groups of four. You need a timer and a chair.
2. Y
ou are going to perform two tests: chair push-ups and
endurance walk.
3. C
hair push-ups test for upper body strength and
es
endurance. To perform the test, each group member
needs to place their hands on the edge of a chair and do
push-ups for a minute. One group member keeps time
r.
while another one counts the push-ups. The last team
member records the data.
ba
4. T
he endurance walk tests for overall body endurance.
Each group member needs to complete one kilometre as
ro
fast as possible. Perform the test twice: first walking and
then running.
ap
5. Record your results in the table.
o
endurance walk: endurance walk:
chair push-ups
walking running
er
student 1
ui
student 2
q
student 3
yo
student 4
w.

ww
a. Which student did the most push-ups in one minute?
b. Which student walked one kilometre the fastest?
c. Which student ran one kilometre the fastest?
d. Which student is the most fit?

Plant growth and nutrition REINFORCEMENT
Name Date
1 What do plants need? Label the drawing.
a
s
es
r.
m w
ba
s
ro
ap
2 Where can these plants grow? Write a bright area, a humid area or a hot area.
o
cactus lavender moss
er
q ui
yo
w.
ww
3 Complete the sentences.
• Plants take in from the air to make their
• soil is rich in water and
REINFORCEMENT
4 Match the columns using three different colours.
Fir trees mild temperatures.
Beech trees grow well in high temperatures.
es
Palm trees low temperatures.
r.
ba
5 Match the sentences about plant nutrition. Then, number them in order.
a. Raw sap and carbon dioxide transform into through xylem vessels.
ro
b. Plants take in carbon dioxide ap through stomata in the leaves.
c. Raw sap travels up from the roots elaborated sap through photosynthesis.
d. Sunlight is trapped by through phloem vessels.

o
e. Plants absorb water and mineral salts through their roots.
er
f. Elaborated sap is distributed chlorophyll found in the leaves and stem.

ui
6 Colour the arrows green for oxygen and red for carbon dioxide.
q
yo
w.
ww
photosynthesis respiration
7 Complete the text about gas exchange in plants.
Through photosynthesis, plants take in and release
during the day. Through respiration, plants take
in and release during
the day and at night. Plants produce more than they take in.
Plant growth and nutrition EXTENSION
Name Date
How plants adapt

In order to survive, plants have developed specific
adaptations to the conditions in different areas. Some
examples are:
• In areas where water is scarce, plants grow further apart.
They may have waxy leaves, or some have no leaves at
all. This helps to reduce loss of water through evaporation.
es
• In areas with less light and cool temperatures, trees have
broad leaves to absorb lots of sunlight. They have thick
r.
bark to protect themselves against cold winters.
• In areas with cold temperatures, trees have needle-like
ba
leaves to help to reduce loss of water and to allow snow
to fall off more easily. Their leaves are dark in colour to
absorb sunlight and heat.
ro
• In areas with very cold temperatures, plants are small. By
growing close to the ground, they keep warm. Their
ap
leaves are dark in colour to absorb sunlight and heat.
Plants in cold areas grow in groups to keep out the wind
and cold air.
o
er
1 Read the text. Choose one adaptation per area and complete the table.
ui
type of area plant adaptation reason for adaptation

q
yo
w.
ww
2 Research how cactuses adapt to desert conditions and write a brief description.
Plant growth and nutrition EXTENSION
Name Date
A forest of giants
Giant sequoias are the largest trees on Earth. They
can reach up to 90 metres in height and up to 12
metres in diameter. They can live up to 3,000 years,
making them some of the oldest living things on
Earth. In fact, these trees grow so old because they
survive many of the threats that could kill them.
es
Sequoia trunks have thick, fibrous bark with no resin,
which makes them resistant to fire. In addition, their
bark contains chemicals that protect them from
r.
disease.
Sequoias depend on forest fires to reproduce: heat
ba
from fires makes their seed cones open and release
their seeds. Fires also help to clear the ground to
ro
facilitate germination.
Although giant sequoias are native plants of California
in the United States, they can be found in other areas
ap
of the world. They usually grow at elevations from
900 to 2,700 metres in mixed mountain forests.
o
er
1 Read the text and complete the sentences.

ui
a. Sequoias are the largest and oldest on Earth.

q
b. They have thick, fibrous which is resistant to .

yo
c. Chemicals in their bark protect them against .
d. They actually need fire to .

w.
e. Giant sequoias are native plants of .

ww
f. They grow at elevations of up to .
2 Search the Internet for information about the three largest sequoias in the world
and complete the table.
sequoia name location height
Plant growth and nutrition ASSESSMENT
Name Date
1 Complete the chart. Then, answer the question.
Plants need to grow.
es
r.
ba
• Which gas do plants take in from the air in order to make their own food?
ro

ap
2 Use the words in the box to complete the sentences.
o
water buttercups - a lot of - less - constant - elm trees - water - reeds - far - close
er
a. and bulrushes grow very to water

ui
because they need water to grow.

q
b. can grow from water because

yo
they need water to grow.

w.
c. grow in because they need
a supply of water to grow.

ww
3 Read the sentences and underline the mistakes. Then, write the sentences correctly.
a. Plants take in oxygen to make their food.
b. Plants absorb mineral salts through their leaves.
c. Most plants grow in poor soil which is rich in water and mineral salts.
ASSESSMENT
4 Label the parts of the plant. Then, answer the question.
stomata - root hairs - carbon dioxide - xylem vessels
sunlight
es
r.
ba
ro
ap
• What time of day does photosynthesis take place?
o
er
5 Circle the words related to plant nutrition. Then, choose three to complete the sentences.
ui
stomata - seeds - raw sap - chlorophyll - temperature - phloem vessels

q
yo
• is a green substance which traps sunlight.

w.
• are openings in the leaves for gas exchange.
• are tubes that distribute elaborated sap throughout the plant.

ww
6 Match. Then, answer the question.
elaborated sap xylem vessels

raw sap phloem vessels

• Which vessels reach all parts of the plant? Why?
Plant growth and nutrition TEST
Name Date
1 Plants use carbon dioxide...

a. to absorb light from the Sun.
b. to make their own food.
c. to take in mineral salts from the soil.
2 The amount of water plants need to survive...

a. varies from plant to plant.
es
b. is the same for all plants.
c. depends on the number of leaves they have.
r.
3 Plants take in mineral salts through their...
ba
a. stomata. b. roots. c. chlorophyll.
4 When soil is humid and rich in mineral salts, we say it is...
ro
a. abundant. b. poor. c. fertile.
ap
5 Raw sap is...
a. produced during photosynthesis.
o
b. a mixture of water and mineral salts.
er
c. absorbed through the stomata.

ui
6 Raw sap travels up to the leaves through the...

a. xylem vessels. b. roots. c. phloem vessels.
q
yo
7 Chlorophyll is...
a. produced during photosynthesis.
w.
b. found mainly in the roots.

c. a green substance that traps sunlight.
ww
8 Plants release oxygen...

a. during respiration. b. during photosynthesis. c. through the roots.
9 The non-green parts of the plant...

a. get their nutrients from raw sap.
b. get their nutrients from elaborated sap.
c. need water to carry out photosynthesis.
10 Plants carry out respiration...

a. during the day. b. at night. c. day and night.
Plant growth and nutrition INVESTIGATE
Name Date
What do plants need to grow?

Instructions
1. Work in groups of four. You need 4 small
plants, a paper bag, a transparent
plastic bag and water.
2. Label the plants: 1. no water; 2. no light;
3. no air; 4. control plant.
es
3. Place the paper bag over plant number 2,
so it does not receive any light.
r.
4. Place the plastic bag over plant number 3,
so it does not get any air.
ba
5. Put the plants on a windowsill and water
them regularly, except for plant number 1.
ro
Make sure the control plant has air, light
and water. ap
6. Observe the growth of the plants over
the next four weeks and record your
observations. Complete the table.
o
er
week plant 1 plant 2 plant 3 plant 4
1
ui
2
q
yo
4
w.
7. Compare your results and answer the questions.

ww
a. Did all the plants grow the same? Explain.
b. Which plant was the healthiest?
c. Which plant was the least healthy?
Ecosystems REINFORCEMENT
Name Date
1 Look at the picture and answer the questions about this ecosystem.
• Is this physical environment terrestrial or aquatic?
• What components make up the physical environment?
• What living things are present in this ecosystem?
• How do living things modify this environment?
es
r.
ba
ro
o ap
er
ui
2 Match each word with its definition. Then, look at the picture above and label
q
a species, a population and the community.

yo
• community group of living things that can successfully reproduce

w.
• species all the organisms of one species in an ecosystem
• population all the populations in an ecosystem

ww
3 Write an example of each.
a. Producer:
b. Primary consumer:
c. Secondary consumer:
d. Tertiary consumer:
e. Scavenger:
f. Decomposer:
REINFORCEMENT
4 Number the living things in this food chain in order. Then, write producer, primary consumer,
secondary consumer and tertiary consumer.

es

r.
ba
ro
ap

o
er
5 Match the columns using four different colours.

ui
two species when one benefits and the

a. Competition other remains unaffected.
q
b. Parasitism two species when both benefit.

yo
is the relationship between

c. Mutualism two species when one benefits while the
other suffers.
w.
d. Commensalism
different species that have the same needs.
ww
6 Look at the pictures. Name each type of relationship.

Ecosystems EXTENSION
Name Date
Tropical rainforests
Tropical rainforests are forests with tall trees,
dense vegetation and very high rainfall. These
ecosystems are found in hot and humid areas
in Africa, Asia, and Central and South America.
The Amazon rainforest in South America is the
largest tropical rainforest in the world. It is almost
es
ten times the size of Spain!
Rainforests are often described as ‘the lungs of
the planet’. This is because they produce 40 %
r.
of the Earth’s oxygen, which all living things need
to survive. They consist of several layers of
ba
vegetation which are home to over half of the
world’s species. In fact, tropical rainforests are
ro
one of the richest ecosystems on the planet. Their flora includes a large variety of gigantic trees,
which support other plants. Their fauna consists of colourful birds, numerous and fascinating insects,
and amazing mammals.
ap
Unfortunately, human activity is destroying tropical rainforests all around the world.
o
er
a. What climatic conditions do tropical rainforests need to grow?

ui

q
b. Where can we find these ecosystems?

yo

w.
c. Which rainforest is the largest in the world?

ww
d. Why do rainforests produce so much oxygen?
e. What makes a rainforest one of the richest ecosystems on the planet?
2 Search the Internet for information about an animal species from a tropical
rainforest. In your notebook, write a brief description of your animal.
Include a photograph or a drawing.
Ecosystems EXTENSION
Name Date
Life at the top of the Earth

Tundras are one of the coldest and harshest
ecosystems on Earth. They are found in
the Arctic, where the weather is extremely
cold, dry and windy. They are treeless areas
with low plants that grow in rock cavities.
The Arctic tundra has average temperatures
es
of -12 ºC to -6 ºC. This means that the top
layer of the soil, called the permafrost,
is almost always frozen.
r.
In the winter, the permafrost is covered with
a thick layer of snow, and no plants are visible.
ba
However, during the short summer, there
are 24 hours a day of sunlight. The surface
ro
of the permafrost melts, and wildflowers appear everywhere.
The Arctic tundra is home to several animal species, including Arctic foxes, polar bears, caribous,
snow geese and musk-oxen. Unfortunately, as a result of global warming, temperatures are rising.
ap
This is causing the permafrost to melt and threatening this unique ecosystem.
o
er
1 Read the text and circle the correct word.

ui
a. Tundra ecosystems are found in the Arctic / Antarctic.
b. Temperatures in tundra ecosystems are very high / low.

q
yo
c. The top layer of the soil is the tundra / permafrost.
d. Winter in the Arctic tundra is longer / shorter than summer.

w.
e. Global warming / Animal life is threatening the Arctic tundra.

ww
2 Search the Internet for three examples of fauna from the Arctic tundra. Write what they eat.
fauna food
Ecosystems ASSESSMENT
Name Date
1 Look at the ecosystem and answer the questions.
coal tits
sparrowhawks
jay
es
oak trees
r.
ferns
ba
wild boars
ro
jays
mice stag beetles fungi
o ap
a. Is this ecosystem terrestrial or aquatic?
er
b. Describe the physical environment.
c. Circle an organism. What organism is it?

ui
d. Circle two populations. What populations are they?

q
e. Circle the community. Which includes more components, a community or an ecosystem? Explain.
yo

w.

ww
a. Plants and algae are producers in an ecosystem.
b. Secondary consumers in an ecosystem are always herbivores.
c. Scavengers and decomposers are essential to ecosystems.
d. Food chains always start with a decomposer.
e. Food webs are made up of many food chains.
ASSESSMENT
3 Look at the food web and write examples.
a. Two producers:
kestrel b. Two primary consumers:

harrier

fox

es
lizard
c. Two secondary consumers:
mouse
r.
rabbit
grasshopper
ba

wheat
clover
d. Two tertiary consumers:
ro
ap

o
4 Look at the food web from Activity 3 and complete the following two food chains.
er
Then, answer the question.

ui
fox
q
yo
fox
w.
ww
• What type of consumer is the fox in each food chain?
5 Write an example of each type of relationship.
• Mutualism:
• Commensalism:
• Parasitism:
• Competition:
Ecosystems TEST
Name Date
1 An ecosystem refers to…

a. living things.
b. the physical environment.
c. living things and the physical environment.
2 The physical environment of an ecosystem does not include…

a. trees. b. light. c. water.
es
3 Animals can only reproduce with members of the same…
r.
a. species. b. population. c. community.
ba
4 A population includes…
a. all the living things in an ecosystem.
ro
b. a group of animals travelling together.
c. all the organisms of one species in an ecosystem.
ap
5 Producers…
a. feed on plants and algae.
o
b. are living things that make their own food.
er
c. break down dead animal and plant materials.

ui
6 All herbivores are…

a. primary consumers. b. secondary consumers. c. tertiary consumers.
q
yo
7 In a relationship of mutualism…
a. only one species benefits.
w.
b. both species remain unaffected.

c. both species benefit.
ww
8 One species benefits while the other remains unaffected in…

a. commensalism. b. competition. c. parasitism.
9 Fleas benefit while dogs suffer. This is an example of…

a. mutualism. b. commensalism. c. parasitism.
10 In a relationship of competition…
a. two species benefit from each other.
b. two species have the same needs.
c. only one species benefits.
Ecosystems INVESTIGATE
Name Date
Can you build an ecosystem? Make a terrarium.

Instructions
1. Work in groups of four. Cover the bottom of a clear
glass or plastic container with small pebbles.
2. Add some soil. Make small holes in the soil and plant
seeds and small plants.
3. Add water and place the container in a sunny place.
es
4. Cover the top of the container with clear plastic film.
5. Allow the seeds to germinate and the plants to take
r.
root. Water your terrarium regularly, but moderately.
ba
6. Collect some insects in a jar, for example, ants,
ladybirds and centipedes. Add them to your
terrarium.
ro
7. Observe your terrarium every week. Record and draw
your observations in the table, including interactions
ap
among the living things.
o
er
ui
week 1 week 2 week 3 week 4

q
yo
w.
ww

People and the environment REINFORCEMENT
Name Date
1 Circle six ecosystems. Classify them. Then, tick (✓) the saltwater ecosystem.
f b e g j r t
terrestrial ecosystems p d h k l i v aquatic ecosystems
f p r d w v l
o p e n s e a

es
r g a h t r g

e r n s e u o
r.
s r p i p u o
t t i s p u n
ba
k d e s e r t
ro
2 Write six factors that make up the environment of human beings.
ap
1. 4.
2. 5.
o
er
3. 6.
ui
3 Look at the picture. Write the human activities that modify the environment.
q

yo

w.

ww
REINFORCEMENT
4 Read the descriptions and name the negative effects of human activity.
a. Slow transformation of fertile land into desert:
b. Disappearance of forests:
c. Living things at risk of becoming extinct:
d. Accumulation of rubbish and harmful substances in air, water and soil:
5 Name the two negative effects of human activity. Then, answer the question.
es
A B
r.
ba
ro
ap

o
er
• How do they happen?
a.
ui

q

yo
b.
w.

ww
6 Write two ways of protecting the environment for each case.
• government measures:
• citizen actions:
People and the environment EXTENSION
Name Date
Pollution at sea
Due to human activity, many pollutants
end up in our oceans. These pollutants
include liquid waste, such as oil, and solid
waste, such as plastics. Some of these
pollutants accumulate on the seabed.
Tiny marine organisms eat them and
es
this can poison marine food webs.
Oil spills float on water and block out
sunlight. Algae need sunlight to produce
r.
their own food. Algae are the main
producers in marine ecosystems.
ba
Therefore, when algae are destroyed,
marine food webs are harmed. Oil causes
ro
other problems. It sticks to birds’ feathers
and animal fur, causing them harm and eventually killing them.
Solid waste is another threat to marine life. Many marine animals mistake plastics for food.
ap
Solid waste is carried by ocean currents and wind to different places on Earth, creating huge heaps
of debris, called garbage patches. These garbage patches consist mainly of tiny plastic fragments
o
which block sunlight and are very hard to clean up. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, located
in the northern Pacific Ocean, is sometimes called the Plastic Continent.
er
ui

q
a. What type of waste substances are polluting the oceans?

yo
b. How is marine pollution affecting the marine food web?

w.

ww
c. How do oil spills harm marine algae?
d. How can plastics harm marine animals?
e. What are garbage patches?
People and the environment EXTENSION
Name Date
Doñana National Park

Doñana is considered one of the most
important wetland reserves in the world
and is a haven for birds. It is located in
the delta of the Guadalquivir River, and
extends over an area of more than
500 km2 in the provinces of Huelva,
es
Seville and Cadiz.
Doñana has many different ecosystems,
such as marshes, lagoons and sand
r.
dunes. These ecosystems are home
to an enormous variety of wildlife.
ba
The biodiversity of Doñana National Park
is unique in Europe. The fauna includes
ro
over 300 species of vertebrates. About
six million migratory birds stop off in
Doñana in late spring on their way from
ap
Africa to northern and central Europe,
and do just the opposite in late autumn. Doñana is also home to endangered species, such as
the Iberian Lynx and the Spanish Imperial Eagle. Due to its great ecological value, Doñana
o
is a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and a World Heritage Site.
er
ui

q
a. What type of protected natural area is Doñana National Park?

yo
b. Which river runs through Doñana?

w.
c. What type of ecosystems can you find in the park?
d. When do birds fly from northern Europe to Doñana?

ww
e. Which endangered species can you find in Doñana?
2 Search the Internet for information about two migratory birds you can find in Doñana National
Park. Then, complete the table.
migratory bird description migratory flights
People and the environment ASSESSMENT
Name Date
1 Identify each ecosystem and a living thing it is home to.
A B C D
es
r.

ba

ro
2 Draw other components of the environment of a squirrel, including one component that
is the result of human activity. Then, write sentences about the squirrel’s environment.
o ap
er
q ui
yo
w.
ww
ASSESSMENT
3 Look at the photograph of Antarctica and answer the question.
• How can this continent be affected by air pollution?
es

r.
4 Complete the table about negative effects of human activity.
ba
negative effect causes consequences
ro
o ap
5
er
Complete four ways of protecting the environment. Then, match them to the photos.
a. waste. b. energy.
ui
c. Saving . d. Respecting .
q
yo
w.
ww
People and the environment TEST
Name Date
1 Atlantic forests are…

a. humid regions with hot summers.
b. dry regions with cool summers.
c. humid regions with cool summers.
2 Plants in mountain grasslands are…

a. humid. b. herbaceous. c. very rare.
es
3 Salinity refers to…
r.
a. the hardness of rocks on the coast.
b. the amount of salt in water.
ba
c. the amount of vegetation in lagoons.
4 Water does not move much in…
ro
a. oceans. b. rivers. c. lagoons.
ap
5 Everything that affects a living thing makes up its…
a. environment. b. climate. c. habitat.
o
er
6 Human activity…
a. never affects the environment.
ui
b. sometimes affects the environment.

c. always affects the environment.
q
yo
7 Desertification is often caused by…

a. deforestation. b. endangered species. c. fertile soil.
w.
8 An example of overexploitation is…

ww
a. polluting forest environments.

b. catching too many fish.
c. allowing soil to be eroded.
9 The job of protecting the environment is for…

a. governments. b. citizens. c. governments and citizens.
10 Biosphere Reserves…
a. achieve a balance between human activity and nature.
b. are declared by national or local governments.
c. include all the living things on Earth.
People and the environment INVESTIGATE
Name Date
How clean is the air?

Instructions
1. W
ork in groups of four. You need white card, string, a cotton swab,
Vaseline, a hole punch, a permanent black marker and a magnifying glass.
2. Cut the card into 8 small squares.
3. Punch a hole in the top of each piece of card and draw a circle on each piece.
es
4. D
ecide on 4 locations where you want to test the air, for example, inside
the school, the school playground, the school parking lot and the school
r.
street. Label each piece of card with a location.
5. S
pread a thin layer of Vaseline with a cotton swab inside the circle you
ba
drew on each piece of card.
6. Using the string, hang each piece of card in its location.
ro
7. C
ollect your pieces of card in a week. Observe them with a magnifying
glass. Count the number of particles that are stuck to the Vaseline on
ap
each card and record your data. Draw a picture of what you see.
o
location number of particles drawing
er
inside the school

q ui
yo
school playground
w.
school parking lot

ww
school street
8. Compare your results and answer the questions.

a. Which piece of card had the highest number of particles?
b. Which piece of card had the lowest number of particles?

Matter REINFORCEMENT
Name Date
1 Complete the mind map.
MATTER
properties properties
es
•
r.
•
is measured in is measured in
ba
•
litres or millilitres • density
2
ro
ap
Look at the photographs. Write how to measure volume in each case.
A B C
o
er
q ui
yo
w.

ww

3 Write mass, volume or density.
• refers to the concentration of matter in a particular volume.
• is the amount of matter in an object.
• is the amount of space an object occupies.
• and are general properties of matter.
• is a specific property of matter.
REINFORCEMENT
4 Find eight objects and classify them. Then, answer the questions.
r h p m b s r v b s
u k n n e c o r k c
objects that float
b o v t p r x m o o
b o t t l e c a p y objects that sink
e x l d d n r t h j
r o c k r a a c i l
es
d w d e x i g h r e

u t z o m l i a n p
r.
c b a k p e n c i l
ba
k m a r b l e z q h
ro
• Which objects have a lower density than water? ap

• Which objects have a higher density than water?

o

er
5 Complete the table about the physical states of matter. Write fixed or not fixed.
ui

q
solids liquids gases

yo
volume
w.
shape
ww
• Which physical state of matter can be compressed? Explain.
6 Match. Then, write an example of each.
sublimation A gas turns into a solid.
reverse sublimation A solid turns into a gas.
Matter EXTENSION
Name Date
Plasma
After solids, liquids and gases, plasma is the fourth
state of matter. Plasmas are gases with electrically
charged particles. This means plasmas can conduct
electricity. Since they are gases, they do not have a
fixed shape or volume.
Plasma is the most common state of matter in the
es
Universe. The Sun and other stars are huge balls of
plasma. In fact, stars are made up of gases at very
high temperatures that charge up atoms. Other
r.
examples of natural plasmas are lightning and the
Northern Lights.
ba
But plasma is not only up in the sky. We use
man-made plasma in neon signs, plasma screens,
ro
plasma lamps and fluorescent light bulbs. For
example, fluorescent light bulbs are filled with gas;
the gas gets charged with electricity and creates
ap
glowing plasma inside the bulb.
There are many types of plasmas. They each have
o
different characteristics and behaviour, which makes
er
them very useful in the world around us.

ui
1
q
Read the text and complete the table about plasma.

yo
description examples of natural plasma examples of man-made plasma

w.
ww
2 Search the Internet for more information about other uses of man-made plasmas.
Matter EXTENSION
Name Date
Shrilk
Shrilk is a new biologically engineered material
inspired by nature – in particular, by the rigid
exoskeleton of insects. Shrilk is thin, clear,
flexible and as strong as aluminium, although
much lighter. It is also biodegradable,
and can be used as fertilizer.
es
Shrilk is made of chitin, a large molecule found
in shrimp shells, and fibroin, a protein from silk.
The secret of shrilk is not only in its components,
r.
but also in how these components are arranged
in layers. This layering results in a material that
ba
is both strong and light. Depending on its water
content, shrilk can be rigid or elastic, so it can
ro
also be easily moulded into different shapes. In addition, shrilk can be produced at a very low cost,
since shrimp shells are basically a waste product.
Due to its unique properties, shrilk can be an environmentally friendly substitute for plastic. So far,
ap
shrilk has been used as a bioplastic to make film, rubbish bags, nappies, packaging materials and
medical supplies.
o
er
1 Read the text and make an index card.

ui
SHRILK
q
yo
Description:
w.
Components and structure:
Advantages:
ww
Uses:
2 Search the Internet for general information about other bioplastics. Write their names
and some of their advantages.
Matter ASSESSMENT
Name Date
1 Complete the table.
general or specific
definition measurement unit
property
mass
es
volume
r.
ba
density
2
ro
Look at the photos and answer the question.
ap
• W
hich ball has the higher density?
o
A B Explain.
er

ui

q

yo
3 Look at the photo of oil and water. Which substance is denser? Explain.
w.

ww
ASSESSMENT
4 Complete the table about the states of matter.
state of matter description
es
r.
ba
ro
ap
5 Write an example of each.
o
• a flexible solid:
er
• a fragile solid:
ui
• a viscous liquid:
q
• a volatile liquid:
yo
6 Which property of gases do these pictures illustrate? Explain.

w.
ww
Matter TEST
Name Date
1 Density is…
a. a general property of matter.
b. a specific property of matter.
c. not a property of matter.
2 The amount of matter in objects is called…

a. mass. b. volume. c. density.
es
3 Volume is directly related to…
r.
a. weight. b. colour. c. size.
ba
4 The volume of regular-shaped solids is…
a. measured in measuring cylinders.
ro
b. calculated with mathematical formulas.
c. calculated by the water displacement method.
ap
5 To calculate the density of an object, we…
a. divide its mass by its volume.
o
b. add its mass and its volume.
er
c. divide its mass by its weight.

ui
6 If the density of an object is higher than the density of water, it…

a. floats in water. b. repels water. c. sinks in water.
q
yo
7 Solids…
a. can flow and be compressed.
w.
b. can flow, but cannot be compressed.

c. cannot flow or be compressed.
ww
8 If a liquid does not flow easily, it is…

a. viscous. b. volatile. c. strong.
9 When we compress a gas, its volume…

a. increases. b. decreases. c. stays the same.
10 Sublimation happens when…

a. a gas turns directly into a solid.
b. a liquid suddenly freezes.
c. a solid turns directly into a gas.
Matter INVESTIGATE
Name Date
Does it float or sink?

Instructions
1. Work in pairs.
2. You need a clear plastic container, a marble, a cork, a

paper clip, a pencil, a rubber, an elastic band, a coin, a
plastic spoon and water.
es
3. You are going to test whether these objects float or sink.
4. First, complete the table with your predictions: Write F
r.
(floats) or S (sinks).
ba
paper elastic plastic
marble cork pencil rubber coin
clip band spoon
ro
prediction
result
ap
5. Take it in turns to place the objects in the water. Add the results to the table above.
o
er
6. Compare your predictions and results.
7. Make two lists:

ui
• objects with higher density than water:

q

yo
• objects with lower density than water:

w.

ww
Energy REINFORCEMENT
Name Date
1 1. Cross out (✗) the odd one out. Then, write the corresponding form of energy.
a. kite bike computer skateboard
b. radiator the Sun blender fire
c. water batteries food fuel
d. star candle snow torch
es
2 Match each picture to its corresponding energy transformation. Then, complete the table
r.
with examples from your home.
ba
A B C D
ro
o ap
chemical energy ➝ mechanical energy
er
chemical energy ➝ thermal energy
electrical energy ➝ mechanical energy

ui
electrical energy ➝ thermal energy

q
yo
electrical ➝ mechanical electrical ➝ thermal electrical ➝ light

w.
ww
3 Write one energy source for each type of energy.
a. mechanical energy:
b. nuclear energy:
c. chemical energy:
d. thermal energy:
e. light energy:
REINFORCEMENT
4 Write the energy source used in each type of power plant. Then, answer the question.
a. thermal power plant:
b. hydroelectric power plant:
c. nuclear power plant:
• Which of these energy sources will never run out?
es
Match and write sentences about environmental problems.
a. Fossil fuels are acid rain.
r.
b. Burning fossil fuels causes radioactive waste.
ba
c. Toxic substances in the air produce limited resources.
d. Nuclear power plants produce global warming.
ro
o ap
er
6
ui
Describe the ways of saving energy shown in the pictures. Then, add another example.
q
A B C
yo
w.
ww
Energy EXTENSION
Name Date
Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy, also known as the Earth’s internal
heat, is thermal energy generated inside the Earth. It is
a clean, renewable source of energy that, unlike solar
and wind energy, is always available. Geothermal energy
can be found in deep wells or shallow ground.
Geothermal energy can be used directly to heat buildings,
es
including houses, spas or greenhouses. It can also be
used to generate electricity by capturing steam from
inside the Earth, which is then used to drive electric
r.
generators.
ba
Geothermal energy is produced in over 20 countries
worldwide. The United States, the Philippines and
Indonesia are the main producers of geothermal energy
ro
in the world. The largest geothermal power plant,
The Geysers, is in California. This plant produces enough electricity for a city the size of Madrid.
ap
However, Iceland is the leading country in the world in the use of geothermal energy. With at least
twenty-five active volcanoes and many hot springs and geysers, Iceland can heat almost every
building in the country with natural hot water. A favourite pastime in Iceland is swimming in hot water
o
pools while the outside temperatures are below freezing!
er
1
ui
a. What is geothermal energy?

q
yo
b. What advantage does it have compared to solar and wind energy?
c. How can geothermal energy be used?

w.
d. Which countries are the leading producers of geothermal energy?

ww
e. What are The Geysers?
f. Which country is the leading user of geothermal energy?
2 Search the Internet for information about geothermal energy in Spain and write a brief
description.
Energy EXTENSION
Name Date
Bioclimatic architecture
Bioclimatic architecture is architecture that takes into
consideration the climate and other environmental factors
of a building’s natural surroundings. Its purpose is to save
energy and achieve optimal thermal and lighting conditions
inside buildings. Bioclimatic architecture includes the use
of natural resources, such as the Sun, wind,
es
and vegetation.
In the past, traditional architectural styles used materials,
such as adobe, or features, such as thick walls, to create
r.
stable indoor temperatures. Andalusian courtyards are
an example of traditional bioclimatic architecture. The
ba
courtyards capture cool air at night and release heat
during the day. Fountains in these courtyards help
ro
to keep the air temperature cool.
The Sun is the biggest source of energy in bioclimatic architecture, so the orientation of a building,
and in particular the windows, is important. Windows facing south receive the maximum amount of
ap
light and solar heat. In addition, the use of thermal insulating materials, such as stone, wood and
adobe, prevents buildings from losing heat in winter, and keeps them cool in summer. Finally,
o
insulating windows or using double windows is very important to prevent heat from escaping.
er
1
ui
a. What are the advantages of bioclimatic architecture?

q
yo
b. Name an example of traditional bioclimatic architecture.

w.
c. Why is the orientation of a building an important factor in bioclimatic architecture?

ww
d. Which architectural elements help buildings maintain the indoor temperature?
2 Look around your home. Make a list of architectural elements that can be considered
bioclimatic.
Energy ASSESSMENT
Name Date
1 Write the form of energy for each situation.
a. Energy in a flying kite:
b. Energy emitted by a star:
c. Energy produced by the movement of charged particles:
d. Energy released when uranium atoms are split apart:
es
e. Energy in a slice of pizza:
r.
Complete the mind map.
ba
PROPERTIES OF ENERGY
ro
ap
Energy can be Energy can be Energy can be Energy can be

o
er
3
ui
Find eight energy sources and classify them. Then, answer the questions.
q
r w i n d b r v b s
yo
p a n n e f a r i c
renewable sources non-renewable sources
b t v u p d i m o o
w.
p e t r o l e u m y
ww
e r l a d w r t a b
r o c n r c s o s l
s w d i x o u h s e

u p l u t o n i u m
e b a m p x n e i l
k g y g d p c o a l
• Which energy sources are found in minerals?

• Which renewable energy source is organic matter?
ASSESSMENT
4 Name the energy source in each photograph. Then, write the name of the power plant
where each energy source is used.
es
r.

ba

ro
5 Complete the mind map about fossil fuels. ap
global
causing
o
gases
er
Burning fossil fuels releases

ui
causing

q
yo
react with

w.
water producing

ww
6 Use the words to write about ways of saving energy.
public transport - thermostat - three Rs - shower
Energy TEST
Name Date
1 Energy is the ability…

a. to obtain and store food.
b. to be present everywhere and in everything.
c. to do work or cause changes.
2 The form of energy related to temperature is…

a. chemical energy. b. thermal energy. c. light energy.
es
3 Energy can be transformed. For example, …
r.
a. batteries store chemical energy.
b. electrical energy becomes light energy in a lamp.
ba
c. electrical energy moves through electric cables.
4 Non-renewable energy sources will…
ro
a. run out one day. b. never run out. c. become renewable.
ap
5 The energy in biomass is…
a. chemical energy. b. geothermal energy. c. mechanical energy.
o
er
6 Burning fossil fuels…

a. produces radioactive waste.
ui
b. can produce acid rain.

c. uses up the Sun’s energy.
q
yo
7 The gases in the atmosphere that absorb heat are known as…
a. air pollution. b. toxic substances. c. greenhouse gases.
w.
8 The Earth’s temperature is increasing. This is called…

ww
a. the greenhouse effect. b. global warming. c. solar energy.
9 The greenhouse effect is…

a. decreasing because of human activity.
b. increasing because of human activity.
c. not affected by human activity.
10 We can save energy in many ways. For example, we can…

a. take showers instead of baths.
b. turn off the light when we enter a room.
c. dry our clothes in a dryer.
Energy INVESTIGATE
Name Date
Make a solar oven

Instructions
1. Work in groups of four. You need a cardboard pizza
box, a craft knife, a marker, a thermometer, aluminium
foil, cling film and black card.
2. Draw a square on the lid of the box about 3 cm from
the edge. Cut a flap in the box with the craft knife
es
by cutting along 3 sides of the square. Fold the flap
back so it stays open.
3. Cover the inside of the box with aluminium foil. Make
r.
sure the shiny side is facing down. Then, cover the
ba
inside of the flap with aluminium foil. Make sure
the shiny side is facing up.
4. Glue black card to the inside bottom of the box.
ro
5. Cover the opening cut in the lid with cling film. ap
6. Take your solar oven outside on a sunny day.
7. Test your oven by measuring the temperature inside the oven over time. Adjust the lid so it receives as
much sunlight as possible at all times.
o
er
10 am 11 am 12 pm 1 pm 2 pm 3 pm
ui
temperature
q
yo
a. What was the highest temperature reached in your solar oven?

w.
b. What time did your oven reach the highest temperature?

ww
9. Now write a conclusion about the best time(s) of day to use your solar oven.

Light and heat REINFORCEMENT
Name Date
1 Use the clues to write the properties of light.
a. Light is faster than anything else we can observe in the Universe:
b. Light cannot move around objects:
c. Lamp light travels to every part of a room:
es
2 Unscramble the words and label the pictures.
r.
ueqapo - pratentsnar - nustlancret
ba
ro
o ap
er
q ui
3 Complete the text about the reflection of light.

yo
eyes - sources of light - reflection - reflect - surface - light -

w.
bounces off - reflected - see - smooth and shiny

ww
Most objects are not . We can
only see them because they part
of the light that hits their .
When hits an object,
it the object.
This is called .
The light enters our . This is how we
objects. surfaces reflect most of the light.
REINFORCEMENT
4 Describe two properties of light shown in picture A. Then, use picture B to explain
how we see objects.
A B
es
r.
ba
ro
a. Heat is the thermal energy in objects.
b. Heat does not cause changes.

ap
c. Temperature refers to how hot or cold an object is.
o
d. Thermometers are used to measure temperature.
er
e. Temperature is measured in degrees Celsius.

q ui
yo
6 Write conductor or insulator. Then, answer the question.

w.
ww

• Which object is made of two different materials. Why?
Light and heat EXTENSION
Name Date
Our Sun: a natural source of light and heat

Like other stars, our Sun shines so brightly because
it is extremely hot. The centre of the Sun, known
as the core, can reach up to 15 million degrees
Celsius. The core produces all the Sun’s energy
in the form of light and heat. The light takes between
10,000 and 150,000 years to reach the surface
es
of the Sun, where the temperature is much lower
– only 5,500 degrees Celsius!
This enormous star is mainly made up of hydrogen
r.
and helium. About three quarters of it is hydrogen and
the rest is mostly helium. The Sun makes energy
ba
by nuclear fusion. This reaction, which involves
combining hydrogen atoms together to make helium,
ro
releases huge amounts of light and heat. As a result,
the Sun’s mass is being consumed. In fact, the Sun
has used up half of its stored hydrogen. In about 5 billion years, the hydrogen fusion at its
ap
core will stop. When this happens, the Sun will stop producing light and heat.
o
er
1 Read the text and complete the index card.

ui
THE SUN
q
Composition:
yo
Heat and light produced by:

w.
Temperature in the core:
Temperature at the surface:

ww
Lifetime remaining:
2 Search the Internet for more information about the Sun. Write a few sentences.
Light and heat EXTENSION
Name Date
Shadows
People have always been fascinated by shadows because,
although they are always with us, we can never catch them
or touch them.
But what is a shadow? It is the dark area caused when
an object blocks light. Objects need to be opaque or
translucent to make a shadow. Transparent objects do not
es
make shadows because they allow light to pass through.
Shadows from opaque objects are darker than shadows
from translucent ones.
r.
Shadows form because light travels in a straight line and
ba
cannot go around obstacles. Shadows always appear on
the side of objects away from the light source, and they
always have the same outline as the objects.
ro
Shadows can change size and shape. Indoors, they get
bigger as you move closer to a light source, and smaller
ap
when you move away from the light source. Outdoors,
shadows change as the position of the Sun changes.
o
er
a. What is a shadow?
ui
b. Do all objects produce shadows? Why?

q
yo
c. What makes shadows change indoors?
d. What makes shadows change outdoors?

w.
2 Turn off all the lights and close the curtains in a room. Turn on a lamp and put your
ww
hand close to the light source. Explore ways of making the size of the shadow
of your hand change. Draw and write your observations.
Light and heat ASSESSMENT
Name Date
1 Colour the diagram and label the colours of light. Then, write a sentence about
the composition of light.
es
r.
ba
ro
ap
•
o
2 Complete the word map.
er
PROPERTIES OF LIGHT
q ui
yo
Light travels at Light travels in Light travels in

w.

ww
3 Explain how the black bowl and the white bowl interact with light. Then, explain
how a red bowl interacts with light.

ASSESSMENT
4 Label the photographs reflection or refraction. Complete the sentences.
es
r.
• When light an object, it off
ba
and changes .
ro
• When light from one material to another material
with a different , it .
ap
5 Look at the photographs and draw an arrow to show the transfer of thermal energy. Then,
o
answer the question.
er
q ui
yo
w.
ww
• When will the transfer of thermal energy stop in both cases?
6 Match and write examples of materials for each.
conductors materials that transmit heat quickly

insulators materials that transmit heat slowly

Light and heat TEST
Name Date
1 We see rainbows because…

a. clouds reflect these seven colours.
b. raindrops separate white light into seven colours.
c. they are created by the wet ground after it rains.
2 Light travels at 300,000 kilometres per…

a. second. b. minute. c. hour.
es
3 Light cannot pass through…
r.
a. transparent objects. b. translucent objects. c. opaque objects.
ba
4 We can only see objects when…
a. they reflect light.
ro
b. they absorb light.
c. a source of light reaches our eyes.
ap
5 The colour of an object is the colour of the light…
a. it absorbs. b. it reflects. c. that reaches it.
o
er
6 Refraction…
a. only happens under water.
ui
b. causes objects to change their shape.

c. causes light to bend.
q
yo
7 Heat…
a. is the transfer of thermal energy.
w.
b. is another word for temperature.

c. describes temperatures above 30 ºC.
ww
8 A hot bowl of soup on the table will…

a. slowly increase in temperature.
b. cool down until it reaches the temperature of the room.
c. become colder than the air in the room.
9 Conductors transmit heat…

a. slowly. b. with difficulty. c. quickly.
10 Glass, plastic and wood are examples of good…

a. conductors. b. insulators. c. reflectors.
Light and heat INVESTIGATE
Name Date
Which surfaces reflect light best?

Instructions
1. Work with a partner. You need a torch, a mirror and
some aluminium foil.
2. Cut out two pieces of the foil.
3. Crumple one of the pieces of foil, then flatten it out.
4. Stand next to a wall. Hold the mirror in one hand
es
and direct the light from the torch towards the mirror
so the reflection shines on the wall.
r.
5. Now, repeat the experiment with the smooth and crumpled
ba
pieces of the aluminium foil.
6. Complete the table.
ro
ap reflects light well or poorly?
mirror
o
smooth foil
er
crumpled foil
q ui

yo
a. Which surface reflects light best?
b. Which surface reflects the least light?

w.
c. Can you name other surfaces that reflect light well?

ww

Electricity REINFORCEMENT
Name Date
1 Explain why the pen attracts the pieces of paper.
A

es
B
r.
ba
2 Draw arrows between the electrical charges to show the interaction between them.
Then, write a sentence to explain each diagram.
A B
ro C
ap
+ – + + – –
o
er
a.
b.
ui
c.
q
yo
3 Label the materials of the electrical cable. Why are these materials used?
w.
ww
REINFORCEMENT
4 Complete the diagram with effects of electric current and an example of each.
heat
sound
Electric current can produce
lamp
es
r.
fan
ba
5
ro
Look at the diagram. Which bulbs will light up when the switch is on? Explain.
C D
o ap
B
er
E
ui
A
q
yo
w.
ww
6 Write a sentence with each group of words.
socket - cables - national grid
wind - turbine - generator
Electricity EXTENSION
Name Date
Sparks of invention
A B
Since the first electric phenomena were described over
two centuries ago, advances in the field of electricity have
been slow, but constant.
In the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) flew
a kite to ‘capture electricity’ from thunderclouds.
Alessandro Volta (1745-1827) developed an instrument
es
capable of producing electric charges. Around 1800,
he invented the first electric battery. Fig. A. C D
r.
In 1820, Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851) confirmed
there was a very close relationship between electricity
ba
and magnetism. He invented the electromagnet. Fig. B.
In the early 19th century, Michael Faraday (1791-1867)
ro
made important discoveries that led to the development
of electric generators and motors. Fig. C.
In 1870, Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) invented F
ap
E
the incandescent light bulb and many other useful
devices. Fig. D.
o
Another important invention was the electric
er
telegraph. It was perfected by Samuel Morse

(1791-1872) in 1837. Fig. E.
In 1880, Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) proved the
ui
existence of electromagnetic waves that could be

detected from a distance. He built a device that could generate radio waves. This was the first radio
q
transmitter. Fig. F.
yo
In the 1960s, techniques were developed for building integrated circuits. The electronic age had begun.
w.
1 Read the text. Then, match the columns.

ww
a. Michael Faraday first electric battery
b. Thomas Alva Edison electromagnet
c. Hans Christian Oersted electric generator
d. Samuel Morse incandescent light bulb
e. Heinrich Hertz electric telegraph
f. Alessandro Volta radio transmitter
2 Search the Internet for more information about one of the inventions from the text.
Electricity EXTENSION
Name Date
Graphene
Because of its unique properties, graphene is considered the material of the future.
It is transparent and thinner than a sheet of paper, but, it is much stronger
than steel! In addition, graphene is a better conductor
of electricity than copper.
Graphene was discovered accidentally by two scientists
at the University of Manchester. They pressed some tape
es
over a thin layer of graphite and peeled it away. When looking
at the tape under the microscope, they discovered there was
a single atomic layer of graphite.
r.
Graphene basically consists of a layer of carbon that is just
ba
one atom thick. The atoms are arranged in a regular
hexagonal pattern, like a honeycomb. This extremely
light, two-dimensional structure allows electrons
ro
to pass through easily, which makes graphene
a very efficient conductor of electricity.
ap
Graphene has many technological applications.
It can be used to make more efficient solar cells,
optical devices, and advanced batteries with greater
o
storage capacity. However, it may be particularly useful
er
in the field of flexible electronics, to build faster, lighter

and stronger personal communication devices.
ui
1
q
Read the text and complete the index card.

yo
GRAPHENE
w.
Description:
ww
Properties:
Uses:
2 Search the Internet for more information about graphene. What else is it used for?
Electricity ASSESSMENT
Name Date
1 Look at the picture and answer the questions.
A B C
es
a. How are the objects in A electrically charged?
r.
b. How are the objects in C electrically charged?
ba
c. What is happening in B?
2
ro
Look at the diagrams. Explain what interaction between electrical charges each shows.
ap
A B
o
+ + + –
er
ui

q

yo

w.
3 Use the words to write sentences about conductors and insulators.

ww
plastic - water - flows easily - electric current - air -

does not flow - glass - wood - metals

conductors

insulators

ASSESSMENT
4 Look at the photographs and write the effect of electric current.
es

r.
5 Label the electric circuit. Then, choose three components and write a sentence about each one.
ba
ro
o ap
er
q ui
yo
w.
•
ww
•
•
6 Read the energy transformations. Write the type of power plant.
a. mechanical energy from water ➝ electricity power plants
b. chemical energy from fossil fuels ➝ electricity power plants
c. mechanical energy from wind ➝ electricity power plants
d. thermal energy from the Sun ➝ electricity power plants
Electricity TEST
Name Date
1 There are electrical charges in…

a. all objects. b. some objects. c. objects in movement.
2 Objects are…
a. usually electrically positive.
b. usually electrically neutral.
c. always electrically negative.
es
3 Objects with opposite charges…
r.
a. attract. b. repel. c. do not affect each other.
ba
4 An electric current…
a. can only flow through insulators.
ro
b. cannot be transformed into other forms of energy.
c. is the flow of electrical charges through materials.
ap
5 Electric current does not flow through insulators because they…
a. do not allow electrical charges to move.
o
b. are extremely hard materials.
er
c. are not connected to an electric circuit.

ui
6 When electric current flows through batteries, it produces…

a. heat. b. a chemical effect. c. sound.
q
yo
7 In an electric circuit, the switch…

a. transports electricity.
w.
b. transforms electricity into light energy.

c. controls the flow of electricity.
ww
8 The component that provides the electricity in a circuit is the…

a. device. b. cable. c. generator.
9 We connect appliances to the electrical grid through…

a. power plants. b. turbines. c. sockets.
10 In thermal power plants, …

a. wind moves a turbine.
b. fossil fuels are used to heat up water.
c. there are no turbines or generators.
Electricity INVESTIGATE
Name Date
Make a conductivity tester

Instructions
1. Work in groups of four. You need a 4.5 V battery, a light
bulb holder, a light bulb, a wire about 50 cm long,
two split pins, some insulating tape to build a simple
electric circuit and the following objects: a paper
clip, an elastic band, a pencil, a pencil lead, a key,
a plastic spoon.
es
2. Cut the wire into three pieces. Ask your teacher
to help you strip the plastic covering from the
r.
ends of the wire.
ba
3. Build the electric circuit as in the picture.
4. Put the light bulb in the light bulb holder. Make the two split pins
touch. If the light bulb lights up, your conductivity tester is ready!
ro
5. Before testing the conductivity of the objects, write down your predictions: conductor or insulator.
ap
6. Test the objects, one by one. Add your results to the table.
o
object prediction result
er
paper clip
ui
elastic band
q
yo
pencil
w.
pencil lead
ww
key
plastic spoon
7. Compare your predictions and the results. Then, write a conclusion.
Forces and machines REINFORCEMENT
Name Date
1 Look at the swing. Why is it moving?
es

r.
2 Draw arrows to show movement and the force of friction.
ba
ro
o ap
3
er
Look at the photograph and answer the questions.
a. The man wants to continue at the same speed.

ui
Which two forces must be the same?

q
yo
b. What will happen if he stops pedalling? Why?

w.
ww
4 Solve the problem.
A motorist drives 100 kilometres

in one hour. How many kilometres
will he drive in three hours if he
maintains the same speed?
REINFORCEMENT
5 You throw a ball in the air. Use the words to explain what happens to the ball.
gravity - speed - upwards - downwards
es
r.
6 Read these definitions of machine components and write the names.
ba
cover - mechanism - sensors - engine - gears - springs
ro
a. These allow a machine to detect information:
ap
b. This produces movement by transforming chemical
energy into mechanical energy:
o
c. This outer part protects the machine:
er
d. Several operating parts that work together:

ui
e. These are wheels with teeth:
f. These are coils that store and release energy:

q
yo
7 Label four operating parts on the bicycle.

w.
ww
8 Cross out (✗) the odd one out. Then, write modern structure, home, free time or communication.
a. animation exercise machine refrigerator motion gaming
b. tower telephone the Internet social networks
c. pillar beam foundation animation
d. dishwasher bridge thermostat refrigerator
Forces and machines EXTENSION
Name Date
Friction in sports
Friction is a force that slows down the movement
of an object (or a person) in contact with a surface
or another object.
Surface friction affects sports in which an object, such
as a ball, wheel or sled, rolls or slides. For example, if
you kick a football on grass, friction between the ball
es
and the grass causes the ball to slow down. Friction
differs depending on the surface: the smoother the
surface, the less friction there is.
r.
Air resistance plays a big role in ball sports or in sports
ba
in which a person moves through the air, such as
running or cycling, and water resistance affects
aquatic sports such as swimming.
ro
In some sports, it is advantageous to decrease friction, for example, in skiing or ice skating. Skis are
treated with wax so that they slide faster, and skate blades are sharpened to reduce friction. In other
ap
sports, it is better to increase friction. For example, in football, players wear shoes with studs, and
goalkeepers wear special gloves.
o
er

ui
a. When does friction slow down the movement of an object?

q
yo
b. Is friction greater on ice or on sand? Why?

w.
c. Why do skiers wax their skis?

ww
d. Why do you think goalkeepers wear special gloves?
2 Search the Internet to find out how friction affects another sport. Write a paragraph
describing how friction is increased or decreased to gain advantage.
Forces and machines EXTENSION
Name Date
Watches over time

In the past, all watches were mechanical. Mechanical watches do
not have batteries. The source of energy in these watches is the
mainspring. The spring can be wound into a tight coil mechanically
or automatically. The energy from the spring is transformed into
movement and transferred to a series of small gears.
Nowadays, most watches have a battery. The mineral quartz is the
es
energy source for about 95 % of these batteries. Quartz crystals can
accumulate electrical charges which are then released as signals
with very precise frequency.
r.
Smartwatches are the most recent development in this field. They
ba
are computerized wristwatches that do a lot more than just tell time.
A smartwatch may include a touch screen, camera, thermometer,
compass, calculator, mobile phone and GPS. It can provide access
ro
to news, weather, music, sports and social networks. Smartwatches
run on rechargeable batteries similar to the ones in smartphones.
ap
Eco-Drive technology is new in watch making. An Eco-Drive watch is powered by light energy.
It recharges continuously using any natural or artificial light source. An Eco-Drive watch
runs forever!
o
er
1 Read the text and complete the table.

ui
type of watch description energy source

q
yo
w.
ww
2 Search the Internet for photographs of the wristwatches described above. Print, cut
and paste them onto a sheet of paper and write a short description.
Forces and machines ASSESSMENT
Name Date
1 Use the words to complete the text about forces.
temporarily - move - changes - break - direction - shape - permanently
Forces cause . They can make objects change or break.
Some objects change their shape and do not return to their initial shape.
es
Other objects change their shape and return to their initial shape. Rigid
objects when sufficient force is applied.
r.
Forces can also make objects start to , change or stop.
ba
2 Describe what is happening in the picture.
ro
ap
movement
o
er
friction
q ui
yo
w.
3 Calculate the speeds. Then, answer the questions.

ww
a. Andrea drives 400 km to the seaside. It takes her five hours.
What is her average speed? .
b. David takes two hours to drive to his dad’s house. The distance is 180 km.
What is his average speed? .
• How can they know their speed at a particular moment?
• What two forces slow down moving cars?
f a r
ASSESSMENT
4 What is gravity? Define in your own words. Then, answer the question.
• How does gravity affect an object moving upwards? And downwards?
es
5 Look at the picture. What force makes the ball fall? Explain.
r.
ba
ro
ap

o
6 Unscramble the words and write the names of eight machine components. Then, tick (✓) the
er
ones that may work together in a mechanism.
a. ehwle: e. cetsururt:
ui
b. torom: f. nicah:
q
c. xela: g. tidarcino:
yo
d. neesrc: h. revle:
w.
7 Circle the advances in modern life and classify them. Then, add one more example of each.
ww
dg e r a d i o e x e rc i t ro n i
cmailani
ma
bri sem
ach e re
lec tion ilet
inedishwash tow to
e rd u a l f l u s h
modern structure home free time communication
Forces and machines TEST
Name Date
1 If you apply sufficient force to a rigid object, it will…

a. break.
b. change shape temporarily.
c. change shape permanently.
2 If a ball is rolling on the grass, it will slow down and stop because of…
a. water resistance. b. speed. c. friction.
es
3 A car travels 300 km in 6 hours. Its speed is…
r.
a. 20 km/h. b. 50 km/h. c. 180 km/h.
ba
4 You throw a ball up in the air. As it travels upwards, gravity…
a. causes the ball to speed up.
ro
b. causes the ball to slow down.
c. does not affect the ball.
ap
5 The component of a machine that produces movement is the…
a. operating part. b. structure. c. motor.
o
er
6 Indicators and screens…

a. give information about what the machine is doing.
ui
b. receive information from outside the machine.

q
c. distribute electricity throughout the machine.

yo
7 Gears are…
a. levers that turn in circles.
w.
b. wheels with teeth.

c. rods that support rotating wheels.
ww
8 Pedals on a bicycle are an example of…

a. axles. b. belts. c. levers.
9 The foundation of a structure…

a. transmits weight to the columns.
b. is built in the ground.
c. connects the cables to the beams.
10 To regulate the temperature in our homes, we use…
a. water flow regulators. b. appliances. c. thermostats.
Forces and machines INVESTIGATE
Name Date
Which technological advance has changed

the world the most?
Instructions
1. Work in groups of four. Look at the following technological advances.
es
r.
ba
ro
the telephone radio and television
ap the automobile
o
er
q ui
yo
the personal computer the Internet motion gaming

w.
2. Do a survey at school. Ask which of these technological advances has changed the world
the most. Ask students, teachers, administrators and other school workers.
ww
3. How many people chose each technological advance? Write the number in each column.
radio and
the telephone the automobile the computer Internet motion gaming
television
4. Make a bar graph with the data from the table.

5. Answer these questions about your findings:
• Which advance is considered to have changed the world the most?
• Did most people agree?
Answer key
REINFORCEMENT PAGE 8
PAGE 6 1. Read the text and answer the questions.

a. Size is important because it affects how an organism
1. Match and write the sentences.
manages to survive and how it reacts to its environment.
a. All living things are made up of cells.
b. The largest living thing on Earth is a fungus.
b. All living things carry out three basic life processes.
c. The smallest living things on Earth are a type of bacteria.
c. Cells are the basic units of life.
d. Mycoplasmas can be harmful to people.
2. Search the Internet for more information about the
2. Write the correct life process: nutrition, sensitivity largest living thing on Earth and complete the index
or reproduction. card. Include a picture.
es
reproduction, nutrition, sensitivity. Open Answer (OA)
3. Label the pictures with the words in the box.
PAGE 9
neuron, blood cells, intestine cell, muscle cell.
r.
1. Look at the diagram and answer the questions.
PAGE 7 a. The membrane protects a cell from the outside.
ba
4. Circle the levels of organization and write each under b. The cytoplasm contains the organelles.
the correct picture. Then number them from the c. Centrosomes are involved in cell reproduction.
simplest to the most complex.
d. The mitochondrion obtains energy.
ro
q y o i c e l l 2. Match the cell types with their functions.
b p r d w t q v neurons: transmit messages and orders.
ap
fat cells: store energy.
o r g a n i s m
blood cells: transport substances throughout the body.
g g a h e s y b
o
ASSESSMENT
f w n s f u s p
er
PAGE 10
y r p i c u t j
1. Read and write the words.
r t i s s u e l
ui
a. A basic unit of life: cell.
k o g d n l m a b. The three basic life processes: nutrition, reproduction,

sensitivity.
q
left column: cell (1), system (4). c. A living thing made up of a single cell: unicellular.
yo
right column: organ (3), organism (5). d. A living thing made up of many cells: multicellular.
bottom: tissue (2). e. An instrument to observe cells: microscope.
w.
5. Match. 2. Unscramble the words and label the diagram. Then,

a. objective lenses: They provide different levels answer the question.
of magnification. membrane nucleus
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b. light source: It provides light to look at the sample.

c. stage: This is where you put the sample.
d. eyepiece: It contains the lens you look through.
6. Complete the table with two examples of each.
Model Answer (MA)
head: cranium, jaw bone; frontalis, masseter.
arms: ulna, radius; biceps, triceps. cytoplasm organelles
trunk: sternum, pelvis; pectorals, abdominals.
MA. Bone cells and muscle cells.
legs: femur, tibia; quadriceps, calf muscles.

Answer key
3. Write the next four levels of organization of the human THE CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
body.
Cells ► tissues ► organs ► systems ► organism. REINFORCEMENT
MA PAGE 14
In the human body, cells, tissues, organs and systems 1. Read and write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the
work together so the organism functions correctly. false sentences.
PAGE 11 a. F; b. F; c. T; d. T; e. F.
Animals and fungi feed on other organisms.
4. Read and write T (true) or F (false). Then, rewrite the
false sentences. Fungi can be unicellular or multicellular.
a. F; b. T; c. F; d. T; e. T. Some fungi, protozoa and bacteria are harmful.
Multicellular living things are made up of different types 2. Write M (mammal), B (bird), R (reptile) A (amphibian)
of cells. or F (fish). Then, write one characteristic of each
es
The stomach and the heart are organs in the human body. vertebrate group.
top row: A, R, M.
5. Label the parts of the microscope. Then, answer the
r.
question. bottom row: B, F.
left column: stage, light source. MA
ba
right column: eyepiece, objective lenses. Amphibians: oviparous; Reptiles: breathe with lungs;
Mammals: viviparous; Birds: two wings; Fish: have fins.
The objective lenses are responsible for the different levels
of magnification. 3. Name one example of each type of invertebrate.
ro
6. Complete the texts. Label them F (flexing movement) MA
and E (extending movement). a. sponge: coral; b. cnidarian: jellyfish; c. worm: earthworm;
d. echinoderm: starfish; e. mollusc: mussel;
(E) The biceps relaxes and the triceps contracts. The
ap
triceps pulls the ulna, so the arm straightens. f. arthropod: bee.
(F) The biceps contracts and the triceps relaxes. The PAGE 15
biceps pulls the radius, so the arm bends at the elbow.
o
4. Write the name of each type of plant. Then, write one
er
TEST characteristic for each.

fern, angiosperm, gymnosperm, moss.
PAGE 12
MA
1. b; 2. a; 3. b; 4. c; 5. b; 6. a; 7. a; 8. c; 9. a; 10. b.
ui
fern: leaves called fronds; angiosperm: produce flowers;

INVESTIGATE gymnosperm: produce cones; moss: very small.
q
PAGE 13 5. Identify the kingdom each living thing belongs to. Then,
yo
write similarities and differences between them.

OA
oak tree: Plant kingdom; intestinal bacteria: Monera
kingdom; red algae: Protista kingdom.
w.
MA
Oak trees and red algae make their own food.
Oak trees are multicellular, but intestinal bacteria are
ww
unicellular.
Red algae are aquatic living things, and bacteria can live in
all kinds of environments.
6. Circle the living things and classify them.
kelp, yoghurt bacteria, fern, dolphin, wild mushroom,
squirrel, cholera bacteria, apple tree, paramecium.
animals: dolphin, squirrel; plants: fern, apple tree; fungi:
wild mushroom; monerans: yoghurt bacteria, cholera
bacteria; protists: kelp, paramecium.
Natural Science 5 103

Answer key
EXTENSION 7. Research examples of harmful bacteria, moulds and

mushrooms.
PAGE 16
MA
1. Read the sentences and circle the correct word. Some bacteria can cause illnesses such as cholera. Some
a. The platypus is a freshwater mammal. moulds can cause allergic reactions. Some mushrooms are
b. It lays eggs in burrows. poisonous and can make us sick.
c. Its body is covered with fur. TEST
d. It has a bill.
PAGE 20
e. It is a carnivore.
1. c; 2. c; 3. a; 4. a; 5. b; 6. c; 7. c; 8. b; 9. a; 10. c.
2. Search the Internet for information about another
unusual animal and complete the index card. INVESTIGATE
OA
es
PAGE 21
PAGE 17 OA
1. Read the text and answer the questions.
r.
a. He was a Scottish scientist.
b. He accidently discovered penicillin.
ba
c. A fungus produced it.
d. He observed that the substance killed some harmful
bacteria.
ro
e. Because it saved many lives.
f. It was called the ‘miracle drug’.
ap
2. Search the Internet for information about two other
antibiotics and complete the table.
OA
o
ASSESSMENT
er
PAGE 18
ui
1. Identify and label the five kingdoms of living things.

A. Protista; B. Plant; C. Animal; D. Fungi; E. Monera.
q
2. Write the names of the kingdoms from Activity 1 in the

correct place.
yo
a. Fungi; b. Animal; c. Plant; d. Protista; e. Monera.

3. Complete the crossword about vertebrate groups.
w.
1. mammals; 2. reptiles; 3. birds; 4. fish; 5. amphibians.
PAGE 19
ww
4. Read the definitions and write the invertebrate group.

a. cnidarians; b. molluscs; c. arthropods; d. worms;
e. sponges; f. echinoderms.
5. Complete the chart.
Plants can produce spores: mosses, ferns.
Plants can produce seeds: angiosperms, gymnosperms.
6. Match the columns using five different colours.
MA
yeast – bread – Fungi kingdom.
bacteria – yoghurt – Monera kingdom.
mould – blue cheese – Fungi kingdom.
algae – sushi – Protista kingdom.
mushroom – mushroom – Fungi kingdom.

Answer key
SENSITIVITY AND THE SENSES EXTENSION
PAGE 22 1. Read the text and complete the table.

main cause: inherited trait.
1. Complete the sentences. Then, number them in order.
population affected: 250 million people.
a. The brain sends order to the locomotor system.
most common type: red-green colour blindness.
b. Nerves send information from the sense organs to the
brain. least common type: total colour blindness.
c. Receptors in our sense organs detect stimuli. job limitations: train driver, airline pilot.
d. Muscles and bones carry out the corresponding 2. Search the Internet to find a test to see if you are
responses. colour blind. Do the test. What are your results?
e. The brain receives and interprets this information. OA
es
order: 4; 2; 1; 5; 3.
PAGE 25
2. Tick (✓) the actions which involve internal coordination.
1. Read the text and complete the index card.
r.
MA
✓ Saliva is produced when we eat food.
ba
Definition: a sleep disorder which consists of walking or
✓ Our heart is beating at all times.
doing other activities while asleep.
The nervous system is responsible for internal coordination.
Activities performed: sitting up in bed, walking, climbing,
3. Label the diagram. driving.
ro
clockwise, starting top center: ossicles, auditory nerve, Causes: fatigue, fever, certain medications, stress.
cochlea, eardrum, ear canal, outer ear. Risks: falling down, running into things.
ap Precautions: removing obstacles, closing doors and
PAGE 23
windows.
4. Use the words in the box to write sentences about
each sense organ. 2. Do a survey in your class. How many people sleepwalk
o
or know a sleepwalker?
MA
er
OA
eyes: Information travels from the retina to the brain
through the optic nerve. ASSESSMENT
nose: Information travels from the olfactory epithelium to
ui
the brain through the olfactory nerve. PAGE 26

tongue: Information travels from the taste buds to the brain 1. Read the definitions and write the words.
q
through the taste nerves. a. Changes in the external environment: stimuli.

yo
5. Read and write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the b. Organs that capture information from the environment:
false sentences. sense organs.
a. T; b. T; c. F; d. T; e. F; f. F. c. Groups of specialized cells that are sensitive to stimuli:
w.
The central nervous system is made up of the brain and receptors.

the spinal cord. d. System that controls the function of sensitivity: nervous
The peripheral nervous system extends throughout the system.
ww
body. e. System that carries out the orders from the brain:
Sensory nerves connect the receptors in the sense organs locomotor system.
to the central nervous system. f. Part of the function of sensitivity that controls many
body processes: internal coordination.
6. Label the diagram of the brain. Then, write a sentence
about what each part controls. 2. Complete the diagram. Then, answer the questions.
cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem. sense organs, information, brain, orders, the locomotor
MA system.
The cerebrum controls voluntary actions. It also stores data a. The eyes are involved (and perhaps the ears).
and controls emotions. b. The eyes see that the ball is coming.
The cerebellum controls movement, coordination and c. The brain interprets the information and decides how to
balance. act.
The brainstem controls internal organ activities. d. The muscles and bones carry out the orders.

Answer key
3. Cross out (✗) the odd one out. Then, write the HEALTH AND HEALTH RISKS
corresponding sense organ.
a. retina, ears; b. taste buds, nose; c. ear canal, eyes. REINFORCEMENT
PAGE 30
PAGE 27
1. Complete the chart.
4. Draw a diagram of the sense organ for each sense.
Then, label the part of each sense organ where the Health risks to the nervous system: accidents, diseases,
receptors are located. alcohol.
OA Health risks to the locomotor system: bone fractures,
sprains, muscle strains.
sight: retina; touch: skin; taste: taste buds.
2. Use the words in the box to write sentences about
5. Draw a neuron and label it. Then, write a sentence
damage to the nervous system.
about each word.
MA
es
MA
accidents: They cause brain injuries and spinal cord
Dendrites receive messages from the sense organs.
injuries.
The axon transmits messages to other neurons.
diseases: They cause loss of memory and tremors.
r.
The body is the widest part of the neuron.
alcohol: Alcohol intoxication can cause blurred vision and
6. Complete the chart about the nervous system. loss of reflexes.
ba
central nervous system; spinal cord, brain; cerebrum, 3. Complete the table about injuries to the locomotor
cerebellum, brainstem. system. Then, answer the questions.
ro
peripheral nervous system; sensory nerves, motor nerves. most common injuries: bone fractures; sprains; muscle
strains.
TEST
type of damage: broken bones; sprained ankles, knees,
apwrists; muscle contraction.
PAGE 28
1. a; 2. a; 3. c; 4. b; 5. c; 6. c; 7. a; 8. b; 9. c; 10. a. cause: accidents; twisting; excessive effort, bad posture.
A bone fracture requires a plaster cast.
o
INVESTIGATE Sprains are most common in joints.
er
PAGE 29 Muscle strains may result from bad posture.

OA
PAGE 31
ui
4. Tick (✓) the activities that help to keep the locomotor

system in shape, and cross (✗) the ones that do not.
q
top row: ✗, ✓; bottom row: ✗, ✓.

yo
5. Read and write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the

false sentences.
a. T; b. F; c. F; d. F; e. T.
w.
Physical activity can refer to walking the dog, dancing and

other activities.
Good posture is always important.
ww
Bone growth requires calcium and vitamin D.

6. Match. Then, write some examples of your own healthy
habits.
swimming – physical activity; eating oily fish – healthy diet;
walking to school – physical activity; reading – leisure;
drinking milk – healthy diet; playing cards – leisure.
MA
walking my dog, doing stretching exercises, carrying my
school bag over both shoulders, eating a lot of green
vegetables, listening to music.

Answer key
EXTENSION 3. Choose the correct words to write a sentence under

each photo.
PAGE 32
MA
1. Read the text and answer the questions. A bone fracture is when a bone breaks.
a. Simple fractures, compound fractures and greenstick A sprain involves damage to ligaments. It is usually caused
fractures. by twisting.
b. Compound fractures are hardest to heal.
PAGE 35
c. Right after a bone breaks, broken blood vessels cause
swelling and send signals to other parts of the body to 4. Complete the sentences with the correct words.
start the repairing process.
a. When we do physical activity, we develop elasticity and
d. The first team of cells removes damaged bone tissue. strengthen our muscles and bones.
e. The second team of cells builds new bone. b. We can prevent injuries by warming up and stretching
before and after exercising.
es
f. Because our body is constantly removing old bone and
making new bone. c. We can avoid sports accidents by wearing a helmet and
protective clothing.
2. Do a survey to find out how many people in your class
r.
have had a bone fracture. 5. Tick (✓) the photos that show good posture. Then,
OA write a sentence about each one.
ba
A. ✓; B. ✓.
PAGE 33
MA
1. Read the text and answer the questions. a. The boy is carrying his schoolbag over both shoulders.
ro
a. A food allergy is a reaction of the body’s immune system b. The girl is sleeping on her side.
to a particular substance in food.
c. The boy has not bent his legs. His back is not straight.
b. Food allergens can cause irritation of the skin, nausea,
ap 6. Write a sentence with each group of words.
vomiting and respiratory problems or disorders of the
circulatory system. MA
c. The most common food allergies in children are allergies Calcium and vitamin D are needed for healthy bones.
o
to nuts, milk, wheat, eggs and shellfish.
Sleep allows our body to rest and our brain to store
er
d. A person with a milk allergy should also avoid cheese information.

and yoghurt.
Leisure time helps you to relax, and it is important for your
e. Children can often outgrow allergies to milk and eggs. health.
ui
f. The best way to control food allergies is to follow a strict

diet and avoid eating certain foods. TEST
q
2. Do a survey to find out how many people in your class PAGE 36

have food allergies. 1. c; 2. a; 3. b; 4. c; 5. b; 6. a; 7. c; 8. a; 9. a; 10. c.
yo
OA
INVESTIGATE
ASSESSMENT
w.
PAGE 37
PAGE 34 OA
1. Read the sentences and write the words.
ww
a. These cause injuries to the brain and spinal cord:

accidents.
b. This disease usually affects the elderly: Alzheimer’s.
c. This substance can affect the brain: alcohol.
d. This happens when a bone breaks or cracks: bone
fracture.
e. This involves damage to a ligament: sprain.
f. This is caused by excessive effort or bad posture:
muscle strain.
2. Cross out (✗) the odd one out. Then, write the
corresponding damage to the nervous system.
a. brain, spinal cord injury; b. memory, Parkinson’s;
c. spinal cord, alcoholism.

Answer key
PLANT GROWTH AND NUTRITION EXTENSION
PAGE 38 1. Read the text. Choose one adaptation per area and
complete the table.
1. What do plants need? Label the drawing. MA
left column: sunlight, mineral salts. type of area: water is scarce; less light and cool
right column: air, water. temperatures; cold temperatures; very cold temperatures.
2. Where can these plants grow? Write a bright area, a plant adaptation: waxy leaves or no leaves; broad leaves;
humid area or a hot area. needle-like leaves; dark leaves.
cactus: a hot area; lavender: a bright area; reason for adaptation: reduce loss of water; absorb lots of
moss: a humid area. sunlight; allow snow to fall off more easily; absorb sunlight
and heat.
es
3. Complete the sentences.
2. Research how cactuses adapt to desert conditions and
Plants take in carbon dioxide from the air to make their write a brief description.
food.
MA
r.
Fertile soil is rich in water and mineral salts.
Cactuses have long roots which cover a large area. They
store water inside their stems.
ba
PAGE 39
4. Match the columns using three different colours. PAGE 41
Fir trees grow well in low temperatures. 1. Read the text and complete the sentences.
ro
Beech trees grow well in mild temperatures. a. Sequoias are the largest and oldest trees on Earth.
Palm trees grow well in high temperatures. b. They have thick, fibrous bark which is resistant to fire.
5. Match the sentences about plant nutrition. Then,
apc. Chemicals in their bark protect them against disease.
number them in order. d. They actually need fire to reproduce.
a. Raw sap and carbon dioxide transform into elaborated e. Giant sequoias are native plants of California.
o
sap through photosynthesis. f. They grow at elevations of up to 2,700 metres.
b. Plants take in carbon dioxide through stomata in the
er
leaves. 2. Search the Internet for information about the three

largest sequoias in the world and complete the table.
c. Raw sap travels up from the roots through xylem
vessels. MA
ui
d. Sunlight is trapped by chlorophyll found in the leaves 1 General Sherman California 84 metres
and stem. 2 General Grant California 82 metres
q
e. Plants absorb water and mineral salts through their 3 President California 73 metres
yo
roots.
f. Elaborated sap is distributed through phloem vessels. ASSESSMENT
order: 5; 3; 2; 4; 1; 6. PAGE 42
w.
6. Colour the arrows green for oxygen and red for carbon 1. Complete the chart. Then, answer the question.
dioxide. Plants need light, water, air and mineral salts to grow.
ww
photosynthesis: plants take in carbon dioxide (red arrow) They take in carbon dioxide in order to make their food.
and release oxygen (green arrow).
2. Use the words in the box to complete the sentences.
respiration: plants take in oxygen (green arrow) and release
carbon dioxide (red arrow). a. Reeds and bulrushes grow very close to water because
they need a lot of water to grow.
7. Complete the text about gas exchange in plants.
b. Elm trees can grow far from water because they need
Through photosynthesis, plants take in carbon dioxide and less water to grow.
release oxygen during the day. Through respiration, plants
c. Water buttercups grow in water because they need a
take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide during the day
constant supply of water to grow.
and at night. Plants produce more oxygen than they take
in. 3. Read the sentences and underline the mistakes. Then,
write the sentences correctly.
a. Plants take in carbon dioxide to make their food.
b. Plants absorb mineral salts through their roots.
c. Most plants grow in fertile soil which is rich in water and
mineral salts.

Answer key
PAGE 43 ECOSYSTEMS
4. Label the parts of the plant. Then, answer the question. REINFORCEMENT
from top to bottom: stomata; carbon dioxide; xylem
vessels; root hairs. PAGE 46
Photosynthesis takes place during the day. 1. Look at the picture and answer the questions about
this ecosystem.
5. Circle the words related to plant nutrition. Then,
choose three to complete the sentences. It is a terrestrial ecosystem.
stomata; raw sap; chlorophyll; phloem vessels. The physical environment is made up of rocks, water, air,
temperature, humidity and light.
Chlorophyll is a green substance which traps sunlight.
People and animals are present in this ecosystem.
Stomata are openings in the leaves for gas exchange.
MA. Living things modify this environment by making their
Phloem vessels are tubes that distribute elaborated sap
homes here and fishing here.
throughout the plant.
es
2. Match each word with its definition. Then, look at the
6. Match, then answer the question.
picture above and label a species, a population and the
elaborated sap – phloem vessels. community.
r.
raw sap – xylem vessels. community: all the populations in an ecosystem.
MA. Phloem vessels reach all parts of the plant because species: group of living things that can successfully
ba
they carry the nutrients which all parts of the plant need. reproduce.
population: all the organisms of one species in an
TEST
ecosystem.
ro
PAGE 44 MA. Labels: all the living things (community); the walruses
1. b; 2. a; 3. b; 4. c; 5. b; 6. a; 7. c; 8. b; 9. b; 10. c. (species); all the seagulls (population).
ap3. Write an example of each.
INVESTIGATE
MA
PAGE 45 a. Producer: grass.
o
OA b. Primary consumer: rabbit.
er
c. Secondary consumer: fox.

d. Tertiary consumer: eagle.
e. Scavenger: vulture.
ui
f. Decomposer: mushroom.
q
PAGE 47
yo
4. Number the living things in this food chain in order.

Then, write producer, primary consumer, secondary
consumer and tertiary consumer.
w.
top row: 4, 2.
bottom row: 3, 1.
top row: tertiary consumer; primary consumer.
ww
bottom row: secondary consumer; producer.

5. Match the columns using four different colours.
a. Competition is the relationship between different species
that have the same needs.
b. Parasitism is the relationship between two species when
one benefits while the other suffers.
c. Mutualism is the relationship between two species when
both benefit.
d. Commensalism is the relationship between two species
when one benefits and the other remains unaffected.
6. Look at the pictures. Name each type of relationship.
competition; mutualism; parasitism.

Answer key
EXTENSION PAGE 51
PAGE 48 3. Look at the food web and write examples.

MA
a. Two producers: wheat and clover.
a. Tropical rainforests need hot and humid areas to grow.
b. Two primary consumers: mouse and grasshopper.
b. These ecosystems are in Africa, Asia and Central and
South America. c. Two secondary consumers: harrier and lizard.
c. The Amazon rainforest is the largest in the world. d. Two tertiary consumers: fox and kestrel.
d. They produce so much oxygen because there are so 4. Look at the food web from Activity 3 and complete the
many trees. following two food chains. Then, answer the question.
e. A rainforest is one of the richest ecosystems because wheat ► rabbit ► fox
there is a large variety of flora and fauna.
wheat ► grasshopper ► lizard ► fox
es
2. Search the Internet for information about an animal In the first food chain, the fox is a secondary consumer.
species from a tropical rainforest. In your notebook,
In the second food chain, the fox is a tertiary consumer.
write a brief description of your animal. Include a
r.
photograph or a drawing. 5. Write an example of each type of relationship.
OA MA
ba
Mutualism: bees and flowers.
PAGE 49
Commensalism: remoras and sharks.
1. Read the text and circle the correct word.
Parasitism: fleas and dogs.
ro
a. Tundra ecosystems are found in the Arctic.
Competition: squirrels and dormice.
b. Temperatures in tundra ecosystems are very low.
c. The top layer of the soil is the permafrost. TEST
ap
d. Winter in the Arctic tundra is longer than summer. PAGE 52
e. Global warming is threatening the Arctic tundra. 1. c; 2. a; 3. a; 4. c; 5. b; 6. a; 7. c; 8. a; 9. c; 10. b.
o
2. Search the Internet for three examples of fauna from
the Arctic tundra. Write what they eat.
INVESTIGATE
er
OA PAGE 53
OA
ASSESSMENT
ui
PAGE 50
q
1. Look at the ecosystem and answer the questions.

a. This is a terrestrial ecosystem.
yo
b. It is a flat area; there is air; there is fertile soil.

c. MA. A wild boar.
w.
d. MA. Sparrow hawks and stag beetles.

e. All the living things. An ecosystem includes more
components than a community because it includes the
ww
physical environment too.

2. Read and write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the
false sentences.
a. T; b. F; c. T; d. F; e. T.
Secondary consumers in an ecosystem are always
carnivores.
Food chains always start with a producer.

Answer key
PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT 6. Write two ways of protecting the environment for each
case.
REINFORCEMENT MA
PAGE 54 government measures: disposing of waste appropriately,
establishing animal protection laws.
1. Circle six ecosystems. Classify them. Then, tick (✓) the
saltwater ecosystem. citizen actions: recycling waste, saving energy.
f b e g j r t EXTENSION
p d h k l i v PAGE 56
f p r d w v l
a. Liquid wastes, such as oil, and solid wastes, such as
o p e n s e a plastics, are polluting the oceans.
es
r g a h t r g b. Tiny marine organisms eat pollutants and this can
poison marine food webs.
e r n s e u o c. Oil spills harm marine algae because they block out
r.
sunlight, which the algae need to make their food.
s r p i p u o The oil can also harm or kill marine animals.
ba
t t i s p u n d. Plastic objects harm marine animals because the
animals think they are food and they eat them.
k d e s e r t
e. Garbage patches are huge heaps of debris made up of
ro
tiny plastic fragments.
terrestrial ecosystems: forest, steppe, desert.
aquatic ecosystems: river, lagoon, open sea (✓). PAGE 57
ap
2. Write six factors that make up the environment of 1. Read the text and answer the questions.
human beings. a. Doñana National Park is a wetland reserve.
MA
o
b. The Guadalquivir River runs through Doñana.
1. temperature; 2. water; 3. roads; 4. buildings; 5. vehicles; c. You can find marshes, lagoons and sand dunes.
er
6. other living things.

d. Birds fly from northern Europe to Doñana in late autumn.
3. Look at the picture. Write the human activities that e. You can find the Iberian Lynx and the Spanish Imperial
modify the environment. Eagle.
ui
MA
2. Search the Internet for information about two migratory
building houses and shops, livestock farming, growing birds you can find in Doñana National Park. Then,
q
crops, building bridges, making fences, building roads and complete the table.
installing electric cables.
yo
OA
PAGE 55
ASSESSMENT
4. Read the descriptions and name the negative effects of
w.
human activity. PAGE 58

a. desertification; b. deforestation; c. endangered species; 1. Identify each ecosystem and a living thing it is home
ww
d. pollution. to.
5. Name the two negative effects of human activity. Then, MA
answer the question. A. Mediterranean forest: rabbits.
A. desertification; B. deforestation. B. mountain grassland: butterflies.
MA C. rocky shore: sea anemones.
a. Desertification is usually the result of deforestation. D. river: trout.
Without tree roots, the soil is unprotected and rain
causes erosion. Slowly, the area becomes a desert.
b. Deforestation happens when forests disappear. This can
be caused by forest fires or because people cut down
too many trees.

Answer key
2. Draw other components of the environment of a MATTER

squirrel, including one component that is the result
of human activity. Then, write sentences about the REINFORCEMENT
squirrel’s environment.
PAGE 62
MA
Owls live in the same environment as squirrels, and they 1. Complete the mind map.
eat squirrels. Matter has general properties: mass is measured in
Some people hunt squirrels. kilograms or grams; volume is measured in litres or
millilitres.
People cut down trees to build houses, and this reduces
the squirrel’s habitat. Matter has specific properties: colour, hardness, flexibility
and density.
PAGE 59 2. Look at the photographs. Write how to measure
3. Look at the photograph of Antarctica and answer the volume in each case.
es
question. A. the water displacement method; B. a mathematical
MA formula; C. measuring cylinders.
Antarctica can be affected by air pollution. Air pollution is 3. Write mass, volume or density.
r.
causing global warming. Because of global warming, the Density refers to the concentration of matter in a particular
temperatures in Antarctica are increasing and some of the volume.
ba
ice is melting. This affects all the living things that live there.
Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
4. Complete the table about negative effects of human Volume is the amount of space an object occupies.
activity.
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Mass and volume are general properties of matter.
MA
Density is a specific property of matter.
negative effect: water pollution; desertification.
causes: soaps, detergents, industrial waste and chemicals;
ap
PAGE 63
deforestation.
4. Find eight objects and classify them. Then, answer
consequences: contaminated water; soil erosion and no the questions.
o
fertile soil.
r h p m b s r v b s
er
5. Complete four ways of protecting the environment.

Then, match them to the photos.
u k n n e c o r k c
a. Recycling waste. b. Saving energy. c. Saving water.
d. Respecting nature. b o v t p r x m o o
ui
top row: b, c.
b o t t l e c a p y
bottom row: d, a.
q
e x l d d n r t h j
yo
TEST
r o c k r a a c i l
PAGE 60
d w d e x i g h r e
1. c; 2. b; 3. b; 4. c; 5. a; 6. c; 7. a; 8. b; 9. c; 10. a.
w.
u t z o m l i a n p
INVESTIGATE
c b a k p e n c i l
ww
PAGE 61
OA k m a r b l e z q h
objects that float: rubber duck, match, cork, bottle cap,

pencil.
objects that sink: nail, rock, marble.
Objects that float have a lower density than water.
Objects that sink have a higher density than water.
5. Complete the table about the physical states of matter.
Write fixed or not fixed. Then, answer the question.
solids: fixed, fixed.
liquids: fixed, not fixed.
gases: not fixed, not fixed.

Answer key
6. Match. Then, write an example of each. PAGE 67

sublimation: A solid turns into a gas. MA. Air freshener. 4. Complete the table about the states of matter.
reverse sublimation: A gas turns into a solid. MA. Frost. state of matter: solid; liquid; gas.
description: atoms are very close together and cannot
EXTENSION move; atoms are further apart and can move more freely;
PAGE 64 atoms are much further apart and can move more freely
than in liquids.
1. Read the text and complete the table about plasma.
5. Write an example of each.
description: plasma are gases with electrically charged
particles. MA
examples of natural plasma: the Sun, other stars, lightning, paper; glass; honey; perfume.
Northern Lights. 6. Which properties of gases do these pictures illustrate?
examples of man-made plasma: neon signs, plasma Explain.
es
screens, plasma lamps, fluorescent light blubs. MA
2. Search the Internet for more information about other They show that gases do not have a fixed volume or a
r.
uses of man-made plasmas. fixed shape. The syringe contains air, which is a gas. When
OA the air is compressed, its mass remains the same, but its
volume decreases.
ba
PAGE 65
TEST
1. Read the text and make an index card.
PAGE 68
ro
MA
1. b; 2. a; 3. c; 4. b; 5. a; 6. c; 7. c; 8. a; 9. b; 10. c.
Description: a thin, clear, flexible, strong and light material.
Components and structure: made of layers of chitin and INVESTIGATE
ap
fibroin.
Advantages: it can be rigid or elastic; it can be produced at PAGE 69
very low cost. OA
o
Uses: film, rubbish bags, nappies, packaging materials and
er
medical supplies.
2. Search the Internet for general information about
other bioplastics. Write their names and some of their
ui
advantages.
OA
q
ASSESSMENT
yo
PAGE 66
1. Complete the table.
w.
general or specific property: general; general; specific.

definition: the amount of matter in an object; the amount of
space that an object occupies; the concentration of matter
ww
in a particular volume.
measurement unit: kilograms or grams; litres, millilitres,
cubic centimetres; grams per cubic centimetre.
2. Look at the photos and answer the question.
MA
The ball in photograph A has the higher density. It has more
mass concentrated in the same volume than the ball in
photograph B.
3. Look at the photo of oil and water. Which substance is
denser? Explain.
The water is denser. The oil is floating on the water so the
density of the oil is lower than the density of the water.

Answer key
ENERGY EXTENSION
PAGE 70 1. Read the text and answer the questions.

a. Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated inside
1. Cross out (✗) the odd one out. Then, write the
the Earth.
corresponding form of energy.
b. Geothermal energy is always available.
a. computer, mechanical; b. blender, thermal; c. water,
chemical; d. snow, light. c. Geothermal energy can be used to heat buildings or to
generate electricity.
2. Match each picture to its corresponding energy
d. The United States, the Philippines and Indonesia are the
transformation. Then, complete the table with
leading producers of geothermal energy.
examples from your home.
e. The Geysers is the largest geothermal power plant.
A. chemical energy ► thermal energy.
es
f. Iceland is the leading user of geothermal energy.
B. electrical energy ► mechanical energy.
C. electrical energy ► thermal energy. 2. Search the Internet for information about geothermal
energy in Spain and write a brief description.
D. chemical energy ► mechanical energy.
r.
OA
MA
ba
electrical ► mechanical: vacuum cleaner, sewing machine. PAGE 73
electrical ► thermal: cooker, toaster. 1. Read the text and answer the questions.
electrical ► light: lamp, television. a. Bioclimatic architecture saves energy and achieves
ro
3. Write one energy source for each type of energy. optimal thermal and lighting conditions.
MA b. Andalusian courtyards.
c. The orientation is important because different sides of a
a. wind; b. uranium atoms; c. biomass; d. the Earth’s
ap
internal heat; e. the Sun. building receive different amounts of light and heat from
the Sun.
PAGE 71 d. Using thermal insulating materials and double windows
o
helps maintain the indoor temperature.
4. Write the energy source used in each type of power
er
plant. Then, answer the question. 2. Look around your home. Make a list of architectural
a. coal, petroleum and natural gas. elements that can be considered bioclimatic.
b. water. OA
ui
c. uranium and plutonium.

ASSESSMENT
Water will never run out.
q
PAGE 74
5. Match and write sentences about environmental
yo
problems. 1. Write the form of energy for each situation.

a. Fossil fuels are limited resources. a. mechanical; b. light; c. electrical; d. nuclear; e. chemical.
b. Burning fossil fuels causes global warming.
w.
2. Complete the mind map.

c. Toxic substances in the air produce acid rain. Energy can be transformed. Energy can be transferred.
d. Nuclear power plants produce radioactive waste. Energy can be stored. Energy can be transported.
ww
6. Describe the ways of saving energy shown in the

pictures. Then, add another example.
A. Drying clothes on a clothes line.
B. Using public transport.
C. Turning off lights when not in use.
MA
Taking showers instead of baths.

Answer key
3. Find eight energy sources and classify them. Then, LIGHT AND HEAT
answer the questions.
REINFORCEMENT
r w i n d b r v b s PAGE 78
p a n n e f a r i c 1. Use the clues to write the properties of light.
b t v u p d i m o o a. Light travels at 300,000 kilometres per second.
b. Light travels in a straight line.
p e t r o l e u m y
c. Light travels in all directions.
e r l a d w r t a b
2. Unscramble the words and label the pictures.
r o c n r c s o s l glass: transparent.
s w d i x o u h s e bowl: opaque.
es
lampshade: translucent.
u p l u t o n i u m
3. Complete the text about the reflection of light.
e b a m p x n e i l
r.
Most objects are not sources of light. We can only see
them because they reflect part of the light that hits their
k g y g d p c o a l
surface. When light hits an object, it bounces off the object.
ba
This is called reflection. The reflected light enters our eyes.
renewable sources: wind, water, Sun, biomass.
This is how we see objects. Smooth and shiny surfaces
non-renewable sources: petroleum, uranium, plutonium, coal. reflect most of the light.
ro
Uranium and plutonium are found in minerals.
PAGE 79
Biomass is organic matter.
4. Describe two properties of light shown in picture A.
PAGE 75
ap Then, use picture B to explain how we see objects.
4. Name the energy source in each photograph. Then, picture A: Light travels in a straight line. Light travels in all
write the name of the power plant where each energy directions.
o
source is used. picture B: MA. The book reflects the light. This reflected
the earth’s internal heat; geothermal power plant. light enters our eyes.
er
flowing water; hydroelectric power plant. 5. Read and write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the
5. Complete the mind map about fossil fuels. false sentences.
ui
Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases causing a. F; b. F; c. T; d. T; e. T.

global warming. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from something
q
Burning fossil fuels releases toxic substances causing air hotter to something cooler.
pollution. Heat causes changes.
yo
Toxic substances react with water producing acid rain. 6. Write conductor or insulator. Then, answer the
6. Use the words to write about ways of saving energy. question.
w.
MA hat: insulator.
Use public transport to save energy. fork: conductor.

plastic cup: insulator.
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Reduce the thermostat settings to save energy.

Remember the three Rs: recycle, reuse and reduce. iron: conductor.
Take showers instead of baths. The iron is made of metal and plastic. MA. The metal part
of the iron allows heat to be transferred to the clothes
TEST when ironing. The plastic handle allows us to hold the iron
without burning our hand.
PAGE 76
1. c; 2. b; 3. b; 4. a; 5. a; 6. b; 7. c; 8. b; 9. b; 10. a.
INVESTIGATE
PAGE 77
OA

Answer key
EXTENSION PAGE 83
PAGE 80 4. Look at the photographs and complete the sentences.

photos: reflection; refraction.
1. Read the text and complete the index card.
When light hits an object, it bounces off and changes
Composition: hydrogen and helium.
direction.
Heat and light produced by: the core.
When light passes from one material to another material
Temperature in the core: 15 million degrees Celsius. with a different density, it bends.
Temperature at the surface: 5,500 degrees Celsius.
5. Look at the photographs and draw an arrow to show
Lifetime remaining: about 5 billion years. the transfer of thermal energy. Then, answer the
2. Search the Internet for more information about the Sun. question.
Write a few sentences. ice cream: thermal energy goes from the boy’s hand to the
OA ice cream.
es
cup: thermal energy goes from the hot liquid into the air.
PAGE 81 The transfer of thermal energy will stop when both objects
1. Read the text and answer the questions. reach the same temperature.
r.
a. A shadow is a dark area caused when an object blocks 6. Match and write examples of materials for each.
light.
ba
conductors: materials that transmit heat quickly. MA.
b. No, translucent objects do not produce shadows Metals.
because they allow light to pass through. insulators: materials that transmit heat slowly. MA. Cork.
c. Indoors, shadows get bigger as you move closer to the
ro
light source and smaller when you move away from the TEST
light source.
PAGE 84
d. Outdoors, shadows change as the position of the Sun
ap
changes. 1. b; 2. a; 3. c; 4. a; 5. b; 6. c; 7. a; 8. b; 9. c; 10. b.
2. Turn off all the lights and close the curtains in a INVESTIGATE
o
room. Turn on a lamp and put your hand close to the
light source. Explore ways of making the size of the PAGE 85
er
shadow of your hand change. Draw and write your OA

observations.
OA
ui
ASSESSMENT
q
PAGE 82
yo
1. Colour the diagram and label the colours of light. Then,

write a sentence about the composition of light.
top to bottom: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo,
w.
violet.
MA. White light is made up of different colours.
ww
2. Complete the word map.

Light travels at 300,000 km/per second; Light travels in
straight lines; Light travels in all directions.
3. Explain how the black bowl and the white bowl interact
with light. Then, explain how a red bowl interacts with
light.
The black bowl does not reflect any light. It absorbs all
colours of light.
The white bowl reflects all light. It does not absorb any
colour of light.
A red bowl reflects red light and absorbs all other colours
of light.

Answer key
ELECTRICITY EXTENSION
PAGE 86 1. Read the text. Then, match the columns.

a. Michael Faraday: electric generator.
1. Explain why the pen attracts the pieces of paper.
b. Thomas Alva Edison: incandescent light bulb.
MA
c. Hans Christian Oersted: electromagnet.
When the boy rubs the pen against his jumper, the pen
gains negative charges. The pen is then electrically d. Samuel Morse: electric telegraph.
charged, so it attracts small pieces of paper. e. Heinrich Hertz: radio transmitter.
2. Draw arrows between the electrical charges to show f. Alessandro Volta: first electric battery.
the interaction between them. Then, write a sentence 2. Search the Internet for more information about one of
to explain each diagram. the inventions from the text.
es
See page 89 of the Student’s Book. OA
a. These charges attract because they are opposite
charges. PAGE 89
r.
b. These charges repel because they are the same. 1. Read the text and complete the index card.
c. These charges repel because they are the same.
ba
Description: a layer of carbon that is one atom thick.
3. Label the materials of the electrical cable. Why are Properties: transparent, very thin and stronger than steel.
these materials used? Uses: solar cells, optical devices, personal communication
ro
left: copper wire. devices.
right: plastic covering. 2. Search the Internet for more information about
MA. Copper is used because it is a good conductor, so graphene. What else is it used for?
ap
electrical charges can move freely through the wire. Plastic OA
is used for the covering for safety reasons. Plastic is a good
insulator, so the electrical charges in the wire do not pass ASSESSMENT
o
through it.
PAGE 90
er
PAGE 87
1. Look at the pictures and answer the questions.
4. Complete the diagram with effects of electric current a. In picture A, both the cloth and the pen are electrically
and an example of each. neutral.
ui
Electric current can produce heat, for example, in a toaster; b. In picture C, the cloth is positively charged; the pen is
sound, for example, in a television; light, for example, in a negatively charged.
q
lamp; movement, for example, in a fan.

c. In picture B, negative charges are passing from the cloth
yo
5. Look at the diagram. Which bulbs will light up when the to the pen.
switch is on? Explain.
2. Look at the diagrams. Explain what interaction
Bulbs A, B and C will light up. between electrical charges each shows.
w.
MA. These bulbs are on a complete circuit that goes from A: The charges are both positive, so they repel.
one terminal of the battery to the other. Bulbs D and E are
B: The charges are opposites, so they attract.
on paths that do not go back to a terminal, so they are not
ww
in the circuit and will not light up. 3. Use the words to write sentences about conductors
and insulators.
6. Write a sentence with each group of words.
MA
MA
conductors: Electric current flows easily through
Every socket in your home is connected to the national grid
conductors. Some examples are water and metals.
by cables.
insulators: Electric current does not flow through insulators.
In wind power plants, wind moves a turbine, and the
Some examples are plastic, air, glass and wood.
turbine is connected to a generator.
PAGE 91
4. Look at the photographs and write the effect of electric
current.
left to right: light; heat; movement.

Answer key
5. Label the electric circuit. Then, choose three FORCES AND MACHINES
components and write a sentence about each one.
left column: cable, device. REINFORCEMENT
right column: generator, switch, device. PAGE 94
MA 1. Look at the swing. Why is it moving?
The cable transports electricity around the circuit. MA
The generator provides the electricity. The swing is moving because the boy is pushing it.
The switch controls the flow of electricity. Objects move when a force acts upon them.
6. Read the energy transformations. Write the type of 2. Draw arrows to show movement and the force
power plant. of friction.
a. hydroelectric power plants; b. thermal power plants; movement: an arrow pointing in the same direction as the car.
c. wind power plants; d. solar power plants. friction: arrows under the wheels, pointing against the
es
direction of the car.
TEST
3. Look at the photograph and answer the questions.
PAGE 92
r.
a. The forces of pedalling and friction must be the same.
1. a; 2. b; 3. a; 4. c; 5. a; 6. b; 7. c; 8. c; 9. c; 10. b.
b. If he stops pedalling, the bike will slow down and stop
ba
because there is friction between the wheels and the
INVESTIGATE
ground.
PAGE 93
4. Solve the problem.
ro
OA
3 x 100 = 300. He will drive 300 km.
PAGE 95
ap
5. You throw a ball in the air. Use the words to explain
what happens to the ball.
MA
o
As the ball moves upwards, gravity slows it down until it
er
stops and begins to fall. As the ball moves downwards, its

speed increases until it hits the ground.
6. Read these definitions of machine components and
ui
write the names.

a. sensors; b. engine; c. cover; d. mechanism; e. gears;
q
f. springs.
yo
7. Label four operating parts on the bicycle.

operating parts: wheels, gears, axles, chain, levers (pedals
and brakes), cranks (the long part of the pedals).
w.
8. Cross out (✗) the odd one out. Then, write modern
structure, home, free time or communication.
ww
a. refrigerator, free time; b. tower, communication;

c. animation, modern structure; d. bridge, home.
EXTENSION
PAGE 96
a. Friction slows down the movement of an object when
the object is in contact with a surface or another object.
b. Friction is greater on sand than on ice, because there is
less friction on smoother surfaces.
c. Skiers wax their skis so the skis will slide faster.
d. MA. Goalkeepers wear special gloves to create friction
between the ball and the gloves. This can help to slow
down the ball.

Answer key
2. Search the Internet to find out how friction affects PAGE 99

another sport. Write a paragraph describing how
4. What is gravity? Define in your own words. Then,
friction is increased or decreased to gain advantage.
answer the question.
OA
MA
EXTENSION Gravity is a force that pulls everything towards the centre of

the Earth.
PAGE 97 When an object is moving upwards, gravity slows it down
1. Read the text and complete the table. until it stops moving upwards.
type of watch: mechanical; battery-operated; smartwatch; When an object is moving downwards, gravity causes it to
Eco-Drive watch. increase in speed until the object hits the ground.
description: no batteries, has springs and gears; has 5. Look at the picture. What force makes the ball fall?
batteries and electrically charged quartz crystals; Explain.
es
computerized, touch screen, phone and Internet capability, Gravity makes the ball fall. It moves upwards because of
many other functions; new technology, recharges the force applied by the person who threw it. Then, gravity
continuously. slows down the ball until it stops and begins to fall near the
r.
energy source: the mainspring; a battery; a rechargeable basket.
battery; any source of light.
6. Unscramble the words and write the names of eight
ba
2. Search the Internet for photographs of the machine components. Then, tick (✓) the ones that may
wristwatches described above. Print, cut and work together in a mechanism.
paste them onto a sheet of paper and write a short a. wheel (✓); b. motor; c. axle (✓); d. screen; e. structure;
ro
description. f. chain (✓); g. indicator; h. lever (✓).
OA
TEST
ASSESSMENT
ap
PAGE 100
PAGE 98 1. a; 2. c; 3. b; 4. b; 5. c; 6. a; 7. b; 8. c; 9. b; 10. c.
1. Use the words to complete the text about forces.
o
INVESTIGATE
Forces cause changes. They can make objects change
er
shape or break. Some objects change their shape PAGE 101

permanently and do not return to their initial shape. Other OA
objects change temporarily and return to their initial shape.
ui
Rigid objects break when sufficient force is applied. Forces

can also make objects start to move, change direction or
stop.
q
2. Describe what is happening in the picture.

yo
MA
The ball is moving along the floor. There is friction between
the ball and the surface of the floor. Friction is slowing
w.
down the ball and will eventually stop it.

3. Calculate the speeds. Then, answer the questions.
ww
a. Andrea’s speed is 80 km/h.

b. David’s speed is 90 km/h.
To know their speed at a particular moment, they can look
at the speedometer in the car.
Friction and air resistance slow down moving cars.

Art director: José Crespo
Design coordinator: Rosa Marín
Design team:
Cover design: Estudio Pep Carrió
Cover photograph: Leila Méndez
Design development coordinator: Javier Tejeda
Design development: Raúl de Andrés and Jorge Gómez Tobar
Technical director: Ángel García Encinar

Technical coordinators: Marisa Valbuena
Layout: Eva Hernández and Pedro Valencia
Art coordination: Carlos Aguilera
Photo research: Marina de León-Sotelo
Photographs: C. Díez Polanco; I. Sabater; J. C. Muñoz; J. Gascón; J. Jaime; J. Lucas; KAIBIDE DE CARLOS
es
FOTÓGRAFOS; L. M. Iglesias; M. San Félix; M. Sánchez; M.ª C. Sanz; P. Esgueva; RICERCHE ICONOGRAFICHE
DE CESARE, MILAN; TERRANOVA INTERPRETACIÓN Y GESTION AMBIENTAL; A. G. E. FOTOSTOCK/Humbert,
Miroslav Cirkovic, Marco Scataglini, Ruth Black, Marevision; A. G. E. FOTOSTOCK/J. C. Calvín; EFE/EPA/Julian
r.
Abram Wainwright; EUROPA PRESS REPORTAJES/ACTION SPORT; FOTONONSTOP; GETTY IMAGES SALES SPAIN/
POPPERFOTO; Muammer Mujdat Uzel, Photos.com Plus, Thinkshock; HIGHRES PRESS STOCK/AbleStock.com;
ISTOCKPHOTO/Getty Images Sales Spain; J. M.ª BARRES; PHOTODISC; STOCKBYTE; MATTON-BILD; SERIDEC
ba
PHOTOIMAGENES CD; T. Grence; ARCHIVO SANTILLANA.
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o ap
er
q ui
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All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any
form, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the copyright
holders. Any infraction of the rights mentioned would be considered a violation of the intellectual property
w.
(Article 270 of the Penal Code). If you need to photocopy or scan any fragment of this work, contact CEDRO
(Centro Español de Derechos Reprográficos, www.cedro.org).
ww
© 2014 by Santillana Educación, S. L. / Richmond Publishing Richmond Publishing

Avda. de los Artesanos, 6 Tres Cantos. 28760 Madrid 58 St Aldates
Oxford OX1 ST
Richmond Publishing is an imprint United Kingdom
of Santillana Educación, S. L.
Printed in Spain
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TEACHER’S RESOURCE BOOK

José Santos, Carlos Molinos, Carles Salón,

The human body and living things ...................................................................... 6

Plant growth and nutrition ................................................................................... 38

People and the environment ............................................................................... 54

Light and heat..................................................................................................... 78

Forces and machines.......................................................................................... 94

Answer key........................................................................................................ 102

main concepts of both the National Curriculum and

These worksheets facilitate a flexible approach in the

classroom. Students in the same class can be given

different worksheets. Stronger students can expand

can work together with stronger peers to complete

There are four categories of worksheets:

Reinforcement worksheets Name

b. Fungi and plants can be unicellular or multicellular.

Reinforcement worksheets. These

d. Plants and fungi cannot move about.

e. All fungi, protozoa and bacteria are harmful.

worksheets are designed to provide

further practice. They can be used after the

relevant section in the Student’s Book, before

Depending on the students, they can

complete the worksheets with or without a. sponge d. echinoderm

consulting their Student’s Books, in the b. cnidarian

classroom or at home, individually or in pairs.

ES0000000011260 607297_Unidad_02_17170.indd 14-15 17/10/14 13:25

There are twenty-four Extension

worksheets. These worksheets can

be used for fast finishers or to expand

on the material covered in class.

b. Temperatures in tundra ecosystems are very high / low.

d. Winter in the Arctic tundra is longer / shorter than summer.

c. Which rainforest is the largest in the world?

ES0000000011260 607297_Unidad_06_17284.indd 48-49 17/10/14 13:36

Investigate worksheets Health and health risks INVESTIGATE

How fit are you?

3. Chair push-ups test for upper body strength and

simple investigative tasks, either in the classroom or at home.

4. The endurance walk tests for overall body endurance.

5. Record your results in the table.

endurance walk: endurance walk:

6. Analyse your results and answer the questions.

b. Which student walked one kilometre the fastest?

c. Which student ran one kilometre the fastest?

d. Which student is the most fit?

7. Now write a conclusion.

ES0000000011260 607297_Unidad_04_17172.indd 37 17/10/14 13:30

Look at the food web and write examples.

1 Look at the ecosystem and answer the questions. a. Two producers:

There are twelve double-page Assessment coal tits

worksheets, one for each topic. These

worksheets can be given to students once

the topic has been completed, as a revision jays

test, or to check progress at any point

during the year.

c. Circle an organism. What organism is it?

a. Plants and algae are producers in an ecosystem.

a. Why is size important for living things?

b. Which living thing is the largest on Earth?

c. What type of organism are the smallest living things on Earth?

d. Which of these living things can be harmful to people?

a. Which part of the cell protects it from the outside?

b. Which part of the cell contains the organelles?

c. Which parts of the cell are involved in cell reproduction?

d. Which part of the cell obtains energy?

a. A basic unit of life.

b. The three basic life processes.

c. A living thing made up of a single cell.

d. A living thing made up of many cells.

• Can you name two types of cells in the human body?