Caie Checkpoint Science Physics v1
Caie Checkpoint Science Physics v1
Caie Checkpoint Science Physics v1
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SUMMARIZED NOTES ON THE PHYSICS SYLLABUS
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Unit Symbol Number of seconds A force can be measured with a newton spring balance.
day d 86 400 s (1440 min or 24 h) The SI unit of measuring force in N (newton)
hour h 3600 s (60 min) Equation: F=m x a
F= force (N)
minute min 60 s
m= mass (kg)
second s 1s a= acceleration (m/s²)
millisecond ms 0.001 s
2.2. Type of Force
Heat and Temperature There are two main types of forces: contact force and
non-contact force
1.2. Measuring Temperature
Contact Force
The hotness or coldness of a substance is measured by
taking its temperature.
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A contact force occurs when the object or material object. This push on the object is called water
exerting the force touches the object or material on which resistance or drag.
the force acts. An object that can move through the water quickly
Example: have a streamlined shape
Impact force Example: Water resistance affects the movement
When a moving object collides with a stationary of ships and boats on the water surface. Boats
object an impact force is exerted by one object on designed for high speeds have a hull shaped to
the other. reduce water resistance as much as possible.
Example: Hammer hits a nail, and when a moving
molecule of gas in the airstrikes the skin Non-contact force
Strain force
When some materials are squashed, stretched, A non-contact force occurs when the objects or materials
twisted, or bent, they exert a force that acts in the do not touch each other. They all exert their force without
opposite direction to the force acting on them. It’s having to touch the object.
called elastic material Example:
When the force applied to the material is removed, Magnetic force
the strain force exerted by the material restores If you bring the north pole of one magnet towards
the deformed material to its original shape. the south pole of another magnet, you will feel
Example: The strain force in a squashed tennis ball your hands being pulled together as the different
as it is hit returns the ball to its original shape poles attract each other. The strength of this pull
when the ball has left the racket. increases as the poles get closer together.
Friction A magnet can also exert a non-contact force on
Friction is a contact force that occurs between two objects made of iron, steel, cobalt, or nickel. Either
objects when there is a push or a pull on one of the pole of the magnet exerts a pulling force on these
objects that could make it move over the surface magnetic materials. The strength of the force
of the other object. increases as the magnet and the magnetic
As the push or pull on the object increases, the material are brought closer together.
force of friction between the surfaces of the object Gravitational force
also increases. This force matches the strength of The force that exists between any two masses
the push or the pull up to a certain value. because of their mass is called gravitational force.
Where the projections from the surface of one The gravitational force between an object on earth
object meet the projections from the surface of the and the earth itself pulls the object down towards
other, the materials in the projection stick. These the center of the earth is called the weight of the
connections between the surfaces produce the object.
force of friction between the object. The mass of an object is a measure of the amount
Reducing friction: Water running between the of matter in it. The weight of an object is the pull of
surface of a tire and the road reduces the friction the Earth’s gravity on the object.
between them and increases the chance of The region in which a force acts is called a field
skidding. gravitational field strength: weight/mass
Increasing friction: When brakes are applied on a Unit: N/kg
bicycle or a car, the brake pads press against a Weightlessness: The gravitational field strength
moving part of the wheel, and the force of friction around a planet, moon, or star gets weaker and
increases. weaker as you move further away
Air resistance Example: Inside the spacecraft every object
When an object moves through the air it pushes that is not held down floats about. The floating
the air out of the way and the air moves over the state is called apparent weightlessness
object’s sides and pushes back on the object. This because it feels like having no weight but the
push on the object is called air resistance or drag objects are still being pulled by the Earth’s
The value of the air resistance depends on the size gravity.
and shape of the object. Gravity and weight: If an object is weighed on Earth
Example: The parachute offers a large surface then weighed again on the Moon, its weight will be
area against which the air pushes. The high seen to decrease.
resistance of the parachute slows down the This is due to the mass of the Moon being
dragster and helps it stop in a short distance. much less than the mass of the Earth.
Water resistance
When an object moves through the water it pushes 2.3. What is Speed?
the water out of the way, and the water moves
over the object’s sides and pushes back on the
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Calculating Speed
How to read the graph:
Example 1: A runner completes a 200 m race in 25 s.
How far has the runner traveled after 10s? Find the
What is her average speed?
10s in the time axis and draw a line straight up from
Known:
this point until it reaches the graph line, as shown.
Distance: 200 m Then, draw horizontally across to the distance axis. So
Time took: 25 s the answer is 20 m.
Question: Average speed (s)?
\
Answer: S= d/t
Illustration: (if the speed is not constant)
S=200/25= 8 m/s.
Example 2: A car travel is 100 m in 5 s. What is its average
speed?
Known:
Distance: 100 m
Time took: 5s
Question: Average speed (s)?
Answer: S=d/t
S=100/5= 20 m/s.
Example 3: A red car travels 400 m in 20 s. A blue car
travels 660 m in 30 s. Which car has the greater average
speed?
Known: How to read the graph?
Red car distance: 400 m A= uphill
Red car time: 20 s B= rest
Blue car distance: 660 m C= uphill
Blue car time: 30 s D= downhill
Question: Average speed (s)?
Answer: Average speed (s)? Section of journey Time (h) Distance (km)
Average speed red car: Sred= d red/ t red= Start 0 km 0 km
400/20= 20 m/s A 2 hours 30 km
Average speed blue car: Sblue= d blue/ t blue= B 1 hour 30 km
660/30= 22 m/s
C 1/2 Hour 60 km
In conclusion, the blue car has greater average
speed. D 1 1/2 hours 0 km
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If the object is in a position above the surface of the Earth, Example: Lamp, the energy changes into light and heat.
they stored energy called gravitational potential energy.
Example: There is a plate on a table, this plate is Internal Energy
supported by something (table) but if the support is
removed, they will accelerate to the Earth’s surface and Also known as thermal energy
their potential energy will be released and changed into All substance are made up of particles. When the
other form. temperature is increase, the movement is also increase.
This is because the particles receive more energy, so that
Strain Energy it will move faster.
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Coal is formed from plants that grew up million years ago. A sankey diagram is a second kind of diagram that shows
When they died, they fell into the swamps. Because energy changes
swamps is lack of oxygen, it prevent the bacteria to grow It features arroes of different width. The width of the
and decompose the dead plants. Then it will form peat, arrow indicates the amount of energy it represent.
later the peat became buried and was squashed by the The unit in which energy and work are measured is called
rocks. The increase in pressure slowly changed the peat the joule (J).
into coal. Example:
The oil and methane gas also formed in the same way.
When animal died, they sink to the ocean floor and the
dead plankton that collected on the ocean floor did not
decompose because the lack of oxygen. Then, the remain
formed a layer which covered the rock. The weight of the
rock squeezed the layer and heated it and it converted the
layer of dead plankton into oil and methane gas.
Renewable Resources
Conduction
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Convection is the movement of heat by a fluid such as Evaporation Cools You Down
water or air.
The fluid (liquid or gas) moves from one location to On a very sunny day, you may get too hot. One way to cool
another, transferring heat along with it. down is to get wet.
Happened due to the difference in density. When you get out, the water evaporated off your skin,
Heat transfer in convection is faster than conduction. and this cools you down. If there is a breeze blowing,
Heat transfer occurs through intermediate objects. the water will evaporate more quickly and you will cool
For example, steaming cup of hot tea. down rapidly.
Radiation is the transfer of heat by electromagnetic When water evaporates from your body, it carries energy
waves. away. That is why you feel cooler.
In addition to the sun, light bulbs, irons, and toasters also Evaporation has a cooling effect due to the particles in
transfer heat via radiation. water moving around. Some have energy to escape from
Heat transfer by radiation does not need any matter to the surface, they become water vapor in the air.
help with the transfer. The particles with the most energy are the ones that
Heat transfer in radiation is the fastest among all. escape. The ones with less energy is left behind, so
The heat transfer occurs in all objects with a temperature the water is colder than before. Its temperature
greater than 0 K. decrease
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They meet at the equator (an imaginary line running A light-year is a distance traveled by light in a year.
around the middle of the planet between poles) This distance is 9.5 million km.
Example:
How The Season Is Formed? The nearest star to the Sun is called Proxima Centauri,
which is 4.3 light-years away.
As the Earth moves in its orbit there is a time of year This star and the Sun are just two 0f 500.000
when the northern hemisphere is tilting towards the Sun million stars in the Milky Way Galaxy.
and the southern hemisphere is tilting away from it.
6 months later, the northern hemisphere is tilting away Bright Stars
from the Sun and the southern hemisphere is tilting
toward it. The brightness of a star depends on its size, temperature,
This caused the change in the length of day and night, and its distance from the Earth.
and in the strength of the sunlight reaching the area of
the surface. This produces the periods of time called Star Temperature (C) Colour Distance from Earth
seasons. Sun 6000 Yellow 8 light minutes
Sirius 11000 White 8.6 light-years
How The Season Is Changed?
Arcturus 4000 Orange 36 light-years
When a hemisphere is tilting towards the Sun, the path of Betelgeuse 3000 Red 520 light-years
the Sun is different from the path when the hemisphere is Spica 25000 Blue 220 light-years
tilting away from the sun.
Because the east-to-west path of the Sun across the Constellations and Planets
sky changes with the position of the Earth in its orbit.
The path of the sun across the sky when: Constellations: Star Patterns in the Sky.
The hemisphere is tilted towards the sun = mid- The arrangement of the Stars in a constellation is due to
summer their position in space.
The hemisphere is away from the sun = mid-winter The stars may seem to be grouped together at the
It is changing from tilting one direction to the other = same distance from the Earth but they are not.
spring and autumn equinoxes While the stars appear to be fixed in their positions, the
planet does not. Each night, a planet is found in a different
5.2. Light In The Sky position from the previous night.
The planet seems to wander across the night sky
The movement of the gases in the Earth’s atmosphere against the background of constellations. This is due
does not significantly affect the strong light beams from to the way the Earth and the planets move around the
the Moon, the planet and comets shine steadily in the Sky. Sun in their orbits.
The weak light beams that came from the stars are
affected, their light does not shine steadily but appears to 5.3. Phases of The Moon
flicker.
The Moon moves around the Earth in about 28 days.
The Changes In The Starry Sky Phases of the moon: different shapes of the moon as the
moon moves around the Earth, it also spins on its axis.
As the Earth moves around its orbit, it passes different Only the side of the Moon’s surface that is facing the Sun
groups of stars and they appear in the night sky. reflects light.
The stars rise over the eastern horizon and move
across the sky in an arc to the western horizon, stars
near either pile appear to move around in a circle
during the night.
They are known as winter, spring, summer, and
autumn stars.
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thought that only 6 planets were present. The Sun is not the center of the universe but on an arm of
a spiral galaxy called the Milky Way Galaxy.
5.5. The Part of The Solar System The Milky Way Galaxy is 100000 light-years across and
rotates like a huge pinwheel in space at 970000 km/h
It means that the Sun in its position about 28 light-
The Planets
years from the center of the galaxy takes 225 million
The planets move around the Sun in elliptical orbits in an years to go round once.
anti-clockwise direction.
A Spiral galaxy.
6.2. Properties of The Sounds
Amplitude
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A meter rule is clamped to the bench, and the weight is A light source is an object that emits its own light.
taped to the free end. When you pull the end downward, Hot objects such as flames, the Sun, and torch bulbs,
the weight vibrates up and down. are light sources.
It shows the amplitude of the vibration. Amplitude is the Some light sources are not hot, such as computer
maximum distance when the vibrating object moves from screen
its resting position before it started vibrating.
Straight Lines
When you see the straight rays of light spreading out from
the sun, that tells us that light travels in straight lines.
Frequency
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Forming A Shadow
Rays of Light
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Explaining Dispersion
You can see the colors of the rainbow for yourself by How to put white light back together?
sending a ray of white light into a glass prism (triangular Put the primary color (red, green, blue) shine them
glass block) together, so that their different colors overlap.
When a light enters the prism it bends (refracted). It When you use them together, all colors of the
also bends as it leaves the prism. spectrum are present and they add up to give white.
Something else happens. The white light is split up into
a spectrum of colors. The splitting up of white light into Reflecting Colored Light
separate color is called dispersion.
The color of spectrum always appear in the same Grass is green because it reflects green light from the
order: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet. Sun.
It absorbs all of the colors of sunlight. This is called
color subtraction.
A red object reflects red light and absorb all other colors.
While objects reflect all colors of light and black objects
absorb all colors.
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Like poles will repel, means both poles are the same
8. Magnets and Magnetic (north pole and north pole) will repel.
Unlike poles will attract, means one north pole and one
Materials south pole will attract each other.
Permanent magnet is an object which stays magnetized Any magnetic material placed in the field will be attracted
for a long time. It doesn’t stop being a magnet after it has by the magnet, due to magnets is surrounded by a
been used. magnetic field.
A material which is attracted by a magnet is called a A magnetic field is invisible. There are some ways to show
magnetic material. up:
Some materials are attracted, other materials are not. Using iron fillings, these tiny pieces of iron will get
Example of magnetic material: together and line up to show the pattern of the field.
Iron Using small compasses, this called plotting
Steel (most of the steels are made from iron) compasses. They will show the direction of the field.
Nickel
Cobalt Magnetic Field Lines
Aluminium
Neodymium We can represent the magnetic field of a magnet by
drawing magnetic field lines (imaginary).
Magnetic Poles Magnetic field lines start from a north pole and end up at
a south pole. They show two things about the field:
Magnets that attract magnetic materials will create The arrows show the direction of the field.
magnetic force. The lines are closest together, the field is strongest.
A bar magnet’s magnetism is strongest at the ends. The
ends of the magnet are called magnetic poles.
Magnet Rules
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Metals are described as conductors because they allow through the ammeter.
electricity to pass through them
Plastic and other non-metals are described as insulators Current in A Series Circuit
because they do not allow electricity to pass through
them. When the components are connected end-to-end. The
current flows through the components one after another.
Electric Current The current is the same all the way around a series
circuit.
The lamp is light up because there is an electric current in
the circuit.
Two things are needed for there to be an electric current:
A complete circuit of metal around which the current
can flow.
A cell (a battery) makes the current flow.
A switch breaks a circuit to stop the current from flowing.
Circuit Symbols
Circuit Diagram:
9.5. Why Metals Conduct Electricity?
Explaining About Current Flow
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Lighting A Lamp - Current and Energy What Happens If We Add Other Components To A
Series Circuit?
When you push a switch, a current starts immediately.
The electrons are waiting in the wire. They start to move We can understand why the current is smaller when there
all around the circuit as soon as the switch is closed. are two lamps in the series circuit.
The cell is the energy source of the circuit. It is a store The electrons are being pushed by the cell. It has to
of chemical energy. push them through one lamp and then through the
The current transfers energy from the cell to the lamp. next.
The lamp gets hot and shines. It is a source of light It is easier for the cell to push the electrons through
energy and heat energy. one lamp than through two, and so the current is
bigger when there is only one lamp in the circuit.
9.6. The Voltage of A Cell
Electrical Resistance
Explaining About Voltage
We can say that a lamp has resistance. The more
Cells are usually labeled with their voltage (Ex: 1.5V). The resistance there is in the circuit, the harder it is for the
volt (symbol V) is the unit of voltage. cells to push the electrons around, and so the current is
A voltmeter is used to measure voltage. smaller.
To measure the voltage of a cell, wires are connected The unit of resistance is Ω (ohm).
from the ends of the cell to the terminals of the
voltmeter. The positive (red) terminal of the voltmeter
should be connected to the positive terminal of the
cell.
If two more cells are connected together in series, the
voltage adds up.
Losing Energy
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