Pedagogical Research

2021, 6(1), em0087

e-ISSN: 2468-4929
https://www.pedagogicalresearch.com Research Article OPEN ACCESS

Best Practices of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) for the

Development of Research Culture in the Philippines
Mark Cleeford Layugan Quitoras 1*, Julian E. Abuso 2

1
Researcher-Writer, Office of Research Coordination, University of the East, PHILIPPINES
2
Dean, Graduate School, University of the East, PHILIPPINES
*Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Citation: Quitoras, M. C. L. & Abuso, J. E. (2021). Best Practices of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) for the Development of Research Culture
in the Philippines. Pedagogical Research, 6(1), em0087. https://doi.org/10.29333/pr/9355

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Received: 3 Aug. 2020 Sustainable research culture is impetus for the realization of educational institution’s mission and vision.
Accepted: 17 Oct. 2020 Academic leaders such as president, dean, and research director must act into power and think of strategy and
programs so that their faculty members will be inspired to conduct research and publication. This study aims to
discover the best practices of the three (3) higher education institutions in the management of research in
downtown universities in Metro Manila, Philippines. Several best practices are shared during one-on-one
interviews with the president, deans, research directors, and Focus Group Discussion with faculty members in
respective research settings. This research article intends to motivate higher education institutions enhance and
sustain their research culture by adopting and learning from the said best practices.

Keywords: best practices, research culture, HEIs

INTRODUCTION

I have been working in the research office for almost a decade, one thing that I noticed is that there are only a few faculty
members doing research. The same faces of faculty members submitting research proposals and applying for publication
incentives. My observation is one of my motivations why I embarked on this research endeavor, with the hope of helping not only
our university but also other higher education institutions increase their research productivity. Optimistically, HEIs can nurture
their research culture by learning from the best practices of selected HEIs. Given these best practices in the management of
research, HEIs have a great chance of fulfilling their research functions.
The three fundamental functions of HEIs are instruction, research and extension. In all HEIs, faculty members are regarded as
the front liners, who spearhead in carrying out the said basic functions. Educational attainment and professional experience are
pieces of evidence that show faculty members' capacity to deliver instruction to students. Doing extension work or community
service is another function of an academic institution where faculty members partake in the implementation of outreach
programs.
The purpose of this study is to describe the best practices of selected higher education institutions (HEIs) the Philippines as
regards development of research culture in order to help the academic leaders in formulating research policies and motivating
their faculty members be engaged research and become producer of knowledge.
Impact of Research in HEIs and National Development
Research is another major function of HEIs where faculty members are expected to produce knowledge which are beneficial
to the institution and national development. Like in the case of China, Chen (2012) discussed in her study that Chinese higher
education system has transformed its function from knowledge dissemination and training personnel to knowledge production
and transfer. Chinese universities contribute knowledge through research output and knowledge transfer, which are usually
measured by research and development activities and output. In recognition of the importance of research and development, the
Chinese government had invested strategically in developing research universities by allocating revenues as full support to
encourage knowledge production, innumerable research grant awards, such as: the National Research Projects, National Key
Laboratories, National Key Projects of Basic Research, National Research Bases of Humanities and Social Science, and National
Awards of University Science and Technology. Through the deliberate effort to create a culture of research, where management
of such is not left to chance and initiative of the Chinese government, it is safe to conclude that research has propelled China to
attain its present status as one of the powerful countries in the world.

Copyright © 2021 by Author/s and Licensed by Modestum. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2/7 Quitoras & Abuso / Pedagogical Research, 6(1), em0087

Furthermore, the value of research is way beyond simple addition in the body of knowledge, Georghiou (2015) mentioned
multiple ways in which research achieves impact and creates value, these are: 1) increasing the stock of useful knowledge, 2)
training skilled people, 3) creating new scientific instrumentation and methodologies, and collaborating with users in the use of
such facilities, and 4) collaborating in research projects and networks with users. Additionally, Additionally, Georghiou
emphasized that:

Research and innovation lie at the heart of Europe’s economic strategy and make a critical contribution to the
development of its society and cultures. They are a key source of new jobs, growth and competitiveness and underpin a
wide range of policy priorities including digital Europe, energy efficiency and sustainability (p. 4).

Apparently, research has significantly contributed to the economic development of countries like China and European
countries. In the academe, likewise, research is vital to its development and status. Moseti (2015) emphasized in her study that
"Knowledge production through research in the universities rests largely with academic staff and post graduate students,
especially at the PhD level." With respect to Moseti's statement, thesis and dissertation are parts of the curriculum where students
are compelled to produce research to finish their degree programs. Notably, in order to advance or sustain the HEIs' regional and
national academic ranking , faculty members need to yield research output. In addition, Tan, Macdonald, & Rossi (2009) articulate
that there is an increase of educational research in Singapore education institutions which can be associated with the
government’s credence that research enhances education institutions’ performance and nations’ capacity to catch-up in
globalization.
Research Productivity Barriers
However, not all faculty members in HEIs are engaged in doing research. Perhaps, most of them do not want to get out from
their comfort zone which is teaching or could it be that research culture in universities remains at its infancy stage? Mbaleka (2015)
contends that "the seven most challenging factors preventing faculty members from publishing enough or not publishing at all
include having limited time, lack of training on publication, fear of rejection, lack of interest, faculty laziness, limited funds, and
lack of institutional support." Despite the reluctance of faculty members in doing research, the Commission on Higher Education
(CHED) in the Philippines has been serious in compelling HEIs to yield research outputs. CHED's research advocacy is best
expressed in Memorandum Order No. 46 Series of 2012, Article V, which mandates universities to contribute to nation building by
providing highly specialized educational experiences to train experts in the various technical and disciplinal areas and by
emphasizing the development of new knowledge and skills through research and development. The focus on the development of
new knowledge is articulated through emphasis on bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degree programs. Universities contribute
to nation building by producing experts, knowledge and technological innovations that can serve as resources for long-term
development processes in a globalized context.
In addition, according to CHED 2019 Guidelines for Granting Autonomous Status to Private Higher Education Institutions,
articulates that:

At least 50 full-time faculty members or at least 30% of full-time faculty, whichever is higher must have actively engaged
in research or creative work in the last five years and at least 10% full-time faculty has patents or publications in refereed
journals. Of these, at least 5% of full-time faculty has publications in internationally indexed journals and/or books
published in reputable academic presses in the last five (5) years.

Roles of Academic Leaders

The realization of HEI's mission and vision is dependent on the capacity and capability of their leaders. Same goes with the
development of research culture where research leaders should plan and strategize on how they carry out their research goals.
Succeeding literatures will attest how research leaders' role are invaluable in the development of research productivity. Thus,
"Building a serious research profile does not happen without the deliberate action of executive leaders. Similarly, it is essential
that all executive and senior staff actively support research development. While it needs to be led by a member of the executive,
the whole task cannot be left to a one person" (Good Practice Guide: Developing Research Capacity, 2012, p. 2).
Moreover, culture of research demands institutional leaders to set lucid research goals and transmit them clearly. "The goals
must be accompanied by a well-defined plan of research success evaluation as well as any accompanying changes in
compensation. Administrator should also adjust job descriptions to include statement of research and teaching expectations"
(Building a Culture of Research: Recommended Practices, May 2014, p. 3).
The above-mentioned condition is also synonymous to the suggestion of Goodall (2013) who states that one way to improve
university ranking is by hiring the best scholars and assigning them in positions of power such as: Research Head/Director, Dean
or Department Chairperson. The hired and assigned best scholars will share their wisdom and experiences in research that will
contribute in the development of research culture. Further, Goodall (2013) elaborated that "who would pay any attention to a
Research Director with a few research and publication telling faculty members to improve their research output." These
statements attest that Research Directors/Heads play a crucial role in the development of research culture. Indeed, good research
management is needed to develop research culture.
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METHODOLOGY

Qualitative research was used to gather and treat data on the best practices on the management of research of the three (3)
higher education institutions (HEI's). Focus group discussion is usually used in doing qualitative study in order to have leverage
in a broad understanding of social phenomenon (Nyumba, Wilson, Derrick, and Mukherjee, 2018). The one-on-one interview and
focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted to hear and document the views and thoughts of the president, deans, and faculty
members with respect to the management of research in their respective institutions.

DISCUSSIONS OF BEST PRACTICES OF THE THREE HEIs

In the academic community, a best practice is can be defined as a method that has been a product of research and experience
to produce favorable result. It is also an established standard suitable for widespread adoption. The following are the best
practices of HEIs in the management of research and statements as mentioned by the research participants. Fictitious names of
the universities were used to safeguard the identity and reputation of the HEIs.
The Aphrodite University (Fictitious name)
Aphrodite University has a humble beginning when it was established in the first decade of the 20th century by two
distinguished ladies for the instruction and training of the youth in all branches of the arts and sciences. Starting with few benches,
a single blackboard and a few books, the two educators gave birth to the school and steadfastly nurtured a dream of establishing
a nationalistic center of learning for Filipino women. The first college, that of Pharmacy, opened in 1921 and followed by the
Colleges of Liberal Arts, Education, Dentistry, and Optometry.
The Aphrodite University's research best practices are the following: Faculty Research Credit Load, Research Collaboration,
Inclusion of research in faculty's performance evaluation and rankings. These research best practices were supported by the
succeeding statements of the respondents:
Faculty research credit load
This credit load is given to faculty researchers in Aphrodite University. The Research Office as well as the Research Committee
decide on credit load to be awarded to the faculty researcher. A minimum of three (3) units or one (1) subject of deload is provided
to the faculty researcher, additional deload shall be given depending on the depth and scope of the study. The University President
from the Aphrodite University is supportive to all research endeavors: “...giving all the support that we can give, monetary as well
as, there been many, we put many areas where we give support, we give research funds, we give training, although as I said, I am
not a believer in that kind of training, ahh! we give incentives to those who have done their research...” [sic]
Research collaboration
Aphrodite University encourages faculty members not only to produce research in their respective disciplines but also through
collaboration. Faculty members from this Institution are compelled to team up with other faculty members from other
departments or even form other Downtown Universities in order to produce a collaborative research. One Dean shared that:
“...some of my faculty members are currently under research collaboration with other Downtown Universities. Take note some
are commissioned research too. Here in Aphrodite University faculty members are encouraged to do collaborative research
provided that their research topics are within the University research niche (Pathogens of diseases)... I'm fine with the de-loading,
they teach eight subject minus two for their de-load. They also have financial support from the University...” [sic]
Indeed, collaboration is valuable in elevating research into the next level. Sprunger (2017) underscores the significance of
collaboration, ‘Science is most efficient when researchers with pundits’ wisdom in divergent fields collaborate on a research of
intersecting interests. The intersection permits commonalties that lead toward discovery and innovation’.
Inclusion of research in faculty's performance evaluation and rankings
This is Aphrodite University's strategy to make faculty member conduct research. Research outputs of faculty members are
given points for the higher rank, a booster in climbing academic ranking.
Another Dean disclosed: “...You want to know our secret? Aphrodite University included research in their performance
evaluation and points in ranking. From then on, faculty members are obliged to do research whether they like it or not. And one
of our strategies here is all my faculty members teach at least one research subject for them to be refreshed and updated in
research” [sic]
Academic leaders in Aphrodite University manifest their drive in pushing and motivating their faculty members to engage in
research and collaborative research. In no time, this drive of academic leaders, faculty members produce voluminous research
output.
Finally, here are the considered best practices in the management of research in Aphrodite University: Faculty Research Credit
Load, Research Collaboration, Inclusion of research in faculty's performance evaluation and rankings. The existence of these best
practices in Aphrodite University is an indicator of a good research culture.
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Hermes University (Fictitious name)

How to rise from the ashes of World War II was a major challenge for the Philippine government, business and industry, higher
education institutions (HEIs), families and individuals. For a Filipino couple, they saw the deplorable condition as an opportunity
to establish the first Filipino-owned air transport in the Philippines. This subsequently made the couple builds Hermes Institute of
Technology to train and develop aircraft mechanics and aeronautic engineers for the maintenance and operation of their own
airline and industry in the country. Certainly, Hermes is a product of a clear vision and a response to a context which later on
created a niche for the University. Founded in the late 1940s, as a private educational institution to produce pilots, mechanics and
maintenance professionals for the aeronautics industry, Hermes, through time, has created a curriculum package that includes
the full spectrum of engineering, maritime, business, and arts courses. As an HEI, Hermes was a pioneer in aeronautical
engineering and aircraft maintenance technology and was directly involved in rebuilding the workforce and engineering capability
of the country.
External research collaboration
Deficiency in internal funds at Hermes is compensated by external funding. One of the highlights of Hermes with respect to
research culture is its external research collaboration. Most research output at Hermes are products of faculty research
collaboration with other HEIs and with funding support from these government agencies, the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST), Commission on Higher Education (CHED), National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP). This is a good
indication of a good research orientation of faculty researchers on Hermes University. Government agencies are cautious in
awarding research grants. They make sure that research fund is given to deserving researchers. Application for research grant is a
competition in nature, government agency accepts and screens research proposals rigorously. Despite stringent application
process of research grant from government agencies, faculty members from Hermes were able to pull it off. Well research
orientation and the guidance of the Research Director are the reasons why the faculty members at Hermes have been receiving
government-funded research grants. The Research Director proudly said: “What is good is that we have been having at least a few
researches funded by outside agency which is DOST. To me that is a good measure of ability to do research”[sic].
Science and technology expo
This is Hermes University's annual research program wherein all Colleges screens, selects, and sends students nominees to
showcase their research/inventions. This is the Institution's way to foster research and motivate students to conduct research.
One Dean was delighted to mention about this research program: Ang natutuwa ako dito e every year meron kaming Science and
Technology Expo. We exhibit researches of our students. Every year yan, mga March. Ngayon tina-tapat namin sa aming foundation
day tuwing March for about 12 years na [sic]. (What is good thing here is every year we have Science and Technology Expo. We
exhibit researches of our students. That's every year, usually March. We usually do that during our foundation day in March, for
about 12 years already).
Goyo (fictitious) cup
Is another major research program at Hermes. The objective of this research program is to encourage and expose the
youngsters to do research. Every year high school students from Hermes' University and neighboring institutions are invited to
join this competition. Chosen student representatives are gathered to exhibit their inventions. The winner gets the chance to bring
home the Goyo Cup, a trophy for one year plus monetary incentive (around 3000 pesos), but if the particular department wins
three consecutive years, the Goyo cup will be awarded to them for good. The Research Director said that: In addition to that, yung
mga aming junior highschool and senior highschool from our neighboring schools, about 6 to 10 of them. They also regularly exhibit.
Contest yun. In fact meron kaming tinatawag na Goyo (fictitious) Cup, Juan dela Cruz (fictitious) very famous diba , so he's from
Hermes yung inventor ng TV phone remember? Ang kwan dun, every year, kung sino ang nanalo ng prize siya nag kukuha ng Goyo
Cup. If he gets it for three consecutive times, he gets it permanently. Aside from that we give a little monetary prize even for highschool
students. I think that's research activity is very good in the university it helps develop research culture [sic]. (In addition to that, those
junior high school and senior high school from our neighboring schools, about 6 to 10 of them. They also regularly exhibit. It's a
contest. In fact we have what we call Goyo (fictitious) Cup. Juan dela Cruz he's very famous isn't it? so he' from Hermes, the
inventor of TV phone remember? That's every year, whoever wins the prize, he/she will get the Goyo Cup. If he/she gets it for three
consecutive times, he gets it permanently. Aside from that we give a little monetary prize even for high school students. I think
that's research activity is very good in the university it helps develop research culture).
Wilkes and Jackson (2013) reported, "determined strategies suchlike weekly research and journal club meetings, with an
emphasis on group activities boost research productivity. Creating Programs such as the Goyo Cup in Hermes University is an
indication that the academic leaders are serious in bringing their research culture into the next level. Further, participation in
research-related activities like research conferences or research exhibits (posters) can provide perks such as: to learn novelty ideas
in their fields, to gain network for possible future research collaboration, and to publish a research article. In hindsight, such
program serves as a major platform that entices faculty members and students to conduct research.
The Apollo University (Fictitious name)
Apollo University prides itself with its long tradition of academic distinction through the legacy of a prominent person in the
country, as its founder. He was a prominent statesman, legislator, constitutionalist, jurist, lawyer, writer, scholar, , philosopher,
and above all things, a teacher. In the time of Second World War, as the leader of the nation during its darkest time in its history,
he initiated educational policies, one of those policies is the accentuation of the country's nationalism by cultivating in-depth
knowledge and real appreciation of the country's history and culture, which underscored and upheld national morale and
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character. The inspiration to establish a school came to him in the onset of 1920’s while a student at Yale University in the United
States of America. A couple of decades later, along with his fellow educators, he turned this dream into a reality. With the goal of
becoming a center of academic excellence in the Philippines, Apollo University formally opened to the public in early 1950s.
Research training
The Research and Innovation Center (RIC) in Apollo University provides the following: Trainings in Basic, Advanced, and Action
Research, and Statistical Package for Social Science. Specifically in: Research Methods for Research Teachers; Formulation of
Research Proposal; Data Analysis, and Preparation of Report. Conversion of Research Reports to Journal Manuscripts;
Fundamentals of Journal Publication, and Writing of Report. The RIC conducts research-capability seminars twice a year to fine-
tune the research skills of the faculty members. These seminars usually take place during the first and last quarter of the year.
The statements of the faculty members are testament that they enjoy the training provided by the University: Sa akin para
siyang isang roller coaster kasi may mga moments na nakaka excite kasi for example may mga trainings, maeexpose ka sa mga
trainings, naa update ka, may mga workshops ganun nadadagdagan kami ng knowledge. Maganda yung mga ganung klaseng
experience [sic.] (For me it's like a roller coaster because there are moments that it becomes exciting, for example, there are
trainings, you will be exposed to several training which gives us additional knowledge. Those are beautiful kind of experiences).
A faculty member was ecstatic in sharing his research endeavor in the University. He even used the term "roller coaster" as a
metaphor to describe his research experiences. According to him doing research is just like riding a roller coaster, it's fun most
especially if your vessel is on top and it becomes boring if you are at the bottom of the track. Additionally, same goes with doing
research, it's fun because of the ups of doing research such as: the knowledge you learn from the research experience and the
incentives provided by Apollo University. The boring or painful feeling when you are at the bottom part of the track represents the
downs of doing research which happen when: the requested research budget is disapproved, when the submitted research article
is rejected, and when research presentation proposal is turned down. Actually maya't maya naman sila nagpo post ng mga
activities kasi meron naman kaming means of communication online. Basta may mga current for example may upcoming activity na
may kinalaman sa Statistics, yung pag gamit ng stat, mga SPSS ganyan. In fairness naman pag dating sa research capabibity
trainings marami naman at nakapag paparticipate naman kami” [sic.] (Actually, from time to time they (RIC) usually post activities,
because we have a means of communication online. For example, there's an activity about Statistics, on how to use it, like SPSS.
In fairness, when it comes to research capability trainings, we have plenty of those and we were able to participate).
Two faculty members admire the promptness of the Research Office in posting updates online regarding research updates on
research capability seminar-workshop, conferences, and grant status. As a matter of fact, another faculty said: “I have good
experiences in this university like attending to trainings and conferences”. [sic.] The faculty members appreciate the support such
as financial and mentoring support implemented by the Research Office in Apollo University.
Research consultancy
Research Consultancy is one of the services provided by the Research Office of Apollo University. The faculty researchers in
Apollo University are privileged to consult in the Research and Innovation Center (Research Office) on the following: Formulation
of Research Proposal, Searching of Literature Review, Anti-plagiarism Tests, Research Design, Survey Instruments Design,
Statistical Tests, Processing of Data, Interpretation of Dummy Tablets and Data, Formatting of Manuscript using APA format. Like
for an instance, a faculty member who is interested in conducting research, he/she can visit the Research Office for consultation.
The research personnel or the research director herself will give her some comments and suggestions on how to improve his/her
research topic. Also, if a faculty is still an amateur in doing research, the research personnel will guide and orient him/her on how
to search for review of related literature. During the focus group discussion, one faculty revealed: “There are a lot of activities but
the thing that I can recall is the Mendeley software because I used it in graduate school. It is a research management tool, software.
It's a citation tool, APA, MLA, so you do not need to memorize the format anymore” [sic.]
Once the research proposal is ready, it will be subjected to anti-plagiarism test to increase the integrity and credibility of the
manuscript. The faculty members in Apollo University are required to follow the American Psychological Association (APA) citation
format when applying for a research grant.
The Innovation and Support Office (ITSO) services
Aside from research capability trainings and research consultancy, Apollo University also extends its hand by providing ITSO
services (Depository of papers, documents, statistics (patent-related), Management and Commercialization of IP, Licensing
Support, Patent Search, drafting, and Filing, Skills Training in Patent Search, Library for Patent Information) to its faculty
researchers. For example a faculty from the engineering department has invented an equipment and has no idea whether his
invention is qualified for patent or not, all he/she needs to do is to drop by in Research Office and the research personnel will assist
and advise him/he on what would be the next step. The first step is patent search, it ensures that the invention of a faculty member
is something novel or not. In line with this, one faculty testified: “We have research policy in place here in Apollo University. We have
intellectual property policy, now we are having ethics review. Our IP policy is in place even before four years or five years ago meron
na kami niyan kaya lang ini enhance pa naming” [sic.] (we already have that, but we are still enhancing it).
Thus, the administrators in Apollo University are determined in developing and sustaining their research culture by providing
research programs such as: Research Training, Research Consultancy, and ITSO Services which can be considered as best practices
for the development of research culture. These best practices can succor faculty members hone their research capacities which
can lead towards production of knowledge through research.
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The gems or the best practices that were excavated from Aphrodite, Hermes, and Apollo Universities are a concoction of
research programs/activities and research policies/incentive which include: faculty research credit load, research collaboration,
inclusion of research in faculty's performance evaluation and rankings, external research collaboration, Science and Technology
Expo, Gregorio (fictitious) Cup, research training, research consultancy, and Innovation and Support Office (ITSO) services.

CONCLUSION

The three selected HEIs have unique research culture and plethora of best practices in the management of research. These
best practices are in the form of research programs that are intended to develop and sustain research culture. The existence of
research programs in Aphrodite, Hermes, and Apollo Universities is a manifestation of the academic leaders’ great intention of
transcending research culture into the upper echelon. Albeit, these best practices may not guarantee immediate improvement of
research culture due to contextual facet but could dispense insights on how HEIs can modify their existing research programs
which can address their respective research needs. Thus, the academic leaders and faculty members should work in unison in
order to reach the next level of an ideal research culture.

RECOMMENDATION

In the academe, the creation of research programs is dependent on the support given by the university. The university must
appoint a president who is a research-oriented and has a good track of record in research so that research activities will materialize
and research budget will be prioritized. Furthermore, the university president must be a savant in running a school in order to
deliver quality education and realize an ideal research culture. Additionally, the university president must have an eye in hiring
academic leaders such as deans and research directors who can be a great help in cultivating research culture by creating research
programs that can inspire faculty in doing research and publication. One imperative thing to take into consideration in hiring
academic leaders is by looking for someone who came from an institution that has a good and strong reputation in research
because this is a great chance for them to bring in tried and tested research-related best practices from their former company or
institution. Deans and Research Directors must strictly hire faculty and staff members with MAs and PhDs. This strategy ensures
that the hired personnel already have a decent research orientation.
In addition, Dean, research director, and faculty must have a scheduled dialogue to discuss research policies for possible
enhancement and amendment. Academic leaders must relentlessly and continually devise a scheme on how to improve, amend,
and sustain existing research policies. Faculty members must realize the impact of doing research not only to their career but also
to the society as a whole.
Future researchers may focus on the faculty members' reason why they are hesitant in conducting research. Conduct a series
of one-on-one interviews and focus group discussion focusing on the reasons of not doing research and what other possible
motivation for them to take action. A qualitative study may be insufficient to conclude some ideas due to limited number of
respondents but despite its limitation, whatever responses that will surface are substantive enough to know the nuances that will
surely matter. As Albert Einstein once said: "Not everything that can be counted counts and not everything that counts can be
counted".

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