Group 7 - HW No.4

Homework #4
C A R B O H Y D R A T E S
Q1. What are Carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates, also known as carbs, is a simple

organic compound, a biomolecule that consists of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. It is the main
source of fuel that provides and stores energy to
the body because the body breaks down
carbohydrates into glucose.
Figure 1. Chemical Structure
List the classification of Carbohydrates.
1. Monosaccharide - simplest form of carbohydrate that can be hydrolyzed only

once to break down into simpler units of aldehyde or ketone.
Examples are glucose, fructose, galactose.
2. Oligosaccharide - yield two or nine molecules of monosaccharide unit.

(a) Disaccharides - consist of two monosaccharide unit.
Examples are sucrose, maltose, and lactose.
(b) Trisaccharides - yield three molecules of monosaccharide unit.
Example is Raffinose.
3. Polysaccharide - yield a large number of monosaccharide, can either be

heteropolysaccharide or homopolysaccharide.
Examples are starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin.
Group 7 | BSN 1102L

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Homework #4
Q3. Differentiate Reducing

sugars from Non Reducing sugars
Non-reducing sugars like sucrose lack the free aldehyde or ketone group
that enables reducing sugars to reduce other substances in chemical
reactions, however reducing sugars like glucose have the aforesaid
groups.
Q4. Discuss Glycolysis

and Gluconeogenesis.
a. Glycolysis
Figure 2. Process of Glycolysis

Glycolysis is a fundamental metabolic pathway found in all living organisms, and it
serves as the initial step in the breakdown of glucose to produce energy in the
form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and other metabolic intermediates. The
enzymatic reactions that make up glycolysis, which occurs in the cytoplasm of
cells, can be broken down into two main phases: the energy investment phase and
the energy payoff phase.
Once glucose molecule is converted into two pyruvate molecules at the end of
glycolysis. Two additional ATP molecules and two NADH molecules are generated
as a result of the process. Cellular processes can use these ATP molecules as a
Group 7 | BSN 1102L

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Homework #4
a direct source of energy, and NADH can be used to produce more ATP through
Qsubsequent
1 . W h a metabolic
t a r e Cpathways
a r b o h like
y d the
r a tcitric
e s ? acid cycle (Krebs cycle) and
oxidative phosphorylation. Because it offers a quick way to produce energy
from glucose or other hexose sugars, glycolysis is an essential pathway in
energy metabolism and is highly conserved across living organisms. Additionally,
glycolysis can take place both anaerobically (without oxygen) and aerobically
(with oxygen).
b. Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis is the metabolic
process that allows organisms to
produce the sugar glucose from
non-carbohydrate precursors.
The liver and kidneys play a
smaller role in this process than
the liver. When dietary sources
of glucose are insufficient, as
they are during fasting or
prolonged exercise, the body can
maintain blood glucose levels
thanks to the crucial metabolic
Figure 3. Process of Gluconeogenesis pathway known as
gluconeogenesis.
In conclusion, when dietary sources of glucose are insufficient, an essential
metabolic pathway called gluconeogenesis enables organisms to produce glucose
from non-carbohydrate precursors. It maintains a constant level of blood sugar,
supports the body's need for energy during fasting or physical activity, and
provides glucose for the synthesis of critical molecules. The process is tightly
controlled and consists of a number of enzymatic reactions, some of which are
distinct from those in glycolysis.
Group 7 | BSN 1102L

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Homework #4
References
Biology Online. (2023, August 16). Reducing sugar - Definition and Examples - Biology Online Dictionary.
Biology Articles, Tutorials & Dictionary. https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/reducing-sugar
Brazier, Y. (2023, March 10). What you need to know about carbs.
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/161547#nutrition
Glycolysis | Cellular respiration | Biology (article) | Khan Academy. (n.d.). Khan Academy.
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-
fermentation/glycolysis/a/glycolysis
Libretexts. (2022). 26.1: monosaccharides. Chemistry LibreTexts.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-
12)/26%3A_Biochemistry/26.01%3A_Monosaccharides
Nagansurkar, S. (2022, May 18). Carbohydrates Definition and Classification. pharmanotes.

https://www.simplepharmanotes.com/2022/05/carbohydrates-definition-and.html
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Homework #4

Q1. What are Carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates, also known as carbs, is a simple

Figure 1. Chemical Structure

List the classification of Carbohydrates.

1. Monosaccharide - simplest form of carbohydrate that can be hydrolyzed only

2. Oligosaccharide - yield two or nine molecules of monosaccharide unit.

3. Polysaccharide - yield a large number of monosaccharide, can either be

Group 7 | BSN 1102L

Q3. Differentiate Reducing

Q4. Discuss Glycolysis

Figure 2. Process of Glycolysis

Group 7 | BSN 1102L

Group 7 | BSN 1102L

Libretexts. (2022). 26.1: monosaccharides. Chemistry LibreTexts.

Nagansurkar, S. (2022, May 18). Carbohydrates Definition and Classification. pharmanotes.

Group 7 | BSN 1102L

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