CHAPTER 2

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND

SOCIETY: WORLD HISTORY

CHAPTER OUTLINE
Science and Technology in Different Periods
1. Ancient Period (ca. 3,000 B.C. - 500A.D.)
2. Mesoamerican Period
(1200 B.C.-3rd Century A.D.)
3. Medieval Period (ca. 500 - 1,500)
4. Renaissance Period (14th - 17th Century)
5. Middle East (17th Century)
6. Intellectual Revolution (18th Century)
7. Industrial Revolution (18th
Century) Ancient Egyptian
Architectural Technology 8.
African Revolution
9. In 19th Century
10. In 20th Century

“Everything is theoretically impossible, until it is done. One could write a history of

science in reverse by assembling the solemn pronouncements of highest authority
about what could not be done and could never happen.” – Robert Heinlein
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:
1. explain the historical timeline of science and technology;
2. analyse the difference between the different periods involved in the
development of Science and Technology; and
3. showcase their understanding of the different periods involved in the
development of Science and Technology through a creative role-play

INTRODUCTION
Science and technology is evident since the beginning of time. New
knowledge made it possible to create new things that would help people improve their
everyday living. Development in the field of science has helped humans to have a
better life while advancement in technology made the lives of the people much easier
by developing new machines that helped their way of living effortless.
In combination, science and technology transforms the lives of humans. It helps
provide growth in the field of medicine, transportation, engineering and even
entertainment that until today people are benefiting from.
The development of science and technology has gone so far, tracing how it all began
would give us a better idea on how it has developed since then and what are the
significant changes that has happened throughout time. By looking back at the
history of science and technology, we will be able to determine its progression

CONTENT
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN DIFFERENT PERIODS The
next discussions will reveal the different evidences on how the development of
science and technology has been part of the early days of humankind.

Ancient Period (ca. 3,500 B.C. - 500 A.D.)

Page 1 of 12
Accumulation of knowledge and passing it from generation to generation has
begun when the modern humans evolved from their hominid ancestors. They used
stones as tools, and then learned how to shape stones to make more efficient tools.
As the tools improved, so people were able to use them to fashion weapons and
other artifacts from bone, antler, and wood. They also learned how to capture fire
from natural sources such as wild fires, and later to make fire for themselves by using
the heat generated by friction or sparks from stones, or by concentrating the sun's
heat.

Here are some of the development in science and technology during the
ancient period (Goddard, 2010):
EUROPE
ca 750,000 Fire is used by Homo erectus.
ca 45,000 Stone-headed spears are used in Europe.
ca 20,000 The wooden bow and arrow are used in Spain and Saharan Africa. People
in Southern Europe use sewing needles made from bone.
ca 2000 The Minoans build palaces in Crete.
ca 1000 Ironworking is introduced in Greece.
ca 1000 Etruscan craftsmen make false teeth from gold.

THE AMERICAS
ca 8,500 North Americans make stone arrowheads.
ca 8,000 The Folsom people living on eastern side of the Poe's Mountains develop
sophisticated tools.
ca 6000 Pottery is made in South America.
ca 2500 People in the Arctic makes flirt tools.
ca 1750 Peruvians build a long canal to irrigate their cops.
ca 1200 Fishermen in Peru makes rafts and boats from reeds
ca 1200 Olmec sculptors carve figurines and giant human heads.

ASIA AND OCEANIA

ca 11,000 The earliest-known day pots are made in Japan.
ca 5200 People in Iran make wine.
ca 4000 Bronze is first made in Thailand.
ca 3500 The plow is invented in both China and Mesopotamia.
ca 3000 Boats in China are equipped with anchors.
ca 2950 A lunar calendar is developed in China.
ca 2500 Clay pipes are used as drains in Pakistan.
ca 2500 Chinese doctors begin using acupuncture.
ca 2296 Chinese astronomers record the sighting of a comet.
ca 1361 Chinese astronomers record a solar eclipse.
ca 1000 The Chinese begin writing on bamboo or paper made from bark.
ca 1000 The Hindu calendar of 360 days is introduced in India.
ca 850 The Chinese use natural gas for lighting.

Mesoamerican Period (1200 B.C. – 3rd Century A.D.)

The term Mesoamerica comes from the Greek word mesos meaning "in the middle."
This period is characterized by the following civilizations:

Olmecs ((1500 B.C.-400 B.C.)

● The top of the society are priests and nobles who lived in ceremonial centers.
● Normal people lived in farming villages around the elites.

Page 2 of 12
● Carved colossal heads from volcanic rocks as portraits of rulers. ●
Invented calendar and carved hieroglyphic writing into stone.
● The mother culture of Mesoamerica.

Mayans (300 B.C.-900 A.D.)

● Developed methods of farming such as shifting agriculture and raised bed
farming.
● Organized into city-state without political unity but bounded economy. ●
Developed numbering system including place value and the concept of zero.
● Developed hieroglyphic form of writing that were used for recording
 astronomical observations, rituals and religious matter but was burnt during
the invasion of Spanish conquerors.
● Developed a solar calendar with 365 days and ritual calendar with 260 days.

Aztecs (12th-15th Century)

● Built chinampas or “floating gardens” to plant crops.
● Built empire which has a ruler with his council consisting of nobles, priest, and
military leaders.
● Developed a calendar with 365 days and a ritual calendar with 260 days. ●
Believed that illness is a punishment from the gods but still uses herbs and
medicine for treatment

Medieval Period (ca. 500-1500)

The Medieval Period also known as “Dark Ages” is considered to be one of the
creative periods in the history of humans and said to be the start of the first industrial
revolution. The term “Dark Ages” came up because there are few written records
remained from the said era. There are very little evidence that will support that there
was progress in the society during the periods 500 to 1500.
In the years immediately after the fall of Rome, there was a period of
readjustment, where medieval society was more concerned with keeping peace and
empire building than nurturing centers of learning. Despite this, Charlemagne
(742-814) a medieval emperor who ruled Western Europe in 800-814, tried to
establish a scholastic tradition. The later Middle Ages (around 1250-1500 A.D.) saw
advancements in the philosophy of science and the refinement of the scientific
method. Far from being a backwards-medieval society, overshadowed by Islam and
Byzantium, scholasticism acted as a nucleus for the Renaissance and the
Enlightenment.
This was the time for discovering great new inventions in science and
technology. There were greater advancement in technology and adaptation of
Eastern technologies in the West, including the invention of vertical windmills,
spectacles, mechanical clocks, greatly improved water mills, building techniques like
the Gothic style, and three-field crop rotation.
One of the greatest inventions during the Middle Ages was the printing press
of Johannes Gutenberg (ca. 1395-1468) in the 15th century. It was Gutenberg who
made printing mechanized. The invention of the printing press itself obviously, owed
much to the medieval paper press, in turn modeled after the ancient wine-and-olive
press of the Mediterranean area. A long handle was used to turn a heavy wooden
screw, exerting downward pressure against the paper, which was laid over the type
mounted on a wooden platen. In its essentials, the wooden press reigned supreme
for more than 300 years, with a hardly varying rate of 250 sheets per hour printed on
one side.

Renaissance Period (14th-17th Century)

Page 3 of 12
The term Renaissance is used to refer to the period of rebirth as age of
preparation for the 17th century scientific development and achievements. One of the
greatest achievements in Western Europe during this period was the technology of
printing books and other documents which helped the rapid spread of knowledge and
information as well as the preservation of culture. The technology of the Chinese in
preparing printed materials was followed and used by the Muslims and later
introduced in Europe.
Renaissance connects the period of Middle Ages to modern history. It is
closely connected with Italy, where it began in the 14th century, although some
European countries also went into same cultural changes and phenomena. Many
historians prefer to think of the Renaissance as primarily an intellectual and cultural
movement rather than a historical period. Robert Wilde, U.K. based historian born
April 30, 1977 said that interpreting the Renaissance as a time period, though
convenient for historians, “masks the long roots of the Renaissance (para.2)”.
According to Wilde in his interview with livescience.com, the demand for
perfect reproductions of texts and the renewed focus on studying them helped trigger
one of the biggest discoveries in the whole of human history: printing with movable
type. It allowed Bibles, secular books, printed music and more to be made in larger
amounts and reach more people. On the other hand, people and a lot of steps were
involved. Wood printing first came to the West from China in 1250-1350,
papermaking originated from China has reached 12th century Spain, and the new
printers' ink originated from Flemish oil painting. In Mainz, Germany, Gutenberg made
final steps in wooden press by casting a metal type and locking into it. The invention
spread fast, reaching European countries from 1467-1483. By 1500, Europe had
already produced six million copies of books. Without the printing press,
communications revolution would not happen and it would not transform the condition
of life. The communications revolution greatly made an impact in human opportunities
for enlightenment and pleasure and created unimaginable possibilities for
manipulation and control on the other. The consideration of these contradictory
effects may shield us against a ready acceptance of triumphalist conceptions of the
Renaissance or historical change in general.
Also, Polish mathematician and astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
made one of science's greatest achievement. He presented the theory of heliocentric
where he said that the sun is the center of the solar system instead of the earth. It
was a major breakthrough in the history of science, though the Catholic Church
banned Copernicus' book.
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was also a major Renaissance scientist
persecuted for his scientific experiments. Galileo improved the telescope, discovered
new celestial bodies, and found support for a heliocentric solar system. He
conducted' motion experiments on pendulums and falling objects that paved the way
for Isaac Newton's (1643-1727) discoveries about gravity.

Middle East (17th Century)

Middle east is a term used to describe a geographic location that extends from Egypt
to Afghanistan where Islam arose. Islam, however, is a religion of right actions, rules,
and laws that began in the 7th century and follows the teachings of Muhammad who
was believed by Muslims as the messenger of God. Islam is also an Arabic word
meaning “submission to God”. Islamic rules are symbolized by five obligatory acts or
Page 4 of 12
the five pillars of Islam: Witness (Shahada), worship (salat), fasting (Sawm), Tithing
(Zakat), and Pilgrimage (Hajj). If the Roman Catholic Church has the “Bible” Islam, on
the other hand, also has its holy book called Qur’an (Koran).
Seemingly different to other ancient civilizations like Europe, Isla as religion
plays an important role not only in Arab ways of living but also in the advancement of
science. The pursuit of knowledge is included in the teachings of Prophet
Muhammad. This practicality of Islam and openness to embracing knowledge
resulted to some advancement in the field of geography, medicine, and mathematics.

Contributions to Geography
● Salat prayers require knowledge in geography to know the direction of the
Qublah, i.e., the direction that should be faced when Muslims pray.
● In 1166, Al Idrisi produced very accurate maps including a world map that
has continents, mountains, rivers, and famous cities.
● Al-Muqdishi, a geographer, also produced an accurate colored map.
● Muslims are great navigators for the expeditions of other countries.
Ferdinand Magellan and Christopher Columbus imported Muslim
navigators.
Contributions to Mathematics
● Muslims invented symbols to express an unknown quantity.
● Made use of zero and decimal system.
th
● Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (early 9 century), one of the first
directors of the house of Wisdom, introduced algebra in solving equation.
Medical Contributions
● Arabs made use of human cadaver to study and understand its anatomy
and physiology.
● Abū-‘Alī al-Husayn ibn-‘Abdallā Ibn-Sīnā or Avicenna (ca. 970-1037) wrote
an encyclopedia of medical knowledge. This work was translated into Latin
and was used as a textbook in Europe up to 17th century.
● Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi spearheaded the construction
of the first Islamic Bimaristans (hospital)

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION (18TH CENTURY)

The Age of Enlightenment is a period in Europe in the 18th century when many
writers and thinkers began to question established beliefs. These beliefs include the
authority of kings or the of the Church, in favor of reason and scientific proof. The
idea developed that everyone was of equal value and had equal rights.

Copernican Revolution

Page 5 of 12
The theories and ideas from ancient thinkers about the natural world and the
universe laid a foundation of how we understand astronomy today. Though there is
only a small number of extraordinary thinkers during the time of antiquity, there is
always a divergence of theories and ideas of philosophers during that time. The fact
that the Earth is not the center of the solar system is only one of the results of
scientific revolution. Mathematics was the common tool used by ancient astronomers
to explain the motion of celestial bodies and on the latter combined with actual
observations that provided enough evidences proving that the Sun is the center of the
solar system. The remarkable contributions of ancient astronomers to the
development from Geocentric to Heliocentric model of the Universe is listed in table
4.1.

Table 4.1 Notable contributions of ancient astronomers to the development of the

universe
Aristotle (384-322 Proved that the Earth is spherical
B.C., Greek) Earth was at the center of the universe, i.e., sun,
planets, and stars were located in sphere that
revolved around the Earth.

Aristarchus (310-230 The first to propose the idea that the Sun was
B.C., Greek) the center of the universe.

Hipparchus (190-120 Considered to be the greatest astronomer of

B.C., Greek) ancient times.

Claudius Ptolemy Used Hipparchus observations to develop the

(85-165 A.D., Greek) Ptolemaic System which describes the Earth as
the center of the universe with sun, moon, planets,
and stars revolving around it in a circular orbit.

Nicolaus Copernicus Concluded that the Sun, not the Earth is the
(1473-1543,Polish) center of the universe.
 Galileo Galilei Supported Copernican model of the universe.
(1564-1642, Italian)

Johannes Kepler Formulated the three Laws of Planetary Motion.

(1571-1630, German)

Darwinian Revolution

Mo

Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) is a biologist who was famously known for his works on
evolution and the process of natural selection. He studied Divinity in Cambridge where he met
Adam Sedgwick (1785-1873) and the naturalist John Henslow (1796-1861) who brought back his
interest in biology and geology. With the teaching of the church and the influence of Henslow,
Darwin also rejected the idea of Lamarck that acquired characteristics are inheritable. His faith
altered after five years mapping expedition with the British Army in 1831 headed by Vice-Admiral
Robert Fitzroy (1805-1865) of the ship named H.M.S Beagle. He made observations on diversity
of organisms in the Galapagos Islands and adaptation which laid the foundation to develop his
theory of evolution and natural selection. Evolution, as explained by Darwin, occurs by means of
natural selection, in addition, natural selection might occur because of the following reasons:

Page 6 of 12
a) Overproduction and variation-some species produce many offspring but not all
of these will survive. It means that not all of the offspring do not have the
characteristics to survive in the environment.
b) Competition and Selection- Competition may or may not be direct but the idea
is always on the survival of organism. The organisms that survived more likely
reproduce which transfer their characteristics to their offspring.
c) Environmental change- the environment will not adjust for the organism but
rather it is always the organism that will change to adapt to the environment.

Freudian Revolution

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) explained how human mind works and

cure its mild mental illness. He calls this method psychoanalysis and its main
goal is to make unconscious conscious. He also developed topographical and
structural model of the mind to basically explain the sources of human
behavior.

The Topographical Model of the Mind

According to the topographical model of Freud, the mind is divided into three
regions. These are the subconscious, preconscious, and conscious mind.
The
Structural
Model of the

Mind

The structural model of Freud

elaborates his topographical model which preconscious mind is then
divided into superego, ego, id.
a) Ego-drives a socially acceptable way to satisfy the demands of id as it
operates the conscious and unconscious mind

Page 7 of 12
b) Id- comprises Eros, the life or survival instinct of man and Thanatos the
death or destructive instinct of man.
c) Super ego- operates based on the principles of morality that drive man to
become socially responsible and behave in an acceptable manner. It
 basically means that super-ego drives a man to follow rules and resolves
the conflict between ego and the id.

Industrial Revolution (18th Century)

People rely on their hands in doing labor works even before the machines
have emerged after a century that significantly increases of production output. The
phenomenal process in the transfer of doing work by human hands and feet to the
use of machines was called The Industrial Revolution.
It began in Great Britain and spread across Europe, America, and even Asia
from 1760 to 1840. It was a fundamental change in the way goods were produced
and altered the way people lived. The Industrial Revolution was a time of scientific
and technological advancement which spanned the period during late 19th century to
early 19th century. Partly through good fortune and partly through conscious effort,
Britain by the early 18th century came to possess the combination of social needs
and social resources that provided the necessary preconditions for a commercially
successful innovation and a social system capable of sustaining and institutionalizing
the processes of rapid technological change.
One of the major setbacks of the Industrial Revolution was skilled workers
were set aside because operation of new machines were used. The companies also
hired women and children increasingly which cost lower than of the skilled workers.
Manual/physical labor was changed into machine operated devices, even
tradesperson replaced the craftsrmen and the applied scientists replaced the amateur
inventors.
Aside from these, three important technologies formed the foundations of the
first Industrial Revolution namely, iron production, steam engine, and textiles. The
steam engine has been around but later on improved by Scottish James Watt
(1736-1819) and other investors after 1778. It was used to run machines and made a
major contribution to the first Industrial Revolution. The steam-powered machine was
improved gradually and was adapted for many uses and the use of more complex
machinery was made possible. The development and refinement of machine tools by
British engineers Henry Maudslay (1771-1831) and Joseph Whitworth (1803-1887)
played a key and crucial part in the later phase of the first Industrial Revolution as
machine tool technology enabled standardized manufacturing machines to be
fabricated.
Some of the greatest inventions were introduced by American scientist, such
as during this period was Robert Fulton's (1765-1815) steamboat that used one of
Watt's engines. Thomas Edison (1847-1931) who invented the light bulb. Alexander
Graham Bell (1847-1922) who invented the telephone. English engineer George
Stephenson (1781-1848) developed the first steam-powered locomotive.

African Revolution
Africans like other Eastern civilizations are pioneers of some advancement in
science and technology. They worked independently without any influence of
European science. Some remarkable works of Africans were in the field of
mathematics, metallurgy, architecture and engineering, astronomy, medicine, and
navigation. The remarkable contributions of Africans are the following:

● Africans made use of the first method of counting.

● The modern concepts of mathematics that is globally accepted and used
today in high schools was first developed in Africa.

Page 8 of 12
● Used advanced techniques for furnace that made it fuel efficient which
was 200 to 400°C hotter compared to 1600°C-furnace used by the
Romans.
● Created the building of Zimbabwe and the 11 interconnected rock-hewn
churches of Lalibela in Ethiopia which are considered as wonders of the
world.
● Observations on Sirius A and B by Dogon people.
● Cushitic people used their knowledge of stars and constellations to
calculate and establish an accurate calendar.
● Pioneered some medical practices like installation of false teeth, filling of
 dental cavities, broken bone setting, bone traction, vaccination, brain
surgery, skin grafting, and autopsy.
● Made use of plants like the bark of Salix capensis as source of aspirin,
kaopectate for treating diarrhea and Rauwolfia vomitoria as source of
reserpine for hypertension and snakebite.
● Built boats in varying sizes with the largest that can carry a load of 80
tons.

In the 19th Century

In the 19th century, witnessed the rise of modern industry, from agriculture to
industrial manufacturing and technology-intensive services. An unending stream of
new products turned out by factories employing radically new technologies, skills, and
organization drove this emerging modern world.
Based on the Gregorian calendar, 19th century lasted from 1801 to 1900. The
invention of useable electricity, steel, and petroleum products led into a second
Industrial Revolution during the 19th century. This century was considered to be the
age of machine tools. Tools were made for tools; machines were made for other parts
of another machine.

During the 19th century, science also made great progress.

• John Dalton (1766-1844) published his atomic theory in 1803. Dalton also studied
color blindness.
• Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) formulated the Periodic Table.
• Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) formulated the law of the Conservation of
Energy in 1847. In 1851, he invented the ophthalmoscope. In the late 19th century,
physics made great strides.
• James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) showed that light is an electromagnetic wave in
1873 and was later on proved by Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) in 1888. • Henri
Becquerel (1852-1908) discovered radioactivity in 1896.
• Marie Curie (1867-1934) and Pierre Curie (1859-1906) discovered radium in 1898.
• Joseph Thomson discovered the electron in 1897.

In the 19th century, people mastered electricity.

• Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851) discovered that electric current is a wire
caused a nearby compass needle to move is 1819.
• Michael Faraday (1791-1867) showed that a magnet can produce electricity
and in 1831 he invented the dynamo.
• Samuel F.B. Morse (1791-1872) invested the electric telegraph is 1937.

In the 19th century, machines in factories were usually operated by steam

engines. At the end of the 19th century, they began to covert to electricity. In the
mid-19th century, railways revolutionized travelling and made travel much faster.
Steam locomotives pulled the carriages.
• Kari Benz (1844-1929) and Gottlieb Daimler (1834-1900) made the first cars in 1885
and 1836.
Page 9 of 12
Meanwhile, the steamship revolutionized travelling a sea. At 1815, steamships
were crossing the English Channel. Furthermore took several weeks to cross the
Atlantic. Then in 1838, a steamship called the Sirius made the jobs across the Atlantic
in 19 days. However steam did not completely replace sail until the end of the 19th
century when the steam turbine was used on ships

In the 20th- Century

It is not skeptical that the 20th century is one of the most noticeable in the
history of humans for its incomparable technological advances and scientific
discoveries. There were a lot of new technologies made and science discoveries.
Technology was rapidly developed in the 20th century. With the use of scientific
methods and funding for research, it helped achieve the advancement of modern
science and technology. With the ascension of new technology, it enhanced the
communication and transportation system of humans and brought it closer to people.
Military research and development brought about the rise of electronic computing and
jet engines. Radio and telephony enriched greatly and reached a wider population of
users, though near-universal access was impossible until mobile phones became
affordable for the people in the late 2000s and early 2010s.
The relationship between science and technology has become more
problematic on several levels in the 20th century. In the face of an ever-growing
complexity, technology has become more scientific and the natural sciences more
technological, as the social scientific concept of techno science indicates. At the
same time, many technological innovations since the 1970s have only slowly resulted
in job-creating new products.
Some of the greatest technological advancement during this period was the
creation of personal computer. In 1971, Intel developed a microprocessor that made
computer smaller, easier to use, and cheaper which replaced the early computers
that were bulky and had a tube-powered behemoths. Computer has become a
dominant tool in the global economy and as a necessity in many homes that until
today we greatly rely on them. Steve Jobs (1955-2011) and Steve Wozniak (1950)
have redefined the meaning of computer by introducing Apple in 1976. While in
connection with the invention of personal computers, the Internet was also created in
1969 for defense-related research known as ARPANet or Advanced Research
Projects Agency Network. It helped us in terms of global communication, gathering
information through searching, conducting business matters and on our everyday
affairs through the World Wide Web which was created in 1989.
Another one is the automobiles or cars, which were considered to be one of
the most revolutionary technological advancements in the century. Exploitation of the
said technology was made possible because of Henry Ford (1863-1947) by devising
a system of mass production for the Model T in 1908. It made cars affordable to
people and also made a dramatic change in the society. Using automobiles as a form
of transportation has connected people together including those in the rural areas to
urban centers.
One of the breakthroughs during the century was the invention of Artificial
Intelligence that has the capacity for a computer to perform humanlike intellectual
processes and it was later on developed during the 1940's. Modern A.I. features
specially designed computers that can think" similarly to humans. A.I. is also being
used to assist doctors in making medical diagnoses. While there are no any program
or computer existing today that can match the man's full intellectual capacity.

REFERENCES
1. Agsalud, Priscilla Signey. (2012). Science, Technology and Society. Great
Books
Publishing

Page 10 of 12
2. Bautista, D., N. Bruce, J. Marasigan-Dungo, C. Garcia, J. Imson, R. Labog, F.
Salazar, J. Lee-Santos. (2018). Science, Technology and Society. Maxcor
Publishing House Inc

3. Ballena, N., R. Bernal, L. Paquiz, R. Ramos and L. Viet. (2004). Science,

Technology and Society. Trinitas Publishing

4. https://www.slideshare.net/rey_john_rey/intellectual-revolutions-that-defined-s
ociety?from_action=save

SUGGESTED READINGS / WEBSITE/

VIDEOS/ FILM CLIPS
i. Bautista, D.H., N.S. Burce, J.M. Dungo, C.S. Garcia, J.B. Imson, R.A.
Labog, F.J.B. Salazar and J.L. Santos (2018). Science Technology and
Society. MaxCor Pub. House, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines
ii. Goddard, J. (2010). Concise history of science and inventions: An illustrated
Timeline. Washington, D.C., USA: National Geographic Society iii. 123 Help me.
(n.d.). History of science and technology. Retrieved from
 http://www.123helpme.com/history-of-science-and-technology-view.asp?id
=158842
iv. Moistero, A.P. (2006). Science, technology and society. Quezon City:
Educational Publishing House
v. The scientist-history of
science.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cgp_Oh7eifA
vi. Progress in science and technology.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZlwwZZeiz5o

ACTIVITY
CREATIVE REPRESENTATION
INSTRUCTION:
Your Instructor will be grouping your class into ten (10) groups representing
each of the periods in this topic (refer to the Chapter Outline). You are then to choose
significant discoveries and events from that period by creatively re-enacting these
discoveries and events. Make sure to present it vividly, worth-remembering and
concise by choosing proper attire, preparing the environment for shooting and
polishing the information in the script which you are to use.
Have your presentation in video (consider also effects to make your
presentation more realistic e.g. soundtrack, old film effects, props etc.) with a
minimum length of five (5) minutes and maximum of ten (10) minutes. ALL of the
members should be seen in the presentation. English language is required in the
presentation.

SCORING CRITERIA
You will be scored based on the rubric below:
CRITERIA 8-10 5-7 3-4 1-2

Accuracy and and consistent in and consistent in Point-of-view is rarely realistic

believability of each of the each of the often realistic and and consistent in
role character character consistent in each each of the
Point-of-view is Point-of-view is Page 11 of 12 of the character character
always realistic usually realistic Point-of-view is

Clarity of Always Usually Often Rarely

speech, expresses expresses expresses expresses
expression and emotion emotion emotion emotion
body language through through through through
speech, voice, speech, voice, speech, voice, speech, voice,
facial facial facial facial
expressions expressions expressions expressions
and gestures. and gestures. and gestures. and gestures.

Presentation Always clearly Usually clearly Often clearly Cannot deliver

of delivers in vivid delivers in vivid delivers in vivid in vivid and
information and creative and creative and creative creative ways
ways the ways the ways the the information
information information information needed in each
needed in each needed in each needed in each of the period.
of the period. of the period. of the period.

Accuracy of All Information Most Only some None of the

information presented is Information Information Information
accurately presented is presented is presented is
based from the accurately accurately accurately
module and is based from the based from the based from the
enriched by the module and is module with module and no
students’ enriched by the minimal research was
research. students’ research done done by the
 research. by the students.
students.

CRITERIA 5 3-4 1 0

Time of 5:00 min or 4:59 – 3:00 min 2:59-1:00 min 0:59 min. below
presentation Max. 10:00 min or or or 11:01 min.
10:01-10:30 min 10:31-11:00 above
min

Page 12 of 12